We analyze the differences in wages and employment in transition economies in the post transformation period. Using non parametric methods we found that countries differ to a great extent in the paths followed and that institutional features alone fail to explain variation.
Female access to the labor market and wages over transitionGRAPE
This document presents research on gender gaps in labor market access and wages over transition in multiple countries. The research has two stages: 1) estimating comparable measures of gender discrimination in employment and wages for each country using microdata, and 2) examining what country characteristics correlate with the size of the gender gaps. Preliminary results show high cross-country variation in gender gaps that is largely explained by country fixed effects. Trends also differed between post-communist and Western European countries, indicating potential for reducing gaps, especially in Central and Eastern Europe.
Female access to the labor market and wages over transitionGRAPE
This document presents research on analyzing gender gaps in labor market access and wages over the transition period in multiple countries. The research has two goals: 1) investigating women's position in the labor market during economic transitions, and 2) exploring international variations in gender gaps using consistent estimation methods. The document outlines the motivation, research goals, literature review on gender gaps and transition economies, data and methodology, results of analyses of micro-level data from multiple countries, and conclusions. The key findings are that gender gaps in labor force participation narrowed more in transition economies than Western Europe over time, and higher female labor force participation is associated with lower estimated discrimination.
Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in ...GRAPE
This document analyzes women's labor market participation, experiences, and attitudes in transition countries compared to Western European countries. It finds that while gender gaps in activity rates have decreased in Western Europe for younger cohorts, the picture is more complex in transition countries. Younger cohorts of women in transition countries have more progressive views on gender equality but gender differences in employment probabilities have remained the same or increased compared to older cohorts. The document uses survey data and statistical analyses to examine trends in willingness to work, access to jobs, and preferences for equal access by age, birth cohort, and country.
Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in ...GRAPE
In this work, we construct the measures that have a potential to reflect the willingness
and possibilities of women to work, as well as their attitudes towards equal positions of women and men on the labour market. We implement decomposition techniques to control for individual characteristics when comparing women and men within selected measures, as well as to extract the cohort effects for analysed changes.
Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in ...GRAPE
In this work, we construct the measures that have a potential to reflect the willingness
and possibilities of women to work, as well as their attitudes towards equal positions of women and men on the labour market. We implement decomposition techniques to control for individual characteristics when comparing women and men within selected measures, as well as to extract the cohort effects for analysed changes.
We explore the reasons behind the fall of female employment rates in transition economies and compare them to the evolution in advanced economies. Using a large set of micro level databases, we find that the mechanisms that lead to an increasing female presence in the labor market (higher education and postponing marriage) do not seem to play a role in transition economies.
Gender wage gap in Poland: Can it be explained by differences in observable c...GRAPE
We analyze the evolution of the gender wage gap in Poland since transition. Using a Nopo decomposition, we find that differences in characteristics indicate that women should perceive higher wages.
How (Not) to Make Women Work? Evidence from Transition CountriesGRAPE
We explore the reasons behind the fall of female employment rates in transition economies and compare them to the evolution in advanced economies. Using a large set of micro level databases, we find that the mechanisms that lead to an increasing female presence in the labor market (higher education and postponing marriage) do not seem to play a role in transition economies.
Female access to the labor market and wages over transitionGRAPE
This document presents research on gender gaps in labor market access and wages over transition in multiple countries. The research has two stages: 1) estimating comparable measures of gender discrimination in employment and wages for each country using microdata, and 2) examining what country characteristics correlate with the size of the gender gaps. Preliminary results show high cross-country variation in gender gaps that is largely explained by country fixed effects. Trends also differed between post-communist and Western European countries, indicating potential for reducing gaps, especially in Central and Eastern Europe.
Female access to the labor market and wages over transitionGRAPE
This document presents research on analyzing gender gaps in labor market access and wages over the transition period in multiple countries. The research has two goals: 1) investigating women's position in the labor market during economic transitions, and 2) exploring international variations in gender gaps using consistent estimation methods. The document outlines the motivation, research goals, literature review on gender gaps and transition economies, data and methodology, results of analyses of micro-level data from multiple countries, and conclusions. The key findings are that gender gaps in labor force participation narrowed more in transition economies than Western Europe over time, and higher female labor force participation is associated with lower estimated discrimination.
Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in ...GRAPE
This document analyzes women's labor market participation, experiences, and attitudes in transition countries compared to Western European countries. It finds that while gender gaps in activity rates have decreased in Western Europe for younger cohorts, the picture is more complex in transition countries. Younger cohorts of women in transition countries have more progressive views on gender equality but gender differences in employment probabilities have remained the same or increased compared to older cohorts. The document uses survey data and statistical analyses to examine trends in willingness to work, access to jobs, and preferences for equal access by age, birth cohort, and country.
Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in ...GRAPE
In this work, we construct the measures that have a potential to reflect the willingness
and possibilities of women to work, as well as their attitudes towards equal positions of women and men on the labour market. We implement decomposition techniques to control for individual characteristics when comparing women and men within selected measures, as well as to extract the cohort effects for analysed changes.
Women in transition and today: what do they want, realize, and experience in ...GRAPE
In this work, we construct the measures that have a potential to reflect the willingness
and possibilities of women to work, as well as their attitudes towards equal positions of women and men on the labour market. We implement decomposition techniques to control for individual characteristics when comparing women and men within selected measures, as well as to extract the cohort effects for analysed changes.
