This document discusses factors that affect the age of first marriage among female adolescents in Bangladesh. It analyzes data from the 2007 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The study finds that a female's level of education, her husband's education level, region of residence, and employment status significantly impact her age at first marriage. Females in Barisal, Khulna, and Rajshahi divisions are more likely to marry early. The document aims to identify predictors of early marriage in order to inform programs that can help reduce the practice, especially in more high-risk areas. Logistic regression analysis is used to study the independent effects of factors on age at first marriage while controlling for other variables.
Child Marriage and Reproductive Health Outcomes in South AsiaMEASURE Evaluation
This study analyzed data from Demographic and Health Surveys in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan to assess the association between child marriage and reproductive health outcomes. The results showed that child marriage was significantly associated with several negative fertility and fertility control outcomes. Women married in early adolescence (under age 15) generally experienced more negative outcomes than those married in middle adolescence (ages 15-17). These included higher rates of early fertility, unwanted pregnancies, lack of fertility control, and low lifetime fertility control. While informative, the study had some limitations such as possible self-reporting bias and an inability to establish causal relationships with the cross-sectional data.
The document summarizes key information about adolescents and youth in Nepal. It begins by defining adolescence as the transitional period between childhood and adulthood, noting it is a time of rapid physical, physiological, sexual, social and emotional changes. Some key points made include:
- 1/5 of Nepal's population and 1/3 of its total population are adolescents and youth respectively.
- Adolescents and youth face important health issues like menstrual disorders, premarital sex, STIs/HIV, early marriage, malnutrition, substance abuse, and mental health problems.
- Investing in adolescent health ensures benefits to current and future health and development.
A panel discussion on how to stop declining female sex ratioArchana Tandon
The document discusses a panel discussion on declining female sex ratio in India. It provides biographies of four panelists: Dr. Archana Tandon, Dr. Kusum Singhal, Dr. Charu Rawat Mittal, and Dr. Kusumlata Singhal. It outlines their educational qualifications and experience in obstetrics and gynecology. The panelists will discuss major causes of declining female sex ratio such as female feticide and infanticide. They will also contemplate why society does not want female children and how these problems can be addressed.
Child marriage is common in Bangladesh, with around 74% of women married before 18. This violates human rights and harms girls' health, education, and development. While laws have increased the minimum marriage age, poverty and lack of education perpetuate the practice. Interviews with child brides revealed hardships like early pregnancy, domestic abuse, and lack of autonomy. Reducing child marriage requires empowering girls with education, raising awareness of risks, and addressing socioeconomic factors that motivate the practice.
This study examined inter-spousal communication on reproductive health in Tamilnadu and Orissa, India. It found that while many couples discussed family size, over 1/3 in Tamilnadu and over 1/4 in both states did not discuss until after their first or second child. Inter-spousal communication was lowest among tribal populations in Orissa. The study also found that 65% of last pregnancies in Tamilnadu and 43% in Orissa were unplanned, largely due to lack of contraceptive use. Focus groups revealed gaps between family planning knowledge and practice. The data suggests male dominance and low women's status limits inter-spousal communication on reproductive health decisions. Improving communication and promoting
This 8-page document discusses adolescent reproductive health in Bangladesh and Nepal. It provides comparative information on adolescent pregnancy, childbirth, and menstrual regulation practices in both countries. Some key findings are that Bangladesh has higher rates of adolescent motherhood (64.3%) compared to Nepal (17%), and Nepalese adolescents have better knowledge and practices around menstrual hygiene. The document concludes that sexual education and expanded access to contraceptive methods could help improve adolescent reproductive health outcomes in Bangladesh.
The document discusses adolescent reproductive health and national reproductive health programmes in India. It defines reproductive health and discusses its importance. Factors affecting reproductive health include education, employment, family environment, culture, and women's status. Women are most affected by issues like unwanted pregnancy and complications of childbirth. The WHO's reproductive health programme aims to ensure healthy sexual development and fulfillment of reproductive goals. Adolescent reproductive health programmes in India aim to delay sexual debut and age of marriage for girls, and encourage spacing of births. The document also provides recommended dietary allowances and benefits of physical activity for adolescents.
Son preference and fertility behavior evidence from Viet Nam - Project statementHanh To
This project seeks to contribute to the current literature of son preference and sex imbalance in Vietnam and other developing countries by extending the measure of “son preference” to birth interval, number of children and probability of using contraceptive methods.
Child Marriage and Reproductive Health Outcomes in South AsiaMEASURE Evaluation
This study analyzed data from Demographic and Health Surveys in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan to assess the association between child marriage and reproductive health outcomes. The results showed that child marriage was significantly associated with several negative fertility and fertility control outcomes. Women married in early adolescence (under age 15) generally experienced more negative outcomes than those married in middle adolescence (ages 15-17). These included higher rates of early fertility, unwanted pregnancies, lack of fertility control, and low lifetime fertility control. While informative, the study had some limitations such as possible self-reporting bias and an inability to establish causal relationships with the cross-sectional data.
The document summarizes key information about adolescents and youth in Nepal. It begins by defining adolescence as the transitional period between childhood and adulthood, noting it is a time of rapid physical, physiological, sexual, social and emotional changes. Some key points made include:
- 1/5 of Nepal's population and 1/3 of its total population are adolescents and youth respectively.
