1
2
•Since early human times, families have been changing because they must change
and adapt in order to survive. There were even many types of hunting and and adapt in order to survive. There were even many types of hunting and
gathering societies. In general, in those types of societies, the women gathered
edible plant materials and the men hunted. The women usually supplied a majority
of the calories consumed by the group. However, the Inuits who lived in a harsh,
cold, environment relied primary on hunting for their food, especially during the
winter months. They hunt seals. This meant that women played a much less
important role. For example, their job was to chew their husbands shoes to keep
them soft when they came back from the hunt.
•As societies became agricultural and the extended family became the norm, the
issues of where people should and how descent should be defined tended to be
patrilocal and patrilineal. However, there is at least once example of a societey in
which it was the mother’s brother that was responsible for the care of her children.
In this case, the model was patriarchal but matrilineal and matrilocal. The mother
stayed with her family of origin and her brother helped to raise the children, played
the role of male parent and the father was living with his own family and taking care
of his sister’s children.
•These are variations that occurred prior to industrialization. At that time societies
were very homogenous and members shared the same norms and values including
religion.
3
After Industrialization, social change accelerated and the types of pressures on
families changed. In the United States, the most diverse industrialized nation, there families changed. In the United States, the most diverse industrialized nation, there
is tremendous variation in family form based on social class, race, ethnicity, and
gender. Rapid social change forced change on families. They had to develop new
strategies for economic survival. Jobs were multiplying and changing and it
became increasingly important to live in a city in order to find employment.
Eventually industrial society was placed by postindustrial society and the service
sector began to dominate the economy. Service jobs tend to be “good jobs” or “bad
jobs” and people get stuck at one level of employment. Social classes became
much more separate with different life chances and different lifestyles.
•Social Class: modern American society is now one in which there is an increasing
gap between the rich and the poor. This gap was very large during the Golden Age
in this society and the last two decades or so have sometimes been called the “new
golden age.” Some say that the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting
poorer and the middle class is disappearing. Whatever the case, middle class and
poorer families are having to face many challenges. For the middle class, home
owners.
AQA forensic psychology revision for alevel paper 3.
SLIDE 25 - HOLT EXAMPLE : Holt - significant difference in positive behaviour compared to a non-token group.
For some reason that part wasn't included in the upload.
1
2
•Since early human times, families have been changing because they must change
and adapt in order to survive. There were even many types of hunting and and adapt in order to survive. There were even many types of hunting and
gathering societies. In general, in those types of societies, the women gathered
edible plant materials and the men hunted. The women usually supplied a majority
of the calories consumed by the group. However, the Inuits who lived in a harsh,
cold, environment relied primary on hunting for their food, especially during the
winter months. They hunt seals. This meant that women played a much less
important role. For example, their job was to chew their husbands shoes to keep
them soft when they came back from the hunt.
•As societies became agricultural and the extended family became the norm, the
issues of where people should and how descent should be defined tended to be
patrilocal and patrilineal. However, there is at least once example of a societey in
which it was the mother’s brother that was responsible for the care of her children.
In this case, the model was patriarchal but matrilineal and matrilocal. The mother
stayed with her family of origin and her brother helped to raise the children, played
the role of male parent and the father was living with his own family and taking care
of his sister’s children.
•These are variations that occurred prior to industrialization. At that time societies
were very homogenous and members shared the same norms and values including
religion.
3
After Industrialization, social change accelerated and the types of pressures on
families changed. In the United States, the most diverse industrialized nation, there families changed. In the United States, the most diverse industrialized nation, there
is tremendous variation in family form based on social class, race, ethnicity, and
gender. Rapid social change forced change on families. They had to develop new
strategies for economic survival. Jobs were multiplying and changing and it
became increasingly important to live in a city in order to find employment.
Eventually industrial society was placed by postindustrial society and the service
sector began to dominate the economy. Service jobs tend to be “good jobs” or “bad
jobs” and people get stuck at one level of employment. Social classes became
much more separate with different life chances and different lifestyles.
•Social Class: modern American society is now one in which there is an increasing
gap between the rich and the poor. This gap was very large during the Golden Age
in this society and the last two decades or so have sometimes been called the “new
golden age.” Some say that the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting
poorer and the middle class is disappearing. Whatever the case, middle class and
poorer families are having to face many challenges. For the middle class, home
owners.
AQA forensic psychology revision for alevel paper 3.
SLIDE 25 - HOLT EXAMPLE : Holt - significant difference in positive behaviour compared to a non-token group.
For some reason that part wasn't included in the upload.
Conflicts and challenges - Organisations to combat poverty case studyEvie-Anne Davis
A2 geography alevel revision, case study for agencies and organisations helping to combat poverty. includes; the UN in Vietnam, UN & world bank in Brazil (Bolsa Familia project) and WWF helping sustainable living and combatting poverty whilst saving the environment in Thailand.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Families and households - Perspectives of the family
1. Perspectivesof the family
Functionalism
Functionsof the family - Murdoch
Stable satisfactionof the sex drive
Reproductionof the nextgeneration
Socialisationof the nextgeneration
Meetingeconomicneedse.g.producingaworkforce,
movingtowork.
