1) Population growth in Sub-Saharan Africa is outpacing food production increases, leading to rising levels of undernourishment. More farm power is needed to boost production, processing, and transportation of food. 2) However, available farm power sources like tractors and draft animals have been stagnating in Africa. Conservation agriculture and appropriate-scale mechanization using two-wheel tractors can help address this issue by reducing the power needs for soil cultivation. 3) Private sector business models that provide smallholder farmers access to mechanization services show promise in countries like Bangladesh. Such models should be developed further in Africa to help smallholders benefit from mechanization.

1. FrédéricBaudron,
David Kahan, Pascal Kaumbutho, John Sariah, Joseph Mutua, Richard Rose, Saidi Mkomwa, Brian Sims, John Blackwell
Appropriate and Equitable Mechanization in Africa
through Conservation Agriculture, Use of Two-Wheel Tractors, and Involvement of the Private Sector.

2. More FarmPower Neededin Africa…
144.8
172.9
186
188.2
0
50
100
150
200
1992
1997
2002
2007
Number of undernourished in SSA (millions)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Urban persons per active person in agriculture
Ethiopia
Kenya
Malawi
Mozambique
Tanzania
Zimbabwe
Population is growing faster than food production
Unmet demand: rising number of undernourished people
Increasingly urban demand: more processing, more transport
Producing more, processing more and transporting more requires more power

3. … but AvailableFarmPower has been Stagnating
0
5
10
15
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Density of tractors
(nb per 1000 ha)
India
Ethiopia
Kenya
Malawi
Mozambique
Tanzania
Zimbabwe
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Desnity of cattle and buffaloes (heads per 1000 ha)
0
0.5
1
1.5
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Density of economically active people in agriculture (people per ha)

4. Drudgery (mainly Placed on Women)
Power ?
A major limitingfactor?

5. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 pair
1 pair
≥ 2 pairs
Cereal production (t farm-1)
Numberof oxen
(Baudron et al., 2014)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
N input from manure (kg ha-1year-1)
Distance plot -homestead (km)
Very rich
Rich
Poor
Very poor
(Zingoreet al., 2010)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Proportion of total annual labour (%)
No pair of oxen
One pair of oxen
Two pairs of oxen or more
(Baudron et al., 2012)
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0
20
40
60
80
Cotton yield (kg ha-1)
Planting date (days after the 1st of Nov)
(Baudron et al., 2011)

6. Addressingthe Issue of DecliningFarmPower
Decreasingpower demand:
Conservation Agriculture
Increasingpower supply:
Mechanization

7. CA & Appropriate-scaleMechanization
Soil inversion is the most power intensive operation.
Its suppression makes the use of lower powered, more affordable and easier to maintain tractors possible.

8. Striptillage
Direct-seeding: 2 rows
Direct-seeding: 1 row
CA witha Two-Wheel TractorUS$ 772US$ 1,649US$ 1,156US$ 863US$ 2,826US$ 4,120

9. Stonyfields
Weedload
Transport
Singulationof large seeds
No true‘best bet’

10. US$ 800
Locally-made tool-bar-basedseeder

11. Small and fragmented fields, reliance on small machines
But one of the most mechanized agriculture of South Asia
Service providers
Only 1 in 30 farmers owned a tractor
Equity: even the poorest access 2WTs services
Key to success
Low cost of the machines
Multi-purpose machines
Private sector-led model
Importer
Retailer
2WT owner
Contractfarmer
Farmer
Mechanic
Driver
Spareparts’
provider
Diesel and oil
provider
Making small-scale mechanization viable: the Bangladesh experience

12. Developing business models to deliver small mechanization
Importer/ manufacturer
Operators
Farmers
Support service facilitators
Financial service provision
Spare part manufacturers
Market access
Service provider
Financial and information flows
Physical flows
Institutional environment (laws, regulations, etc.)
“A business model is how a company organizes to generate revenue and sustain itself” (Alexander Osterwalder)
Service provider
•Ethiopia:
oFarmer cooperatives (supplied by private sector dealers)
oCustom hiring services (entrepreneurs supplied by a public company importing equipment; loans)
•Kenya:
oOne-stop-shop (cluster of agribusinesses providing a broad range of services)
•Tanzania
oPrivate sector dealer model (linking to farmer groups)
•Zimbabwe
oContract farming (package of inputs and services provided on credit)
•Coordination (inter-business linkage)
•Capacity-building
•Information
•Promotion (e.g. branding)
•Finance

13. 1.Private rural service providers (only few farmers will be able to purchase machines individually)
2.Flexibility of BM (changing local context)
3.Possible need of a broker (weak markets, vulnerable farmers)
4.Linking input BM to output BM (cash flow)
5.Multi-purpose uses (to maximize mechanization use rates)
6.Bundling of services and products (to reduce the cost of mechanization services)
7.Possible need for kick-start ‘smart’ subsidies (to get the private sector involved)
Business Model Development:
7 Principles

14. Conclusion: WhyShoulditWorkThis Time?
Demand for mechanized services has increased (intensification, commercial orientation)
Supporting infrastructure (e.g. access to finance, repair services, fuel and lubricants)has developed
Past focus on 4WTs (inappropriate for small and fragmented fields, and too costly for African smallholders)
Past public sector focus (inefficient and uneconomic government-run tractor hire schemes)
Tapping the synergies between CA and small mechanization
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Value of addedby agriculture (billion currentUS$)
Ethiopia
Kenya
Malawi
Mozambique
Tanzania
Zimbabwe

15. Thankyou!