The document discusses power tillers, bulldozers, and tractor testing. It provides details on:
- Power tillers being useful machines for small farms that can perform various operations like tilling, weeding, and threshing. They are effective for wet soil and come in mini, medium, and large sizes.
- Bulldozers being tracked heavy equipment useful for earth moving with wide tracks that distribute weight to prevent sinking.
- Tractor testing following standards and including tests of power take-off, drawbar power, fuel consumption, hydraulics, braking, noise, and field testing over various hours with implements. Power tiller testing also analyzed performance and included field tests.
INTRODUCTION
Tillage may be defined as the mechanical manipulation of soil for nurturing crops.
The objectives of soil tillage are:
To develop a desirable soil structure for a seedbed
To control weeds or remove unwanted crop plants.
To manage plant residues.
To minimize soil erosion by following such practices as contour tillage
To establish specific surface configurations for planting, irrigating, drainage, or harvesting operations.
To incorporate and mix fertilizers, manure, pesticides
Harvesting operations are one of the farm field operation in which seeds are separated from the stalk on which they grow. This is done when crops are ripened and reached maturity.
In order to achieve increased yield, the crops that are cultivated should be harvested at appropriate harvest time and moisture content. Both delayed and early harvesting results in decreased yield.
Definition
The operation of cutting, picking, digging or any combination of these for removing the whole crop or edible part of the crop from either under the ground or above the ground is called harvesting.
Introduction
Crop planting operation is the art of placing seed in the soil to obtain good germination and crop stands.
A perfect sowing gives
Correct amount of seed per unit area.
Correct depth of sowing
Correct spacing between row-to-row and plant to plant.
Correct seed rate
Operation and management of primary and secondary tillageagriyouthnepal
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
INTRODUCTION
Tillage may be defined as the mechanical manipulation of soil for nurturing crops.
The objectives of soil tillage are:
To develop a desirable soil structure for a seedbed
To control weeds or remove unwanted crop plants.
To manage plant residues.
To minimize soil erosion by following such practices as contour tillage
To establish specific surface configurations for planting, irrigating, drainage, or harvesting operations.
To incorporate and mix fertilizers, manure, pesticides
Harvesting operations are one of the farm field operation in which seeds are separated from the stalk on which they grow. This is done when crops are ripened and reached maturity.
In order to achieve increased yield, the crops that are cultivated should be harvested at appropriate harvest time and moisture content. Both delayed and early harvesting results in decreased yield.
Definition
The operation of cutting, picking, digging or any combination of these for removing the whole crop or edible part of the crop from either under the ground or above the ground is called harvesting.
Introduction
Crop planting operation is the art of placing seed in the soil to obtain good germination and crop stands.
A perfect sowing gives
Correct amount of seed per unit area.
Correct depth of sowing
Correct spacing between row-to-row and plant to plant.
Correct seed rate
Operation and management of primary and secondary tillageagriyouthnepal
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Mechanical manipulation of soil to provide favorable condition for proper crop growth is called tillage.
Soil tillage consists of breaking the compact surface of earth to a certain depth.
To loosen the soil mass so as to enable the roots of the crops to penetrate and spread into the soil.
This is the powerpoint presentation related in the course of Farm Power and Machinery on B.Sc. Agriculture. It helps all to know easily about harvesting and threshing equipments related under that course. It also helps for the students of Agricultural Enginnering.
Tractor is a self propelled power unit having wheels or tracks for operating agricultural implements and machines including trailers.
Tractor engine is used as a prime mover for active tools and stationary farm machinery through power-take off (pto) or belt pulley
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Agriculture plays partial role in Economy of a country. When it comes to agriculture, tractor is a must thing. So, here in this ppt I have explained tractor insides, tractor technologies in short.
This presentation will provide you with in insight of what is tractor hydraulics and what are the different parts of a tractor involved and how can it be controlled
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Mechanical manipulation of soil to provide favorable condition for proper crop growth is called tillage.
Soil tillage consists of breaking the compact surface of earth to a certain depth.
To loosen the soil mass so as to enable the roots of the crops to penetrate and spread into the soil.
