Great international variation in the extent of gender
differences on the labor market
Most of the variation seems to be caused by the country fixed
effects
Higher FLFP seem to be related with the lower adjusted wage
gaps - The Goodwill Effect!
International Economic Association Congress
Jordan, 8 June 2014
Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition: A Multicountry A...GRAPE
We analyze the differences in wages and employment in transition economies in the post transformation period. Using non parametric methods we found that countries differ to a great extent in the paths followed and that institutional features alone fail to explain variation.
Gender wage gap in Poland: Can it be explained by differences in observable c...GRAPE
We describe the evolution of the gender wage gap in Poland since transition. The results suggest that it was rather stable over time and that it cannot be explained by characteristics. If anything, women should be earning more than men!!!
Female access to the labor market and wages over transitionGRAPE
This document presents research on analyzing gender gaps in labor market access and wages over the transition period in multiple countries. The research has two goals: 1) investigating women's position in the labor market during economic transitions, and 2) exploring international variations in gender gaps using consistent estimation methods. The document outlines the motivation, research goals, literature review on gender gaps and transition economies, data and methodology, results of analyses of micro-level data from multiple countries, and conclusions. The key findings are that gender gaps in labor force participation narrowed more in transition economies than Western Europe over time, and higher female labor force participation is associated with lower estimated discrimination.
Female access to the labor market and wages over transitionGRAPE
This document presents research on gender gaps in labor market access and wages over transition in multiple countries. The research has two stages: 1) estimating comparable measures of gender discrimination in employment and wages for each country using microdata, and 2) examining what country characteristics correlate with the size of the gender gaps. Preliminary results show high cross-country variation in gender gaps that is largely explained by country fixed effects. Trends also differed between post-communist and Western European countries, indicating potential for reducing gaps, especially in Central and Eastern Europe.
Female access to the labor market and wages over transitionGRAPE
We analyze the differences in wages and employment in transition economies in the post transformation period. Using non parametric methods we found that countries differ to a great extent in the paths followed and that institutional features alone fail to explain variation.
This document compares different methods for analyzing the gender wage gap in Poland using data from the Polish Labour Force Survey of 2012. It finds that the adjusted gender wage gap is 20% according to the methods analyzed, which is twice as large as the raw gap, indicating evidence of a glass ceiling. The different methods produced generally similar results on average but with large variations. After correcting for selection bias and common support, the differences between methods increased.
Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in ...GRAPE
This document analyzes women's labor market participation, experiences, and attitudes in transition countries compared to Western European countries. It finds that while gender gaps in activity rates have decreased in Western Europe for younger cohorts, the picture is more complex in transition countries. Younger cohorts of women in transition countries have more progressive views on gender equality but gender differences in employment probabilities have remained the same or increased compared to older cohorts. The document uses survey data and statistical analyses to examine trends in willingness to work, access to jobs, and preferences for equal access by age, birth cohort, and country.
Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in ...GRAPE
In this work, we construct the measures that have a potential to reflect the willingness
and possibilities of women to work, as well as their attitudes towards equal positions of women and men on the labour market. We implement decomposition techniques to control for individual characteristics when comparing women and men within selected measures, as well as to extract the cohort effects for analysed changes.
Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition: A Multicountry A...GRAPE
We analyze the differences in wages and employment in transition economies in the post transformation period. Using non parametric methods we found that countries differ to a great extent in the paths followed and that institutional features alone fail to explain variation.
Gender wage gap in Poland: Can it be explained by differences in observable c...GRAPE
We describe the evolution of the gender wage gap in Poland since transition. The results suggest that it was rather stable over time and that it cannot be explained by characteristics. If anything, women should be earning more than men!!!
Female access to the labor market and wages over transitionGRAPE
This document presents research on analyzing gender gaps in labor market access and wages over the transition period in multiple countries. The research has two goals: 1) investigating women's position in the labor market during economic transitions, and 2) exploring international variations in gender gaps using consistent estimation methods. The document outlines the motivation, research goals, literature review on gender gaps and transition economies, data and methodology, results of analyses of micro-level data from multiple countries, and conclusions. The key findings are that gender gaps in labor force participation narrowed more in transition economies than Western Europe over time, and higher female labor force participation is associated with lower estimated discrimination.
Female access to the labor market and wages over transitionGRAPE
This document presents research on gender gaps in labor market access and wages over transition in multiple countries. The research has two stages: 1) estimating comparable measures of gender discrimination in employment and wages for each country using microdata, and 2) examining what country characteristics correlate with the size of the gender gaps. Preliminary results show high cross-country variation in gender gaps that is largely explained by country fixed effects. Trends also differed between post-communist and Western European countries, indicating potential for reducing gaps, especially in Central and Eastern Europe.
Female access to the labor market and wages over transitionGRAPE
We analyze the differences in wages and employment in transition economies in the post transformation period. Using non parametric methods we found that countries differ to a great extent in the paths followed and that institutional features alone fail to explain variation.
