(HEPE) Introduction To Health Disparities 1antz505
Many youth leaders are compelled to do work with community based non-profit and local public health agencies as both a service learning and philanthropic component in their development as young professionals. However, despite invaluable experiential learning, students often don\'t comprehend key overarching issues such as health disparities, social determinants of health, health policy and community organizing. To address this gap and optimize their community based work, the Health Disparities Student Collaborative (HDSC), a Boston-based student group under Critical MASS for eliminating health disparities and the Center for Community Health Education Research and Service Inc. (CCHERS), developed a curriculum for students designed to broaden their perspectives while working with local public health, non-profit/community organizations and to develop their interest and ability to visualize the power of their collective voice as students and contributors to social justice work. The curriculum utilizes peer education and webinar software and covers three main topics: Current State of Health Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, and Youth Activism on Health Disparities/Social Determinants of Health. HDSC has collaborated with local partners CCHERS/Critical MASS and the Community Based Public Health Caucus (CBPHC) Youth Council to develop this comprehensive “Health Equality Peer Education” training.
Presentation by Camara Jones, MD, MPH, PhD at the 2009 Virginia Health Equity Conference.
Dr. Jones presents the “Cliff Analogy” for understanding four levels of health intervention: medical care, secondary prevention, primary prevention, and addressing the social determinants of health. She described how health disparities arise on three levels (differences in quality of care, differences in access to care, and differences in underlying exposures and opportunities) and expand the “Cliff Analogy” to illustrate the relationship between addressing the social determinants of health and addressing the social determinants of equity, which is a fifth level of health intervention.
She identifies racism as one of the social determinants of equity and a fundamental cause of “racial”/ethnic health disparities in the United States, with racism defined as a system of structuring opportunity and assigning value based on the social interpretation of how one looks, which is what we call “race.” She described how racism impacts health on three levels (institutionalized, personally-mediated, and internalized) and animate understanding of these levels of racism with her “Gardener’s Tale” allegory.
Finally, using data from the “Reactions to Race” module on the 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, she examined the relationship between responses to “How do other people usually classify you in this country?” and self-rated general health status to provide evidence of the impacts of racism on health. Dr. Jones challenges us to broaden the scope of our public health interventions by asking the question “How is racism operating here?” and then working to create a system in which ALL people are highly valued and ALL people are able to develop to their full potential.
This document discusses health disparities and resources for promoting health equity. It defines health disparities as significant disparities in disease rates or health outcomes between populations compared to the general population. It identifies four population groups that experience health disparities: African Americans, Hispanics/Latinos, immigrants/refugees, and American Indian/Alaskan Natives. The document outlines unique health issues that affect these and other groups. It also describes several resources for finding health information, including MedlinePlus, the CDC, and databases like PubMed.
This document discusses health disparities faced by the African American community. It notes that health disparities have existed for over two centuries and little progress has been made to eliminate them. Some reasons for continued disparities include social and economic factors like poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and cultural beliefs around health. The document also provides examples of how certain language or behaviors considered respectful within one culture may be viewed differently in others and presents health data showing African Americans have higher rates of conditions like diabetes and hypertension than white people.
Social Determinants Health by Dr. Adewale TroutmanMaileen Hamto
1. Dr. Adewale Troutman presented on creating health equity and addressing social determinants of health such as socioeconomic status, racism, education, and the built environment.
2. He argued that achieving health equity requires addressing unfair health differences between social groups through social and political action rather than just focusing on individual behavior.
3. Some of the policies and strategies he proposed included improving daily living conditions in disadvantaged areas, enacting policies that promote social justice, and building a social movement for health equity.
The document discusses health disparities between African Americans and other races in Massachusetts, specifically looking at infant mortality rates. It finds that the infant mortality rate is significantly higher among African Americans compared to other races in both Massachusetts overall and the city of Worcester specifically. Some of the key factors identified as contributing to the higher rate among African Americans include lower rates of early prenatal care, higher rates of low birthweight babies and maternal complications, and social determinants like nutrition deficiencies and lack of social support. The Worcester Healthy Start Initiative program is highlighted as aiming to address some of these issues and reduce health disparities in the community.
Health care disparities exist between different racial and ethnic groups in the United States. The WHO defines health disparities as differences in health outcomes that are closely linked to social and economic disadvantage. There can be up to a 33 year difference in life expectancy between racial groups. Disparities are driven by social determinants like education, income, and environment. Minority groups face greater barriers to accessing quality health care due to lack of insurance, language barriers, and provider biases. Addressing disparities requires improvements in data collection, the health workforce, and policies aimed at promoting equity.
(HEPE) Introduction To Health Disparities 1antz505
Many youth leaders are compelled to do work with community based non-profit and local public health agencies as both a service learning and philanthropic component in their development as young professionals. However, despite invaluable experiential learning, students often don\'t comprehend key overarching issues such as health disparities, social determinants of health, health policy and community organizing. To address this gap and optimize their community based work, the Health Disparities Student Collaborative (HDSC), a Boston-based student group under Critical MASS for eliminating health disparities and the Center for Community Health Education Research and Service Inc. (CCHERS), developed a curriculum for students designed to broaden their perspectives while working with local public health, non-profit/community organizations and to develop their interest and ability to visualize the power of their collective voice as students and contributors to social justice work. The curriculum utilizes peer education and webinar software and covers three main topics: Current State of Health Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, and Youth Activism on Health Disparities/Social Determinants of Health. HDSC has collaborated with local partners CCHERS/Critical MASS and the Community Based Public Health Caucus (CBPHC) Youth Council to develop this comprehensive “Health Equality Peer Education” training.
Presentation by Camara Jones, MD, MPH, PhD at the 2009 Virginia Health Equity Conference.
Dr. Jones presents the “Cliff Analogy” for understanding four levels of health intervention: medical care, secondary prevention, primary prevention, and addressing the social determinants of health. She described how health disparities arise on three levels (differences in quality of care, differences in access to care, and differences in underlying exposures and opportunities) and expand the “Cliff Analogy” to illustrate the relationship between addressing the social determinants of health and addressing the social determinants of equity, which is a fifth level of health intervention.
She identifies racism as one of the social determinants of equity and a fundamental cause of “racial”/ethnic health disparities in the United States, with racism defined as a system of structuring opportunity and assigning value based on the social interpretation of how one looks, which is what we call “race.” She described how racism impacts health on three levels (institutionalized, personally-mediated, and internalized) and animate understanding of these levels of racism with her “Gardener’s Tale” allegory.
Finally, using data from the “Reactions to Race” module on the 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, she examined the relationship between responses to “How do other people usually classify you in this country?” and self-rated general health status to provide evidence of the impacts of racism on health. Dr. Jones challenges us to broaden the scope of our public health interventions by asking the question “How is racism operating here?” and then working to create a system in which ALL people are highly valued and ALL people are able to develop to their full potential.
This document discusses health disparities and resources for promoting health equity. It defines health disparities as significant disparities in disease rates or health outcomes between populations compared to the general population. It identifies four population groups that experience health disparities: African Americans, Hispanics/Latinos, immigrants/refugees, and American Indian/Alaskan Natives. The document outlines unique health issues that affect these and other groups. It also describes several resources for finding health information, including MedlinePlus, the CDC, and databases like PubMed.
This document discusses health disparities faced by the African American community. It notes that health disparities have existed for over two centuries and little progress has been made to eliminate them. Some reasons for continued disparities include social and economic factors like poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and cultural beliefs around health. The document also provides examples of how certain language or behaviors considered respectful within one culture may be viewed differently in others and presents health data showing African Americans have higher rates of conditions like diabetes and hypertension than white people.
Social Determinants Health by Dr. Adewale TroutmanMaileen Hamto
1. Dr. Adewale Troutman presented on creating health equity and addressing social determinants of health such as socioeconomic status, racism, education, and the built environment.
2. He argued that achieving health equity requires addressing unfair health differences between social groups through social and political action rather than just focusing on individual behavior.
3. Some of the policies and strategies he proposed included improving daily living conditions in disadvantaged areas, enacting policies that promote social justice, and building a social movement for health equity.