- Adolescents and youth face important health issues like menstrual disorders, premarital sex, STIs/HIV, early marriage, malnutrition, substance abuse, and mental health problems.
- Investing in adolescent health ensures benefits to current and future health and development.
A panel discussion on how to stop declining female sex ratioArchana Tandon
The document discusses a panel discussion on declining female sex ratio in India. It provides biographies of four panelists: Dr. Archana Tandon, Dr. Kusum Singhal, Dr. Charu Rawat Mittal, and Dr. Kusumlata Singhal. It outlines their educational qualifications and experience in obstetrics and gynecology. The panelists will discuss major causes of declining female sex ratio such as female feticide and infanticide. They will also contemplate why society does not want female children and how these problems can be addressed.
Child marriage is common in Bangladesh, with around 74% of women married before 18. This violates human rights and harms girls' health, education, and development. While laws have increased the minimum marriage age, poverty and lack of education perpetuate the practice. Interviews with child brides revealed hardships like early pregnancy, domestic abuse, and lack of autonomy. Reducing child marriage requires empowering girls with education, raising awareness of risks, and addressing socioeconomic factors that motivate the practice.
This study examined inter-spousal communication on reproductive health in Tamilnadu and Orissa, India. It found that while many couples discussed family size, over 1/3 in Tamilnadu and over 1/4 in both states did not discuss until after their first or second child. Inter-spousal communication was lowest among tribal populations in Orissa. The study also found that 65% of last pregnancies in Tamilnadu and 43% in Orissa were unplanned, largely due to lack of contraceptive use. Focus groups revealed gaps between family planning knowledge and practice. The data suggests male dominance and low women's status limits inter-spousal communication on reproductive health decisions. Improving communication and promoting
This 8-page document discusses adolescent reproductive health in Bangladesh and Nepal. It provides comparative information on adolescent pregnancy, childbirth, and menstrual regulation practices in both countries. Some key findings are that Bangladesh has higher rates of adolescent motherhood (64.3%) compared to Nepal (17%), and Nepalese adolescents have better knowledge and practices around menstrual hygiene. The document concludes that sexual education and expanded access to contraceptive methods could help improve adolescent reproductive health outcomes in Bangladesh.
The document discusses adolescent reproductive health and national reproductive health programmes in India. It defines reproductive health and discusses its importance. Factors affecting reproductive health include education, employment, family environment, culture, and women's status. Women are most affected by issues like unwanted pregnancy and complications of childbirth. The WHO's reproductive health programme aims to ensure healthy sexual development and fulfillment of reproductive goals. Adolescent reproductive health programmes in India aim to delay sexual debut and age of marriage for girls, and encourage spacing of births. The document also provides recommended dietary allowances and benefits of physical activity for adolescents.
Son preference and fertility behavior evidence from Viet Nam - Project statementHanh To
This project seeks to contribute to the current literature of son preference and sex imbalance in Vietnam and other developing countries by extending the measure of “son preference” to birth interval, number of children and probability of using contraceptive methods.
The document provides key findings from Vietnam's 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS). It includes summaries of 10 topics: child mortality, nutrition, child health, water and sanitation, reproductive health, child development, literacy and education, child protection, HIV/AIDS, and access to media/ICT. For each topic, it highlights 2-6 relevant indicators and provides data on national averages as well as breakdowns by region, wealth, and ethnicity. The objective is to disseminate timely findings on Millennium Development Goal and MICS indicators to evaluate Vietnam's progress.
The document discusses reproductive health, defining it as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being related to reproduction. It outlines key issues at different life stages from perinatal to post-menopausal. Statistics on Pakistan show high maternal and infant mortality rates. Ensuring reproductive health requires universal access to services, investing in health systems, and empowering women. Reproductive health issues affect both men and women and must be addressed at all levels of society.
Valentina Restrepo Hernández presented on teenage pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy is defined as pregnancy in adolescent females between early adolescence and late adolescence, which is ages 10 to 19. In the presenter's country, one in six births is to women under 19 years old. There are multiple causes of teenage pregnancy, including lack of information about contraception, lower socioeconomic status, and having a mother who was also a teenage mother. The presenter expresses the opinion that teenage pregnancy is not a mistake but rather a blessing, but that teenagers are not prepared emotionally or financially for parenthood.
In every society in the world, certain level of participation of male in reproductive health exists It depends upon many socio-cultural and value related aspects. In India, situation is different may be because of traditional and cultural aspects. This study is based on empirical field based data, published in Communicator.
The document summarizes key health vulnerabilities and challenges in meeting the health needs of adolescents and youth in India based on a review of the situation. It finds that while laws, policies, and programs recognize the need to address young people's health, vulnerabilities persist. Specifically, it outlines issues related to early marriage and childbearing, limited sexual and reproductive health knowledge, gender-based violence, malnutrition, mental health problems, substance use, and injuries among this age group. It also discusses challenges in providing adolescents and youth with health-promoting information and access to health services and counseling.
