Farming System opportunities, Sustainable land use

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Farming system opportunities and
limitations in Rwanda: Exploring scenarios
to improve welfare and sustainable land use
JH Ainembabazi, PMN Dontsop, G Nziguheba, M van
Wijk, L Klapwijk, L Jassogne,
B Vanlauwe, P van
Asten,
V. Manyong

2. A member of CGIAR consortium www.iita.org
• Farming systems are diverse:
– Small farm size <2 ha
– Low yields <30% of attainable yield levels
– Subsistence orientation
– Low adoption of technologies
• Sustainability of these systems is uncertain
– Level of intensification
– Resource use & management
– Spatial and temporal scales
– Market orientation
• A holistic analytical strategy is required
Motivation

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• Aim:
– Assessment of sustainability of cropping systems
– Link sustainability and welfare indicators
• Methodology:
– Framework for assessing sustainability of NRM
systems (MESMIS)
• Productivity, stability, reliability, resilience,
adaptability and self-reliance
– Cluster analysis used to generate cropping systems
• Predominant crops grown and land allocation
Aim and methodology

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Data: Humidtropics field sites

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0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
Maize
Sorghum
Rice
Millet
Wheat
Cassava
Sweetpotatoes
Irishpotatoes
Yam
Beans
Groundnuts
Soyabean
Pigeonpeas
Banana
Sweetbanana
Kale
Tomatoes
carrots
Leafyvegetables
Chilies
Pineapple
Coffee
Cotton
Timber
Fodder
others
Frequency (%)
Frequencyofcropsperseason
Longrain season
Shortrain season

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0.2.4.6.81
Areashareoffarmsize
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3
Cereals Legumes
Roots & Tubers Bananas
Clustering based on land allocation

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Productivity indicators
01,0002,0003,000
Productivity($/ha)
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
Land productivity ($/ha)
0102030
Value($/TLU)
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
Value of livestock products ($/TLU)
020406080
Income($/capita)
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
Net cash income/capita/year ($)
0.1.2.3
Input/outputratio
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
Economic inefficiency

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Stability indicators
0.1.2.3
landsize(ha)
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
Land owned/capita (ha)
0.511.5
Livestock(ha)
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
Livestock onwnership (TLU)
020406080
Farmassets(%)
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
Value of farm assets share (%)
020406080
Ownlaborinput(%)
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
HH members work on own farm (%)

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01234
Numberofmonths
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
# of months of inadequate food supplies
0100200300
FSR/FSSR
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
Food security/ self-sufficiency ratios (FSR/FSSR)
FSR FSSR
Self-reliance
indicatorsFood consumption
• Food security
• Food self sufficiency
• Food amount in bad months
• # months of inadequate food
01020304050
Inadequatefoodsupplies(%)
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
Share of a meal consumed in months of inadequate food (%)

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Self-reliance indicators …
0246
Sharerentedin(%)
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
Only 12% of sample rented in land
Share of operated area rented in (%)
051015
%ofinorganicfert
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
Share of inorganic fertilizer use
[% of total use (inorganic and organic)]
0246
Credit/assetvalueratio
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
Total debt to assets ratio (indebtedness)
051015
Shareofffarm(%)
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
HH members in off farm employment (%)

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Adaptability indicators
0123
Numberofcropsgrown
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
Seasonal crop diversity
Long rain Short rain
01234
#parcelsandplotsoperated
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
# of different parcels/plots operated
Parcels Plots
020406080
Shareplotsprotected(%)
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
Share of plot area protected by SCP (%)
0510152025
#oftrees
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
Average # of trees per plot

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0510152025
Shareofplots(%)
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
Application of inorganic fertilizer
0204060
Shareofplots(%)
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
Application of organic manure
02468
Shareofplots(%)
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
Application of pesticides & herbicides
020406080
Shareofplots(%)
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
Incorporation of crop resides
Adaptability indicators …

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05101520
Shareoftotalincome(%)
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
Off-farm income (%)
0.51
#extensionvisits
Legume
systems
Banana
systems
Cereal
systems
Extension visits in 2 years
Adaptability indicators …

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Productivity
Stability
Self-reliance
Adaptability
10
20
30
Sustainability scores in 25th quartile
Productivity
Stability
Self-reliance
Adaptability
10
20
30
40
Median scores for sustainability
Productivity
Stability
Self-reliance
Adaptability
10
20
30
40
Sustainability scores in 75th quartile
Productivity
Stability
Self-reliance
Adaptability
10
20
30
Legume sytems
Banana systems
Cereal systems
Average scores for sustainability
Scores for sustainability attributes

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1020304050
Overallsustainabilityindex
0 2 4 6 8
log of FSR/FSSR
FSR FSSR
FSR FSSR
FS and FSS ratios
Legume based systems
10203040
Overallsustainabilityindex
0 2 4 6 8
log of FSR/FSSR
FSR FSSR
FSR FSSR
FS and FSS ratios
Banana based systems
10203040
Overallsustainabilityindex
0 2 4 6 8
log of FSR/FSSR
FSR FSSR
FSR FSSR
FS and FSS ratios
Cereal based systems
1020304050
Overallsustainabilityindex
0 2 4 6 8 10
log of total consumable income/capita
Annual income per capita
Legume based systems
10203040
Overallsustainabilityindex
0 2 4 6 8 10
log of total consumable income/capita
Annual income per capita
Banana based systems
10203040
Overallsustainabilityindex
0 2 4 6 8 10
log of total consumable income/capita
Annual income per capita
Cereal based systems
Relationship between food security and
income

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• Trade-off: socio-economic (stability/self-reliance) Vs
bio-physical indicators (productivity/adaptability)
– Cereal systems are more stable & self-reliant
– Banana & legume systems are more productive & adaptive
• Sustainability – welfare indicators relationship
– Increases at decreasing rate, stabilizes then declines
• Maximum sustainability scores <50%
• Holistic interventions & analyses – not appropriate
– Farming systems Vs individual farms
Conclusions and implications

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