This document compares different methods for analyzing the gender wage gap in Poland using data from the Polish Labour Force Survey of 2012. It finds that the adjusted gender wage gap is 20% according to the methods analyzed, which is twice as large as the raw gap, indicating evidence of a glass ceiling. The different methods produced generally similar results on average but with large variations. After correcting for selection bias and common support, the differences between methods increased.
Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in ...GRAPE
This document analyzes women's labor market participation, experiences, and attitudes in transition countries compared to Western European countries. It finds that while gender gaps in activity rates have decreased in Western Europe for younger cohorts, the picture is more complex in transition countries. Younger cohorts of women in transition countries have more progressive views on gender equality but gender differences in employment probabilities have remained the same or increased compared to older cohorts. The document uses survey data and statistical analyses to examine trends in willingness to work, access to jobs, and preferences for equal access by age, birth cohort, and country.
Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in ...GRAPE
In this work, we construct the measures that have a potential to reflect the willingness
and possibilities of women to work, as well as their attitudes towards equal positions of women and men on the labour market. We implement decomposition techniques to control for individual characteristics when comparing women and men within selected measures, as well as to extract the cohort effects for analysed changes.
Female access to the labor market and wages over transitionGRAPE
We describe the employment and gender gaps and its evolution during the transition process. Using non-parametric estimates, we find that variation is driven by country specific factors.
We investigate how women’s attitude and realization of choices towards equal participation in the labor market changes with age, and how these patterns differ between generations in transition and Western economies. As transition countries experienced a drop in employment rates regardless of gender, we study the relative change in the position of women, compared to similarly endowed men. We find that disentangling age, time, and cohort effects is necessary to appropriately assess women’s progress on labor markets in transition. The results indicate that in Western Europe countries women born later have much more equal position on the labor market as compared to older birth cohorts, but this is not the case in transition economies.
Gender Wage Gap in Poland - Lucas van der VeldeGRAPE
This document compares different methods for measuring the gender wage gap using data from the Polish Labor Force Survey in 2012. It introduces 7 methods that will be analyzed: Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, Juhn-Murphy-Pierce, DiNardo-Fortin-Lemieux, Machado-Mata, Nopo, and Firpo-Fortin-Lemieux. The analysis will compare the gender wage gaps estimated using each method across 14 different model specifications, from a basic model to ones including additional controls like industry, occupation, education, and all available variables. The goal is to provide guidance for practitioners on how the choice of method and model specification can impact measures of the gender wage gap.
Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in ...GRAPE
In this work, we construct the measures that have a potential to reflect the willingness
and possibilities of women to work, as well as their attitudes towards equal positions of women and men on the labour market. We implement decomposition techniques to control for individual characteristics when comparing women and men within selected measures, as well as to extract the cohort effects for analysed changes.
How (Not) to Make Women Work? Evidence from Transition CountriesGRAPE
We explore the reasons behind the fall of female employment rates in transition economies and compare them to the evolution in advanced economies. Using a large set of micro level databases, we find that the mechanisms that lead to an increasing female presence in the labor market (higher education and postponing marriage) do not seem to play a role in transition economies.
Gender wage gap in Poland: Can it be explained by differences in observable c...GRAPE
We analyze the evolution of the gender wage gap in Poland since transition. Using a Nopo decomposition, we find that differences in characteristics indicate that women should perceive higher wages.
This document analyzes global maternal mortality rates from 1980-2008 using improved statistical methods. It finds that the global maternal mortality ratio declined from 380 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1980 to 342,900 deaths in 2008. However, progress was uneven, with over 50% of maternal deaths occurring in just 6 countries. Improving measurement of maternal mortality through better vital registration systems and repeated collection of household survey data could help accelerate progress towards reducing maternal mortality.
We explore the reasons behind the fall of female employment rates in transition economies and compare them to the evolution in advanced economies. Using a large set of micro level databases, we find that the mechanisms that lead to an increasing female presence in the labor market (higher education and postponing marriage) do not seem to play a role in transition economies.
This document discusses neonatal mortality measurement and summarizes recent developments. It covers:
1) Neonatal mortality rates can now be estimated annually through improved surveys, though data reliability remains a concern. Pregnancy history modules may better capture neonatal deaths.
2) Estimates of neonatal causes of death have been improved through increased country data, especially for large countries like India and China. Rates of infections and tetanus appear to be declining in some areas.
3) Surveys can be improved by modifying questions to better capture neonatal mortality and stillbirths, and through follow up verbal autopsies to obtain cause of death data for over 75% of neonatal deaths dependent on surveys.
This document discusses neonatal mortality measurement and summarizes recent developments. It covers:
1) Neonatal mortality rates can now be estimated annually through improved surveys, though data reliability remains a concern. Pregnancy history modules may better capture neonatal deaths.
2) Estimates of neonatal causes of death have been improved through increased country data, especially for large countries like India and China. Rates of infections and tetanus appear to be declining in some areas.