This document outlines a research proposal that aims to analyze how public policy affects teen pregnancy and birth rates. The study will use mixed methods, including surveys, focus groups, interviews, and policy analysis. The hypothesis is that policies restricting abortion access, evidence-based sex education, and reproductive healthcare will increase unintended teen pregnancy and births. The study plans to recruit 50 participants and collect data at baseline, during interventions, and after 12 months to evaluate the impact of policy changes on teen attitudes and behaviors. The goal is to provide evidence that certain restrictive policies should be modified to reduce teen pregnancy rates.
Abstract—Adolescents are the future resources for any country to progress and prosper. According to Census 2001, in India, adolescent constitute one-fifth of the total population. Adolescent AGs are one of the important segments of the population for they are the future mother whose nutritional status affects that of the newborn baby. Anemia being a major public health problem among adolescent girls, a study was conducted with the objective to determine the socio-demographic correlates of anemia among girls. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 467 adolescent AGs in Ahmadabad city during May 2011 to august 2012 in Adolescent Friendly Health Services clinics. Results: Prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls was 85.9%. Highest prevalence was observed during mid-adolescence phase. As the age of girls increases, Hemoglobin tends to get on the lower side. A statistically significant association was observed between anemia and nutritional status. No association was observed between anemia and religion, birth order, type of -family, education of parents and occupation of parents. Conclusion: Association between anemia and under-nutrition has been reported earlier in numerous studies; however present study highlights the fact that it is not common to have anemia among girls who are over nourished or obese. Hence, special efforts should be made to address this issue among girls by doing dietary modifications.
Healthy timing and spacing of pregnancy in indonesiasopyanbkkbn
This document discusses healthy timing and spacing of pregnancy (HTSP) in Indonesia. It explains that becoming pregnant too soon after a previous birth increases health risks for both mother and child, such as miscarriage, low birth weight, and infant mortality. In Indonesia, 13% of births are spaced less than two years apart. The document recommends that the interval between live births be at least 24 months to reduce health risks. It also recommends waiting at least six months after a miscarriage or abortion before the next pregnancy, and delaying the first pregnancy until age 18 or older. To better promote HTSP, the document suggests increasing funding for family planning programs.
This document discusses family planning programs and contraceptive use in India, with a focus on the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states. It provides background on the history of family planning efforts in India and defines unmet need. The summary is:
1) Family planning programs in India began in 1952 but shifted focus from individual choice to population control in the 1960s as rapid growth concerned the government.
2) The document analyzes contraceptive use and unmet need among young, currently married rural women in 8 EAG states using data from the 2002-2004 District Level Household Survey.
3) Sterilization is the most commonly used method across the EAG states. Use of spacing and
The effects of adolescent pregnancies on child health are discussed in this paper. In recent decades adolescent pregnancy has become an important health issue in many countries, both developed and developing. According to WHO data in 2010, there are nearly 1, 2 billion adolescents in the world, which consists of 20% of the world population. 85% of these adolescents live in developing countries. A pregnancy in adolescence, which is a period of transmission from childhood to adulthood with physical, psychological and social changes, has been a public health issue having an increasing importance. Individual, cultural, social, traditional or religious factors play a great role in adolescent pregnancies which are among risky pregnancies. In the related studies, it is obviously stated that adolescent pregnancies, compared to adult pregnancies, have a higher prevalence of health risks such as premature delivery, low birth weight newborn, neonatal complications, congenital anomaly, problems in mother-baby bonding and breastfeeding, baby negligence and abuse. As a result, it is clear that adolescent pregnancies have negative effects on the health of children. Both the society and the health professionals have major responsibilities on this subject. Careful prenatal and postnatal monitoring of pregnant adolescents and providing of necessary education and support would have positive effects on both mother and child health. In this review, we have discussed affects of adolescent pregnancy on the health of a baby.
Determinants of Adolescent Fertility in GhanaSamuel Nyarko
1) The study examined determinants of adolescent fertility in Ghana using data from the 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey.
2) Binary logistic regression revealed that adolescent fertility was significantly influenced by the level of education of the female adolescent and her partner, the work status of the female adolescent, and the wealth status.
3) Adolescents with higher education and partners with higher education were less likely to have given birth, while adolescents not working and from poorer households were more likely to have given birth.
Down with low child sex ratio challenges aheadGulrukh Hashmi
The document discusses India's declining child sex ratio and the challenges posed by it. It defines child sex ratio and outlines trends over time and across states, showing a decline nationally from 927 to 914 girls per 1000 boys between 2001-2011. The decline is attributed to son preference, the economic burden of dowry, and sex-selective abortions. Impacts include millions fewer girls and potential issues like violence, trafficking, and social instability. Solutions discussed include promoting girls' education and status, enforcing laws against sex determination and female foeticide, and addressing underlying social and economic factors contributing to son preference.
Determinants of adolescent fertility in GhanaSamuel Nyarko
1. The study examined determinants of adolescent fertility in Ghana using data from the 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey.
2. Binary logistic regression revealed that adolescent fertility was significantly influenced by the level of education of the female adolescent and her partner, the work status of the female adolescent, and the wealth status.
3. Adolescents with higher education levels and partners with higher education levels were less likely to have given birth, while adolescents not working and from poorer households were more likely to have given birth.