The document discusses health disparities between African Americans and other races in Massachusetts, specifically looking at infant mortality rates. It finds that the infant mortality rate is significantly higher among African Americans compared to other races in both Massachusetts overall and the city of Worcester specifically. Some of the key factors identified as contributing to the higher rate among African Americans include lower rates of early prenatal care, higher rates of low birthweight babies and maternal complications, and social determinants like nutrition deficiencies and lack of social support. The Worcester Healthy Start Initiative program is highlighted as aiming to address some of these issues and reduce health disparities in the community.
Health care disparities exist between different racial and ethnic groups in the United States. The WHO defines health disparities as differences in health outcomes that are closely linked to social and economic disadvantage. There can be up to a 33 year difference in life expectancy between racial groups. Disparities are driven by social determinants like education, income, and environment. Minority groups face greater barriers to accessing quality health care due to lack of insurance, language barriers, and provider biases. Addressing disparities requires improvements in data collection, the health workforce, and policies aimed at promoting equity.
Understand why hospitals must take the lead in eliminating disparities in care
Learn about the various dimensions of health care disparities. This presentation provides a background on the factors contributing to health care disparities, the ways in which race, ethnicity and language (REaL) data may be applied to improve health equity, as well as strategies through which to enhance the collection of REaL data.
Authors: Bohr D, Bostick N
Public health week conference racism and healthcareAntoniette Holt
This is an older presentation from Public Health Conference in 2016, but still has some really helpful points to address racism, health disparities, and the need for health equity. There are scenarios to help encourage discussion. Also some helpful next steps.
This document discusses LGBT health and healthcare disparities. It provides statistics showing that LGBT individuals make up a minority of the US population and are understudied. LGBT people face more barriers to healthcare access and are more likely to lack a regular provider. Without access to care, conditions like HIV can go undetected and spread. The document calls for efforts like increasing LGBT-inclusive data collection, education to reduce stigma, and policies protecting LGBT patients to help address healthcare disparities. An interdisciplinary, systemic approach is needed to improve health outcomes for LGBT populations.
This document summarizes a presentation about structural inequities and their disproportionate impact on children. It discusses key concepts like disparities versus inequities, equality versus equity, and race versus racism. It also examines how COVID-19 disproportionately affected minority groups. The presentation identifies gaps in current approaches, such as an overemphasis on personal responsibility. It outlines future directions, like how to better track disparities, close the research-to-practice gap, and make equity a priority from the beginning. Barriers to achieving equity are discussed, along with parting words of wisdom for community members.
This document discusses health inequities faced by racial and LGBT populations. It defines health inequities as differences in health status or health determinants between groups that are systemic, avoidable and unfair. Racial inequities are pervasive in the US, negatively impacting Black populations' health outcomes. Louisiana also shows racial inequities in several health metrics for Blacks compared to Whites. The document then discusses health inequities faced by LGBT populations, including higher rates of HIV/AIDS, STDs, mental health issues and substance abuse. It attributes these inequities to stigma, discrimination, lack of data collection and lack of culturally competent healthcare for LGBT individuals.
The document discusses health concerns and considerations for LGBT communities, including bisexual, gay, lesbian, and transgender individuals. It outlines higher rates of substance abuse, mental health issues, and certain medical conditions within these groups. It also describes barriers to healthcare such as discrimination, lack of provider knowledge, and economic challenges faced by LGBT individuals.
LuciousDavis1-Research Methods for Health Sciences-01-Unit9_AssignmentLucious Davis
This document discusses health disparities faced by minority groups in the United States. It focuses on disparities experienced by African Americans, such as higher rates of homicide, heart disease, and cancer. These disparities are linked to socioeconomic factors like low income and lack of access to quality healthcare. The author proposes investigating connections between race, economic status, access to healthcare and treatment. A quantitative and qualitative research approach will be used to understand disparities and how socioeconomic status impacts health outcomes in minority communities.
The document discusses how health information technology (HIT) can help decrease healthcare disparities. It provides an overview of HIT, including electronic health records and personal health records. It also discusses barriers to HIT adoption among minority groups. The Affordable Care Act aims to alleviate disparities through expanding access to insurance coverage, especially for minorities. HIT and telemedicine can increase access to care and education for underserved populations by facilitating remote monitoring and management of chronic conditions. Overall, the document examines how implementing HIT and utilizing telemedicine and self-management tools can help address gaps in healthcare faced by racial, ethnic, socioeconomic and other minority groups.
Doctors have socially constructed power due to offering the universally valued service of health and longevity, and their profession being strictly regulated and requiring extensive training, limiting their numbers. What constitutes illness has changed over time and varies between cultures, being a social rather than purely biological construct. Technological advances in medicine have improved disease detection but also raise ethical issues regarding genetic testing and multiple or premature births.
Economic Burden of Alcohol Consumption in the City and County of San Francisc...Tomas J. Aragon
The document summarizes the economic burden of alcohol consumption in San Francisco. It estimates that the total annual city administrative and programmatic costs related to alcohol abuse are $54.8 million. When considering broader economic costs, the total annual costs to San Francisco are estimated to be over $500 million. Excessive drinking is associated with a wide range of negative health outcomes and costs to both individuals and society. Reducing excessive alcohol consumption could help improve health and lower economic burdens.
This document discusses health issues for three age groups: adolescents and young adults (ages 15-24), adults (ages 25-64), and the elderly (ages 65 and over). For adolescents and young adults, risky health behaviors like unintentional injuries, violence, substance abuse and unsafe sex are major causes of mortality and morbidity. Community health strategies aim to address social and cultural influences on behaviors in this age group. Adults experience most chronic diseases associated with unhealthy lifestyles earlier in life. Community efforts focus on prevention, screening and management of conditions like cancer, heart disease and obesity.
Presentation Fam Med Masters Seminar Apr 25 07briefJanet2007
The document discusses the impact of poverty on health. It provides background on poverty and health indicators in Canada, showing that those in poverty experience higher rates of chronic disease, infant mortality, lower life expectancy, and worse mental and physical health overall. It suggests that poverty, through factors like inadequate income for nutrition and housing, is the main determinant of these health inequities. The document proposes ways for health providers to help address poverty, such as by expanding assessments of social/economic barriers patients face and connecting them to resources to improve their situations.
Sociology of health and illness wk 18 gender shi (1)Anthony Lawrence
Gender inequalities exist in health outcomes. Women generally live longer than men but have higher rates of illness. This complex picture is explained by biological, social, and structural factors. Biologically, male and female bodies differ but cannot fully explain changing gaps over time and place. Socially, gender roles shape health behaviors, work, care responsibilities, and medical experiences. Structurally, women often face disadvantage due to unequal power, resources, and the feminization of poverty.
The document discusses several topics related to health including definitions of health, components of health, leading causes of death in the US, health promotion goals, minority health status, alternative medical practices, and health issues across the lifespan. It provides statistics on life expectancy, infant mortality, causes of death for different age groups, and health risks among minority populations. The document also discusses models for analyzing health information and concerns about alternative medical therapies.
Health equity is defined as the absence of unfair and avoidable health disparities between groups. Racial and ethnic healthcare disparities exist and are associated with worse health outcomes. These disparities are caused by deeper social and economic factors known as social determinants of health, such as where people live, work, and play. Achieving health equity requires addressing social inequities and ensuring all groups can attain their highest level of health.
Speaker Presentation from U.S. News Healthcare of Tomorrow leadership summit, Nov. 1-3, 2017 in Washington, DC. Find out more about this forum at www.usnewshot.com.
Understand why hospitals must take the lead in eliminating disparities in care
Learn about the various dimensions of health care disparities. This presentation provides a background on the factors contributing to health care disparities, the ways in which race, ethnicity and language (REaL) data may be applied to improve health equity, as well as strategies through which to enhance the collection of REaL data.
Authors: Bohr D, Bostick N
Public health week conference racism and healthcareAntoniette Holt
This is an older presentation from Public Health Conference in 2016, but still has some really helpful points to address racism, health disparities, and the need for health equity. There are scenarios to help encourage discussion. Also some helpful next steps.
This document discusses LGBT health and healthcare disparities. It provides statistics showing that LGBT individuals make up a minority of the US population and are understudied. LGBT people face more barriers to healthcare access and are more likely to lack a regular provider. Without access to care, conditions like HIV can go undetected and spread. The document calls for efforts like increasing LGBT-inclusive data collection, education to reduce stigma, and policies protecting LGBT patients to help address healthcare disparities. An interdisciplinary, systemic approach is needed to improve health outcomes for LGBT populations.