3) Surveys can be improved by modifying questions to better capture neonatal mortality and stillbirths, and through follow up verbal autopsies to obtain cause of death data for over 75% of neonatal deaths dependent on surveys.
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Revisiting gender board diversity and firm performanceGRAPE
Cel: oszacować wpływ inkluzywności władz spółek na ich wyniki.
Co wiemy?
• Większość firm nie ma równosci płci w organach (ILO, 2015)
• Większość firm nie ma w ogóle kobiet we władzach
Demographic transition and the rise of wealth inequalityGRAPE
We study the contribution of rising longevity to the rise of wealth inequality in the U.S. over the last seventy years. We construct an OLG model with multiple sources of inequality, closely calibrated to the data. Our main finding is that improvements in old-age longevity explain about 30% of the observed rise in wealth inequality. This magnitude is similar to previously emphasized channels associated with income inequality and the tax system. The contribution of demographics is bound to raise wealth inequality further in the decades to come.
(Gender) tone at the top: the effect of board diversity on gender inequalityGRAPE
The research explores to what extent the presence of women on board affects gender inequality downstream. We find that increasing presence reduces gender inequality. To avoid reverse causality, we propose a new instrument: the share of household consumption in total output. We extend the analysis to recover the effect of a single woman on board (tokenism(
Gender board diversity spillovers and the public eyeGRAPE
A range of policy recommendations mandating gender board quotas is based on the idea that "women help women". We analyze potential gender diversity spillovers from supervisory to top managerial positions over three decades in Europe. Contrary to previous studies which worked with stock listed firms or were region locked, we use a large data base of roughly 2 000 000 firms. We find evidence that women do not help women in corporate Europe, unless the firm is stock listed. Only within public firms, going from no woman to at least one woman on supervisory position is associated with a 10-15% higher probability of appointing at least one woman to the executive position. This pattern aligns with various managerial theories, suggesting that external visibility influences corporate gender diversity practices. The study implies that diversity policies, while impactful in public firms, have limited
effectiveness in promoting gender diversity in corporate Europe.
Female access to the labor market and wages over transitionGRAPE
We describe the employment and gender gaps and its evolution during the transition process. Using non-parametric estimates, we find that variation is driven by country specific factors.
We investigate how women’s attitude and realization of choices towards equal participation in the labor market changes with age, and how these patterns differ between generations in transition and Western economies. As transition countries experienced a drop in employment rates regardless of gender, we study the relative change in the position of women, compared to similarly endowed men. We find that disentangling age, time, and cohort effects is necessary to appropriately assess women’s progress on labor markets in transition. The results indicate that in Western Europe countries women born later have much more equal position on the labor market as compared to older birth cohorts, but this is not the case in transition economies.
Gender Wage Gap in Poland - Lucas van der VeldeGRAPE
This document compares different methods for measuring the gender wage gap using data from the Polish Labor Force Survey in 2012. It introduces 7 methods that will be analyzed: Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, Juhn-Murphy-Pierce, DiNardo-Fortin-Lemieux, Machado-Mata, Nopo, and Firpo-Fortin-Lemieux. The analysis will compare the gender wage gaps estimated using each method across 14 different model specifications, from a basic model to ones including additional controls like industry, occupation, education, and all available variables. The goal is to provide guidance for practitioners on how the choice of method and model specification can impact measures of the gender wage gap.
Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in ...GRAPE
In this work, we construct the measures that have a potential to reflect the willingness
and possibilities of women to work, as well as their attitudes towards equal positions of women and men on the labour market. We implement decomposition techniques to control for individual characteristics when comparing women and men within selected measures, as well as to extract the cohort effects for analysed changes.
How (Not) to Make Women Work? Evidence from Transition CountriesGRAPE
We explore the reasons behind the fall of female employment rates in transition economies and compare them to the evolution in advanced economies. Using a large set of micro level databases, we find that the mechanisms that lead to an increasing female presence in the labor market (higher education and postponing marriage) do not seem to play a role in transition economies.
Gender wage gap in Poland: Can it be explained by differences in observable c...GRAPE
We analyze the evolution of the gender wage gap in Poland since transition. Using a Nopo decomposition, we find that differences in characteristics indicate that women should perceive higher wages.
This document analyzes global maternal mortality rates from 1980-2008 using improved statistical methods. It finds that the global maternal mortality ratio declined from 380 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1980 to 342,900 deaths in 2008. However, progress was uneven, with over 50% of maternal deaths occurring in just 6 countries. Improving measurement of maternal mortality through better vital registration systems and repeated collection of household survey data could help accelerate progress towards reducing maternal mortality.
We explore the reasons behind the fall of female employment rates in transition economies and compare them to the evolution in advanced economies. Using a large set of micro level databases, we find that the mechanisms that lead to an increasing female presence in the labor market (higher education and postponing marriage) do not seem to play a role in transition economies.