This document discusses the relationships between reproductive health, population change, and economic development. It examines evidence that improvements in reproductive health, such as lower fertility and better maternal and child health, can contribute to human capital development and economic returns in three key ways: 1) Healthier women with fewer children invest more in education; 2) Women participate more in labor markets; 3) Better reproductive health increases women's ability to earn and save, helping families escape poverty. The document reviews studies showing pathways and evidence for these connections.
3 a introduction to sexual and reproductive healthDeus Lupenga
The document provides an introduction to sexual and reproductive health. It defines key terms like sexual health, reproductive health, and puberty. It then discusses regional and national trends in the onset of puberty, average age of marriage, and factors affecting the initiation of sexual relations among adolescents. The consequences of early, unprotected sexual activity are outlined. Finally, barriers to adolescents obtaining sexual and reproductive health information and services are described.
Assessment and Analysis of the Overall Situation of Women and Children: Bangl...Premier Publishers
This document provides an overview of the situation of women and children in Bangladesh. It discusses several issues they face such as high maternal mortality, malnutrition, domestic violence, lack of access to healthcare and education, child marriage, and poverty. Several organizations are working to address these challenges. The government and UNICEF are working to increase access to education for girls and provide maternal healthcare. Programs also aim to reduce child marriage and malnutrition. While progress has been made, many women and children in Bangladesh still face significant hardships. More efforts are needed to promote their rights and improve overall living conditions.
Exploring The Relationship Between Re-Entry, Teen Pregnancies & Early Marriag...Nasser Shomo
This document is a study exploring the relationship between Zambia's re-entry policy for pregnant girls, adolescent pregnancies, and early marriages. It finds that while the policy allows girls to return to school after pregnancy, utilization of the policy remains low with less than 40% of girls returning. The study was conducted in Pemba district, Zambia, where World Vision operates, using literature reviews, interviews, and questionnaires. It finds that teenage pregnancies are increasing due to factors related to modernization, while the re-entry policy requires reform and broader implementation beyond the Ministry of Education alone to effectively address the problems of teenage pregnancy and early marriage in Zambia.
The document discusses Ayurvedashram's preconception care program. It aims to improve health outcomes for mothers and babies through biomedical, behavioral and social interventions before conception. The program addresses prevalent risk factors like obesity, smoking, stress and nutrition which can negatively impact fertility and pregnancy. It seeks to fill a gap in evidence-based resources for managing lifestyle factors known to influence conception and child health.
This document provides key health indicators for the state of Madhya Pradesh from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) conducted in 2015-16. Some key findings include:
- Literacy rates and institutional delivery have increased but remain lower in rural areas.
- Child immunization coverage has improved but is still not universal.
- Stunting, wasting and underweight in children under 5 remain major issues, especially in rural areas.
- Unmet need for family planning and modern contraceptive use have declined slightly but are still prevalent.
Adolescent Pregnancy and Maternal Morbidity PSY 625 Bio.docxnettletondevon
Adolescent Pregnancy and Maternal Morbidity
PSY 625: Biological Bases of Behavior
Professor John Cosma
04/01/2018
Adolescent Pregnancy and Maternal Morbidity
Introduction
In the process of migration, the demographic and background characteristics of migrants in Bangladesh play a major role. In this research proposal, it will provide the social demographics of frequency and percent distribution, and economic characteristics of migrants before and after migration in Bangladesh. Background characteristics including age and sex of respondents, family type and size, marital status, and educational attainment of respondents before and after migration are included in social-demographic characteristics. Occupation, income food consumption, and health seeking behaviors are also included in the economic characteristics of Bangladesh.
Background
After marriage, pregnancy is accepted in our country. In many countries, such as Bangladesh, marriage is universal. Typically, in an early marriage there is an early pregnancy. Adolescent marriage can make maternal life troubling in early pregnancy. Early pregnancy can produce maternal and child death. According to the World Health Organization (2012), related to pregnancy and childbirth, approximately 800 women die from preventable causes. Countries such as Bangladesh, 99% of maternal deaths occur. Due to the high rates of early marriage and early pregnancies, countries such as Bangladesh, maternal pregnancy and maternal morbidity is slightly higher than other countries in the world. In Bangladesh, maternal morbidity is increasing due to illnesses and injuries (WHO, 2012). Health practitioners exclaims that adolescent girls are not developed enough to bear a child, which can produce maternal deaths or complications.
Justification
Statement of problem and research issue
In related to childbirth, adolescents' physical development is not fully capable to overcome health complications. For example, a mother who is petite in size and young, is more than likely to deliver a baby that is small, weak, may have possible mental delays, and chances of survival are slim to none. Birth complications, still births, and higher incident rates of low birth weights can happen to children who have adolescent mothers. The percentage of underweight children is about 41.5% of births in Bangladesh. Due to adolescent pregnancy, there is a good number of maternal mortality. According to WHO (2012), women living in Bangladesh, the surrounding rural areas, and poor developing communities, have a higher maternal mortality due to morbidity. It is argued that in young adolescent births, there are higher risks of complications and death than older women who conceive. Maternal mortality is unacceptably high around the world. Around the world, more than 800 women experience death from pregnancy and or child-related birth complications. According to BBS (2007), approximately, 728,000 women died during pregnancy and childbirth and.