This is the powerpoint presentation related in the course of Farm Power and Machinery on B.Sc. Agriculture. It helps all to know easily about harvesting and threshing equipments related under that course. It also helps for the students of Agricultural Enginnering.
Tractor is a self propelled power unit having wheels or tracks for operating agricultural implements and machines including trailers.
Tractor engine is used as a prime mover for active tools and stationary farm machinery through power-take off (pto) or belt pulley
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Agriculture plays partial role in Economy of a country. When it comes to agriculture, tractor is a must thing. So, here in this ppt I have explained tractor insides, tractor technologies in short.
This presentation will provide you with in insight of what is tractor hydraulics and what are the different parts of a tractor involved and how can it be controlled
Choose The Right Rotavator
It is important to select the correct size rotavator for your field or garden. There is little point arranged a large rotavator for a small garden. Also, consider if you will have sufficient space to access the area. if necessary consult with an expert to ensure you choose the correct rotavator for your needs.
When To Rotavate
It is generally advised to rotavate in spring or autumn. These seasons offer softer soil and will result in more aeration than in the summer months.
Check Soil Moisture
Your soil moisture can play a large part in how successful your rotavating is. Sandy soil will rotavate in a very similar way whether dry or wet and so the moisture level is not as important.
In comparison, clay soil must be done when the moisture is favourable. if the soil is too dry it will be very hard and difficult to break apart. In contrast, when the soil is too moist the clay can stick to your rotavator cause unnecessary mess and potential damage to your requirement.
Weed Control
Weed removal is very important when rotavating. If left you will find the weed will quickly grow out of control and the seeds have been mixed throughout the soil of your entire field or garden.
Control The Rotavator Properly
When you are using your rotavator you must ensure you maintain full control of the equipment. A rotavator is a powerful piece of equipment and it can easily course damage or harm if not used properly.
Rotavate The Land In Strips
When Rotavating your land plan head, it is advised to rotavate in strips to ensure the best result. Make a few passes over each strip, and repeat the process at right angles to the original rotavated strips. Don’t dig much deeper than two or three inches deep on the first pass. You can then set the rotavator to dig deeper on each pass after that. You should rotavate offer the course of several hours.
Routine maintenance involves complete replacement of equipment based on time intervals without any inspections. This is also a common maintenance strategy applied to industrial equipment, for example, for the replacement of filters and wearing components
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
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2. POWER TILLER
Power Tiller a walking tractor widely used for rotary or
revolving cultivation in wet puddle soil. For small & marginal
farmers a Power Tiller is the best choice.
It replaces the animal power more effectively & helps in raising
demand for human labor.
It is a machine compiled with a 1.5 HP engine & designed as
such to push forward or backward various agricultural
equipment.
Power Tiller is capable to perform the operations of different
farm implements like rotary, puddler, leveler, trailers, plow disc
& thresher.
One of the most important functions of Power Tiller is that it
prepares an accurate seeded for the crop to be planted & warms
the soil before planting by burying its ruminant into it.
3. SPECIAL FEATURES
Power tillers can work on small as well as large farms, but
they are particularly recommended for farms where the small
land size or the rugged, sloping terrain might make
manoeuvring a tractor about impractical. Difficult, or even
dangerous. In hilly regions in India, where only terrace farming
is possible, farmers have found power tillers to be extremely
useful. Rice and paddy farmers with small farm plots use
power tillers to successfully till water-flooded fields. Unlike
tractors, which are heavy and can compact the soil with their
weight and till deeper than necessary, power tillers till only to
the required depth, softening and loosening the soil as they do,
and making it easier to plant rice and paddy in the water
submerged fields without any danger of drowning the plants
under water.
4.
5. Types of Power Tillers
Power tiller are available in three different sizes :
Mini-sized Power Tiller These lightweight implements are
good for vegetable and fruit farms, where the cultivation areas
are small, the soil is relatively loose and does not require
powerful tilling, and the crops are planted in narrow rows that
need to be manoeuvred through without destroying them.
Medium-sized Power Tiller These power tillers are suitable
for farms where the soil is harder and rockier. These tillers are
propelled forward by the spinning tines.
Large-sized Power Tiller These power tillers are suitable for
more extensive farm lands where there is sufficient space to
manoeuvre the tiller as required. These tillers are propelled
forward by the wheels and the spinning tines are positioned
between the wheels.
6. BULLDOZER
Bulldozers are one of the main machinery of earth-moving
engineering machinery, which are divided into crawler
type and tire type
Bulldozers are powerfully tracked heavy-equipment that
gives the capability to hold on to the ground efficiently
and can move easily through rough terrains. Use of wide
tracks for bulldozers helps to distribute the load over
larger areas, which prevent it from sinking into sandy or
muddy ground.
7.
8. TYPES OF TRACTOR TESTS
Testing is defined as analysis of behaviour of machine
when compared with standard codes/norms under
ideal and repeatable conditions.
Compulsory Tests:
Approval shall require checking as follows:
Main power take-off and five extra points for
calculating fuel consumption characteristics
Hydraulic power and lifting force
Drawbar power and fuel consumption (un ballasted
tractors)
9. OPTIONAL TESTS
Approval of any optional tests shall require checking as
follows:
• Engine test
• Additional Power take-off ratio (economy)
• Reagent consumption during Power take-off and
Drawbar Power testing
• Hydraulic power: optional tests
• Performance at the belt or the belt pulley shaft
• Performance in a hot atmosphere
• Low temperature starting test
• Additional drawbar tests
• Ten-hour test (ballasted tractors)
10. • Axle power determination
• Turning area and turning circle
• Centre of gravity
• Braking (wheeled tractors only)
• External noise level (wheeled tractors only)
• Waterproofing test
11. OTHER TESTS
Other Tests: Tests performed according to other
internationally recognized methods, to be reported and
clearly marked as not being subject to the OECD approval
procedure. Such test methods would have to be mentioned
in the report and made available to the OECD in a
published form, in either of the official languages of the
Organisation.
12. TEST CODE FOR PERFORMANCE
TESTING OF TRACTORS AND
POWER TILLERS
a) Tractor Test: The brief outline of various types of tests
performed by Center of Farm Machinery Testing and
Training Institute (CFMTTI), Budni (MP) are as under.
Tractor test is carried out in accordance with Indian
Standard (IS):5994-1998 as amended from time to time. A
tractor is subjected to the following tests & evaluation
Laboratory Tests • Checking of specifications • PTO
performance test • Belt pulley test(optional) • Drawbar
performance test • Power lift & hydraulic performance
testBrake test • Air cleaner oil pull over test • Noise
measurement • Mechanical vibration measurement •
Location of centre of gravity • Turning ability • Visibility
13. • Field tests: - For Initial commercial tests (ICT) for 35
h and for batch test of 35 h. (if there is any major
breakdown during the ICT) of field tests with the
following implements Plough/ Rotavato r(20 hrs. for
I.C.T & 20 hrs for Batch Test ) Puddling test of 10
Hrs. duration under actual field conditions followed
by Water Proof Test of 5 h for ICT and batch test if
applicable.
• Haulage test: This is done with 2/4 wheel trailers and
the gross load recommended by the manufacturer.
Components & assembly inspection is done to assess
the wear, breakdowns, etc.
14. b) Power Tiller Test Performance evaluation of power
tiller is conducted in accordance with Indian Standard
(IS):9935-2002 as amended from time to time. A power
tiller is put into the following tests and evaluation: •
Laboratory Tests • Specification checking. • Engine
performance test. • Rotary shaft performance test. •
Drawbar performance test. • Parking brake test. •
Noise measurement. • Air cleaner oil pull over test. •
Mechanical vibration measurement.
15. • Turning ability test. • Chemical composition test and wear
characteristics test of rotavator blades. Field tests: For
Initial commercial tests & batch test 35 h, of field tests
with the following implements • Mould board ploughing
(20 hrs. for I.C.T. only) dryland • Dry rotavation (35 hrs.
for I.C.T. & 35 hrs. for Batch tests) • Puddling under
actual field condition ( 15 h for I.C.T. & Batch test both)
Haulage test: Components and assembly inspection is
done to assess the wear, breakdowns, etc.