This document summarizes a presentation about structural inequities and their disproportionate impact on children. It discusses key concepts like disparities versus inequities, equality versus equity, and race versus racism. It also examines how COVID-19 disproportionately affected minority groups. The presentation identifies gaps in current approaches, such as an overemphasis on personal responsibility. It outlines future directions, like how to better track disparities, close the research-to-practice gap, and make equity a priority from the beginning. Barriers to achieving equity are discussed, along with parting words of wisdom for community members.
This document discusses health inequities faced by racial and LGBT populations. It defines health inequities as differences in health status or health determinants between groups that are systemic, avoidable and unfair. Racial inequities are pervasive in the US, negatively impacting Black populations' health outcomes. Louisiana also shows racial inequities in several health metrics for Blacks compared to Whites. The document then discusses health inequities faced by LGBT populations, including higher rates of HIV/AIDS, STDs, mental health issues and substance abuse. It attributes these inequities to stigma, discrimination, lack of data collection and lack of culturally competent healthcare for LGBT individuals.
The document discusses health concerns and considerations for LGBT communities, including bisexual, gay, lesbian, and transgender individuals. It outlines higher rates of substance abuse, mental health issues, and certain medical conditions within these groups. It also describes barriers to healthcare such as discrimination, lack of provider knowledge, and economic challenges faced by LGBT individuals.
LuciousDavis1-Research Methods for Health Sciences-01-Unit9_AssignmentLucious Davis
This document discusses health disparities faced by minority groups in the United States. It focuses on disparities experienced by African Americans, such as higher rates of homicide, heart disease, and cancer. These disparities are linked to socioeconomic factors like low income and lack of access to quality healthcare. The author proposes investigating connections between race, economic status, access to healthcare and treatment. A quantitative and qualitative research approach will be used to understand disparities and how socioeconomic status impacts health outcomes in minority communities.
The document discusses how health information technology (HIT) can help decrease healthcare disparities. It provides an overview of HIT, including electronic health records and personal health records. It also discusses barriers to HIT adoption among minority groups. The Affordable Care Act aims to alleviate disparities through expanding access to insurance coverage, especially for minorities. HIT and telemedicine can increase access to care and education for underserved populations by facilitating remote monitoring and management of chronic conditions. Overall, the document examines how implementing HIT and utilizing telemedicine and self-management tools can help address gaps in healthcare faced by racial, ethnic, socioeconomic and other minority groups.
Doctors have socially constructed power due to offering the universally valued service of health and longevity, and their profession being strictly regulated and requiring extensive training, limiting their numbers. What constitutes illness has changed over time and varies between cultures, being a social rather than purely biological construct. Technological advances in medicine have improved disease detection but also raise ethical issues regarding genetic testing and multiple or premature births.
Economic Burden of Alcohol Consumption in the City and County of San Francisc...Tomas J. Aragon
The document summarizes the economic burden of alcohol consumption in San Francisco. It estimates that the total annual city administrative and programmatic costs related to alcohol abuse are $54.8 million. When considering broader economic costs, the total annual costs to San Francisco are estimated to be over $500 million. Excessive drinking is associated with a wide range of negative health outcomes and costs to both individuals and society. Reducing excessive alcohol consumption could help improve health and lower economic burdens.
This document discusses health issues for three age groups: adolescents and young adults (ages 15-24), adults (ages 25-64), and the elderly (ages 65 and over). For adolescents and young adults, risky health behaviors like unintentional injuries, violence, substance abuse and unsafe sex are major causes of mortality and morbidity. Community health strategies aim to address social and cultural influences on behaviors in this age group. Adults experience most chronic diseases associated with unhealthy lifestyles earlier in life. Community efforts focus on prevention, screening and management of conditions like cancer, heart disease and obesity.
Presentation Fam Med Masters Seminar Apr 25 07briefJanet2007
The document discusses the impact of poverty on health. It provides background on poverty and health indicators in Canada, showing that those in poverty experience higher rates of chronic disease, infant mortality, lower life expectancy, and worse mental and physical health overall. It suggests that poverty, through factors like inadequate income for nutrition and housing, is the main determinant of these health inequities. The document proposes ways for health providers to help address poverty, such as by expanding assessments of social/economic barriers patients face and connecting them to resources to improve their situations.
Sociology of health and illness wk 18 gender shi (1)Anthony Lawrence
Gender inequalities exist in health outcomes. Women generally live longer than men but have higher rates of illness. This complex picture is explained by biological, social, and structural factors. Biologically, male and female bodies differ but cannot fully explain changing gaps over time and place. Socially, gender roles shape health behaviors, work, care responsibilities, and medical experiences. Structurally, women often face disadvantage due to unequal power, resources, and the feminization of poverty.
The document discusses several topics related to health including definitions of health, components of health, leading causes of death in the US, health promotion goals, minority health status, alternative medical practices, and health issues across the lifespan. It provides statistics on life expectancy, infant mortality, causes of death for different age groups, and health risks among minority populations. The document also discusses models for analyzing health information and concerns about alternative medical therapies.
Health equity is defined as the absence of unfair and avoidable health disparities between groups. Racial and ethnic healthcare disparities exist and are associated with worse health outcomes. These disparities are caused by deeper social and economic factors known as social determinants of health, such as where people live, work, and play. Achieving health equity requires addressing social inequities and ensuring all groups can attain their highest level of health.
Speaker Presentation from U.S. News Healthcare of Tomorrow leadership summit, Nov. 1-3, 2017 in Washington, DC. Find out more about this forum at www.usnewshot.com.
Transition from allopathic to integrated medical practiceLouis Cady, MD
This is the keynote lecture of the series of three lectures that Dr. Cady presented to the World Link Medical seminar in Salt Lake City, Utah on June 1, 2012.
Michael Samuelson, Keynote,Wellness at Work Conference, June 14, 2010Delaware State Chamber
This document discusses wellness and primary prevention as the keystone to transforming healthcare. It outlines that the current healthcare system focuses more on sickness and disease management rather than prevention. A shift needs to occur towards prioritizing health promotion and preventing disease to lower costs. A five step strategic approach is proposed: 1) Organize the population by risk level, 2) Conduct a corporate health audit, 3) Adjust corporate culture, 4) Implement programs to keep low risk low and move high risk lower, 5) Evaluate, update and maintain programs. The document argues that wellness is not just an individual responsibility but a shared social contract between society and individuals with both rewards and penalties.
Michael Samuelson, Keynote,Wellness at Work Conference, June 14, 2010Delaware State Chamber
This document discusses wellness and primary prevention as the keystone to transforming healthcare. It outlines that the current healthcare system focuses more on sickness and disease management rather than prevention. A shift needs to occur towards prioritizing health promotion and preventing disease. This will help lower costs by compressing morbidity. A social contract is proposed where society provides access to healthcare and supports prevention, while individuals make healthy choices and get recommended screenings. A five step strategic approach is presented for organizations to organize employees by health risk and implement wellness programs.
The document discusses the social aspects of health and illness. It addresses common questions people have when they feel ill, like why they are sick and what can be done. It also discusses consulting others for advice or care, as well as common risk factors for chronic diseases like smoking, poor diet, stress, and more. The document then covers how cultural beliefs can influence explanations for behaviors and health patterns. Overall, it examines how social life and society can impact health outcomes.
Social determinants of health are the conditions where people are born, live, work, and age that impact health outcomes. These conditions include social, economic, and physical factors in environments like schools, workplaces, churches, and neighborhoods. Health is defined by the WHO as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. There are correlations between better health outcomes like lifespan and higher income, literacy rates, and lower unemployment.
This document discusses the challenges of improving population health outcomes for children through children's healthcare services. It argues that the focus needs to shift from caring for individual children with health problems to implementing proactive strategies that improve outcomes across entire populations of children. Programs aimed at populations are more effective when they address key social determinants of health through high-coverage interventions early in life. The document examines differences between individual care and population care, and emphasizes the importance of understanding determinants like poverty, parenting programs, and early childhood development to achieve meaningful improvements in outcomes for all children.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Dr. Efrain Talamantes on culture and resilience in Latino health, past, present, and future. The presentation discusses how cultural strengths can be leveraged to improve health equity for Latinos. It outlines five strategies for making health equity a priority in healthcare organizations: making it a leader-driven priority, developing supportive structures and processes, taking actions to address social determinants of health, confronting institutional racism, and partnering with community organizations. The presentation then explores how personal experiences with language barriers, low income, and lack of resources can build qualities needed in healthcare providers today, like being bilingual and culturally competent.