This document discusses neonatal mortality measurement and summarizes recent developments. It covers:
1) Neonatal mortality rates can now be estimated annually through improved surveys, though data reliability remains a concern. Pregnancy history modules may better capture neonatal deaths.
2) Estimates of neonatal causes of death have been improved through increased country data, especially for large countries like India and China. Rates of infections and tetanus appear to be declining in some areas.
3) Surveys can be improved by modifying questions to better capture neonatal mortality and stillbirths, and through follow up verbal autopsies to obtain cause of death data for over 75% of neonatal deaths dependent on surveys.
This document discusses neonatal mortality measurement and summarizes recent developments. It covers:
1) Neonatal mortality rates can now be estimated annually through improved surveys, though data reliability remains a concern. Pregnancy history modules may better capture neonatal deaths.
2) Estimates of neonatal causes of death have been improved through increased country data, especially for large countries like India and China. Rates of infections and tetanus appear to be declining in some areas.
3) Surveys can be improved by modifying questions to better capture neonatal mortality and stillbirths, and through follow up verbal autopsies to obtain cause of death data for over 75% of neonatal deaths dependent on surveys.
Similar to Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition A Multicountry Analysis (11)
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Revisiting gender board diversity and firm performanceGRAPE
Cel: oszacować wpływ inkluzywności władz spółek na ich wyniki.
Co wiemy?
• Większość firm nie ma równosci płci w organach (ILO, 2015)
• Większość firm nie ma w ogóle kobiet we władzach
Demographic transition and the rise of wealth inequalityGRAPE
We study the contribution of rising longevity to the rise of wealth inequality in the U.S. over the last seventy years. We construct an OLG model with multiple sources of inequality, closely calibrated to the data. Our main finding is that improvements in old-age longevity explain about 30% of the observed rise in wealth inequality. This magnitude is similar to previously emphasized channels associated with income inequality and the tax system. The contribution of demographics is bound to raise wealth inequality further in the decades to come.
(Gender) tone at the top: the effect of board diversity on gender inequalityGRAPE
The research explores to what extent the presence of women on board affects gender inequality downstream. We find that increasing presence reduces gender inequality. To avoid reverse causality, we propose a new instrument: the share of household consumption in total output. We extend the analysis to recover the effect of a single woman on board (tokenism(
Gender board diversity spillovers and the public eyeGRAPE
A range of policy recommendations mandating gender board quotas is based on the idea that "women help women". We analyze potential gender diversity spillovers from supervisory to top managerial positions over three decades in Europe. Contrary to previous studies which worked with stock listed firms or were region locked, we use a large data base of roughly 2 000 000 firms. We find evidence that women do not help women in corporate Europe, unless the firm is stock listed. Only within public firms, going from no woman to at least one woman on supervisory position is associated with a 10-15% higher probability of appointing at least one woman to the executive position. This pattern aligns with various managerial theories, suggesting that external visibility influences corporate gender diversity practices. The study implies that diversity policies, while impactful in public firms, have limited
effectiveness in promoting gender diversity in corporate Europe.
This document introduces a framework for analyzing contracts between a principal and multiple agents who have interdependent preferences. It begins with a simple example involving two agents who can choose between working and shirking, and whose outputs are either success or failure. The agents have interdependent utility that depends on both their own material payoff and their conjecture of the other agent's utility.
The document then outlines the research agenda, which is to characterize optimal contracts when agents have interdependent preferences and to provide recommendations for contract design based on whether preferences are positively or negatively interdependent. Finally, it presents some general results, finding that independent contracts are no longer optimal when preferences are interdependent, and that contracts should incorporate both individual performance bonuses and team
Tone at the top: the effects of gender board diversity on gender wage inequal...GRAPE
We address the gender wage gap in Europe, focusing on the impact of female representation in executive and non-executive boards. We use a novel dataset to identify gender board diversity across European firms, which covers a comprehensive sample of private firms in addition to publicly listed ones. Our study spans three waves of the Structure of Earnings Survey, covering 26 countries and multiple industries. Despite low prevalence of female representation and the complex nature of gender wage inequality, our findings reveal a robust causal link: increased gender diversity significantly decreases the adjusted gender wage gap. We also demonstrate that to meaningfully impact gender wage gaps, the presence of a single female representative in leadership is insufficient.