We explore the reasons behind the fall of female employment rates in transition economies and compare them to the evolution in advanced economies. Using a large set of micro level databases, we find that the mechanisms that lead to an increasing female presence in the labor market (higher education and postponing marriage) do not seem to play a role in transition economies.
Gender wage gap in Poland: Can it be explained by differences in observable c...GRAPE
We analyze the evolution of the gender wage gap in Poland since transition. Using a Nopo decomposition, we find that differences in characteristics indicate that women should perceive higher wages.
How (Not) to Make Women Work? Evidence from Transition CountriesGRAPE
We explore the reasons behind the fall of female employment rates in transition economies and compare them to the evolution in advanced economies. Using a large set of micro level databases, we find that the mechanisms that lead to an increasing female presence in the labor market (higher education and postponing marriage) do not seem to play a role in transition economies.
Gender wage gap in Poland: Can it be explained by differences in observable c...GRAPE
We describe the evolution of the gender wage gap in Poland since transition. The results suggest that it was rather stable over time and that it cannot be explained by characteristics. If anything, women should be earning more than men!!!
Female access to the labor market and wages over transitionGRAPE
We describe the employment and gender gaps and its evolution during the transition process. Using non-parametric estimates, we find that variation is driven by country specific factors.
This document compares different methods for analyzing the gender wage gap in Poland using data from the Polish Labour Force Survey of 2012. It finds that the adjusted gender wage gap is 20% according to the methods analyzed, which is twice as large as the raw gap, indicating evidence of a glass ceiling. The different methods produced generally similar results on average but with large variations. After correcting for selection bias and common support, the differences between methods increased.
Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition: A Multicountry A...GRAPE
We analyze the differences in wages and employment in transition economies in the post transformation period. Using non parametric methods we found that countries differ to a great extent in the paths followed and that institutional features alone fail to explain variation.
Using data from Germany, we explore how the gender wage gap evolves as workers get older. Our method, based on panel data, allows to disentangle effects of age-cohort-year. We discover that the penalization grows faster during the reproductive period, and it does not fall afterwards. These results call for policies aimed to correct inequalities among older workers.
Piotr Lewandowski - A routine transition? Technology, upskilling, structural ...HKUST IEMS
Recent literature argues that in the US modern technologies replace jobs intensive in routine, codifiable tasks, and wipe out the middle-skilled employment.
The evidence whether it is also the case in emerging economies is still scarce.
In order to bridge this gap, I analyse the changes in the task content of jobs in 10 Central and Eastern European countries (CEE) between late 1990s and middle 2010s.
I find that the CEE countries witnessed rising intensity of non-routine cognitive tasks, and a decreasing intensity of manual tasks. However, most of them experienced a rise in routine cognitive tasks, a trend absent in the most advanced economies.
I assess the relative role played by education and technology in these developments. I also analyse the contribution of structural changes and occupational changes. I identify two groups of workers whose jobs depend most on performing routine cognitive tasks, who jointly represent 33% of workers in CEE, and are likely to be affected by future technical progress.
This document summarizes research on estimating the gender wage gap across different age groups using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1984-2008. The researchers find that the raw gender wage gap tends to decrease with age, indicating older women face greater penalties than younger women. When decomposing the wage gap using the DiNardo-Fortin-Lemieux method, they find some support for human capital explanations but that changes in wage structures also play a significant role. Panel models show the wage gap is higher for older age cohorts and decreases slightly over time, as women's participation rates increase. The researchers plan to extend this analysis to other countries like the US, France and UK.
we study the size and evolution of the gender wage gap in Poland. We employ two different methods a parametric Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition and the non-parametric Nopo decomoposition. We show that since transition the adjusted gender wage gap in Poland was always larger than the raw gap.
Differences in Gender wage gap over life cycleGRAPE
We explore the penalties experienced by women as they age. We use the German SOEP to track their wages from the early stages in their career till retirement. We found that the GWG has step increase at the beginning of the career to become flatter after the productive age (over 45 years old). The results indicate that adequate policy action to reduce the GWG should take the age dimension into account.
We presented in Ireland our joint work on age penalty in women's wages. Buildingon the DiNardo Fortin and Lemieux decomposition, we separate age-cohort-year effects. The results show that the gender wage gap increases with age, possibly in a non-monotonic fashion.
Dostęp kobiet do rynku pracy i płac w kontekście transformacjii gospodarczejGRAPE
We analyze the differences in wages and employment in transition economies in the post transformation period. Using non parametric methods we found that countries differ to a great extent in the paths followed and that institutional features alone fail to explain variation.
We explore the changes in the gender wage gap as women age. For this, we build on the DiNardo, Fortin and Lemieux decomposition to separate age and cohort effects. Our results suggest that the differences in wages increase during the life-cycle, possibly in a non-monotonic fashion. In turn, our results imply that policies addressing this issue should also consider age effects.
An analysis of how the gender wage gap evolved over time. We separate the effects of cohort and age and demonstrate that the gender wage gap increases as women age. This increases are non-monotonic and depend on women's earnings.
We explore the evolution of the gender wage gap since the period of transition. We found that the gender wage gap cannot be explained by differences in characteristics, which if anything suggest that women should be earning more than men do. There is also a business cycle component to differences in wages.