Biglan et al the critical role of nurturing environments for promoting human ...Dennis Embry
The recent Institute of Medicine report on prevention (National Research Council & Institute of Medicine, 2009) noted the substantial interrelationship among mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and pointed out that, to a great extent, these problems stem from a set of common conditions. However, despite the evidence, current research and practice continue to deal with the prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders as if they are unrelated and each stems from different conditions. This article proposes a framework that could accelerate progress in preventing these problems. Environments that foster successful development and prevent the development of psychological and behavioral problems are usefully characterized as nurturing environments. First, these environments minimize biologically and psychologically toxic events. Second, they teach, promote, and richly reinforce prosocial behavior, including self-regulatory behaviors and all of the skills needed to become productive adult members of society. Third, they monitor and limit opportunities for problem behavior. Fourth, they foster psychological flexibility—the ability to be mindful of one's thoughts and feelings and to act in the service of one's values even when one's thoughts and feelings discourage taking valued action. We review evidence to support this synthesis and describe the kind of public health movement that could increase the prevalence of nurturing environments and thereby contribute to the prevention of most mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. This article is one of three in a special section (see also Muñoz Beardslee, & Leykin, 2012; Yoshikawa, Aber, & Beardslee, 2012) representing an elaboration on a theme for prevention science developed by the 2009 report of the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
HealthcareChapter 191Health Care in .docxpooleavelina
The document discusses healthcare in the US. It covers how healthcare is a profession, bureaucracy and big business. It examines factors that affect health like social epidemiology, demographic factors and lifestyle factors. It discusses perspectives on healthcare like functionalism, conflict theory and symbolic interactionism. It outlines problems with the US healthcare system like inadequate insurance coverage, high costs and its ranking compared to other countries.
From Populations to Patients: The Clinical Relevance of Populational Studies ...Université de Montréal
This document summarizes a presentation on applying social psychiatry principles to clinical practice. It reviews influential population studies on topics like adverse childhood experiences and treatment gaps. It promotes translating this research to redefine health in social terms and integrating services in communities. It provides prescriptions for prevention, including addressing common issues and integrating primary and specialty care. The presentation argues for a social psychiatry approach in clinical teaching, interventions, policy, and advocacy.
From Populations to Patients - Di Nicola - WPA World Congress, Bangkok, Thail...Université de Montréal
V Di Nicola (Invited Panelist),
“From Populations to Patients: The Clinical Relevance of the Social Determinants of Health for Social Psychiatry,”
WPA Interorganizational Symposium WPA, WASP, IFP, RANZCP,
V Di Nicola, M Botbol (Co-Chairs),
D Moussaoui, V Di Nicola, P Udomratn, K Wannasewok, A Bush, A Abu Bakar (Presenters),
22nd World Congress of Psychiatry: “The Need for Empathy and Action,” World Psychiatric Association (WPA), Bangkok, Thailand,
August 3, 2022.
Objectives:
1. To review social psychiatry’s powerful populational studies on psychiatric epidemiology and Social Determinants of Health & Mental Health (SDH/MH)
2. To promote translational research of social psychiatric studies – redefining health in social terms
3. To provide ground-level prescriptions aimed at prevention, promotion, intervention, and adaptation in clinical social psychiatry
Community Wellness Health Medical Essay.docxwrite12
This document discusses social determinants of health and their impact on community wellness. It explains that social factors like income level, neighborhood environment, and access to resources have a significant influence on health outcomes. Only 10-15% of health is due to medical care factors, while social and economic circumstances are stronger determinants. Addressing social determinants like access to healthy food and safe places to exercise is necessary to effectively improve health, especially for chronic conditions like diabetes.
Community Wellness Health Medical Essay.docxwrite31
This document discusses social determinants of health and their impact on community wellness. It explains that social factors like income level, neighborhood environment, and access to resources have a significant influence on health outcomes. Only 10-15% of health is due to medical care factors, while 40% is due to individual behaviors and 30% to social and economic conditions. The document advocates for a holistic, systematic approach that addresses social determinants to improve community health and achieve the goals of better care, lower costs, and healthier populations.
This document discusses several key concepts related to health and illness. It defines health using three main concepts: the medical concept which focuses on the absence of disease; the functional concept which focuses on one's ability to function; and the wellbeing concept which focuses on feeling good. It also discusses models of health promotion, determinants of health, stages of wellness and illness, levels of prevention from primary to tertiary, and outlines some key points of a patient's bill of rights.
This document discusses understanding the perceptions of sex workers regarding sexually transmitted diseases using the Health Belief Model as a theoretical framework. It begins by introducing sexually transmitted diseases and their risks. It then discusses health ontology/epistemology and the perceptions of sex workers. The Health Belief Model is examined, including its key constructs of perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. Finally, it proposes how these constructs can be applied to understand sex workers' perceptions and design health programs to reduce sexually transmitted diseases.
Similar to Addressing Racism as a Threat to the Health and Well-Being of Our Nation (20)
Merrifield Nursery Emergency Gravity Sewer ReplacementFairfax County
During a routine Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) Camera inspection by Wastewater Collection Division (WCD), it was found that 45 linear feet of 8-inch asbestos reinforced concrete pipe (RCP) between MH-292 to MH-291 was within imminent danger of failing. The bottom of the RCP was missing within the 45 linear feet of repair and the pipe was on the verge of surcharging. After an immediate pre-construction meeting with Merrifield Nursery, it was agreed to work from 6pm-10am everyday of the week to avoid disruption and potentially placing patrons at risk during the biggest time of the year for Merrifield Garden Center. The contractor mobilized to the site and began the 20-foot excavation to replace 45 linear feet of broken gravity sewer. The project started on March 14th, 2022 and was substantially complete on March 23, 2022.
The Sully Basins Stormwater Pond Retrofits project was substantially completed on April 19, 2022. The project is located within the Cub Run watershed. The project consisted of repair and enhancement of multiple stormwater basins, 0326DP, 0964DP and 1484DP. The project also included construction of new stone cascades, stone weir basin structures and the construction of wetlands with high and low marsh areas. The project will facilitate improved sediment removal and improve downstream water quality using forebays and micro pools. Aquatic and natural habitat were also added within the three basins.
Clarks Crossing Road Improvements 05-13-22Fairfax County
This document summarizes a pedestrian access improvement project along Clarks Crossing Road in Fairfax County, Virginia. The project improved pedestrian and bicycle access by constructing a missing link of sidewalk between Brookside Lane and an existing sidewalk further along Clarks Crossing Road. Work included installing sidewalk, curb ramps, drainage improvements, and milling and overlaying asphalt. The project was substantially completed in March 2022 and provides approximately 200 feet of new pedestrian access along Clarks Crossing Road.
Tysons West Wastewater Conveyance Systems Modifications Project 05-22.pptxFairfax County
Future wastewater flows in northern Fairfax County exceed existing system capacity
Treatment capacity is available in Noman M. Cole Jr. Pollution Control Plant in Lorton, VA
New pipes and pumps are needed to move future flows to treatment plant
NEXT STEPS
Field investigations / surveys
Finalize alignments and pump station layout
Use of open cut excavation
Use of trenchless methods
Easement acquisition needed
Develop traffic control plans
Description:
The project consists of a new, 23,000 square feet, two-story, four-bay fire station facility and associated improvements to the 3.3-acre site including storm water detention, landscaping and parking. The scope also included the demolition of the existing fire station, and a temporary fire station to house the Fire and Rescue Department during construction of the new facility. The key elements of the overall project include:
Scotts Run at Old Meadow Road Park Phase I and Phase II Stream RestorationFairfax County
Scotts Run @ Old Meadow Road Stream Restoration was substantially completed on March 30, 2022. The Scotts Run project consisted of restoring, enhancement, and stabilizing of approximately 2,930 linear feet of eroding stream using Natural Channel Design criteria. This project included two phases: Phase I was funded by proffers from a private development and Phase II was County funded. Also included was the removal of invasive non-native plants and the installation of new plantings to stabilize the stream and floodplain.