An investigation of the relation between life expectancy & socioeconomic vari...Pronoy Roy
This paper explores which socioeconomic variables have the most impact on life expectancy and what necessary steps should be taken to achieve Bangladesh's SDG goals quickly.
The document provides key findings from Vietnam's 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS). It includes summaries of 10 topics: child mortality, nutrition, child health, water and sanitation, reproductive health, child development, literacy and education, child protection, HIV/AIDS, and access to media/ICT. For each topic, it highlights 2-6 relevant indicators and provides data on national averages as well as breakdowns by region, wealth, and ethnicity. The objective is to disseminate timely findings on Millennium Development Goal and MICS indicators to evaluate Vietnam's progress.
The document discusses reproductive health, defining it as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being related to reproduction. It outlines key issues at different life stages from perinatal to post-menopausal. Statistics on Pakistan show high maternal and infant mortality rates. Ensuring reproductive health requires universal access to services, investing in health systems, and empowering women. Reproductive health issues affect both men and women and must be addressed at all levels of society.
Valentina Restrepo Hernández presented on teenage pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy is defined as pregnancy in adolescent females between early adolescence and late adolescence, which is ages 10 to 19. In the presenter's country, one in six births is to women under 19 years old. There are multiple causes of teenage pregnancy, including lack of information about contraception, lower socioeconomic status, and having a mother who was also a teenage mother. The presenter expresses the opinion that teenage pregnancy is not a mistake but rather a blessing, but that teenagers are not prepared emotionally or financially for parenthood.
In every society in the world, certain level of participation of male in reproductive health exists It depends upon many socio-cultural and value related aspects. In India, situation is different may be because of traditional and cultural aspects. This study is based on empirical field based data, published in Communicator.
The document summarizes key health vulnerabilities and challenges in meeting the health needs of adolescents and youth in India based on a review of the situation. It finds that while laws, policies, and programs recognize the need to address young people's health, vulnerabilities persist. Specifically, it outlines issues related to early marriage and childbearing, limited sexual and reproductive health knowledge, gender-based violence, malnutrition, mental health problems, substance use, and injuries among this age group. It also discusses challenges in providing adolescents and youth with health-promoting information and access to health services and counseling.
This document outlines a research proposal that aims to analyze how public policy affects teen pregnancy and birth rates. The study will use mixed methods, including surveys, focus groups, interviews, and policy analysis. The hypothesis is that policies restricting abortion access, evidence-based sex education, and reproductive healthcare will increase unintended teen pregnancy and births. The study plans to recruit 50 participants and collect data at baseline, during interventions, and after 12 months to evaluate the impact of policy changes on teen attitudes and behaviors. The goal is to provide evidence that certain restrictive policies should be modified to reduce teen pregnancy rates.
Abstract—Adolescents are the future resources for any country to progress and prosper. According to Census 2001, in India, adolescent constitute one-fifth of the total population. Adolescent AGs are one of the important segments of the population for they are the future mother whose nutritional status affects that of the newborn baby. Anemia being a major public health problem among adolescent girls, a study was conducted with the objective to determine the socio-demographic correlates of anemia among girls. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 467 adolescent AGs in Ahmadabad city during May 2011 to august 2012 in Adolescent Friendly Health Services clinics. Results: Prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls was 85.9%. Highest prevalence was observed during mid-adolescence phase. As the age of girls increases, Hemoglobin tends to get on the lower side. A statistically significant association was observed between anemia and nutritional status. No association was observed between anemia and religion, birth order, type of -family, education of parents and occupation of parents. Conclusion: Association between anemia and under-nutrition has been reported earlier in numerous studies; however present study highlights the fact that it is not common to have anemia among girls who are over nourished or obese. Hence, special efforts should be made to address this issue among girls by doing dietary modifications.
Healthy timing and spacing of pregnancy in indonesiasopyanbkkbn
This document discusses healthy timing and spacing of pregnancy (HTSP) in Indonesia. It explains that becoming pregnant too soon after a previous birth increases health risks for both mother and child, such as miscarriage, low birth weight, and infant mortality. In Indonesia, 13% of births are spaced less than two years apart. The document recommends that the interval between live births be at least 24 months to reduce health risks. It also recommends waiting at least six months after a miscarriage or abortion before the next pregnancy, and delaying the first pregnancy until age 18 or older. To better promote HTSP, the document suggests increasing funding for family planning programs.
This document discusses family planning programs and contraceptive use in India, with a focus on the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states. It provides background on the history of family planning efforts in India and defines unmet need. The summary is:
1) Family planning programs in India began in 1952 but shifted focus from individual choice to population control in the 1960s as rapid growth concerned the government.
2) The document analyzes contraceptive use and unmet need among young, currently married rural women in 8 EAG states using data from the 2002-2004 District Level Household Survey.