Gender board diversity spillovers and the public eyeGRAPE
A range of policy recommendations mandating gender board quotas is based on the idea that "women help women". We analyze potential gender diversity spillovers from supervisory to top managerial positions over three decades in Europe. Contrary to previous studies which worked with stock listed firms or were region locked, we use a large data base of roughly 2 000 000 firms. We find evidence that women do not help women in corporate Europe, unless the firm is stock listed. Only within public firms, going from no woman to at least one woman on supervisory position is associated with a 10-15\% higher probability of appointing at least one woman to the executive position. This pattern aligns with the Public Eye Managerial Theory, suggesting that external visibility influences corporate gender diversity practices. The study implies that diversity policies, while impactful in public firms, have limited effectiveness in promoting gender diversity in corporate Europe.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large New Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economies, we use this model to provide comparative statics across past and contemporaneous age structures of the working population. Thus, we quantify the extent to which the response of labor markets to adverse TFP shocks and monetary policy shocks becomes muted with the aging of the working population. Our findings have important policy implications for European labor markets and beyond. For example, the working population is expected to further age in Europe, whereas the share of young workers will remain robust in the US. Our results suggest a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle. Furthermore, with the aging population, lowering inflation volatility is less costly in terms of higher unemployment volatility. It suggests that optimal monetary policy should be more hawkish in the older society.
This document discusses how labor market inequality may push disadvantaged groups like women into entrepreneurship out of necessity. It presents a theoretical framework showing how greater gender employment gaps could increase the prevalence of female self-employment. The authors test this using data on gender wage and employment gaps matched with survey data on entrepreneurship. Their results show a robust positive effect of gender employment gaps on necessity-driven female entrepreneurship but little effect of wage gaps. This provides empirical support that labor market discrimination can push disadvantaged groups into self-employment when other employment options are limited.
Evidence concerning inequality in ability to realize aspirations is prevalent: overall, in specialized segments of the labor market, in self-employment and high-aspirations environments. Empirical literature and public debate are full of case studies and comprehensive empirical studies documenting the paramount gap between successful individuals (typically ethnic majority men) and those who are less likely to “make it” (typically ethnic minority and women). So far the drivers of these disparities and their consequences have been studied much less intensively, due to methodological constraints and shortage of appropriate data. This project proposes significant innovations to overcome both types of barriers and push the frontier of the research agenda on equality in reaching aspirations.
Overall, project is interdisciplinary, combining four fields: management, economics, quantitative methods and psychology. An important feature of this project is that it offers a diversified methodological perspective, combining applied microeconometrics, as well as experimental methods.
- The document discusses the optimal assignment of property rights when a social planner cannot commit to future trading mechanisms. This lack of commitment results in ex-post inefficiency and inefficient investment decisions due to hold-up problems.
- The social planner chooses property rights to alleviate these frictions. The paper proposes a framework to characterize the optimal property right using a mechanism design approach. The main result is that the optimal property right is simple but flexible, often featuring an option to own the property.
The document presents a framework for studying the optimal design of contractual property rights using mechanism design. It discusses how property rights determine agents' outside options in economic interactions and impact ex-post efficiency and investment incentives when the social planner cannot commit to future mechanisms. The authors analyze how to design property rights to alleviate these frictions in a setting with one-sided private information and bargaining power. A key result is that the optimal property right is often simple but flexible, featuring an option to own the resource.
The document presents a framework for studying the optimal design of contractual property rights. It discusses how property rights determine agents' outside options in economic interactions and impact ex-post efficiency and investment incentives when a social planner cannot commit to future mechanisms. The authors' contribution is characterizing the optimal property right from a non-parametric class in a setting with one-sided private information and bargaining power, finding that flexible rights featuring an option to own are often optimal.
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
The Rise and Fall of Ponzi Schemes in America.pptxDiana Rose
Ponzi schemes, a notorious form of financial fraud, have plagued America’s investment landscape for decades. Named after Charles Ponzi, who orchestrated one of the most infamous schemes in the early 20th century, these fraudulent operations promise high returns with little or no risk, only to collapse and leave investors with significant losses. This article explores the nature of Ponzi schemes, notable cases in American history, their impact on victims, and measures to prevent falling prey to such scams.
Understanding Ponzi Schemes
A Ponzi scheme is an investment scam where returns are paid to earlier investors using the capital from newer investors, rather than from legitimate profit earned. The scheme relies on a constant influx of new investments to continue paying the promised returns. Eventually, when the flow of new money slows down or stops, the scheme collapses, leaving the majority of investors with substantial financial losses.
Historical Context: Charles Ponzi and His Legacy
Charles Ponzi is the namesake of this deceptive practice. In the 1920s, Ponzi promised investors in Boston a 50% return within 45 days or 100% return in 90 days through arbitrage of international reply coupons. Initially, he paid returns as promised, not from profits, but from the investments of new participants. When his scheme unraveled, it resulted in losses exceeding $20 million (equivalent to about $270 million today).
Notable American Ponzi Schemes
1. Bernie Madoff: Perhaps the most notorious Ponzi scheme in recent history, Bernie Madoff’s fraud involved $65 billion. Madoff, a well-respected figure in the financial industry, promised steady, high returns through a secretive investment strategy. His scheme lasted for decades before collapsing in 2008, devastating thousands of investors, including individuals, charities, and institutional clients.
2. Allen Stanford: Through his company, Stanford Financial Group, Allen Stanford orchestrated a $7 billion Ponzi scheme, luring investors with fraudulent certificates of deposit issued by his offshore bank. Stanford promised high returns and lavish lifestyle benefits to his investors, which ultimately led to a 110-year prison sentence for the financier in 2012.