Sully Community Center Construction ProgressFairfax County
This document provides construction progress photos of the Sully Community Center in Fairfax County, Virginia. The photos show the ongoing construction of the building's exterior, interior spaces like the lobby, corridors, multi-purpose rooms, game room, gym, exercise room, and healthcare suite. The document was published by the Fairfax County Department of Public Works and Environmental Services to share updates on the construction of the new community center, which is scheduled to open in summer 2022.
Riverwood Community Meeting - 04-14-2022- Presentation.pptxFairfax County
The new 4-inch ductile iron force main will serve the surrounding community for the foreseeable future. Replacement of the force main will:
Reduce the level and frequency of maintenance required to keep the force main operating.
Prevent costly emergency repairs.
Provide residents with safe, reliable utility infrastructure.
Enhance the quality of life for residents.
Reduce risks to public health and the environment.
Burke Centre VRE Connector Phase IV project was substantially completed on March 7, 2022. This project enhanced the access to mass transit by creating a more direct connection from the VRE Station to the residential areas west of Premier Court. This project also connects the Oak Bluff community to the Virginia Rail Express (VRE) Burke Station and provides a multi-use shared pedestrian and bicycle trail for outdoor recreation.
Long Branch Public Meeting - FINAL - 04-11-2022Fairfax County
Overarching Project Goals:
-Achieve Long Branch Central TMDL waste load reduction requirements.
-Provide long-term stability and have low maintenance.
-Improve water quality within the Long Branch Central Watershed.
-Improve habitat and environmental health (ecological lift).
Objectives: Share our project understanding with the council and seek input on the unique opportunities and housing goals for this site that could help guide
our master planning process.
Rabbit Branch at Collingham Drive Stream Restoration - March 28, 2022.pptxFairfax County
4,800 linear feet of stream will be restored using Natural Channel Design methodologies
Pollutant reduction
1,439 lbs/total phosphorus
3,400 lbs/total nitrogen
462.1 tons of total suspended sediment
Protection of private property and public infrastructure
Increased ecological diversity with native vegetation
DEQ has awarded a SLAF grant to this project for these environmental benefits
LAKE BARTON DREDGING, RESTORATION AND RISER MODIFICATION PROJECT Fairfax County
The Lake Barton Dredging, Restoration, and Riser Modification project was substantially completed on December 29, 2021. The project is located within the Pohick Creek watershed. The project consisted of dredging and removal of approximately 19,100 cubic yards of sediment to restore the sediment trapping capacity and improve water quality. The project also included construction of new sediment forebays, in-lake haul roads, and riser modifications (new mid-level sluice gate and cold-water intake) to facilitate future maintenance, stabilize the shoreline, and improve downstream water quality. Fish habitat was also added within the lake.
Reston Arts Community Center Feasibility - Wrap UpFairfax County
This document summarizes a meeting about a proposed arts center in Reston, Virginia that would result from a proffer from Boston Properties for development of an area known as Block J. The meeting covered the background and objectives of community outreach efforts to understand needs for the arts venue. Feedback was shared from previous focus group meetings on performing arts, visual arts, and other topics. Key spaces discussed included a 500-seat theater, art studios, galleries, and support spaces. Next steps include further programming, cost estimating, and community input before potential design and construction.
Stormwater Wastewater Facility Virtual Community Meeting, March 29, 2022Fairfax County
Benefits of Consolidated Facility
Building and Site Efficiencies
Operational Efficiencies
Addresses Space Deficiencies
Addresses Renovations and Capital Renewal Requirements
for WCD
Provides for a Centrally Located Site that Accommodates Program
Consolidates Integrated Services on One Centrally Located Site
Reston Arts Center Feasibility Study Focus Group - March 28, 2022Fairfax County
This is the 4th of 5 engagement meetings. We are excited to hear from you – your preferences, priorities, questions, hopes, concerns. The information we receive today will be used to inform the space allocations and cost estimating for discussion of the proffer by Fairfax County.
Oak Marr Pump Station Rehabilitation – Construction ProjectFairfax County
Neighborhood was built in the 1980s, and the sewer infrastructure has been in operation since.
Aged pump station equipment – pumps, valves, fans, concrete, etc.
This aging equipment has the potential of causing:
Sanitary Sewer Overflows (SSO)
Sewer back-ups into homes
Environmental damages
Maintenance problems
Tucker Avenue Neighborhood Community Meeting, 03-15-2022Fairfax County
Identify and evaluate house flooding and public safety concerns
Improve drainage conditions to convey 100-year storm if feasible
Reduce and treat stormwater runoff at the source
Improve water quality and stream protection
Use resilient & functional designs
Make improvements compatible with characteristics of neighborhood
Partner with community to develop sound, cost effective solutions that can be collaboratively implemented and maintained
Build on lessons learned to help improve site development process for infill development
Reston Arts Center Feasibility - Focus Group Visual ArtsFairfax County
This document summarizes a focus group meeting to discuss needs and ideas for a proposed new arts center in Reston, Virginia. The meeting covered background on the proposed project, which would result from a development proffer. Attendees provided input through polls and discussion on desired visual arts programming, spaces, and amenities. Key priorities identified included studio space, galleries, classrooms, digital media facilities, and ensuring the center is diverse, equitable and accessible. The project team will take this community feedback into account as they continue planning.
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Recent years have seen a disturbing rise in violence, discrimination, and intolerance against Christian communities in various Islamic countries. This multifaceted challenge, deeply rooted in historical, social, and political animosities, demands urgent attention. Despite the escalating persecution, substantial support from the Western world remains lacking.
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
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La defensa del expresidente Juan Orlando Hernández, declarado culpable por narcotráfico en EE. UU., solicitó este viernes al juez Kevin Castel que imponga una condena mínima de 40 años de prisión.
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Federal Authorities Urge Vigilance Amid Bird Flu Outbreak | The Lifesciences ...The Lifesciences Magazine
Federal authorities have advised the public to remain vigilant but calm in response to the ongoing bird flu outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu.
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Addressing Racism as a Threat to the Health and Well-Being of Our Nation
1. Health begins where we
live, learn, work, and play
Addressing racism as a threat
to the health and well-being
of our nation
Camara Phyllis Jones, MD, MPH, PhD
Social Determinants of Health and Equity
Leadership Challenge
Fairfax, Virginia
September 17, 2012
2. Levels of health intervention
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
15. Addressing the Primary prevention
social determinants of health
Safety net programs and
secondary prevention
Medical care and
tertiary prevention
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
16. But how do disparities arise?
Differences in the quality of care received within the
health care system
Differences in access to health care, including
preventive and curative services
Differences in life opportunities, exposures, and
stresses that result in differences in underlying health
status
Source: Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR (editors). Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care.
Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2002.
Source: Byrd WM, Clayton LA. An American Health Dilemma: Race, Medicine, and Health Care in the United States, 1900-2000.
New York, NY: Routledge, 2002.
Source: Phelan JC, Link BG, Tehranifar P. Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Health Inequalities. J Health Soc Behav
2010;51(S):S28-S40.
24. Differences in
Differences in access to care
exposures and
opportunities
Differences in quality of care
(ambulance slow or goes the wrong way)
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
25. Addressing the
social determinants of equity:
Why are there differences
in resources
along the cliff face?
Why are there differences
in who is found
at different parts of the cliff?