3) Sterilization is the most commonly used method across the EAG states. Use of spacing and
The effects of adolescent pregnancies on child health are discussed in this paper. In recent decades adolescent pregnancy has become an important health issue in many countries, both developed and developing. According to WHO data in 2010, there are nearly 1, 2 billion adolescents in the world, which consists of 20% of the world population. 85% of these adolescents live in developing countries. A pregnancy in adolescence, which is a period of transmission from childhood to adulthood with physical, psychological and social changes, has been a public health issue having an increasing importance. Individual, cultural, social, traditional or religious factors play a great role in adolescent pregnancies which are among risky pregnancies. In the related studies, it is obviously stated that adolescent pregnancies, compared to adult pregnancies, have a higher prevalence of health risks such as premature delivery, low birth weight newborn, neonatal complications, congenital anomaly, problems in mother-baby bonding and breastfeeding, baby negligence and abuse. As a result, it is clear that adolescent pregnancies have negative effects on the health of children. Both the society and the health professionals have major responsibilities on this subject. Careful prenatal and postnatal monitoring of pregnant adolescents and providing of necessary education and support would have positive effects on both mother and child health. In this review, we have discussed affects of adolescent pregnancy on the health of a baby.
Determinants of Adolescent Fertility in GhanaSamuel Nyarko
1) The study examined determinants of adolescent fertility in Ghana using data from the 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey.
2) Binary logistic regression revealed that adolescent fertility was significantly influenced by the level of education of the female adolescent and her partner, the work status of the female adolescent, and the wealth status.
3) Adolescents with higher education and partners with higher education were less likely to have given birth, while adolescents not working and from poorer households were more likely to have given birth.
Down with low child sex ratio challenges aheadGulrukh Hashmi
The document discusses India's declining child sex ratio and the challenges posed by it. It defines child sex ratio and outlines trends over time and across states, showing a decline nationally from 927 to 914 girls per 1000 boys between 2001-2011. The decline is attributed to son preference, the economic burden of dowry, and sex-selective abortions. Impacts include millions fewer girls and potential issues like violence, trafficking, and social instability. Solutions discussed include promoting girls' education and status, enforcing laws against sex determination and female foeticide, and addressing underlying social and economic factors contributing to son preference.
Determinants of adolescent fertility in GhanaSamuel Nyarko
1. The study examined determinants of adolescent fertility in Ghana using data from the 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey.
2. Binary logistic regression revealed that adolescent fertility was significantly influenced by the level of education of the female adolescent and her partner, the work status of the female adolescent, and the wealth status.
3. Adolescents with higher education levels and partners with higher education levels were less likely to have given birth, while adolescents not working and from poorer households were more likely to have given birth.
This document discusses the relationships between reproductive health, population change, and economic development. It examines evidence that improvements in reproductive health, such as lower fertility and better maternal and child health, can contribute to human capital development and economic returns in three key ways: 1) Healthier women with fewer children invest more in education; 2) Women participate more in labor markets; 3) Better reproductive health increases women's ability to earn and save, helping families escape poverty. The document reviews studies showing pathways and evidence for these connections.
3 a introduction to sexual and reproductive healthDeus Lupenga
The document provides an introduction to sexual and reproductive health. It defines key terms like sexual health, reproductive health, and puberty. It then discusses regional and national trends in the onset of puberty, average age of marriage, and factors affecting the initiation of sexual relations among adolescents. The consequences of early, unprotected sexual activity are outlined. Finally, barriers to adolescents obtaining sexual and reproductive health information and services are described.
Assessment and Analysis of the Overall Situation of Women and Children: Bangl...Premier Publishers
This document provides an overview of the situation of women and children in Bangladesh. It discusses several issues they face such as high maternal mortality, malnutrition, domestic violence, lack of access to healthcare and education, child marriage, and poverty. Several organizations are working to address these challenges. The government and UNICEF are working to increase access to education for girls and provide maternal healthcare. Programs also aim to reduce child marriage and malnutrition. While progress has been made, many women and children in Bangladesh still face significant hardships. More efforts are needed to promote their rights and improve overall living conditions.
Exploring The Relationship Between Re-Entry, Teen Pregnancies & Early Marriag...Nasser Shomo
This document is a study exploring the relationship between Zambia's re-entry policy for pregnant girls, adolescent pregnancies, and early marriages. It finds that while the policy allows girls to return to school after pregnancy, utilization of the policy remains low with less than 40% of girls returning. The study was conducted in Pemba district, Zambia, where World Vision operates, using literature reviews, interviews, and questionnaires. It finds that teenage pregnancies are increasing due to factors related to modernization, while the re-entry policy requires reform and broader implementation beyond the Ministry of Education alone to effectively address the problems of teenage pregnancy and early marriage in Zambia.
The document discusses Ayurvedashram's preconception care program. It aims to improve health outcomes for mothers and babies through biomedical, behavioral and social interventions before conception. The program addresses prevalent risk factors like obesity, smoking, stress and nutrition which can negatively impact fertility and pregnancy. It seeks to fill a gap in evidence-based resources for managing lifestyle factors known to influence conception and child health.
This document provides key health indicators for the state of Madhya Pradesh from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) conducted in 2015-16. Some key findings include:
- Literacy rates and institutional delivery have increased but remain lower in rural areas.
- Child immunization coverage has improved but is still not universal.
- Stunting, wasting and underweight in children under 5 remain major issues, especially in rural areas.
