Farming is an important industry in Malta that produces fresh food. Traditional farming methods involved cultivating crops like potatoes and raising livestock, but modern farms now use machinery and irrigation. While farming benefits food production, overuse of fertilizers can pollute groundwater. In response, some farmers are adopting organic methods that protect the environment and soil quality without chemicals.
Aquaponics is a farming technology that combines the advantages of intensive aquaculture and hydroponics in a recirculating aquaculture system. This depends on WATER. No soil is used.
Sustainability South West Board Member and Organic Farmer, Cate le Grice Mack, presents on the value and importance of soil at the South West Observatory Land and Food Seminar.
Aquaponics is a farming technology that combines the advantages of intensive aquaculture and hydroponics in a recirculating aquaculture system. This depends on WATER. No soil is used.
Sustainability South West Board Member and Organic Farmer, Cate le Grice Mack, presents on the value and importance of soil at the South West Observatory Land and Food Seminar.
Hydroponics farming technology and contributions by ayurvet ltd.Pradip Burman
In the 1930s, hydroponics was used by residents of Wake Island in the Pacifics, where they grew vegetables in this technique to supply for the passengers of the Pan-American Airlines, whose aircrafts used to stop over at the islands for refueling.
To know more about Ayurvet and Mr. Pradip Burman visit - http://pradipburman.in
This presentation is the result of an inquiry made by the Italian students involved in the Comenius project, on the local production of organic food, including meat, fish, cereals, dairy products, wine and olive oil.
The information provided comes from original sources and it is “first hand” collected.
The students have interviewed, over a period of three months, farmers and food producers of the Lake Garda area in Italy and they have investigated the footprints of these products on the environment, analyzing the criteria for the commercial choices of the owner.
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: RURAL ENVIRONMENTS - FARMING IN RURAL AREASGeorge Dumitrache
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: RURAL ENVIRONMENTS - FARMING IN RURAL AREAS. It contains: what is farming, sedentary, nomadic, subsistence, commercial, arable, pastoral, mixed farming, extensive or intensive farming, distribution of farming, case study UK.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: FOOD INDUSTRY - FARMING IN RURAL AREASGeorge Dumitrache
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: FOOD INDUSTRY - FARMING IN RURAL AREAS. It contains: farming, sedentary, nomadic, subsistence, commercial, arable, pastoral, mixed, extensive, intensive, distribution of farming, market gardening, hill sheep farming, dairy farming, case study Cambridgeshire, farm diversification, organic farming, positive aspects of organic farms, negative aspects of organic farms.
The new techniques which are being innovated by the scientists in the field of agriculture if used wisely can improve the otherwise poor economic status of farmers. The land for cultivation is slowly depleting as the land is being acquired by Government for infra-structure build up, or is being sold by the owners due to poor financial state. The area of land which is available for farming has to be used judiciously and recent tools and techniques needs to be employed, then only high yield could be obtained and the economic condition of agriculturists could improve. The polyhouse technology of crop cultivation is proving beneficial for the farmers. The success stories of polyhouse cultivation are many and still the number is counting.
Integrated fish farming systems refer to the production, integrated management and comprehensive use of aquaculture, agriculture and livestock, with an emphasis on aquaculture. Asia has a long and rich history of integrated fish farming. Written records from the first and second centuries B.C. documented the integration of aquatic plant cultivation and fish farming. From the ninth century, records showed fish farming in the paddy field. From the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries, there were records of rotation of fish and grass culture; and by the 1620s, the mulberry-dike fishpond, the integration of fish and livestock farming and complex systems of multiple enterprises integrated with fish farming were developed. Integrated fish farming is the methods by which fish is cultured along with paddy, piggery, poultry or any livestock, or flower culture.
Hydroponics farming technology and contributions by ayurvet ltd.Pradip Burman
In the 1930s, hydroponics was used by residents of Wake Island in the Pacifics, where they grew vegetables in this technique to supply for the passengers of the Pan-American Airlines, whose aircrafts used to stop over at the islands for refueling.
To know more about Ayurvet and Mr. Pradip Burman visit - http://pradipburman.in
This presentation is the result of an inquiry made by the Italian students involved in the Comenius project, on the local production of organic food, including meat, fish, cereals, dairy products, wine and olive oil.
The information provided comes from original sources and it is “first hand” collected.
The students have interviewed, over a period of three months, farmers and food producers of the Lake Garda area in Italy and they have investigated the footprints of these products on the environment, analyzing the criteria for the commercial choices of the owner.
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: RURAL ENVIRONMENTS - FARMING IN RURAL AREASGeorge Dumitrache
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: RURAL ENVIRONMENTS - FARMING IN RURAL AREAS. It contains: what is farming, sedentary, nomadic, subsistence, commercial, arable, pastoral, mixed farming, extensive or intensive farming, distribution of farming, case study UK.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: FOOD INDUSTRY - FARMING IN RURAL AREASGeorge Dumitrache
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: FOOD INDUSTRY - FARMING IN RURAL AREAS. It contains: farming, sedentary, nomadic, subsistence, commercial, arable, pastoral, mixed, extensive, intensive, distribution of farming, market gardening, hill sheep farming, dairy farming, case study Cambridgeshire, farm diversification, organic farming, positive aspects of organic farms, negative aspects of organic farms.