3. Tom Petters: In a scheme that lasted more than a decade, Tom Petters ran a $3.65 billion Ponzi scheme, using his company, Petters Group Worldwide. He claimed to buy and sell consumer electronics, but in reality, he used new investments to pay off old debts and fund his extravagant lifestyle. Petters was convicted in 2009 and sentenced to 50 years in prison.
4. Eric Dalius and Saivian: Eric Dalius, a prominent figure behind Saivian, a cashback program promising high returns, is under scrutiny for allegedly orchestrating a Ponzi scheme. Saivian enticed investors with promises of up to 20% cash back on everyday purchases. However, investigations suggest that the returns were paid using new investments rather than legitimate profits. The collapse of Saivian l
Vicinity Jobs’ data includes more than three million 2023 OJPs and thousands of skills. Most skills appear in less than 0.02% of job postings, so most postings rely on a small subset of commonly used terms, like teamwork.
Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.
Optimizing Net Interest Margin (NIM) in the Financial Sector (With Examples).pdfshruti1menon2
NIM is calculated as the difference between interest income earned and interest expenses paid, divided by interest-earning assets.
Importance: NIM serves as a critical measure of a financial institution's profitability and operational efficiency. It reflects how effectively the institution is utilizing its interest-earning assets to generate income while managing interest costs.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
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Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...
Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition A Multicountry Analysis
1. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages
Over Transition
A Multicountry Analysis
Karolina Goraus Joanna Tyrowicz
Faculty of Economic Sciences
University of Warsaw
International Economic Association Congress
Jordan, 8 June 2014
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
2. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Outline
1 Motivation
2 Research goals
3 Women on the labor market in transition
4 Data and methodology
Research method
Data sources
5 Empirical results
First stage: analysis of micro-level data
Second stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
6 Conclusions
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
3. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
What is the reason of gender wage differentials?
Gender wage gaps
Italy 2005 15.7% Picchio, Mussida, 2010
Italy 2008 24.16% N˜opo, Daza, Ramos, 2011
Czech Republic 1998 30% Jurajda, 2001
Czech Republic 2008 35.19% N˜opo, Daza, Ramos, 2011
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
4. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Major contributions in international analysis of gender gaps
Weichselbaumer and Winter-Ebmer (2007)
meta-analysis of 263 papers exploring gender wage gaps in 62
countries
incomparability of estimators
N˜opo, Daza and Ramos (2011)
attempt to estimate gender wage gaps for 63 countries with
the same methodology
huge differences in gender gaps between countries
unknown reasons
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
5. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Context of transition
”Do Markets Favor Women’s Human Capital More Than
Planners?” (Munich, Svejnar, Terrell, 2004)
gender wage gap in Czech Republic decreased from 33% in
year 1989 to 25% in year 2002
although women have higher returns on education in the
market system, similar changes have been observed for men,
thus it is not a reason of declining gender wage gap
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
6. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Raw wage gap vs. ”discrimination” in Poland
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
7. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Research goals
1 Investigating the position of women on the labor market in
transition
2 Analysing the international variation in gender gaps using
coherent estimators
3 Exploring differences between CEEC and Western Europe, as
well as within the group of transition economies
4 Verifying if higher FLFP leads to lower discrimination
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
8. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Different trends in FLFP in CEEC and Western Europe
Total sample Advanced Transition
Time 0.397*** 0.668*** -0.443***
(0.0365) (0.0402) (0.0456)
Observations 631 338 203
R2 0.167 0.465 0.336
No of countries 42 18 15
Note: panel fixed effect robust estimator. Constant included.
Data source: ILO. Transition: Albania, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia,
Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine.
Advanced: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, E & W Germany , Greece,
Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
Kingdom. Standard errors in parentheses, *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
9. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Different trends in FLFP in CEEC and Western Europe
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
10. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Share of highly educated females & FLFP
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
11. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Share of females with children under 5 years & FLFP
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
12. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Mean age of active female & FLFP
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
13. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Research method
Data sources
How to measure discrimination?