✗ The nuclearfamilyisn'tthe onlyinstitutionthat
performsthese fictionse.g.educationsystem.
✗ Feministssee the familyaddoppressivetowomenas
their roles include satisfying men and raising children.
✗ Marxistsarguesthat the familymeetsthe needs of
capitalism.
Functional fit- Parsons
The type of familystructure will be seendependingon
economicneeds.There are twotypesof family:
The nuclear- parentsand children
The extended - three generationsunderone roof.From
the 18th century,the extendedfamilybegantogive way
to the nuclearfamily.
Social needsof the nuclearfamily - Parsons
Geographical mobility - the nuclearfamilyissmall
and therefore easilymovable towhere capitalism
needsthem.
Sociallymobile- nuclearfamilieshave nofamilial
hierarchy,therfore,thereisnotensionbetween
relativeswhenclimbingthe social ladder.
Loss of familyfunctions - Parsons
The familyusedtobe a unitof productionwhere they
were self-sufficient,theywouldmake theirownmoney
and produce the goodsfor the economye.g.farming.
Since the industrial revolution,familiesnolongerproduce
goods.Goodsare producedinfactories.Similarly,
functionssuchas educationandhealthcare are taken
overby the state.
The familyhastwo irreversiblefunctions:
Primarysocialisationof the young.
Stabilisationof adultpersonalitiesthroughleisure.
Marxism
Shapingfamilies - Engles
The inheritance of propertybroughtaboutthe ideaof a
monogamousnuclearfamily.Thiswastoguarantee that
propertystayedwithinfamilybloodlinesanddidn'tgoto
illegitimatechildren.Thisdepletedthe femalesex,where
theirsexualitywasbroughtundermale control toensure
she onlyhad hischildren.
Ideological functions - Zaretsky
Hierarchyand inequalityisinevitable,the familyoffersa
refuge fromthe oppressionandinequalitywithinsociety.
However,thisisjustanillusion.Inrealitythe familyis
inadequate providingahaven.
Unit of consumption
The familyisa major assetforprovidingprofitfor
capitalism.Thisisbecause familiesare nolonger
producers,theyare the consumersof goodsthat are
producedelsewhere.
Familieslike tokeepupappearances,havingthe newest
and latestgoods,tryingtomirror the cereal packetfamily
portrayed inthe media.
Childrenalsohave 'pesterpower'tobegtheirparentsto
have certaingoods. Thisis whyadvertson kidschannels
are largelytoysandholidaysout.
✗ Marxiststendto assume thatthe nuclearfamilyis
dominantwheninfactmany extendedfamilieshave
changedto livingclose ratherthanunderthe same
roof.
✗ Feministsargue thatmarxistsignore gender
inequalitiesandthatthe familyservesthe interestof
mennot capitalism.
✗ Ignoresthe obviousbenefitsof the family.
Feminist view
Liberal feminist- March of progress
More positive view of the family,menare doingmore
domesticwork,there isbettersocialisationof children,
2. fewerdiscriminationlawsthatlegitimise inequality.
These have made the familyamore equal institution.
MarxistFeminists
The source of female oppressioniscapitalism.
Womenreproduce the workforce
Absorbangerand frustrationinthe formof domestic
violence.Fromtheirhusband'sstruggleswith
alienationandexploitation."takersof shit"Ansley.
Reserve armyof labourwhenthere isa shortage e.g.
WW2.
Radical Feminists
The familyandmarriage are keyinstitutionsof female
oppressioninapatriarchal society.Theydonotrecognise
the changesin the familynordotheysee the familyadd
benefitingwomen.Some argue forpolitical lesbianismas
menare the 'enemy'andwomenshouldn'tbe marrying
them.
✗ Liberal FeministslikeSumervilleargue thatradical
Feministsdonotaknowledge improvementstowards
equality.
✗ Political lesbianismisridiculousdye toheterosexual
attraction.
Difference Feminists
We cannotgeneralise all women'sexperiences.Racial
and classinequalitiesmake women'sexperiences
differentandungeneralisable.
✗ Neglectsthe factthat manywomenshare manyof
the same experiences.
Two maincriticismsof structural theories:
✗ Structural theoriesassume thatthe nuclearfamilyis
the maintype of familyinmodernsociety.
✗ Assume thatfamiliesare passivepuppetsthatarea
easilymanipulatedbythe structuresof society.
Personal life - alternate families
Familiesare whatwe make them,theydonothave to be
traditional inthe sense of bloodrelatives.People
construct familieswith:pets,friends,donorconceived
children,deadrelativesandfictive kin(aunt=mum's
friend).