Identifying Age Penalty in Women's Wages: New method and evidence from GermanyGRAPE
This document describes a study that uses a new method to identify age penalties in women's wages in Germany. The study extends an existing decomposition method to separate the effects of cohort, time, and age on the gender wage gap. The researchers use long-term panel data from Germany and control for factors like education, experience, and household characteristics. Their results show that the adjusted gender wage gap changes as women age through their careers, with some cohorts experiencing wider gaps and others narrower gaps at different points. The researchers control for non-working years by including working for a wage in their statistical model.
Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition A Multicountry An...GRAPE
Great international variation in the extent of gender
differences on the labor market
Most of the variation seems to be caused by the country fixed
effects
Higher FLFP seem to be related with the lower adjusted wage
gaps - The Goodwill Effect!
International Economic Association Congress
Jordan, 8 June 2014
We investigate how women’s attitude and realization of choices towards equal participation in the labor market changes with age, and how these patterns differ between generations in transition and Western economies. As transition countries experienced a drop in employment rates regardless of gender, we study the relative change in the position of women, compared to similarly endowed men. We find that disentangling age, time, and cohort effects is necessary to appropriately assess women’s progress on labor markets in transition. The results indicate that in Western Europe countries women born later have much more equal position on the labor market as compared to older birth cohorts, but this is not the case in transition economies.
Gender Wage Gap in Poland - Lucas van der VeldeGRAPE
This document compares different methods for measuring the gender wage gap using data from the Polish Labor Force Survey in 2012. It introduces 7 methods that will be analyzed: Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, Juhn-Murphy-Pierce, DiNardo-Fortin-Lemieux, Machado-Mata, Nopo, and Firpo-Fortin-Lemieux. The analysis will compare the gender wage gaps estimated using each method across 14 different model specifications, from a basic model to ones including additional controls like industry, occupation, education, and all available variables. The goal is to provide guidance for practitioners on how the choice of method and model specification can impact measures of the gender wage gap.
Wage inequality did not increase in the last 30 years, both in transition and non-transition economies, after first shock in early 90’s.
Wage inequality is larger in transition countries, but when we take into account only inequality due to characteristics the difference disappears.
Indicators of globalization and skill biased technological change correlate positively or do not correlate with wage inequality (partial CONFIRMATION of the theory)
Surprisingly, the effect is smaller for transition economies
The only exception is a share of high-skilled workers that decreases wage inequality attributable to characteristics.
Juan Menéndez-Valdés. Flexibilidad y compromiso en las nuevas estructuras org...AEDIPE
Flexibility and Commitment in New Organisational Structures – Evidence from Eurofound
In 3 sentences:
The document discusses trends in new forms of employment like temporary work, part-time work, and self-employment across Europe. It also analyzes data from surveys on working conditions that show most employees still have regular working hours but skills use is increasing. Company surveys identified five groups of workplaces with different management styles and "systematic and involving" workplaces reported the highest worker well-being and job performance.
Gender wage gap in Poland: Can it be explained by differences in observable c...GRAPE
We describe the evolution of the gender wage gap in Poland since transition. The results suggest that it was rather stable over time and that it cannot be explained by characteristics. If anything, women should be earning more than men!!!
Female access to the labor market and wages over transitionGRAPE
We describe the employment and gender gaps and its evolution during the transition process. Using non-parametric estimates, we find that variation is driven by country specific factors.
This document compares different methods for analyzing the gender wage gap in Poland using data from the Polish Labour Force Survey of 2012. It finds that the adjusted gender wage gap is 20% according to the methods analyzed, which is twice as large as the raw gap, indicating evidence of a glass ceiling. The different methods produced generally similar results on average but with large variations. After correcting for selection bias and common support, the differences between methods increased.
Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition: A Multicountry A...GRAPE
We analyze the differences in wages and employment in transition economies in the post transformation period. Using non parametric methods we found that countries differ to a great extent in the paths followed and that institutional features alone fail to explain variation.
Using data from Germany, we explore how the gender wage gap evolves as workers get older. Our method, based on panel data, allows to disentangle effects of age-cohort-year. We discover that the penalization grows faster during the reproductive period, and it does not fall afterwards. These results call for policies aimed to correct inequalities among older workers.
Piotr Lewandowski - A routine transition? Technology, upskilling, structural ...HKUST IEMS
Recent literature argues that in the US modern technologies replace jobs intensive in routine, codifiable tasks, and wipe out the middle-skilled employment.
The evidence whether it is also the case in emerging economies is still scarce.
In order to bridge this gap, I analyse the changes in the task content of jobs in 10 Central and Eastern European countries (CEE) between late 1990s and middle 2010s.
I find that the CEE countries witnessed rising intensity of non-routine cognitive tasks, and a decreasing intensity of manual tasks. However, most of them experienced a rise in routine cognitive tasks, a trend absent in the most advanced economies.
I assess the relative role played by education and technology in these developments. I also analyse the contribution of structural changes and occupational changes. I identify two groups of workers whose jobs depend most on performing routine cognitive tasks, who jointly represent 33% of workers in CEE, and are likely to be affected by future technical progress.
This document summarizes research on estimating the gender wage gap across different age groups using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1984-2008. The researchers find that the raw gender wage gap tends to decrease with age, indicating older women face greater penalties than younger women. When decomposing the wage gap using the DiNardo-Fortin-Lemieux method, they find some support for human capital explanations but that changes in wage structures also play a significant role. Panel models show the wage gap is higher for older age cohorts and decreases slightly over time, as women's participation rates increase. The researchers plan to extend this analysis to other countries like the US, France and UK.
we study the size and evolution of the gender wage gap in Poland. We employ two different methods a parametric Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition and the non-parametric Nopo decomoposition. We show that since transition the adjusted gender wage gap in Poland was always larger than the raw gap.
Differences in Gender wage gap over life cycleGRAPE
We explore the penalties experienced by women as they age. We use the German SOEP to track their wages from the early stages in their career till retirement. We found that the GWG has step increase at the beginning of the career to become flatter after the productive age (over 45 years old). The results indicate that adequate policy action to reduce the GWG should take the age dimension into account.
We presented in Ireland our joint work on age penalty in women's wages. Buildingon the DiNardo Fortin and Lemieux decomposition, we separate age-cohort-year effects. The results show that the gender wage gap increases with age, possibly in a non-monotonic fashion.
Dostęp kobiet do rynku pracy i płac w kontekście transformacjii gospodarczejGRAPE
We analyze the differences in wages and employment in transition economies in the post transformation period. Using non parametric methods we found that countries differ to a great extent in the paths followed and that institutional features alone fail to explain variation.
We explore the changes in the gender wage gap as women age. For this, we build on the DiNardo, Fortin and Lemieux decomposition to separate age and cohort effects. Our results suggest that the differences in wages increase during the life-cycle, possibly in a non-monotonic fashion. In turn, our results imply that policies addressing this issue should also consider age effects.
An analysis of how the gender wage gap evolved over time. We separate the effects of cohort and age and demonstrate that the gender wage gap increases as women age. This increases are non-monotonic and depend on women's earnings.
We explore the evolution of the gender wage gap since the period of transition. We found that the gender wage gap cannot be explained by differences in characteristics, which if anything suggest that women should be earning more than men do. There is also a business cycle component to differences in wages.
Identifying Age Penalty in Women's Wages: New method and evidence from GermanyGRAPE
This document describes a study that uses a new method to identify age penalties in women's wages in Germany. The study extends an existing decomposition method to separate the effects of cohort, time, and age on the gender wage gap. The researchers use long-term panel data from Germany and control for factors like education, experience, and household characteristics. Their results show that the adjusted gender wage gap changes as women age through their careers, with some cohorts experiencing wider gaps and others narrower gaps at different points. The researchers control for non-working years by including working for a wage in their statistical model.
Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition A Multicountry An...GRAPE
Great international variation in the extent of gender
differences on the labor market
Most of the variation seems to be caused by the country fixed
effects
Higher FLFP seem to be related with the lower adjusted wage
gaps - The Goodwill Effect!
International Economic Association Congress
Jordan, 8 June 2014
We investigate how women’s attitude and realization of choices towards equal participation in the labor market changes with age, and how these patterns differ between generations in transition and Western economies. As transition countries experienced a drop in employment rates regardless of gender, we study the relative change in the position of women, compared to similarly endowed men. We find that disentangling age, time, and cohort effects is necessary to appropriately assess women’s progress on labor markets in transition. The results indicate that in Western Europe countries women born later have much more equal position on the labor market as compared to older birth cohorts, but this is not the case in transition economies.
Gender Wage Gap in Poland - Lucas van der VeldeGRAPE
This document compares different methods for measuring the gender wage gap using data from the Polish Labor Force Survey in 2012. It introduces 7 methods that will be analyzed: Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, Juhn-Murphy-Pierce, DiNardo-Fortin-Lemieux, Machado-Mata, Nopo, and Firpo-Fortin-Lemieux. The analysis will compare the gender wage gaps estimated using each method across 14 different model specifications, from a basic model to ones including additional controls like industry, occupation, education, and all available variables. The goal is to provide guidance for practitioners on how the choice of method and model specification can impact measures of the gender wage gap.
Wage inequality did not increase in the last 30 years, both in transition and non-transition economies, after first shock in early 90’s.
Wage inequality is larger in transition countries, but when we take into account only inequality due to characteristics the difference disappears.
Indicators of globalization and skill biased technological change correlate positively or do not correlate with wage inequality (partial CONFIRMATION of the theory)
Surprisingly, the effect is smaller for transition economies
The only exception is a share of high-skilled workers that decreases wage inequality attributable to characteristics.
Juan Menéndez-Valdés. Flexibilidad y compromiso en las nuevas estructuras org...AEDIPE
Flexibility and Commitment in New Organisational Structures – Evidence from Eurofound
In 3 sentences:
The document discusses trends in new forms of employment like temporary work, part-time work, and self-employment across Europe. It also analyzes data from surveys on working conditions that show most employees still have regular working hours but skills use is increasing. Company surveys identified five groups of workplaces with different management styles and "systematic and involving" workplaces reported the highest worker well-being and job performance.
Similar to Female access to the labor market and wages over transition (6)
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Revisiting gender board diversity and firm performanceGRAPE
Cel: oszacować wpływ inkluzywności władz spółek na ich wyniki.
Co wiemy?
• Większość firm nie ma równosci płci w organach (ILO, 2015)
• Większość firm nie ma w ogóle kobiet we władzach
Demographic transition and the rise of wealth inequalityGRAPE
We study the contribution of rising longevity to the rise of wealth inequality in the U.S. over the last seventy years. We construct an OLG model with multiple sources of inequality, closely calibrated to the data. Our main finding is that improvements in old-age longevity explain about 30% of the observed rise in wealth inequality. This magnitude is similar to previously emphasized channels associated with income inequality and the tax system. The contribution of demographics is bound to raise wealth inequality further in the decades to come.
(Gender) tone at the top: the effect of board diversity on gender inequalityGRAPE
The research explores to what extent the presence of women on board affects gender inequality downstream. We find that increasing presence reduces gender inequality. To avoid reverse causality, we propose a new instrument: the share of household consumption in total output. We extend the analysis to recover the effect of a single woman on board (tokenism(
Gender board diversity spillovers and the public eyeGRAPE
A range of policy recommendations mandating gender board quotas is based on the idea that "women help women". We analyze potential gender diversity spillovers from supervisory to top managerial positions over three decades in Europe. Contrary to previous studies which worked with stock listed firms or were region locked, we use a large data base of roughly 2 000 000 firms. We find evidence that women do not help women in corporate Europe, unless the firm is stock listed. Only within public firms, going from no woman to at least one woman on supervisory position is associated with a 10-15% higher probability of appointing at least one woman to the executive position. This pattern aligns with various managerial theories, suggesting that external visibility influences corporate gender diversity practices. The study implies that diversity policies, while impactful in public firms, have limited
effectiveness in promoting gender diversity in corporate Europe.
This document introduces a framework for analyzing contracts between a principal and multiple agents who have interdependent preferences. It begins with a simple example involving two agents who can choose between working and shirking, and whose outputs are either success or failure. The agents have interdependent utility that depends on both their own material payoff and their conjecture of the other agent's utility.
The document then outlines the research agenda, which is to characterize optimal contracts when agents have interdependent preferences and to provide recommendations for contract design based on whether preferences are positively or negatively interdependent. Finally, it presents some general results, finding that independent contracts are no longer optimal when preferences are interdependent, and that contracts should incorporate both individual performance bonuses and team
Tone at the top: the effects of gender board diversity on gender wage inequal...GRAPE
We address the gender wage gap in Europe, focusing on the impact of female representation in executive and non-executive boards. We use a novel dataset to identify gender board diversity across European firms, which covers a comprehensive sample of private firms in addition to publicly listed ones. Our study spans three waves of the Structure of Earnings Survey, covering 26 countries and multiple industries. Despite low prevalence of female representation and the complex nature of gender wage inequality, our findings reveal a robust causal link: increased gender diversity significantly decreases the adjusted gender wage gap. We also demonstrate that to meaningfully impact gender wage gaps, the presence of a single female representative in leadership is insufficient.
Gender board diversity spillovers and the public eyeGRAPE
A range of policy recommendations mandating gender board quotas is based on the idea that "women help women". We analyze potential gender diversity spillovers from supervisory to top managerial positions over three decades in Europe. Contrary to previous studies which worked with stock listed firms or were region locked, we use a large data base of roughly 2 000 000 firms. We find evidence that women do not help women in corporate Europe, unless the firm is stock listed. Only within public firms, going from no woman to at least one woman on supervisory position is associated with a 10-15\% higher probability of appointing at least one woman to the executive position. This pattern aligns with the Public Eye Managerial Theory, suggesting that external visibility influences corporate gender diversity practices. The study implies that diversity policies, while impactful in public firms, have limited effectiveness in promoting gender diversity in corporate Europe.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large New Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economies, we use this model to provide comparative statics across past and contemporaneous age structures of the working population. Thus, we quantify the extent to which the response of labor markets to adverse TFP shocks and monetary policy shocks becomes muted with the aging of the working population. Our findings have important policy implications for European labor markets and beyond. For example, the working population is expected to further age in Europe, whereas the share of young workers will remain robust in the US. Our results suggest a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle. Furthermore, with the aging population, lowering inflation volatility is less costly in terms of higher unemployment volatility. It suggests that optimal monetary policy should be more hawkish in the older society.
This document discusses how labor market inequality may push disadvantaged groups like women into entrepreneurship out of necessity. It presents a theoretical framework showing how greater gender employment gaps could increase the prevalence of female self-employment. The authors test this using data on gender wage and employment gaps matched with survey data on entrepreneurship. Their results show a robust positive effect of gender employment gaps on necessity-driven female entrepreneurship but little effect of wage gaps. This provides empirical support that labor market discrimination can push disadvantaged groups into self-employment when other employment options are limited.
Evidence concerning inequality in ability to realize aspirations is prevalent: overall, in specialized segments of the labor market, in self-employment and high-aspirations environments. Empirical literature and public debate are full of case studies and comprehensive empirical studies documenting the paramount gap between successful individuals (typically ethnic majority men) and those who are less likely to “make it” (typically ethnic minority and women). So far the drivers of these disparities and their consequences have been studied much less intensively, due to methodological constraints and shortage of appropriate data. This project proposes significant innovations to overcome both types of barriers and push the frontier of the research agenda on equality in reaching aspirations.
Overall, project is interdisciplinary, combining four fields: management, economics, quantitative methods and psychology. An important feature of this project is that it offers a diversified methodological perspective, combining applied microeconometrics, as well as experimental methods.
- The document discusses the optimal assignment of property rights when a social planner cannot commit to future trading mechanisms. This lack of commitment results in ex-post inefficiency and inefficient investment decisions due to hold-up problems.
- The social planner chooses property rights to alleviate these frictions. The paper proposes a framework to characterize the optimal property right using a mechanism design approach. The main result is that the optimal property right is simple but flexible, often featuring an option to own the property.
The document presents a framework for studying the optimal design of contractual property rights using mechanism design. It discusses how property rights determine agents' outside options in economic interactions and impact ex-post efficiency and investment incentives when the social planner cannot commit to future mechanisms. The authors analyze how to design property rights to alleviate these frictions in a setting with one-sided private information and bargaining power. A key result is that the optimal property right is often simple but flexible, featuring an option to own the resource.
The document presents a framework for studying the optimal design of contractual property rights. It discusses how property rights determine agents' outside options in economic interactions and impact ex-post efficiency and investment incentives when a social planner cannot commit to future mechanisms. The authors' contribution is characterizing the optimal property right from a non-parametric class in a setting with one-sided private information and bargaining power, finding that flexible rights featuring an option to own are often optimal.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
Fabular Frames and the Four Ratio ProblemMajid Iqbal
Digital, interactive art showing the struggle of a society in providing for its present population while also saving planetary resources for future generations. Spread across several frames, the art is actually the rendering of real and speculative data. The stereographic projections change shape in response to prompts and provocations. Visitors interact with the model through speculative statements about how to increase savings across communities, regions, ecosystems and environments. Their fabulations combined with random noise, i.e. factors beyond control, have a dramatic effect on the societal transition. Things get better. Things get worse. The aim is to give visitors a new grasp and feel of the ongoing struggles in democracies around the world.
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Female access to the labor market and wages over transition
1. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages
Over Transition
A Multicountry Analysis
Karolina Goraus Joanna Tyrowicz
Faculty of Economic Sciences
University of Warsaw
XXVIII National Conference of Labour Economics
Rome, 27-28 September 2013
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
2. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Outline
1 Motivation
2 Research goals
3 Women on the labor market in transition
4 Data and methodology
Research method
Data sources
5 Empirical results
First stage: analysis of micro-level data
Second stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
6 Conclusions
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
3. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
What is the reason of gender wage differentials?
Gender wage gaps
Italy 2005 15.7% Picchio, Mussida, 2010
Italy 2008 24.16% N˜opo, Daza, Ramos, 2011
Czech Republic 1998 30% Jurajda, 2001
Czech Republic 2008 35.19% N˜opo, Daza, Ramos, 2011
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
4. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Major contributions in international analysis of gender gaps
Weichselbaumer and Winter-Ebmer (2007)
meta-analysis of 263 papers exploring gender wage gaps in 62
countries
incomparability of estimators
N˜opo, Daza and Ramos (2011)
attempt to estimate gender wage gaps for 63 countries with
the same methodology
huge differences in gender gaps between countries
unknown reasons
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
5. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Context of transition
Brainerd (2000)
inequalities grew in transition
the changes affected women adversely, contributing to the
widening gender gaps
”Do Markets Favor Women’s Human Capital More Than
Planners?” (Munich, Svejnar, Terrell, 2004)
gender wage gap in Czech Republic decreased from 33% in
year 1989 to 25% in year 2002
although women have higher returns on education in the
market system, similar changes have been observed for men,
thus it is not a reason of declining gender wage gap
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
6. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Raw wage gap vs. ”discrimination” in Poland
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
7. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Research goals
1 Investigating the position of women on the labor market in
transition
2 Analysing the international variation in gender gaps using
coherent estimators
3 Exploring differences between CEEC and Western Europe, as
well as within the group of transition economies
4 Verifying if higher FLFP leads to lower discrimination
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
8. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Different trends in FLFP in CEEC and Western Europe
Total sample Advanced Transition
Time 0.397*** 0.668*** -0.443***
(0.0365) (0.0402) (0.0456)
Observations 631 338 203
R2 0.167 0.465 0.336
No of countries 42 18 15
Note: panel fixed effect robust estimator. Constant included.
Data source: ILO. Transition: Albania, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia,
Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine.
Advanced: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, E & W Germany , Greece,
Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
Kingdom. Standard errors in parentheses, *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
9. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Different trends in FLFP in CEEC and Western Europe
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
10. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Share of highly educated females & FLFP
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
11. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Share of females with children under 5 years & FLFP
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
12. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Mean age of active female & FLFP
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
13. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Research method
Data sources
How to measure discrimination?
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
14. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Research method
Data sources
Research method
Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition
¯yM
− ¯yF
= ˆβM
(¯xM
− ¯xF
) + (βM
− βF
)¯xF
Decomposition of N˜opo
δ = δM + δX + δA + δF
δM - can be explained by differences between „matched” and
„unmatched” males
δX - can be explained by differences in the distribution of
characteristics of males and females over the common support
δA - unexplained part of the gap
δF - can be explained by differences between „matched” and
„unmatched” females
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
15. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Research method
Data sources
Varius sources of micro-level data
National censuses (acquired from Integrated Public Use
Microdata Series International)
International Social Survey Program
Living Standard Measurement Surveys of The World Bank
National Labor Force Surveys
European Union Labor Force Survey
European Community Household Panel
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
16. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Research method
Data sources
Data on transition countries
Country LFS EU LFS Census LSMS ISSP
Albania 2002-2005
Armenia 2001
Belarus 1999
Bosnia & H. 2001-2004
Bulgaria 2000-2008 1995, 1997, 2001, 2003 1993-1995
Croatia 1997-2008
Czech R. 1998-2008 1993-1995
Estonia 1997-2008 1992-1995
Hungary 1997-2008 1970, 1980, 1990, 2001 1989-1995
Kyrgyzstan 1993, 1996-1998
Latvia 1998-2008 1995
Lithuania 1998-2008 1995
Poland 1995-2010 1997-2008 1987, 1991-1995
Romania 1997-2008 1977, 1992, 2002
Russia 1991-1995
Serbia 2002-2004, 2007
Slovakia 1998-2008 1995
Slovenia 1996-2008 2002 1991-1995
Tajikistan 1999, 2003, 2009
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
17. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Research method
Data sources
Data on benchmark countries
Country EU LFS ECHP ISSP
Austria 1995-2008 1995-2001 1989-1995
Belgium 1992-2008 1994-2001
Denmark 1992-2008 1994-2001
Finland 1995-2008 1996-2001
France 1993-2008 1994-2001
Germany 2002-2008 1994-2001 1989-1995
Greece 1992-2008 1994-2001
Ireland 1999-2008 1994-2001 1989-1995
Italy 1992-2008 1994-2001 1989- 1995
Netherlands 1996-2008 1994-2001 1989-1995
Norway 1996-2008 1989-1995
Portugal 1992-2008 1994-2001
Spain 1992-2008 1994-2001 1993-1995
Sweden 1995-2008 1997-2001 1994-1995
Switzerland 1996-2008 1987
UK 1992-2008 1994-2001 1989-1995
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
18. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
First stage: analysis of micro-level data
Second stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
Empirical analysis
Two stages
1 Obtaining comparable measures of gender discrimination in
employment rates and wages (∆A) - N˜opo (2008)
decompositions.
2 Using gender gap estimates as explained variables, whereas
country characteristics as explanatory variables. Identify the
correlates (better yet: determinants) of the stark differentials
in measured ∆A.
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
19. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
First stage: analysis of micro-level data
Second stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
Results of N˜opo decomposition for Poland
Characteristics ∆ ∆A ∆M ∆F ∆X % M % K
Demographic 10% 20% 0% 0% -10% 99 97
+ Occupation 10% 20% 0% 0% -10% 96 93
+ Sector 10% 20% -1% -1% -9% 92 92
+ Public 10% 21% 0% -1% -10% 99 95
+ Informal 10% 21% 0% 0% -10% 99 97
+ Tenure 10% 21% 0% -1% -10% 99 95
All 10% 19% -2% -1% -6% 65 74
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
20. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
First stage: analysis of micro-level data
Second stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
Descriptive statistics of obtained estimates
matched M matched F raw gap ∆M ∆F ∆A ∆X
Participation gap, N=628
Mean 99% 99% 34% 0.2% 0.2% 16% -1%
Minimum 81% 60% -7% -14% -26% 0.5% -16%
Maximum 100% 100% 138% 25% 7% 43% 36%
Wage gap, N=187
Mean 71% 77% 18% 2% 1% 15% 0.3%
Minimum 2% 3% -6% -60% -55% -90% -37%
Maximum 99% 99% 138% 111% 74% 62% 51%
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
21. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
First stage: analysis of micro-level data
Second stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
Distribution of gender gaps
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
22. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
First stage: analysis of micro-level data
Second stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
Focus on the transition context
Three types of measures:
1 years from transition
2 EBRD Reform Index (1 - 4)
privatization
enterprise restructuring
3 indexes of the Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) Human Rights
Dataset (1 - 3)
Women’s Economic Rights index
Women’s Social Rights index
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
23. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
First stage: analysis of micro-level data
Second stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
Years from transition
Year of transformation No. of country/sets
Albania 1992 4
Armenia 1991 1
Bosnia & Herzegovina 1993 4
Bulgaria 1991 16
Croatia 1992 13
Czech Republic 1989 14
Estonia 1991 12
Hungary 1989 25
Kyrgistan 1992 4
Latvia 1991 12
Lithuania 1991 11
Poland 1989 32
Romania 1990 15
Russia 1991 4
Serbia 1993 3
Slovakia 1989 12
Slovenia 1991 18
Tajikistan 1992 3
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
24. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
First stage: analysis of micro-level data
Second stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
Percentage of females matched in the wage gap
decompositions
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
25. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
First stage: analysis of micro-level data
Second stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
Adjusted wage gap All % matched over 30 % matched over 30, EBRD evaluated % matched over 30
Female participation rate -1.472*** -3.984*** -3.514*** -2.290** -3.957*** -7.373*** -7.425***
(0.7429) (0.9029) (1.7181) (1.2658) (1.8100) (1.1104) (1.1344)
x Transition 2.535*** 5.052*** 35.309 27.701 5.862 7.512*** 7.847***
(1.0092) (1.2196) (44.8532) (31.1209) (47.3125) (1.2782) (1.3919)
Years from transition 0.100*** 0.062 0.039 0.084 0.108 -0.0001 0.022
(0.0348) (0.0450) (0.1315) (0.0916) (0.1339) (0.0441) (0.0451)
squared -0.004*** -0.001 -0.001 -0.006 -0.002 0.002 0.002
(0.0015) (0.0019) (0.0061) (0.0045) (0.0065) (0.0019) (0.0019)
x Transition -0.078** -0.033 9.375 4.897 0.357 0.078 0.097**
(0.0422) (0.0523) (11.0341) (7.3705) (11.0925) (0.0544) (0.0561)
squared x Transition 0.004*** 0.001 -0.090 -0.044 -0.003 -0.003 -0.003**
(0.0015) (0.0019) (0.1075) (0.0718) (0.1080) (0.0019) (0.0019)
% of females with tertiary education -0.631 -0.672 4.970 21.863*** -0.447 -0.342 -0.562
(0.7991) (0.8489) (11.2638) (8.7870) (11.5959) (0.7725) (0.7904)
Mean age of active female 0.069*** -0.003 -0.058 0.068 -0.056 0.018 0.002
(0.0219) (0.0292) (0.1014) (0.0765) (0.1074) (0.0268) (0.0271)
% of HH with children under 5 0.867*** 3.021*** 5.932*** 13.399*** 4.577* 7.253*** 7.592***
(0.3461) (1.2163) (2.8513) (2.5122) (2.9900) (1.6902) (1.7312)
EBRD - large scale privatization 0.676**
(0.3577)
EBRD - small scale privatization 2.614***
(0.4538)
EBRD - governance and enterprise restructuring -0.131
(0.4477)
CIRI - womens’ economic rights 0.341***
(0.1191)
CIRI - womens’ social rights 0.128**
(0.0773)
Constant -2.948*** 0.220 -37.186 -32.481 1.608 -1.797* -0.375
(0.8577) (1.1951) (46.3010) (31.1332) (46.5176) (1.1598) (1.2762)
Observations 196 163 54 54 54 160 160
R-squared 0.383 0.505 0.570 0.775 0.518 0.601 0.390
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
26. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
First stage: analysis of micro-level data
Second stage: analysis of obtained gender gaps estimates
Adjusted participation gap AREG EBRD evaluated All All EBRD evaluated
Year from transition -0.005*** -0.005* -0.007*** -0.008*** -0.006*** -0.004** -0.002
(0.0007) (0.0031) (0.0030) (0.0026) (0.0022) (0.0023) (0.0038)
squared 0.0002*** 0.0002** 0.0002*** 0.0002*** 0.0002*** 0.0002* 0.000
(0.00001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0001)
x Transiton -0.007*** -0.011 -0.003 -0.000 -0.007*** -0.008*** -0.011
(0.0013) (0.0314) (0.0301) (0.0305) (0.0025) (0.0026) (0.0334)
squared x Transition -0.0002*** -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0002** -0.0002 -0.0002
(0.00003) (0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0003) (0.0001) (0.0001) (0.0003)
% of females with tertiary education 0.163*** 0.124* 0.138** 0.126* 0.161*** 0.177*** 0.079
(0.0498) (0.0801) (0.0818) (0.0816) (0.0522) (0.0522) (0.0920)
Mean age of active females 0.004*** 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.004*** 0.004*** 0.002
(0.0013) (0.0020) (0.0020) (0.0020) (0.0013) (0.0013) (0.0020)
% of HH with children under 5 -0.115*** -0.004 -0.002 -0.002 -0.119*** -0.127*** -0.048
(0.0159) (0.0354) (0.0354) (0.0353) (0.0163) (0.0164) (0.0389)
EBRD - large scale privatization -0.007 -0.014
(0.0077) (0.0098)
EBRD - small scale privatization -0.002 -0.005
(0.0064) (0.0100)
EBRD - governance and enterprise restructuring 0.003 0.008
(0.0083) (0.0102)
CIRI - womens’ economic rights -0.010 0.009
(0.0070) (0.0109)
CIRI - womens’ social rights -0.010*** -0.010
(0.0040) (0.0068)
Constant 0.622*** 0.480*** 0.450*** 0.445*** 0.630*** 0.613*** 0.448***
(0.0916) (0.1531) (0.1509) (0.1519) (0.0966) (0.0961) (0.1616)
Observations 628 207 207 207 589 586 199
R-squared 0.898 0.804 0.803 0.803 0.899 0.901 0.813
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
27. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Conclusions & Plans
Great international variation in the extent of gender
differences on the labor market
Most of the variation seems to be caused by the country fixed
effects
Higher FLFP seem to be related with the lower adjusted wage
gaps - The Goodwill Effect!
Plans for the future
Improving data on the RHS and LHS!
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition
28. Motivation
Research goals
Women on the labor market in transition
Data and methodology
Empirical results
Conclusions
Thank you for your attention
Karolina Goraus, Joanna Tyrowicz Female Access to the Labor Market and Wages Over Transition