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
14. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Research method
Data sources
Research method
Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition
¯yM
− ¯yF
= ˆβM
(¯xM
− ¯xF
) + (βM
− βF
)¯xF
Decomposition of N˜opo
δ = δM + δX + δA + δF
δM - can be explained by differences between „matched” and
„unmatched” males
δX - can be explained by differences in the distribution of
characteristics of males and females over the common support
δA - unexplained part of the gap
δF - can be explained by differences between „matched” and
„unmatched” females
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
15. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Research method
Data sources
Varius sources of micro-level data
National censuses (acquired from Integrated Public Use
Microdata Series International)
International Social Survey Program
Living Standard Measurement Surveys of The World Bank
National Labor Force Surveys
European Union Labor Force Survey
European Community Household Panel
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
16. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Research method
Data sources
Data on transition countries
Country LFS EU LFS Census LSMS ISSP
Albania 2002-2005
Armenia 2001
Belarus 1999
Bosnia & H. 2001-2004
Bulgaria 2000-2008 1995, 1997, 2001, 2003 1993-1995
Croatia 1997-2008
Czech R. 1998-2008 1993-1995
Estonia 1997-2008 1992-1995
Hungary 1997-2008 1970, 1980, 1990, 2001 1989-1995
Kyrgyzstan 1993, 1996-1998
Latvia 1998-2008 1995
Lithuania 1998-2008 1995
Poland 1995-2010 1997-2008 1987, 1991-1995
Romania 1997-2008 1977, 1992, 2002
Russia 1991-1995
Serbia 2002-2004, 2007
Slovakia 1998-2008 1995
Slovenia 1996-2008 2002 1991-1995
Tajikistan 1999, 2003, 2009
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
17. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Research method
Data sources
Data on benchmark countries
Country EU LFS ECHP ISSP
Austria 1995-2008 1995-2001 1989-1995
Belgium 1992-2008 1994-2001
Denmark 1992-2008 1994-2001
Finland 1995-2008 1996-2001
France 1993-2008 1994-2001
Germany 2002-2008 1994-2001 1989-1995
Greece 1992-2008 1994-2001
Ireland 1999-2008 1994-2001 1989-1995
Italy 1992-2008 1994-2001 1989- 1995
Netherlands 1996-2008 1994-2001 1989-1995
Norway 1996-2008 1989-1995
Portugal 1992-2008 1994-2001
Spain 1992-2008 1994-2001 1993-1995
Sweden 1995-2008 1997-2001 1994-1995
Switzerland 1996-2008 1987
UK 1992-2008 1994-2001 1989-1995
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
18. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
First stage: analysis of micro-level data
Second stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
Empirical analysis
Two stages
1 Obtaining comparable measures of gender discrimination in
employment rates and wages (∆A) - N˜opo (2008)
decompositions.
2 Using gender gap estimates as explained variables, whereas
country characteristics as explanatory variables. Identify the
correlates (better yet: determinants) of the stark differentials
in measured ∆A.
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
19. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
First stage: analysis of micro-level data
Second stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
Results of N˜opo decomposition for Poland
Characteristics ∆ ∆A ∆M ∆F ∆X % M % K
Demographic 10% 20% 0% 0% -10% 99 97
+ Occupation 10% 20% 0% 0% -10% 96 93
+ Sector 10% 20% -1% -1% -9% 92 92
+ Public 10% 21% 0% -1% -10% 99 95
+ Informal 10% 21% 0% 0% -10% 99 97
+ Tenure 10% 21% 0% -1% -10% 99 95
All 10% 19% -2% -1% -6% 65 74
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
20. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
First stage: analysis of micro-level data
Second stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
Descriptive statistics of obtained estimates
matched M matched F raw gap ∆M ∆F ∆A ∆X
Participation gap, N=628
Mean 99% 99% 34% 0.2% 0.2% 16% -1%
Minimum 81% 60% -7% -14% -26% 0.5% -16%
Maximum 100% 100% 138% 25% 7% 43% 36%
Wage gap, N=187
Mean 71% 77% 18% 2% 1% 15% 0.3%
Minimum 2% 3% -6% -60% -55% -90% -37%
Maximum 99% 99% 138% 111% 74% 62% 51%
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
21. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
First stage: analysis of micro-level data
Second stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
Distribution of gender gaps
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
22. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
First stage: analysis of micro-level data
Second stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
Focus on the transition context
Three types of measures:
1 years from transition
2 EBRD Reform Index (1 - 4)
privatization
enterprise restructuring
3 indexes of the Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) Human Rights
Dataset (1 - 3)
Women’s Economic Rights index
Women’s Social Rights index
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
23. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
First stage: analysis of micro-level data
Second stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
Years from transition