The new techniques which are being innovated by the scientists in the field of agriculture if used wisely can improve the otherwise poor economic status of farmers. The land for cultivation is slowly depleting as the land is being acquired by Government for infra-structure build up, or is being sold by the owners due to poor financial state. The area of land which is available for farming has to be used judiciously and recent tools and techniques needs to be employed, then only high yield could be obtained and the economic condition of agriculturists could improve. The polyhouse technology of crop cultivation is proving beneficial for the farmers. The success stories of polyhouse cultivation are many and still the number is counting.
Integrated fish farming systems refer to the production, integrated management and comprehensive use of aquaculture, agriculture and livestock, with an emphasis on aquaculture. Asia has a long and rich history of integrated fish farming. Written records from the first and second centuries B.C. documented the integration of aquatic plant cultivation and fish farming. From the ninth century, records showed fish farming in the paddy field. From the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries, there were records of rotation of fish and grass culture; and by the 1620s, the mulberry-dike fishpond, the integration of fish and livestock farming and complex systems of multiple enterprises integrated with fish farming were developed. Integrated fish farming is the methods by which fish is cultured along with paddy, piggery, poultry or any livestock, or flower culture.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
1. FARMING ON MALTA
Farming is one of the oldest trades performed by man, this industry produces fresh and
wholesome food by means of a large number of farmers who work the fields and raise
animals. Farmingcows are kept in modern farms under sheds which shelter them from the
weather cows are raised both for their milk and for their meat, their dung is collected,
dried and
sold to the farmers as manure which is dispersed in the fields to make the soil more
fertile.among
the 14,000 full-time and part-time farmers in malta there are those who cultivate many
products
such as potatoes, tomatoes, vegetables and fruit. there are also farmers who grow vines
both for
wine and for grapes, there are others who grow olive trees for the production of oil. other
farmers
cultivate clover, wheat and hay as fodder for the animals, these crops are grown both on
the
irrigated fields which have water also in summer, as well as in dry fields which depend on
rain
for water on the other hand one finds farmers who only raise animals such as pigs, cows,
sheep
and goats, as well as rabbits and fowl. these animals are not only slaughtered for their
fresh and
wholesome meat but also for other products such as eggs, milk and cheeselets.
The Farmer's work
seasons
in olden times, farming was malta's major economic activity, the majority of the maltese
people
used to work in the fields. they used to grow a large quantity of fruit and vegetables in
different.
their small fields bounded by rubble walls or prickly pear trees, among other crops
they grew potatoes, onions, globe artichokes, tomatoes, peas and cabages, they also
grew fruit
trees such as oranges, lemons, peaches, small pears, plums and apricots. in the farms by
their
fields, they used to raise a cow or two, some sheep and goats, rabbits and hens, as well as
a mule
or donkey, the farmer used to work from early morning till late in the evening, all the
family used
to give a helping hand, even the children. they used to milk the cows, pick the potatoes,
clean the
animals and what not. all work was done by hand, or at most, with the help of a beast,
apart from
this hardship, the maltese farmer had to face many physical and human problems.
probably the
2. therefore e the soil dri
worst problem was the summer heat and drought, when no rain falls for more than four
months.
Idries up completely and the harvests wither and die. moreover the high summer
temperatures dry up and e
dry up and evaporate whatever moisture that remains in the soil, on the other
hand, in september and october we ususlly get sudden and heavy downpours of rain.
therefore
much soil is carried to sea and lost. the excessive water can result in plant disease and
mould. :
wind too can cause much damage. it can increase the drought, fell the blossoms and
wither the
crops grown by the farmer.
The farmer and his family used to live on a farmhouse typically made up of two storeys,
the
farmer and his family used to live in the upper storey, while the animals were housed and
fed in
the lower rooms called animal sties, in these sties one could find sheep, goats, a cow and
a mule or
donkey which used to help the farmer with the plough. upstairs there also used to be the
upper
store room where the harvests and seeds were stored, the fowl and the dogs used to roam
all
about the farm especially the central yard. the food products which the farmer got from
the
fields and from his animals were enough to feed his family and the same animals.
one of the problems faced by farmers was water storage in winter so that it would be
available in
summer.
Developments in Farming the major task of farmers and herdsmen is to produce food, in
order to
do this farmers use traditional methods that were well tested in time, they also use
modern
methods to increase production and to offer wholesome food at a reasonable price. in fact
many
farmers are nowadays availing themselves of the experience gained from their fathers in
time, as
well as adopting modern methods which lessen their toil and increase produce.nowadays
many
farmers have invested in modern machines, such as tractors which quickly plough the
fields,
modern apparatus which spray and distribute the fertilisers and pesticides, and other
machines
that can harvest the fields in a short time, other farmers have received financial help from
the
3. European union and have built reservoirs in order to bring the water to their fields and
irrigate
them by the modern drip method. Farmers are also using healthier seeds that have been
developed and genetically modified in laboratories and are more resistant to disease. they
are also
growing crops all the year round in the controlled environment of greenhouses.
here were important developments in animal husbandry too. contrary to what happened in
the
past, each farmer grows one kind of animal only on his farm. one may find animal farms
specialised in pig breeding for pork or cows for milk and beef as well as chicken, turkey,
duck or
rabbit farms. animal husbandry has gone through great changes and nowadays animals
are bred
in modern and clean farms under the supervision of the Department of veterinary
services. these
officers inspect farms regularly and they also take samples of the animals' blood so that
the
minds of both farmers the consumers might be at rest about the goodness of the animals
and the
products.
many farmers have benefitted directly from helping schemes such as funds so that their
practices
may conform to the directives and regulations of the European union, and also to
modernise their
farms and to increase their production. in a farming complex at san Ġwann one finds some
that
have invested strongly in modern machinery. one finds very large farms having hundreds
of
cattle under large sheds which offer shelter from the weather elements to these cows, as
well as
ample storage space for hay. the rooftops of these sheds channel the rainwater into
reservoirs
which provide water for the use of the same cows and of the farm in general.
Farming and the Environment Farmers are increasingly using artificial fertilisers and
natural
manure in order to increase production and to keep the soil in a fertile state. these
fertilisers are
necessary to render to the soil the nutrients that would have been lost. in order to be
fertile, soil
needs minerals, especially nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. thanks to these nutrients,
the soil
can give whoelsome and abandunt crops. During the growing season, even rain can
diminish the
nutrients in the soil. this happens since rainwater dissolves the nutrients that are needed
by the
crops and carries them down into the rocks. this may lead to pollution of the groundwater
by
4. means of the manure and the fertilisers that are applied by the farmer from time to time.
infact
recently it has been scientifically proved that groundwater and watercourses contain high
amounts of nitrates. this is the result of the overuse of manure and artificial fertilisers by
the
local farmers.this escessive use can bring about an increase in nutrients in the water
which cause
a rapid growth of algae leading to eutrophication, that is the decrease of oxygen available
for all
other organisms in the water. in order to avoid contamination, the farmers are now
prohibited
from using animal manure in the rainy season. they are also being obliged to keep a record
of all
the purchases, transportation and use of mineral and organic fertiliser or manure of their
own
animals. moreover the fertiliser must be stored in a closed place out of the way of running
water.
such practices will help avoid any poisonous traces reaching groundwater.
Water is essential both for the prodction of crops and for animal husbandry, as we all know
rainfall in malta occurs mostly from september to march. Because of this, it is very
difficult for
crops to grow in the rainless months from april to august unless irrigation takes place.
Farmers
are more than ever very dependent on water for growing crops. in the past, farmers used
to
harness water in deep wells dug up in their fields, they used to pull up the water by means
of
chain pumps with the help of a blind-folded donkey, wind-pumps too helped the farmers,
especially of the north of malta, to pump up water for their farm. lately many farmers have
dug
up deep boreholes in order to have water for irrigation especially in the summer months.
Due to
these boreholes the cultivable area in malta has increased considerably and now farmers
can
grow crops all the year round. however these boreholes, many of which have been dug
illegally,
are causing irreparable damage to the quality and quantity of groundwater.
Organic Farming nowadays, consumers are well informed about the foodstuffs that they
buy and consume. some developments in agriculture among which methods for the
increase in
crop yield have left a negative impact on the environment, crops, fruit and other farm
products
which we consume.
This is why an increasing number of farmers are turning to agricultural systems in which
the
5. growing of crops and animal husbandry are done according to methods which respect
both the
environment and the animals themselves, these farmers are using natural or organic
methods.
this is done by using traditional and biological practces which keep the soil fertile and in
good
condition without the use of symthetic materials like chemical pesticides and fertilsers.
organic
farming is a productive method which keeps the soil fertile ideally by using biological
means such
as crop rotation where different crops are grown on the same plot in different seasons. in
this
rotation, legumes like beans, peas and pod vegetables render to the soil the nutrients
which were
taken by other crops. another method for fertilising soil is by growing clover or alfalfa
which are
then ploughed up into the same soil. this method helps in keeping the soil fertile without
the need
for synthetic we all know animal manure helps in keeping a high amount of
nutrients in the soil. For this to take place the manure must come from animals that are
fed
natural food, not synthetic fodder. the farmer can also produce his own compost from the
left-
overs of crops like foliage, leaves and other plants that are left after harvesting.
By the use of natural methods without any trace of sprays, the agricultural product will be
of the
best quality, even though it means harder work for the farmer. Because of this consumers
are
willing to pay a high price for organic products since they know these were grown without
damaging the environment. many farmers and producers of organically grown crops sell
their
products directly from their fields, in boxes at the farmers' market or in established
commercial
outlets. all organically grown products in the European union are officially labelled so that
the
consumers' minds are at rest that the products have been grown or raised naturally at all
stages,
from the farm to the table.