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
26. 3 dimensions of health intervention
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
27. 3 dimensions of health intervention
Health services
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
28. 3 dimensions of health intervention
Health services
Addressing social determinants of health
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
29. 3 dimensions of health intervention
Health services
Addressing social determinants of health
Addressing social determinants of equity
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
30. Determinants of health
Individual
behaviors
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
31. Determinants of health
Social determinants
of health (contexts)
Individual
behaviors
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
32. Determinants of health
Determinants
of health and
illness that are
Social determinants
outside of the of health (contexts)
individual
Individual
Beyond genetic behaviors
predispositions
Beyond individual
behaviors
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
33. Determinants of health
Determinants The contexts in
of health and which
illness that are individual
Social determinants
outside of the of health (contexts) behaviors arise
individual
Individual
Beyond genetic behaviors
predispositions
Beyond individual
behaviors
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
34. Determinants of health
Individual
resources
Education, Social determinants
occupation, of health (contexts)
income, wealth
Individual
behaviors
Source: CSDH. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final Report of the
Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
35. Determinants of health
Individual
resources
Education, Social determinants
occupation, of health (contexts)
income, wealth
Neighborhood
Individual
resources behaviors
Housing, food
choices, public
safety,
transportation,
parks and
recreation,
political clout
Source: CSDH. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final Report of the
Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
36. Determinants of health
Individual Hazards and
resources toxic exposures
Education, Social determinants Pesticides, lead,
occupation, of health (contexts) reservoirs of
income, wealth infection
Neighborhood
Individual
resources behaviors
Housing, food
choices, public
safety,
transportation,
parks and
recreation,
political clout
Source: CSDH. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final Report of the
Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
37. Determinants of health
Individual Hazards and
resources toxic exposures
Education, Social determinants Pesticides, lead,
occupation, of health (contexts) reservoirs of
income, wealth infection
Neighborhood Opportunity
Individual
resources behaviors structures
Housing, food Schools, jobs,
choices, public justice
safety,
transportation,
parks and
recreation,
political clout
Source: CSDH. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final Report of the
Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
38. Determinants of health
Structural determinants of context
Social determinants
of health (contexts)
Individual
behaviors
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
39. Determinants of health
Determine the
range of
observed contexts
Structural determinants of context
Social determinants
of health (contexts)
Individual
behaviors
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
40. Determinants of health
Determine the
range of
observed contexts
Structural determinants of context
Social determinants
of health (contexts)
Individual
behaviors
Determine the
distribution of
different populations
into those contexts
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
41. Determinants of health
Determine the Include economic
range of systems, racism,
observed contexts and other systems
Structural determinants of context of power
Social determinants
of health (contexts)
Individual
behaviors
Determine the
distribution of
different populations
into those contexts
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
42. Determinants of health
Determine the Include economic
range of systems, racism,
observed contexts and other systems
Structural determinants of context of power
Social determinants
of health (contexts)
Individual
behaviors
Determine the The social
distribution of determinants of
different populations equity
into those contexts
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
43. Addressing the social determinants
of HEALTH
Involves the medical care and public health systems,
but clearly extends beyond these
Requires collaboration with multiple sectors outside of
health, including education, housing, labor, justice,
transportation, agriculture, immigration, and
environment
Source: National Prevention Council. National Prevention Strategy. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, Office of the Surgeon General, 2011.
Source: Jones CP, Jones CY, Perry GS, Barclay G. Addressing the Social Determinants of Children’s Health: A Cliff Analogy.
J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009;20(4)Suppl:1-12.
44. Addressing the social determinants
of EQUITY
Involves monitoring for inequities in exposures and
opportunities, as well as for disparities in outcomes
Involves examination of and intervention on the
mechanisms of power
Structures: the who?, what?, when?, and where? of
decision-making
Policies: the written how?
Practices and norms: the unwritten how?
Values: the why?
Source: Jones CP, Jones CY, Perry GS, Barclay G. Addressing the Social Determinants of Children’s Health: A Cliff Analogy.
J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009;20(4)Suppl:1-12.
45. Beyond individual behaviors
Address the social determinants of health,
including poverty, in order to achieve large and
sustained improvements in health outcomes
Address the social determinants of equity,
including racism, in order to achieve social justice and
eliminate health disparities
Source: Jones CP, Jones CY, Perry GS, Barclay G. Addressing the Social Determinants of Children’s Health: A Cliff Analogy.
J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009;20(4)Suppl:1-12.
46. Why racism?
To eliminate racial disparities in health, need examine
fundamental causes
“Race” is only a rough proxy for social class, culture, or genes
“Race” captures the social classification of people in our “race”-
conscious society
Hypothesize racism as a fundamental cause of racial
disparities in health
Source: Jones CP. “Race”, Racism, and the Practice of Epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154(4):299-304.
47. What is racism?
A system
Source: Jones CP. Confronting Institutionalized Racism. Phylon 2003;50(1-2):7-22.
48. What is racism?
A system of structuring opportunity and assigning
value
Source: Jones CP. Confronting Institutionalized Racism. Phylon 2003;50(1-2):7-22.
49. What is racism?
A system of structuring opportunity and assigning
value based on the social interpretation of how we look
(which is what we call “race”)
Source: Jones CP. Confronting Institutionalized Racism. Phylon 2003;50(1-2):7-22.
50. What is racism?
A system of structuring opportunity and assigning
value based on the social interpretation of how we look
(which is what we call “race”), that
Disadvantages some individuals and communities
Source: Jones CP. Confronting Institutionalized Racism. Phylon 2003;50(1-2):7-22.
51. What is racism?
A system of structuring opportunity and assigning
value based on the social interpretation of how we look
(which is what we call “race”), that
Disadvantages some individuals and communities
Advantages other individuals and communities
Source: Jones CP. Confronting Institutionalized Racism. Phylon 2003;50(1-2):7-22.
52. What is racism?
A system of structuring opportunity and assigning
value based on the social interpretation of how we look
(which is what we call “race”), that
Disadvantages some individuals and communities
Advantages other individuals and communities
Saps the strength of the whole society through the waste of
human resources
Source: Jones CP. Confronting Institutionalized Racism. Phylon 2003;50(1-2):7-22.
53. Levels of Racism
Institutionalized
Personally-mediated
Internalized
Source: Jones CP. Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener’s Tale. Am J Public Health 2000;90(8):1212-1215.
54. Institutionalized racism
Differential access to the goods, services, and
opportunities of society, by “race”
Examples
Housing, education, employment, income
Medical facilities
Clean environment
Information, resources, voice
Explains the association between social class and “race”
Source: Jones CP. Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener’s Tale. Am J Public Health 2000;90(8):1212-1215.
55. Personally-mediated racism
Differential assumptions about the abilities, motives,
and intents of others, by “race”
Differential actions based on those assumptions
Prejudice and discrimination
Examples
Police brutality
Physician disrespect
Shopkeeper vigilance
Waiter indifference
Teacher devaluation
Source: Jones CP. Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener’s Tale. Am J Public Health 2000;90(8):1212-1215.
56. Internalized racism
Acceptance by the stigmatized “races” of negative
messages about our own abilities and intrinsic worth
Examples
Self-devaluation
White man’s ice is colder
Resignation, helplessness, hopelessness
Accepting limitations to our full humanity
Source: Jones CP. Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener’s Tale. Am J Public Health 2000;90(8):1212-1215.
57. Levels of Racism: A Gardener’s Tale
Source: Jones CP. Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener’s Tale. Am J Public Health 2000;90(8):1212-1215.
58. Who is the gardener?
Power to decide
Power to act
Control of resources
Dangerous when
Allied with one group
Not concerned with equity
Source: Jones CP. Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener’s Tale. Am J Public Health 2000;90(8):1212-1215.
59. Measuring institutionalized racism
Scan for evidence of “racial” disparities
“Could racism be operating here?”
Routinely monitor opportunities as well as outcomes by “race”
Identify mechanisms
“How is racism operating here?”
Structures: the who?, what?, when?, and where?
of decision-making
Policies: the written how?
Practices and norms: the unwritten how?
Values: the why?
Source: Jones CP. Confronting Institutionalized Racism. Phylon 2003;50(1-2):7-22.
60. “Reactions to Race” module
Six-question optional module on the Behavioral Risk
Factor Surveillance System since 2002
“How do other people usually classify you in this country?”
“How often do you think about your race?”