Year of transformation No. of country/sets
Albania 1992 4
Armenia 1991 1
Bosnia & Herzegovina 1993 4
Bulgaria 1991 16
Croatia 1992 13
Czech Republic 1989 14
Estonia 1991 12
Hungary 1989 25
Kyrgistan 1992 4
Latvia 1991 12
Lithuania 1991 11
Poland 1989 32
Romania 1990 15
Russia 1991 4
Serbia 1993 3
Slovakia 1989 12
Slovenia 1991 18
Tajikistan 1992 3
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
24. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
First stage: analysis of micro-level data
Second stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
Percentage of females matched in the wage gap
decompositions
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
25. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
First stage: analysis of micro-level data
Second stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
Adjusted wage gap All % matched over 30 % matched over 30, EBRD evaluated % matched over 30
Female participation rate -1.472*** -3.984*** -3.514*** -2.290** -3.957*** -7.373*** -7.425***
(0.7429) (0.9029) (1.7181) (1.2658) (1.8100) (1.1104) (1.1344)
x Transition 2.535*** 5.052*** 35.309 27.701 5.862 7.512*** 7.847***
(1.0092) (1.2196) (44.8532) (31.1209) (47.3125) (1.2782) (1.3919)
Years from transition 0.100*** 0.062 0.039 0.084 0.108 -0.0001 0.022
(0.0348) (0.0450) (0.1315) (0.0916) (0.1339) (0.0441) (0.0451)
squared -0.004*** -0.001 -0.001 -0.006 -0.002 0.002 0.002
(0.0015) (0.0019) (0.0061) (0.0045) (0.0065) (0.0019) (0.0019)
x Transition -0.078** -0.033 9.375 4.897 0.357 0.078 0.097**
(0.0422) (0.0523) (11.0341) (7.3705) (11.0925) (0.0544) (0.0561)
squared x Transition 0.004*** 0.001 -0.090 -0.044 -0.003 -0.003 -0.003**
(0.0015) (0.0019) (0.1075) (0.0718) (0.1080) (0.0019) (0.0019)
% of females with tertiary education -0.631 -0.672 4.970 21.863*** -0.447 -0.342 -0.562
(0.7991) (0.8489) (11.2638) (8.7870) (11.5959) (0.7725) (0.7904)
Mean age of active female 0.069*** -0.003 -0.058 0.068 -0.056 0.018 0.002
(0.0219) (0.0292) (0.1014) (0.0765) (0.1074) (0.0268) (0.0271)
% of HH with children under 5 0.867*** 3.021*** 5.932*** 13.399*** 4.577* 7.253*** 7.592***
(0.3461) (1.2163) (2.8513) (2.5122) (2.9900) (1.6902) (1.7312)
EBRD - large scale privatization 0.676**
(0.3577)
EBRD - small scale privatization 2.614***
(0.4538)
EBRD - governance and enterprise restructuring -0.131
(0.4477)
CIRI - womens’ economic rights 0.341***
(0.1191)
CIRI - womens’ social rights 0.128**
(0.0773)
Constant -2.948*** 0.220 -37.186 -32.481 1.608 -1.797* -0.375
(0.8577) (1.1951) (46.3010) (31.1332) (46.5176) (1.1598) (1.2762)
Observations 196 163 54 54 54 160 160
R-squared 0.383 0.505 0.570 0.775 0.518 0.601 0.390
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
26. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
First stage: analysis of micro-level data
Second stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
Adjusted participation gap AREG EBRD evaluated All All EBRD evaluated
Year from transition -0.005*** -0.005* -0.007*** -0.008*** -0.006*** -0.004** -0.002
(0.0007) (0.0031) (0.0030) (0.0026) (0.0022) (0.0023) (0.0038)
squared 0.0002*** 0.0002** 0.0002*** 0.0002*** 0.0002*** 0.0002* 0.000
(0.00001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001)
x Transiton -0.007*** -0.011 -0.003 -0.000 -0.007*** -0.008*** -0.011
(0.0013) (0.0314) (0.0301) (0.0305) (0.0025) (0.0026) (0.0334)
squared x Transition -0.0002*** -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002** -0.0002 -0.0002
(0.00003) (0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0003)
% of females with tertiary education 0.163*** 0.124* 0.138** 0.126* 0.161*** 0.177*** 0.079
(0.0498) (0.0801) (0.0818) (0.0816) (0.0522) (0.0522) (0.0920)
Mean age of active females 0.004*** 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.004*** 0.004*** 0.002
(0.0013) (0.0020) (0.0020) (0.0020) (0.0013) (0.0013) (0.0020)
% of HH with children under 5 -0.115*** -0.004 -0.002 -0.002 -0.119*** -0.127*** -0.048
(0.0159) (0.0354) (0.0354) (0.0353) (0.0163) (0.0164) (0.0389)
EBRD - large scale privatization -0.007 -0.014
(0.0077) (0.0098)
EBRD - small scale privatization -0.002 -0.005
(0.0064) (0.0100)
EBRD - governance and enterprise restructuring 0.003 0.008
(0.0083) (0.0102)
CIRI - womens’ economic rights -0.010 0.009
(0.0070) (0.0109)
CIRI - womens’ social rights -0.010*** -0.010
(0.0040) (0.0068)
Constant 0.622*** 0.480*** 0.450*** 0.445*** 0.630*** 0.613*** 0.448***
(0.0916) (0.1531) (0.1509) (0.1519) (0.0966) (0.0961) (0.1616)
Observations 628 207 207 207 589 586 199
R-squared 0.898 0.804 0.803 0.803 0.899 0.901 0.813
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
27. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Conclusions & Plans
Great international variation in the extent of gender
differences on the labor market
Most of the variation seems to be caused by the country fixed
effects
Higher FLFP seem to be related with the lower adjusted wage
gaps - The Goodwill Effect!
Plans for the future
Improving data on the RHS and LHS!
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
28. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Thank you for your attention
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition