The document discusses efforts to mitigate fluorosis in Ethiopia caused by high fluoride levels in groundwater. It presents several challenges including that about 10-14 million people are exposed to fluoride contaminated water. Projects discussed include fluoride distribution mapping to identify low fluoride sources, quantitative risk assessment to estimate disease burden and establish safe fluoride limits, developing alternative water sources, and defluoridation technology optimization. The goal is to address fluorosis through identifying low fluoride water, setting standards, developing defluoridation methods, and integrating with other water and health initiatives.
This document discusses fluorosis, a disease caused by excess fluoride intake. It notes that fluoride can enter the body through water, food, toothpaste, and industrial sources. Fluorosis manifests as dental, skeletal, or non-skeletal forms and is a public health problem in 24 countries including India, where around 70 million people are affected. In West Bengal, 7 districts including Bankura are affected. The document outlines testing and diagnosis of fluorosis as well as interventions like providing safe drinking water, improving nutrition, and reducing overall fluoride exposure.
The document discusses various mechanisms by which pollution can be attenuated or reduced in groundwater systems over time and distance. It describes the main types of contaminants that typically pollute groundwater as microbiological, inorganic, and organic pollutants like heavy metals. The key attenuation mechanisms mentioned include filtration, sorption, chemical and microbiological decomposition, and dilution. Factors like hydrogeology, contaminant type, and groundwater flow influence the effectiveness and rates of attenuation.
Groundwater Quality And Human Health: Sunderrajan Krishnan, CAREWATERIndia Water Portal
Groundwater quality has a significant impact on human health in India. Several contaminants like fluoride, arsenic, and nitrates are causing widespread health problems. While technologies exist to remove many contaminants, challenges remain in implementing solutions at scale and addressing the root causes of contamination. A holistic approach is needed that considers the roles of various stakeholders like health agencies and emphasizes generating awareness about the links between water quality and community well-being.
Pollution of groundwater in gujarat by sagarSAGARSHAH123
This document provides an overview of groundwater pollution in Gujarat, India. It discusses groundwater usage worldwide and in key countries. It then examines the physicochemical parameters used to analyze groundwater quality. The major causes of groundwater pollution in Gujarat are identified as agriculture, industry, mining, urban waste, and saltwater intrusion in coastal areas. High fluoride and nitrate levels are major issues affecting many districts in Gujarat. The Ankleshwar industrial area is presented as a case study where groundwater monitoring found elevated TDS, chloride, sulfate, and other parameters. Prevention of further contamination and potential remediation strategies are briefly outlined.
DENTAL FLUOROSIS: A CASE STUDY IN VAUVNIYA DISTRICT, DRY ZONE OF SRI LANKASivanesan Somanathar
This document summarizes a case study on dental fluorosis in the Vavuniya district of Sri Lanka. Water samples were collected from 72 wells and tested for fluoride concentration. Fluoride levels above the WHO recommended level of 1.5 mg/L were found to cause dental and skeletal fluorosis. The highest number of fluorosis patients were found in the Chettikulam area, where the highest fluoride level of 1.52 mg/L was recorded. Positive correlations were observed between fluoride levels and electrical conductivity, pH, and well depth. The study identified areas with high fluoride concentrations in groundwater and high rates of dental fluorosis. More research was recommended to develop techniques for removing fluoride from drinking water in affected rural
The document discusses arsenic and fluoride contamination of drinking water. It provides background on sources of arsenic and fluoride in the environment and their health effects. It also describes various technologies for removing arsenic and fluoride from drinking water, such as iron nails in biosand filters and ion exchange resins. Guidelines for safe levels of arsenic and fluoride in drinking water from different organizations are presented.
Kerala state is having abundant water source and people are really proud of it and lavishly wastes water.But due to the uprising scarcity of good potable drinking water we should think about conserving water before polluting the sources.This presentation is a description about the water scenario in India briefly and describes about the major water pollution and the main regions that are being affected severely.
This document discusses fluorosis, a disease caused by excess fluoride intake. It notes that fluoride can enter the body through water, food, toothpaste, and industrial sources. Fluorosis manifests as dental, skeletal, or non-skeletal forms and is a public health problem in 24 countries including India, where around 70 million people are affected. In West Bengal, 7 districts including Bankura are affected. The document outlines testing and diagnosis of fluorosis as well as interventions like providing safe drinking water, improving nutrition, and reducing overall fluoride exposure.
The document discusses various mechanisms by which pollution can be attenuated or reduced in groundwater systems over time and distance. It describes the main types of contaminants that typically pollute groundwater as microbiological, inorganic, and organic pollutants like heavy metals. The key attenuation mechanisms mentioned include filtration, sorption, chemical and microbiological decomposition, and dilution. Factors like hydrogeology, contaminant type, and groundwater flow influence the effectiveness and rates of attenuation.
Groundwater Quality And Human Health: Sunderrajan Krishnan, CAREWATERIndia Water Portal
Groundwater quality has a significant impact on human health in India. Several contaminants like fluoride, arsenic, and nitrates are causing widespread health problems. While technologies exist to remove many contaminants, challenges remain in implementing solutions at scale and addressing the root causes of contamination. A holistic approach is needed that considers the roles of various stakeholders like health agencies and emphasizes generating awareness about the links between water quality and community well-being.
Pollution of groundwater in gujarat by sagarSAGARSHAH123
This document provides an overview of groundwater pollution in Gujarat, India. It discusses groundwater usage worldwide and in key countries. It then examines the physicochemical parameters used to analyze groundwater quality. The major causes of groundwater pollution in Gujarat are identified as agriculture, industry, mining, urban waste, and saltwater intrusion in coastal areas. High fluoride and nitrate levels are major issues affecting many districts in Gujarat. The Ankleshwar industrial area is presented as a case study where groundwater monitoring found elevated TDS, chloride, sulfate, and other parameters. Prevention of further contamination and potential remediation strategies are briefly outlined.
DENTAL FLUOROSIS: A CASE STUDY IN VAUVNIYA DISTRICT, DRY ZONE OF SRI LANKASivanesan Somanathar
This document summarizes a case study on dental fluorosis in the Vavuniya district of Sri Lanka. Water samples were collected from 72 wells and tested for fluoride concentration. Fluoride levels above the WHO recommended level of 1.5 mg/L were found to cause dental and skeletal fluorosis. The highest number of fluorosis patients were found in the Chettikulam area, where the highest fluoride level of 1.52 mg/L was recorded. Positive correlations were observed between fluoride levels and electrical conductivity, pH, and well depth. The study identified areas with high fluoride concentrations in groundwater and high rates of dental fluorosis. More research was recommended to develop techniques for removing fluoride from drinking water in affected rural
The document discusses arsenic and fluoride contamination of drinking water. It provides background on sources of arsenic and fluoride in the environment and their health effects. It also describes various technologies for removing arsenic and fluoride from drinking water, such as iron nails in biosand filters and ion exchange resins. Guidelines for safe levels of arsenic and fluoride in drinking water from different organizations are presented.
Kerala state is having abundant water source and people are really proud of it and lavishly wastes water.But due to the uprising scarcity of good potable drinking water we should think about conserving water before polluting the sources.This presentation is a description about the water scenario in India briefly and describes about the major water pollution and the main regions that are being affected severely.
Skeletal fluorosis is caused by excessive fluoride intake over long periods of time. The main sources of fluoride are drinking water, tea, and indoor air pollution from burning coal. Fluoride is deposited in bones and teeth. At low levels it strengthens teeth and bones, but at high levels it leads to skeletal and dental fluorosis. Skeletal fluorosis causes bone and joint pain and stiffness, and if severe, bone deformities and crippling. It is a major public health problem affecting millions in India, China, and other parts of Asia and Africa. Reducing fluoride intake and ensuring adequate calcium and vitamin D can help prevent and treat skeletal fluorosis.
The document summarizes key features of the ocean floor topography. It describes four main ocean basins and how echo sounders and sonar are used to map the ocean floor and measure depths. It then outlines various topographical features found on the ocean floor, including abyssal hills, plains, trenches, and undersea volcanoes. It concludes by discussing different types of seafloor sediments and their distribution across oceans.
Groundwater Contamination and preventionMohit Dwivedi
Groundwater is water present below the ground surface that saturates the pore space in the subsurface.
At least 50% of the world population depends on groundwater as a source of drinking water.
Other uses of groundwater includes Irrigation of crops, Industrial uses etc.
Groundwater is a part of natural water cycle therefore, it can spread throughout the cycle and if contaminated, can cause damage to other entities ( Sea life, lakes, human health etc)
Groundwater can be polluted / contaminated as a result of HUMAN activity and Natural conditions.
Contaminations found in the groundwater cover a broad range of physical, chemical (Organic & Inorganic), bacterial and radioactive parameters.
This document discusses various topics related to ocean floor topography including continental margins, oceanic divisions, submarine canyons, ocean currents, the Coriolis effect, tidal currents, ocean waves, and how waves can cause coastal erosion. It describes key features of passive and active continental margins and how the ocean floor transitions from the continental shelf to deeper ocean basins and trenches.
This document summarizes information about fluorosis, a disease caused by excess fluoride deposition in tissues. It is most prevalent in India, China, and other parts of Asia and Africa. The document covers the magnitude of fluorosis globally and in India, the epidemiological triad of agent-host-environment factors, clinical signs including dental and skeletal fluorosis, and prevention through defluoridation methods like the Nalgonda technique.
Groundwater contamination can occur from various point and nonpoint sources. Point sources include storage tanks, landfills, and pipeline releases. Nonpoint sources include agricultural activities. Principal sources of groundwater pollution include municipal sources like sewer leakage and liquid wastes; industrial sources like liquid wastes, tank and pipeline leakage, and mining activities; agricultural sources like irrigation return flows, animal wastes, fertilizers and pesticides; and miscellaneous sources like urbanization, spills, stockpiles, septic tanks, and roadway de-icing. Pollutants can enter groundwater and persist for decades due to the difficulty of detecting and controlling subsurface pollution compared to surface water pollution.
Dental fluorosis is a defect caused by excessive fluoride intake during tooth development in children under 8 years old. It results in hypomineralization and porosity of the enamel. The severity depends on the fluoride dose and can range from white flecks to pitting and brown stains. It is diagnosed using the Dean Index. While fluorosis cannot be reversed, mild cases require no treatment and more severe cases can be improved through procedures like bonding, veneers or crowns. Prevention focuses on reducing fluoride intake from sources like water, toothpaste and supplements.
This document discusses a preventive dentistry program focused on fluoride and fissure sealants presented by Heidi Emmerling. It covers the goals of fluoride administration, recommended fluoride levels in water, potential toxicity of fluoride ingestion, emergency treatment, topical fluoride applications, and fissure sealant indications and limitations. The goals are to prevent decay, arrest active decay, and remineralize teeth using optimal fluoride levels tailored to climate. Potential fluoride toxicity and treatments are also outlined.
1. Community water fluoridation involves adding fluoride to public water supplies at optimal levels of 1 part per million to reduce dental caries. It provides both topical and systemic protection as fluoride is incorporated into developing teeth and also contacts teeth through drinking water.
2. Studies such as the Grand Rapids-Muskegon study and Newburgh-Kingston study showed reductions in dental caries of 40-60% with the addition of fluoride to water supplies. The WHO recommends a level of 1 ppm fluoride for dental caries prevention.
3. Defluoridation refers to the removal of excess naturally occurring fluoride from drinking water to reduce dental fluorosis. Methods include ion exchange resins and the Nal
The document discusses mapping of the ocean floor through bathymetry and the different features found in continental margins and ocean basins. Continental margins include continental shelves, slopes, and rises and can be active or passive. Ocean basins contain mid-ocean ridges, abyssal plains, seamounts, and trenches. Important developments included the HMS Challenger expedition, multibeam echo sounders, and satellite altimetry for mapping sea floor topography.
Fluorosis in India with its preventive measurement drdduttaM
This document discusses endemic skeletal fluorosis, a disease caused by excessive fluoride ingestion. It provides statistics on the prevalence of fluorosis in India, with over 66 million people living in endemic areas and 6 million Indians crippled by the disease. Key points include:
- Fluoride levels were measured in groundwater sources across India, with levels above 1.5 ppm in many rural areas.
- Dietary sources of fluoride intake include crops grown in endemic areas as well as foods like tea. Estimates of daily fluoride intake in some villages exceeded recommended limits.
- Symptoms of fluorosis include skeletal and joint problems that can become crippling. Studies also found impaired kidney function in many cases.
-
1. The document discusses fluorosis, a disease caused by excessive fluoride ingestion. It is most common in areas where groundwater has high natural fluoride levels.
2. In Bankura district of West Bengal, 17 of 22 blocks are affected by dental and skeletal fluorosis. Common symptoms seen are joint pain and back pain.
3. The main sources of fluoride exposure are drinking water, food, dental products, and industrial occupations. Groundwater becomes fluoridated when it passes through fluoride-containing rocks underground.
Book lets sensitization pdf_cmoh_bankura_NPPCF_Fluorosis_Medical Officer Boio...drdduttaM
Dear Consultants
Rajsthan
As per your request , I am uploading MO training booklets on NPPCF_Study Materials
I recommend Dr. Susheela Mam book for M.O. training .
Fluoride toxicity can occur from both deficient and excessive intake of fluoride. The document outlines different types and levels of fluoride toxicity including acute and chronic toxicity. It discusses dental and skeletal fluorosis resulting from chronic excessive fluoride intake. It provides recommendations for safe fluoride supplementation and guidelines to prevent dental fluorosis in children. The management of acute fluoride toxicity involves reducing absorption, increasing excretion, and emergency treatment including induction of vomiting and calcium administration.
This document provides information about fluoride concentration in groundwater in Odisha, India. It discusses the properties of fluoride, causes of high fluoride levels in groundwater, health implications of fluoride ingestion, and status of fluoride concentration in various districts of Odisha. Several districts like Khurda, Jagatsinghpur, Angul, Kalahandi are found to have groundwater sources with fluoride levels exceeding the permissible limit of 1.5 mg/l set by BIS, posing health risks to local communities. Dental and skeletal fluorosis are common health effects seen from consuming such fluoride contaminated water over long periods.
This document summarizes a study on fluoride concentration in the Godavari River and groundwater in Nanded City, Maharashtra, India. The study found fluoride levels in the river ranged from 0.23-1.76 mg/L, exceeding permissible limits. Groundwater fluoride levels ranged from 0.43-2.0 mg/L across sampling stations, also exceeding limits during summer. Municipal tap water contained fluoride levels close to permissible limits of 0.23-1.47 mg/L. The study concludes groundwater and river water in Nanded contain unsafe levels of fluoride that can cause health issues like fluorosis.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document analyzes the level of fluoride in drinking water samples from five villages in Ambikapur, Sarguja District, Chhattisgarh, India. The study aims to determine the amount of fluoride to avoid health issues like dental and skeletal fluorosis. High fluoride levels can weaken bones and cause tooth discoloration. The area has a subtropical climate with hot summers and monsoon rainfall. Groundwater is an important source and occurs in shallow weathered rocks and deeper fractured areas. Samples will be analyzed to ensure fluoride levels are in the optimal range for oral health and avoid excessive intake that can impact health.
This document discusses fluorides and their role in preventing dental caries. It begins with a brief history of fluoride research from the early 20th century and describes how fluoride strengthens tooth enamel and inhibits the cariogenic bacteria. It then discusses various methods of fluoride administration including water fluoridation, salt fluoridation, milk fluoridation and topical fluoride applications. Water fluoridation at 0.7-1.2 ppm is described as the most effective method for community-wide caries prevention, while topical fluorides provide localized protection when applied directly to the teeth. The document outlines the metabolism, mechanisms of action, and non-dental benefits of systemic fluoride intake.
This document provides an overview of fluorides and oral health in developed and developing countries. It discusses the historical evolution of fluoride and how it relates to reducing dental caries. Different methods of fluoride delivery are examined, including water fluoridation, salt fluoridation, and fluoridated toothpaste. The global scenarios of water fluoridation and excess fluoride in drinking water are also reviewed. The document evaluates the role of fluoride in dental caries prevention, remineralization, periodontal health, and orthodontic anomalies. Both community-based and professionally applied topical fluoride are discussed in relation to developed and developing countries.
This document provides information about fluorine and its compounds. It discusses the properties of hydrogen fluoride, sodium fluoride, and fluorosilicic acid. It describes the major uses of inorganic fluorine compounds in industry and for municipal water fluoridation. The document also discusses how fluoride prevents dental caries by enhancing remineralization and inhibiting demineralization of tooth enamel. It provides facts about water fluoridation in the United States.
Skeletal fluorosis is caused by excessive fluoride intake over long periods of time. The main sources of fluoride are drinking water, tea, and indoor air pollution from burning coal. Fluoride is deposited in bones and teeth. At low levels it strengthens teeth and bones, but at high levels it leads to skeletal and dental fluorosis. Skeletal fluorosis causes bone and joint pain and stiffness, and if severe, bone deformities and crippling. It is a major public health problem affecting millions in India, China, and other parts of Asia and Africa. Reducing fluoride intake and ensuring adequate calcium and vitamin D can help prevent and treat skeletal fluorosis.
The document summarizes key features of the ocean floor topography. It describes four main ocean basins and how echo sounders and sonar are used to map the ocean floor and measure depths. It then outlines various topographical features found on the ocean floor, including abyssal hills, plains, trenches, and undersea volcanoes. It concludes by discussing different types of seafloor sediments and their distribution across oceans.
Groundwater Contamination and preventionMohit Dwivedi
Groundwater is water present below the ground surface that saturates the pore space in the subsurface.
At least 50% of the world population depends on groundwater as a source of drinking water.
Other uses of groundwater includes Irrigation of crops, Industrial uses etc.
Groundwater is a part of natural water cycle therefore, it can spread throughout the cycle and if contaminated, can cause damage to other entities ( Sea life, lakes, human health etc)
Groundwater can be polluted / contaminated as a result of HUMAN activity and Natural conditions.
Contaminations found in the groundwater cover a broad range of physical, chemical (Organic & Inorganic), bacterial and radioactive parameters.
This document discusses various topics related to ocean floor topography including continental margins, oceanic divisions, submarine canyons, ocean currents, the Coriolis effect, tidal currents, ocean waves, and how waves can cause coastal erosion. It describes key features of passive and active continental margins and how the ocean floor transitions from the continental shelf to deeper ocean basins and trenches.
This document summarizes information about fluorosis, a disease caused by excess fluoride deposition in tissues. It is most prevalent in India, China, and other parts of Asia and Africa. The document covers the magnitude of fluorosis globally and in India, the epidemiological triad of agent-host-environment factors, clinical signs including dental and skeletal fluorosis, and prevention through defluoridation methods like the Nalgonda technique.
Groundwater contamination can occur from various point and nonpoint sources. Point sources include storage tanks, landfills, and pipeline releases. Nonpoint sources include agricultural activities. Principal sources of groundwater pollution include municipal sources like sewer leakage and liquid wastes; industrial sources like liquid wastes, tank and pipeline leakage, and mining activities; agricultural sources like irrigation return flows, animal wastes, fertilizers and pesticides; and miscellaneous sources like urbanization, spills, stockpiles, septic tanks, and roadway de-icing. Pollutants can enter groundwater and persist for decades due to the difficulty of detecting and controlling subsurface pollution compared to surface water pollution.
Dental fluorosis is a defect caused by excessive fluoride intake during tooth development in children under 8 years old. It results in hypomineralization and porosity of the enamel. The severity depends on the fluoride dose and can range from white flecks to pitting and brown stains. It is diagnosed using the Dean Index. While fluorosis cannot be reversed, mild cases require no treatment and more severe cases can be improved through procedures like bonding, veneers or crowns. Prevention focuses on reducing fluoride intake from sources like water, toothpaste and supplements.
This document discusses a preventive dentistry program focused on fluoride and fissure sealants presented by Heidi Emmerling. It covers the goals of fluoride administration, recommended fluoride levels in water, potential toxicity of fluoride ingestion, emergency treatment, topical fluoride applications, and fissure sealant indications and limitations. The goals are to prevent decay, arrest active decay, and remineralize teeth using optimal fluoride levels tailored to climate. Potential fluoride toxicity and treatments are also outlined.
1. Community water fluoridation involves adding fluoride to public water supplies at optimal levels of 1 part per million to reduce dental caries. It provides both topical and systemic protection as fluoride is incorporated into developing teeth and also contacts teeth through drinking water.
2. Studies such as the Grand Rapids-Muskegon study and Newburgh-Kingston study showed reductions in dental caries of 40-60% with the addition of fluoride to water supplies. The WHO recommends a level of 1 ppm fluoride for dental caries prevention.
3. Defluoridation refers to the removal of excess naturally occurring fluoride from drinking water to reduce dental fluorosis. Methods include ion exchange resins and the Nal
The document discusses mapping of the ocean floor through bathymetry and the different features found in continental margins and ocean basins. Continental margins include continental shelves, slopes, and rises and can be active or passive. Ocean basins contain mid-ocean ridges, abyssal plains, seamounts, and trenches. Important developments included the HMS Challenger expedition, multibeam echo sounders, and satellite altimetry for mapping sea floor topography.
Fluorosis in India with its preventive measurement drdduttaM
This document discusses endemic skeletal fluorosis, a disease caused by excessive fluoride ingestion. It provides statistics on the prevalence of fluorosis in India, with over 66 million people living in endemic areas and 6 million Indians crippled by the disease. Key points include:
- Fluoride levels were measured in groundwater sources across India, with levels above 1.5 ppm in many rural areas.
- Dietary sources of fluoride intake include crops grown in endemic areas as well as foods like tea. Estimates of daily fluoride intake in some villages exceeded recommended limits.
- Symptoms of fluorosis include skeletal and joint problems that can become crippling. Studies also found impaired kidney function in many cases.
-
1. The document discusses fluorosis, a disease caused by excessive fluoride ingestion. It is most common in areas where groundwater has high natural fluoride levels.
2. In Bankura district of West Bengal, 17 of 22 blocks are affected by dental and skeletal fluorosis. Common symptoms seen are joint pain and back pain.
3. The main sources of fluoride exposure are drinking water, food, dental products, and industrial occupations. Groundwater becomes fluoridated when it passes through fluoride-containing rocks underground.
Book lets sensitization pdf_cmoh_bankura_NPPCF_Fluorosis_Medical Officer Boio...drdduttaM
Dear Consultants
Rajsthan
As per your request , I am uploading MO training booklets on NPPCF_Study Materials
I recommend Dr. Susheela Mam book for M.O. training .
Fluoride toxicity can occur from both deficient and excessive intake of fluoride. The document outlines different types and levels of fluoride toxicity including acute and chronic toxicity. It discusses dental and skeletal fluorosis resulting from chronic excessive fluoride intake. It provides recommendations for safe fluoride supplementation and guidelines to prevent dental fluorosis in children. The management of acute fluoride toxicity involves reducing absorption, increasing excretion, and emergency treatment including induction of vomiting and calcium administration.
This document provides information about fluoride concentration in groundwater in Odisha, India. It discusses the properties of fluoride, causes of high fluoride levels in groundwater, health implications of fluoride ingestion, and status of fluoride concentration in various districts of Odisha. Several districts like Khurda, Jagatsinghpur, Angul, Kalahandi are found to have groundwater sources with fluoride levels exceeding the permissible limit of 1.5 mg/l set by BIS, posing health risks to local communities. Dental and skeletal fluorosis are common health effects seen from consuming such fluoride contaminated water over long periods.
This document summarizes a study on fluoride concentration in the Godavari River and groundwater in Nanded City, Maharashtra, India. The study found fluoride levels in the river ranged from 0.23-1.76 mg/L, exceeding permissible limits. Groundwater fluoride levels ranged from 0.43-2.0 mg/L across sampling stations, also exceeding limits during summer. Municipal tap water contained fluoride levels close to permissible limits of 0.23-1.47 mg/L. The study concludes groundwater and river water in Nanded contain unsafe levels of fluoride that can cause health issues like fluorosis.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document analyzes the level of fluoride in drinking water samples from five villages in Ambikapur, Sarguja District, Chhattisgarh, India. The study aims to determine the amount of fluoride to avoid health issues like dental and skeletal fluorosis. High fluoride levels can weaken bones and cause tooth discoloration. The area has a subtropical climate with hot summers and monsoon rainfall. Groundwater is an important source and occurs in shallow weathered rocks and deeper fractured areas. Samples will be analyzed to ensure fluoride levels are in the optimal range for oral health and avoid excessive intake that can impact health.
This document discusses fluorides and their role in preventing dental caries. It begins with a brief history of fluoride research from the early 20th century and describes how fluoride strengthens tooth enamel and inhibits the cariogenic bacteria. It then discusses various methods of fluoride administration including water fluoridation, salt fluoridation, milk fluoridation and topical fluoride applications. Water fluoridation at 0.7-1.2 ppm is described as the most effective method for community-wide caries prevention, while topical fluorides provide localized protection when applied directly to the teeth. The document outlines the metabolism, mechanisms of action, and non-dental benefits of systemic fluoride intake.
This document provides an overview of fluorides and oral health in developed and developing countries. It discusses the historical evolution of fluoride and how it relates to reducing dental caries. Different methods of fluoride delivery are examined, including water fluoridation, salt fluoridation, and fluoridated toothpaste. The global scenarios of water fluoridation and excess fluoride in drinking water are also reviewed. The document evaluates the role of fluoride in dental caries prevention, remineralization, periodontal health, and orthodontic anomalies. Both community-based and professionally applied topical fluoride are discussed in relation to developed and developing countries.
This document provides information about fluorine and its compounds. It discusses the properties of hydrogen fluoride, sodium fluoride, and fluorosilicic acid. It describes the major uses of inorganic fluorine compounds in industry and for municipal water fluoridation. The document also discusses how fluoride prevents dental caries by enhancing remineralization and inhibiting demineralization of tooth enamel. It provides facts about water fluoridation in the United States.
HISTORY & MECHANISM OF ACTION SYSTEMIC FLUORIDES.pptxRUCHIKA BAGARIA
EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT SYSTEMIC FLUORIDES.
HISTORY, MECHANISM OF ACTION, METABOLISM, DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS AND RECENT ADVANCES.
LETS STUDY SYSTEMIC FLUORIDE TOGETHER.
LETS LEARN AND SHARE OUR KNOWLEDGE.
This document provides information on the prevention of dental caries through the use of fluoride. It discusses that fluoride can be used systemically by ingesting it or topically by direct application. Fluoride works to prevent dental caries by strengthening enamel, inhibiting bacteria, and enhancing remineralization. Sources of fluoride include water, foods, dental products, and professional treatments. Both optimal levels and methods of delivery are covered.
The new GEF assistance is designed to address the three highest priority transboundary problems in the Black Sea: eutrophication, discharge of toxic substances including oil, and loss of critical habitats. It provides two regional projects for the Black Sea and Danube River basins, as well as country-related investment projects. The goals are to reduce nutrient levels to allow ecosystem recovery, establish monitoring methods, and further assess nutrient loads and ecological status. A range of indicators are proposed to monitor nutrients and their effects, including chemical concentrations, biological parameters, and physical measurements. An implementation process is outlined to agree on indicators, undertake pilot monitoring, and incorporate them into the Black Sea monitoring program.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Fluoride Contamination Status of Ground Water & Quality Management in Parts o...BK SAHOO, GEOLOGIST,GWS&I
High fluoride concentration in ground water has been reported in Begunia, Bolagarh blocks of Khurda district and Bhapur Block of Nayagarh District, Orissa. Preliminary geological & geochemical studies were carried out to trace the source of fluoride in ground water.
Systemic fluoride was used as early as 1874 to prevent dental caries. Fluoride ions are absorbed in the gut and nearly all retained fluoride is incorporated into developing bones and teeth, making enamel crystals larger and more stable. This affects crown morphology by making pits and fissures shallower, less likely to cause decay. Systemic fluoride intake can cause dental fluorosis if intake is too high during tooth development between ages 1-4. Topical fluoride is now recognized as more important for caries prevention than systemic fluoride.
Systemic fluoride was used as early as 1874 to prevent dental caries. Fluoride ions are absorbed in the gut and nearly all retained fluoride is incorporated into developing bones and teeth, making enamel crystals larger and more stable. This affects crown morphology by making pits and fissures shallower, less likely to cause decay. Systemic fluoride includes water fluoridation, supplements, and adding fluoride to salt, milk, mineral water and sugar. Topical fluoride is most important for preventing decay by inhibiting demineralization and promoting remineralization in the mouth. Excessive fluoride can cause dental and skeletal fluorosis.
This document discusses endemic fluorosis caused by high levels of fluoride in drinking water. It begins by providing background on fluoride as a micronutrient and describes dental and skeletal fluorosis that can result from deficiency or excess. It then discusses the magnitude of the problem globally and in India, explaining that 20 Indian states are affected. The clinical manifestations of dental, skeletal, and non-skeletal fluorosis are described. Prevention methods discussed include changing water sources, avoiding fluoride toothpaste for young children, and defluoridation techniques like the Nalgonda method using aluminum sulfate.
This document provides a history of fluoride use and water fluoridation. It discusses key events like the discovery of fluoride's benefits for dental health in the early 1900s. It also summarizes debates around optimal fluoride levels and risks of dental and skeletal fluorosis. The National Academy of Sciences concluded the maximum contaminant level should be lowered and that water fluoridation's risks and benefits need re-evaluating given new evidence on other potential effects.
This document provides a summary of a case study on water and fluoride levels in Nalgonda District, India. It finds that over 30% of water sources in the district have fluoride levels exceeding 1.5 mg/L, potentially impacting 10 lakh people. An estimated 3 lakh people show dental or skeletal fluorosis symptoms. The district administration has formed a District Fluoride Monitoring Centre to coordinate mitigation efforts across departments. A key focus is providing safe drinking water to the over 1,100 habitations affected by high fluoride levels in groundwater.
Similar to Feleke Zewge - Fluorosis Mitigation in Ethiopia (20)
Dr. Paul Houser - A vision for an ultra-high resolution integrated water cycl...engineerou
The document provides an overview of Paul Houser's vision for an integrated water cycle observation and prediction system. It discusses the importance of the water cycle in the climate system and the need to better understand, observe, and predict variations in the global water cycle due to climate change. Houser proposes integrating water cycle science across disciplines and transitioning research results into applications through improved modeling, observations, data assimilation, and decision support tools. The goal is to quantify and predict water cycle consequences of Earth system variability and change in order to benefit society.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
Feleke Zewge - Fluorosis Mitigation in Ethiopia
1. FLUOROSIS MITIGATION IN
ETHIOPIA
Feleke Zewge
Department of Chemistry,
Addis Ababa University
&
g j ,
National Fluorosis Mitigation Project Office,
Ministry of Water Resources
2. The Challenge: High Fluoride in Groundwater
The Challenge: High Fluoride in Groundwater
• Is serious water safety problem mainly in the
Is serious water safety problem, mainly in the
Ethiopian Rift Valley Regions
• Ab t 10 14 illi
About 10‐14 million people are exposed to
l dt
fluoride‐contaminated groundwater
• Several wells failed to supply drinking water due to
the presence of fluoride
the presence of fluoride
• This affects the efforts to achieve MDG
This affects the efforts to achieve MDG.
7. Issues that Need to be Addressed to Mitigate
Fluorosis
Identify and exploit low fluoride drinking water sources in the
fluoride endemic areas.
Keeping record of the fluoride levels of ground water
sources
Establishing regional and national fluoride database
g g
•Having clear distribution map up to village level
Setting fluoride standard for water deprived dry areas of the
country.
What should be the safe cut off level?
1.5 mg/L, mg/L, mg/L, mg/L,
1 5 mg/L 2 mg/L 3 mg/L 4 mg/L 5 mg/L ?
What is the risk level in relation to the total daily fluoride
intake?
Developing appropriate defluoridation technology for Ethiopia
Integrating the fluoride problem with other water supply and
sanitation issues
8. Our Projects
Our Projects
1. Fluoride Distribution Mapping
1 Fluoride Distribution Mapping
2. Quantitative Chemical Risk Assessment
2 Quantitative Chemical Risk Assessment
3. Alternative Water Supply
3 Alt ti W t S l
4. Development, Optimization and Field
l d ld
Implementation of Defluoridation Technologies
11. Purpose of Fluoride Distribution Mapping
p pp g
Project
• To assess the extent of fluoride contamination and
produce GIS maps at smallest administrative level
• To generate fluoride database at national level
• To prioritize actions and to locate the existence of low
fluoride groundwater within reasonable distance
• To know the actual number of exposed population
15. Quantitative Chemical Risk Assessment Project: To Introduce
Integrated Fluorosis Mitigation Program
I
D
E Identification of skeletal
Fluoride in water fluorosis
N
T
I
F
I Fluoride in food
Nutritional status Hazard identification
C QCRA
A
T
I
Overall fluoride Identification of dental
O
intake fluorosis
N
Moderate fluorosis risk Low fluorosis risk
High fluorosis risk
DAILY 10 ‐100/1000 Persons DAILY < 10/1000 Persons
DAILY >100/1000 Persons
M
I Risk characterization
k h
T Defluoridation of Water
Water management OR Nutritional supplement
I drinking water management
G
A
T
I
Defluoridation of
of
O
drinking water
N
Rain water Dilution Nutritional supplement
harvesting technique
Risk management
Risk management
Nutritional supplement
16. The major activities under QCRA
The major activities under QCRA
• Identification of fluorosis hazard (fluorosis indicated
malnutrition and analysis of food and water sample) and
fluorosis hazard assessment;
• Fluoride exposure assessment (to estimate the total
quantity of fluoride consumed by the community);
• Fluoride dose‐response assessment (clinical assessment);
• Fl id i k h
Fluoride risk characterization (based on prevalence study
t i ti (b d l t d
and DALY (Disability Adjusted Life Years) calculation);
17. Purpose of QCRA Project
Purpose of QCRA Project
• To assess the health impacts due to excessive fluoride intake
p
in relation with nutritional aspects and daily water
consumption and finally establishing tolerable levels of risk to
human health
• To estimate disease burden due to dental and skeletal
fluorosis in the fluorosis affected communities
• To prioritize communities that need immediate intervention
18. FLUORIDE INTAKE THROUGH FOOD AND
( )
BEVERAGES (Exposure)
40
y)
/person/day
CF
30
MS
20 GW
F (mg/
10 GW
MS
0
CF
food
beverages
total uptake
Fluoride intake
CF: 1 mg/L, MS: 3 mg/L, GW: 11 mg/L
19. Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis (Based on Dean`s
Affected population by sex in Village
)
Index)
1 Affected population by sex in Village
37.00%
36.00% 2
35.00%
35 00% 60.00%
60 00% 52.40%
34.00% 50.00%
33.00%
40.00% 34%
32.00%
30.00%
31.00%
20.00%
20 00%
30.00%
29.00% 10.00%
Male Female 0.00%
Male Female
Affected population by sex in Village
3 Affected population by sex in
60%
50%
Village 4
50% 40.00%
38.80%
40% 39.00%
38.00%
30% 37.00%
20.40% 36.00%
20%
35.00%
33.80%
10% 34.00%
33.00%
0% 32.00%
Male Female 31.00%
Male Female
20. Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis
Affected Population by Age in Village 1
Affected Population by Age in Village 1 Affected Population by Age in Village 2
Affected Population by Age in Village 2
26.50% < 18 years
33.10%
>18 years
37.30%
40.90% <18 years
>18 years
Affected Population in Village 3
Affected Population in Village 3 Affected Population in Village 4
Affected Population in Village 4
29.60% 21.50%
>18 years < 18 years
<18 years > 18 years
58.60%
51.60%
21. Prevalence of Skeletal Fluorosis (Based on Physical
Exercise)
)
Village 1 Village 2
8%
8% 5.80%
6% 9.50%
4% 9.00%
2% 8.50%
8.00%
8 00% 9.20%
9 20%
0%
7.50%
Male Female 7.70%
7.00%
6.50% Male
Male Female
Village 3
5.60%
6.00% Village 4
Village 4
4.00% No skeletal fluorosis was observed
1.20%
2.00%
0 00%
0.00%
Male Female
23. PROJECT ON ALTERNATIVE WATER SUPPLY
250
Potential of Rainwater Harvesting
200
150
100
50
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Nazreth Ziway Methara
24. Development, Optimization and Field
p
Implementation of Defluoridation
Technologies
Eawag & CDN
AAU
Catholic Diocese of Nakuru
Defluoridation programme since 1998
D fl id ti i 1998
OSHO
HEKS
Oromo Self‐Help Organization
Swiss
Interchurch
Aid
25. Defluoridation Materials
1 Aluminium oxide based methods
⇒ Sorption to surface site
≡ Al — OH + F‐
Al OH + F ≡ Al F + OH‐
Al F + OH
2 Bone char and Calcium phosphate‐based methods
⇒ Incorporation into mineral phase
Incorporation into mineral phase
Ca5(PO4)3OH + F- Ca5(PO4)3F + OH-
hydroxyapatite fluorapatite
28. Bone Char and Contact Precipitation Technology
Uptake Mechanism?
By adding pellets that release calcium
and phosphate the uptake of fluoride
can be increased.
HAP coating
F
PO4
BC
F
Influence: CaF2?
BC: pellet ratio
p
temperature Ca
31. Characterization of AO
Characterization of AO
• Density: 2.41 (g/cm3)
y (g/c 3)
• XRD: Mixture of amorphous/crystalline
• BET Surface Area: 37.7 m2/g
BET Surface Area 37 7 m2/g
• SEM Analysis:
• It shows that the material contains Na2SO4 having
particle size ranging from 5‐10 µm and also aluminium
oxide ranging from 200 300 nm.
oxide ranging from 200‐300 nm.
32. Decrease in Surface Area as Preparation
Temperature Increases
Temperature Increases
S/N Sample name Specific surface area
(m2/g)
1 Sample 1 (AO 100 oC) 38.9
2 Sample 2 (AO 200 oC) 38.2
3 Sample 3 (AO 300 oC) 37.7
4 Sample 4 (AO 400 oC) 27.1 Capacity of F removal
5 Sample 5 (AO 500 oC) 12.9 = 23.7 mg F/g AO
6 Sample 6 (AO 600 oC) 12.7
7 Reference material 79.9
Aluminiumoxide, TYPE150
Aluminiumoxide, TYPE150
The high removal capacity compared to that of AA is an advantage, but needs
further investigation
34. Continuous Adsorption Studies
0 .3 2 5 cm 2 0 cm 1.25
1 5 cm 1 0 cm
25 cm 20 cm
15 cm 10 cm
0 .2 2 5 1
Ct/Co
o
0 .1 5 0.75
Ct/Co
0 .0 7 5 0.5
0 0.25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
T im e (h ) 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (h)
0.6
-1
10 mg L
12 ml/min 23 mL/min
0.525 -1
40 mL/min 20 mg L
0.600
0.45 0.525
0.375 0.450
Ct/Co
0.375
0.3
Ct/Co
0.300
0.225
0.225 recommended
-1
0.15 level for 10mg L
0.150
Recommended
0.075 0.075
level for 20 mg L
-1
0.000
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time (h)
Time (h)
35. Release of Aluminum Ion from AO Column
16
15
14 -
pH (F0 mg/L)
13
-
12 Al (F0 mg/L)
-
11 F
-
10 pH (F20 mg/L)
Conc. (mg/L)
9 -
Al (F20 mg/L)
8
7
6
C
5
4
3
2 Recomended level for F
1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
3
BV (cm )
Fig. Fluoride removal curves for deionized raw water with influent fluoride concentration of 0 and 20
mg/L (flow rate 100 BV/day).
36. Release of Aluminum Ion from AO Column
15
14
13
pH without clacite
Al without calcite
12
pH with calcite
11
Al with calcite
10 -
F with calcite
9
Conc. (mg/L)
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1 -
Recomended level for F
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
3
BV (
(cm )
Fluoride removal curve for synthetic raw water
with and without calcite at post treatment (Co = 20
mg/L, flow rate 10 BV/day).
40. INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIONS
• Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and
Technology (AEWAG), Switzerland
• Oklahoma University, WaTER Center, USA
• National Environmental Engineering Institute
(NEERI), India
( )
Capacity building, reorientation of different stakeholders,
C it b ildi i t ti f diff t t k h ld
disseminating knowledge and information, documenting best
practices, technology development
41. Acknowledgements
A k l d
• Ministry of Water Resources of Ethiopia
• UNICEF Ethiopia
• Addis Ababa University
• DFID through the National Wash Coordination Program
• Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)
Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)
• International Foundation For Science (IFS)
• q gy ( )
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG)
• CRS Ethiopia, HEKS, OSHO
• Catholic Diocese of Nakuru (CDN)
• Water Center, School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences,
University of Oklahoma