Perceptions of differential treatment at work or when seeking
health care
Reports of physical symptoms or emotional upset as a result of
“race”-based treatment
61. States using the “Reactions to Race” module
2002 to 2011 BRFSS
Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana,
Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina,
Ohio, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin
62. States using the “Reactions to Race” module
Arkansas 2004
California 2002
Colorado 2004
Connecticut 2010
Delaware 2002 2004 2005
DC 2004
Florida 2002
Georgia 2010
Indiana 2009
Kentucky 2010
Massachusetts 2006 2008
Michigan 2006
Mississippi 2004
Nebraska 2008 2009
New Hampshire 2002
New Mexico 2002
North Carolina 2002
Ohio 2003 2005 2011
Rhode Island 2004 2007 2010
South Carolina 2003 2004
Tennessee 2005
Vermont 2008
Virginia 2008
Washington 2004
Wisconsin 2004 2005 2006
63. States using the “Reactions to Race” module
Arkansas 2004
California 2002
Colorado 2004
Connecticut 2010
Delaware 2002 2004 2005
DC 2004
Florida 2002
Georgia 2010
Indiana 2009
Kentucky 2010
Massachusetts 2006 2008
Michigan 2006
Mississippi 2004
Nebraska 2008 2009
New Hampshire 2002
New Mexico 2002
North Carolina 2002
Ohio 2003 2005 2011
Rhode Island 2004 2007 2010
South Carolina 2003 2004
Tennessee 2005
Vermont 2008
Virginia 2008
Washington 2004
Wisconsin 2004 2005 2006
64. Socially-assigned “race”
How do other people usually classify you in this
country? Would you say:
White
Black or African-American
Hispanic or Latino
Asian
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
American Indian or Alaska Native
Some other group
65. Socially-assigned “race”
On-the-street “race” quickly and routinely assigned
without benefit of queries about self-identification,
ancestry, culture, or genetic endowment
Ad hoc racial classification, an influential basis for
interactions between individuals and institutions for
centuries
Substrate upon which racism operates
Source: Jones CP, Truman BI, Elam-Evans LD, Jones CA, Jones CY, Jiles R, Rumisha SF, Perry GS. Using “socially assigned race”
to probe White advantages in health status. Ethn Dis 2008;18(4):496-504.
66. General health status
Would you say that in general your health is:
Excellent
Very good
Good
Fair
Poor
67. General health status by socially-assigned "race", 2004 BRFSS
100
80
60
percent of respondents
40
20
58.3 43.7 41.2 36.1
0
White Black Hispanic AIAN
Report excellent or very good health
68. General health status by socially-assigned "race", 2004 BRFSS
100
80
60
percent of respondents
40
20
58.3 43.7 41.2 36.1
0
White Black Hispanic AIAN
Report excellent or very good health
69. General health status by socially-assigned "race", 2004 BRFSS
Report fair or poor health
100
13.9 21.5 20.9 22.1
80
60
percent of respondents
40
20
58.3 43.7 41.2 36.1
0
White Black Hispanic AIAN
Report excellent or very good health
70. General health status and “race”
Being perceived as White is associated with better
health
72. Self-identified “race”
Which one or more of the following would you say is
your race?
White
Black or African-American
Asian
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
American Indian or Alaska Native
Other
Which one of these groups would you say best
represents your race?
73. Self-identified “race”/ethnicity
Hispanic
“Yes” to Hispanic/Latino ethnicity question
Any response to race question
White
“No” to Hispanic/Latino ethnicity question
Only one response to race question, “White”
Black
“No” to Hispanic/Latino ethnicity question
Only one response to race question, “Black”
American Indian/Alaska Native
“No” to Hispanic/Latino ethnicity question
Only one response to race question, “AI/AN”
74. Two measures of “race”
How usually classified by others
White Black Hispanic AIAN ...
White
98.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.1
26,373
How self-identify
Black
0.4 96.3 0.8 0.3 2.2
5,246
75. Two measures of “race”
How usually classified by others
White Black Hispanic AIAN ...
White
98.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.1
26,373
How self-identify
Black
0.4 96.3 0.8 0.3 2.2
5,246
Hispanic
26.8 3.5 63.0 1.2 5.5
1,528
76. Two measures of “race”
How usually classified by others
White Black Hispanic AIAN ...
White
98.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.1
26,373
How self-identify
Black
0.4 96.3 0.8 0.3 2.2
5,246
Hispanic
26.8 3.5 63.0 1.2 5.5
1,528
77. General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 2004
100
80
percent of respondents
60
58.6
53.7
39.8
40
20
0
Hispanic-Hispanic Hispanic-White White-White
Report excellent or very good health
78. General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 2004
100
Test of H0: That there is no difference in proportions
reporting excellent or very good health
80
Hispanic-Hispanic versus White-White
p < 0.0001
percent of respondents
60
58.6
39.8
40
20
0
Hispanic-Hispanic White-White
Report excellent or very good health
79. General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 2004
100
Test of H0: That there is no difference in proportions
reporting excellent or very good health
80
Hispanic-Hispanic versus Hispanic-White
p = 0.0019
percent of respondents
60
53.7
39.8
40
20
0
Hispanic-Hispanic Hispanic-White
Report excellent or very good health
80. General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 2004
100
Test of H0: That there is no difference in proportions
reporting excellent or very good health
80
Hispanic-White versus White-White
p = 0.1895
percent of respondents
60
58.6
53.7
40
20
0
Hispanic-White White-White
Report excellent or very good health
81. Two measures of “race”
How usually classified by others
White Black Hispanic AIAN ...
White
98.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.1
26,373
How self-identify
Black
0.4 96.3 0.8 0.3 2.2
5,246
Hispanic
26.8 3.5 63.0 1.2 5.5
1,528
AIAN
47.6 3.4 7.3 35.9 5.8
321
82. Two measures of “race”
How usually classified by others
White Black Hispanic AIAN ...
White
98.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.1
26,373
How self-identify
Black
0.4 96.3 0.8 0.3 2.2
5,246
Hispanic
26.8 3.5 63.0 1.2 5.5
1,528
AIAN
47.6 3.4 7.3 35.9 5.8
321
83. General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 2004
100
80
percent of respondents
60
58.6
52.6
40
32
20
0
AIAN-AIAN AIAN-White White-White
Report excellent or very good health
84. General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 2004
100
Test of H0: That there is no difference in proportions
reporting excellent or very good health
80
AIAN-AIAN versus White-White
p < 0.0001
percent of respondents
60
58.6
40
32
20
0
AIAN-AIAN White-White
Report excellent or very good health
85. General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 2004
100
Test of H0: That there is no difference in proportions
reporting excellent or very good health
80
AIAN-AIAN versus AIAN-White
p = 0.0122
percent of respondents
60
52.6
40
32
20
0
AIAN-AIAN AIAN-White
Report excellent or very good health
86. General health status, by self-identified and socially-assigned "race", 2004
100
Test of H0: That there is no difference in proportions
reporting excellent or very good health
80
AIAN-White versus White-White
p = 0.3070
percent of respondents
60
58.6
52.6
40
20
0
AIAN-White White-White
Report excellent or very good health
87. Two measures of “race”
How usually classified by others
White Black Hispanic AIAN ...
White
98.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.1
26,373
How self-identify
Black
0.4 96.3 0.8 0.3 2.2
5,246
Hispanic
26.8 3.5 63.0 1.2 5.5
1,528
AIAN
47.6 3.4 7.3 35.9 5.8
321
> 1 race
59.5 22.5 3.8 5.3 8.9
406
88. Two measures of “race”
How usually classified by others
White Black Hispanic AIAN ...
White
98.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.1
26,373
How self-identify
Black
0.4 96.3 0.8 0.3 2.2
5,246
Hispanic
26.8 3.5 63.0 1.2 5.5
1,528
AIAN
47.6 3.4 7.3 35.9 5.8
321
> 1 race
59.5 22.5 3.8 5.3 8.9
406
89. General health status and “race”
Being perceived as White is associated with better
health
Even within non-White self-identified “race”/ethnic groups
90. General health status and “race”
Being perceived as White is associated with better
health
Even within non-White self-identified “race”/ethnic groups
Even within the same educational level
91. General health status and “race”
Being perceived as White is associated with better
health
Even within non-White self-identified “race”/ethnic groups
Even within the same educational level
Being perceived as White is associated with higher
education
92. Key questions
Why is socially-assigned “race” associated with self-
rated general health status?
Even within non-White self-identified “race”/ethnic groups
Even within the same educational level
Why is socially-assigned “race” associated with
educational level?
93. Racism
A system of structuring opportunity and assigning
value based on the social interpretation of how we look
(which is what we call “race”), that
Disadvantages some individuals and communities
Advantages other individuals and communities
Saps the strength of the whole society through the waste of
human resources
Source: Jones CP. Confronting Institutionalized Racism. Phylon 2003;50(1-2):7-22.
Source: Jones CP, Truman BI, Elam-Evans LD, Jones CA, Jones CY, Jiles R, Rumisha SF, Perry GS. Using “socially assigned race” to probe
White advantages in health status. Ethn Dis 2008;18(4):496-504.
94. What is [inequity] ?
A system of structuring opportunity and assigning
value based on [fill in the blank]
95. What is [inequity] ?
A system of structuring opportunity and assigning
value based on [fill in the blank], that
Disadvantages some individuals and communities
Advantages other individuals and communities
Saps the strength of the whole society through the waste of
human resources
96. Many possible axes of inequity
“Race”
Gender
Ethnicity
Labor roles and social class markers
Nationality, language, and legal status
Sexual orientation
Disability status
Geography
Religion
These are risk markers
97. ICERD: International Convention on the
Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination
International anti-racism treaty adopted by the UN
General Assembly in 1965
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cerd.htm
US signed in 1966
US ratified in 1994
2nd US report submitted to the UN Committee on the
Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) in 2007
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/docs/AdvanceVersion
/cerd_c_usa6.doc
98. CERD Concluding Observations
14-page document (8 May 2008) available online
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/107361.pdf
Concerns and recommendations
Racial profiling (para 14)
Residential segregation (para 16)
Disproportionate incarceration (para 20)
Differential access to health care (para 32)
Achievement gap in education (para 34)
99. Our goal: To expand the conversation
Health services
100. Our goal: To expand the conversation
Health services
Social determinants
of health
101. Our goal: To expand the conversation
Health services
Social determinants
of health
Social determinants
of equity
Source: Jones CP et al. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2009.
103. Barriers in moving the nation
to care about social justice
A-historical culture
The present as disconnected from the past
Current distribution of advantage/disadvantage as happenstance
Systems and structures as givens and immutable
Narrow focus on the individual
Self-interest narrowly defined
Limited sense of interdependence
Limited sense of collective efficacy
Systems and structures as invisible or irrelevant
“Myth of meritocracy”
Role of hard work
Denial of racism
Two babies: Equal potential or equal opportunity?
104. Moving the nation
Changing opportunity structures
Understand the importance of history
Challenge the narrow focus on the individual
Expose the “myth of meritocracy”
Acknowledge existence of systems and structures
View systems and structures as modifiable
Break down barriers to opportunity
Build bridges to opportunity
Transform consumers to citizens
Intervene on decision-making processes
Valuing all people equally
Break out of bubbles to experience our common humanity
Embrace ALL children as OUR children
105. Unpublished allegories
Dual Reality: A Restaurant Saga
Conveyor Belt: Stages of Anti-racism
Japanese Lanterns: Colored Perceptions
Understanding This Bus We Are On
Bicycles on a Hill: Equal Opportunity?
Bus Seating: The Permanence of Privilege
Bus Survey: Who Counts?
Airplane Seating: Invisible Tether
Source: Jones CP, unpublished allegories developed for course “Race” and Racism, Harvard School of Public Health, 1994 to 2000.
106. Resources
National Partnership for Action to End Health
Disparities
Office of Minority Health, US Department of Health and Human
Services
http://www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov/npa/
National Stakeholder Strategy for Achieving Health Equity
HHS Action Plan to Reduce Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities
Regional Health Equity Councils
http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/npa/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=1&
lvlid=42#1
107. Resources
Healthy People 2020
http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/default.aspx
Overarching goals:
Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease,
disability, injury, and premature death.
Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the
health of all groups.
Create social and physical environments that promote good
health for all.
Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy
behaviors across all life stages.
42 topic areas, including 13 new ones
108. Resources
National Prevention Strategy
National Prevention, Health Promotion, and Public Health Council
http://www.healthcare.gov/prevention/nphpphc
109. Resources
US-Brazil Joint Action Plan to Eliminate Racial and
Ethnic Discrimination and Promote Equality
Five-year bilateral agreement signed in 2008
http://www.state.gov/p/wha/rls/2008/111446.htm
http://www.state.gov/p/wha/rt/social/brazil/index.htm
Areas of focus
Civil society engagement
Economic opportunities and labor
Education
Environmental justice
Health
Justice
110. Resources
CDC Racism and Health Workgroup
rahw@cdc.gov
Communications and Dissemination
Education and Development
Global Matters
Liaison and Partnership
Organizational Excellence
Policy and Legislation
Science and Publications
111. Resources
Race: The Power of an Illusion
California Newsreel
http://www.pbs.org/race
http://newsreel.org/video/RACE-THE-POWER-OF-AN-ILLUSION
RACE – Are We So Different?
American Anthropological Association
http://www.understandingrace.org/home.html
112. Resources
3rd World Conference Against Racism, Racial
Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance
Convened by the United Nations in Durban, South Africa in 2001
http://www.un.org/WCAR/
Durban Declaration and Programme of Action
http://www.un.org/WCAR/durban.pdf
113. Resources
Unnatural Causes: Is Inequality Making Us Sick?
California Newsreel
http://www.unnaturalcauses.org
Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through
action on the social determinants of health
WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health
http://www.who.int/social_determinants/thecommission/finalrep
ort/en/index.html
114. Resources
World Conference on Social Determinants of Health
Convened by the World Health Organization in Rio de Janeiro,
Brasil in 2011
http://www.who.int/sdhconference/en/
Rio Political Declaration on Social Determinants of
Health
http://www.who.int/sdhconference/declaration/en/
115. Resources
International Convention on the Elimination of all
forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)
Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1965
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cerd.htm
Committee to Eliminate Racial Discrimination (CERD)
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/
116. Resources
2007 USA State Department report to the CERD
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/docs/AdvanceVersion
/cerd_c_usa6.doc
2007 NGO shadow reports to the CERD
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/cerds72-ngos-
usa.htm
2008 CERD Concluding Observations to the USA
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/107361.pdf
117. Resources
Report of the Secretary’s Task Force on Black and
Minority Health
Margaret M. Heckler, Secretary
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
http://collections.nlm.nih.gov/ext/heckler/8602912V1/PDF/86029
12V1.pdf
Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic
Disparities in Health Care
Brian D. Smedley, Adrienne Y. Stith, Alan R. Nelson, Editors
Institute of Medicine of the National Academies
http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=030908265X
118. Resources
The Gardener’s Tale podcast
CityMatCH Health Equity and Social Justice Action Group
http://www.citymatch.org/UR_tale.php
International Coalition of Cities Against Racism
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-
sciences/themes/human-rights/fight-against-
discrimination/coalition-of-cities/
120. Policies of interest
Policies allowing segregation of resources and risks
Policies creating inherited group disadvantage
Policies favoring the differential valuation of human
life by “race”
Policies limiting self-determination
Source: Jones CP. Confronting Institutionalized Racism. Phylon 2003;50(1-2):7-22.
121. Policies allowing segregation of
resources and risks
Redlining, municipal zoning, toxic dump siting
Use of local property taxes to fund public education
122. Policies creating inherited group
disadvantage
Lack of social security for children
Estate inheritance
Lack of reparations for historical injustices
123. Policies favoring the differential
valuation of human life by “race”
Curriculum
Media invisibility / hypervisibility
Myth of meritocracy and denial of racism
126. Achieving health equity
“Health equity” is assurance of the conditions for
optimal health for all people
Achieving health equity requires
Valuing all individuals and populations equally
Recognizing and rectifying historical injustices
Providing resources according to need
Health disparities will be eliminated when health
equity is achieved
Source: Jones CP 2010, adapted from the National Partnership for Action to End Health Disparities
127. Our tasks
Put racism on the agenda
Name racism as a force determining the other social determinants
of health
Routinely monitor for differential exposures, opportunities, and
outcomes by “race”
128. Our tasks
Ask , “How is racism operating here?”
Identify mechanisms in structures, policies, practices, norms, and
values
Attend to both what exists and what is lacking
129. Our tasks
Organize and strategize to act
Join in grassroots organizing around the conditions of people’s
lives
Identify the structural factors creating and perpetuating those
conditions
Link with similar efforts across the country and around the world
131. What is racism?
“Racism includes racist ideologies, prejudiced attitudes,
discriminatory behavior, structural arrangements and
institutionalized practices resulting in racial inequality
as well as the fallacious notion that discriminatory
relations between groups are morally and scientifically
justifiable;
“it is reflected in discriminatory provisions in legislation
or regulations and discriminatory practices as well as in
anti-social beliefs and acts;
Source: United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization, 1978.
132. What is racism?
“it hinders the development of its victims, perverts those
who practice it, divides nations internally, impedes
international co-operation and gives rise to political
tensions between peoples;
“it is contrary to the fundamental principles of
international law and, consequently, seriously disturbs
international peace and security.”
Source: United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization, 1978.