- Unmet need for family planning and modern contraceptive use have declined slightly but are still prevalent.
Adolescent Pregnancy and Maternal Morbidity PSY 625 Bio.docxnettletondevon
Adolescent Pregnancy and Maternal Morbidity
PSY 625: Biological Bases of Behavior
Professor John Cosma
04/01/2018
Adolescent Pregnancy and Maternal Morbidity
Introduction
In the process of migration, the demographic and background characteristics of migrants in Bangladesh play a major role. In this research proposal, it will provide the social demographics of frequency and percent distribution, and economic characteristics of migrants before and after migration in Bangladesh. Background characteristics including age and sex of respondents, family type and size, marital status, and educational attainment of respondents before and after migration are included in social-demographic characteristics. Occupation, income food consumption, and health seeking behaviors are also included in the economic characteristics of Bangladesh.
Background
After marriage, pregnancy is accepted in our country. In many countries, such as Bangladesh, marriage is universal. Typically, in an early marriage there is an early pregnancy. Adolescent marriage can make maternal life troubling in early pregnancy. Early pregnancy can produce maternal and child death. According to the World Health Organization (2012), related to pregnancy and childbirth, approximately 800 women die from preventable causes. Countries such as Bangladesh, 99% of maternal deaths occur. Due to the high rates of early marriage and early pregnancies, countries such as Bangladesh, maternal pregnancy and maternal morbidity is slightly higher than other countries in the world. In Bangladesh, maternal morbidity is increasing due to illnesses and injuries (WHO, 2012). Health practitioners exclaims that adolescent girls are not developed enough to bear a child, which can produce maternal deaths or complications.
Justification
Statement of problem and research issue
In related to childbirth, adolescents' physical development is not fully capable to overcome health complications. For example, a mother who is petite in size and young, is more than likely to deliver a baby that is small, weak, may have possible mental delays, and chances of survival are slim to none. Birth complications, still births, and higher incident rates of low birth weights can happen to children who have adolescent mothers. The percentage of underweight children is about 41.5% of births in Bangladesh. Due to adolescent pregnancy, there is a good number of maternal mortality. According to WHO (2012), women living in Bangladesh, the surrounding rural areas, and poor developing communities, have a higher maternal mortality due to morbidity. It is argued that in young adolescent births, there are higher risks of complications and death than older women who conceive. Maternal mortality is unacceptably high around the world. Around the world, more than 800 women experience death from pregnancy and or child-related birth complications. According to BBS (2007), approximately, 728,000 women died during pregnancy and childbirth and.
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Over the past two decades, there has been increasing recognition that runaway and homeless youth (RHY) constitute a vulnerable population that faces a multitude of problems while away from home and, often, difficulties of equal magnitude in the homes they have left. Many of these youth are thought to have been victimized by sexual abuse and to have left home as a means of escaping abusive families. Although risky behaviors are now well documented, relatively little is known about the scope and prevalence of sexual abuse among the families of origin of RHY, the extent to which such abuse may exceed that of comparable youth in the general population, and the role that sexual abuse plays in the youth‘s decision to leave home. The overall purpose of the study was to begin to delineate the scope of the problem, to stimulate further discussion, and to make recommendations concerning research and policy. This report presents the results of each of these initiatives, synthesizes findings, and presents recommendations. The directed study aims to look into the issues related to sexual abuse in adolescents and recommend remedial and preventive measures.
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Factors affecting an age at first marriage among female adolescents in bangladesh
1. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2013
131
Factors Affecting an Age at First Marriage among Female
Adolescents in Bangladesh
Abdul Hamid Chowdhury, Mohammad Nazmul Hoq, Mohammad Emdad Hossain ,
Md. Musa Khan
Department of Business Administration, International Islamic University Chittagong, Bangladesh
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to study the factors associated with age at first marriage among female adolescents
utilizing the nationally representative survey data of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS),
2007. Logistic regression analyses have been used to study the factors affecting on age at first marriage in
Bangladesh. Respondent’s educations, husband’s education, region and working status of respondents are found
to have significant effect on age at first marriage. Findings need to be scientifically utilized in developing
suitable programs addressing the case of early marriage, particularly in Barisal, Khulna and Rajshahi.
Keywords: Adolescence, Age at first marriage, Contingency table, Odds ratio.
1. Introduction
Bangladesh has one of the world’s highest rates of early marriage. According to (UNICEF's flagship report,
2011) figures, 66 percent of Bangladeshi girls are married before the age of 18 and approximately a third of
women were married by the age of 15 although the legal age at first marriage for females in Bangladesh is 18
years. It is generally believed that rural tradition fosters early marriage, while urbanization and other forces of
modernization lead to marriage postponement. In recent decades, there has been a general rise in the average age
at first marriage in Asia, though the initial age levels and rate of change have varied considerably from country
to country. Early marriage which is also referred to as child marriage is common all over the globe and has
inflicted dangerous and devastating effects on young children (especially females) who are completed to tie the
knot in most cases. While the age at marriage is generally on the rise, early marriage of children and adolescents
below the age of 18 is still widely practiced (UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Innocenti Digestno. 7, 2001).
Early marriage of female children is rampant in Bangladesh, especially in slum areas, where there is a noticeable
lack of back infrastructure, services and basic shelter. Those areas are characterized by substandard housing and
squalor and lacking in tenure security. For female, the problem of early marriage is acute not only in slum areas
but throughout the country as well. State’s legal provision on minimum age at first marriage in Bangladesh
generally is 18 years for female to access in marriage relationship. The average age at first marriage for female
in Bangladesh is 18.7 years (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, BBS, 2009).
Early marriage is more frequent for female than their male counterparts. In rural Bangladesh there are many
social pressures to marry of pubescent girls (Aziz & Maloney, 1985). If the marriage of a pubescent girl is
delayed, her parents and sometimes the girl herself are made to feel guilty. Similar scenario is more common in
slum areas. Poverty is one of the major factors under pining early marriages. Where poverty is acute, a young
girl may be regarded as an economic burden and parents looking for early marriage of their daughters as an
alternative way of reducing the burden. Bangladesh is a developing country where industrialization starts to
begin in the recent year and industrialization leads to the urbanization. The growth of cities has been always
accompanied with the growth of slums, where a huge number of people live. Deteriorating socio-economic
conditions of slum dwellers is a major cause of unstable and fragile life of the women living there. Early
marriage also has implications for the well-being of families, and for society as a whole. It extends a women’s
potential childbearing capacity, which itself represents a risk to mother (Arjun, Ayad, & Kumar, 1991). Late
marriage always cut the reproductive span of a woman and marriage at an earlier age gives more time to produce
birth throughout her reproductive life span. Under these circumstances, early marriage may bring some physical
and mental complexities to the mothers. Progress made by Bangladesh regarding this issue, especially those
factors that are related to early marriage and early conception has extremely. However, no systematic effort to
slump down rate has been strongly undertaken by civil society organizations (CSOs) and public or private
organizations as well. Thus, this study is making a humble effort to make an assessment regarding early
marriage, so that, it can have a clear image of the current situation of the regarding matters in adolescent women
marriage in Bangladesh.
2. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2013
132
2. Objectives of the study
In this study, an attempt has been made to examine the predictors of age at first marriage in Bangladesh. There
are many factors that influencing on age at first marriage. Thus, a greater attention has to be paid to find out the
factors that are influencing on early marriage and ultimately the growth of population. However, the specific
objectives of this research are:
i. To find the percentage of age at first marriage of adolescent women by various socio-economic variables;
ii. To determine whether age at first marriage vary among adolescent women of Bangladesh by selected socio-
economic and demographic characteristics and
iii. To examine the effects of available socio-demographic factors on age at first marriage.
3. Data and Methodology
This study uses data extracted from the report of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (National
Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), 2009). The survey was conducted between 24 March
and 11 August 2007, on behalf of the Government of Bangladesh by National Institute for Population Research
and Training (NIPORT). The project was funded by the United States Agency for International Development
(USAID)/Dhaka. The sampling frame for the survey considered all households in Bangladesh from which a
nationally representative sample of 10,819 households was selected; 10,461 were occupied. Of the households
occupied, (10400) 99.40 percent were successfully interviewed. In these households, a total of 11,178 ever-
married females aged less than 50 years were identified as suitable for individual interview. Of them, 10996
females (or 98.4%) were successfully interviewed.
Among the 10996 ever-married females, the numbers of urban and rural respondents were 4151 (37.75%) and
6845 (62.25%), respectively. The sample had been taken 5 years prior to BDHS-2007 survey (National Institute
of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), 2009). Out of 10996 ever-married females, 1348 (12.26%) were
found at age under 20, known as adolescents. The associations between age at first marriage and selected
explanatory variables have been tested by applying cross-tabulation analysis. The cross-tabulation analysis was
important at first step for studying the relationship of age at first marriage with several characteristics. However,
such analysis fails to address age at first marriage predictors completely because of ignoring other covariates.
Hence, Logistic regression analysis has also been adopted in order to estimate independent effects of each
variable while controlled for others. This analysis has considered all the covariates that have found significant in
cross-tabulation analysis.
3.1 Linear logistic regression model
For a single variable, the logistic regression model is of the form,
Prob (event) =
x
e
x
e
101
10
ββ
ββ
+
+
+
Or, equivalently, Prob (event) =
)10(-
e1
1
xββ +
+
Where β0 and β1 are the regression coefficients estimated from the data and X is the independent variable.
For more than one variable, the model is
3. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2013
133
Prob (event) =
PxPβ........1x1β0β
e1
PxPβ........1x1β0β
e
+++
+
+++
=
ze
ze
+1
=
ze−+1
1
Where, z = β0 +β1 X1 +β2 X2 +………+βP XP
In this model, the parameters are estimated by the maximum likelihood method. Here the probability lies
between 0 and 1 while the relationship between the probability and the independent variables is non-linear. The
regression coefficients imply that how much change of dependent variable by a one-unit change of independent
variables. A statistic that is used to take at the partial correlation between the dependent variable and each of the
independent variables is the R statistic. The independent variables are fitted to the logistic model at a time by
stepwise selection procedure. The process continues to add new variable to the regression equation at each step
until the regression is satisfactory. The list of dependent variable and independent variables is shown by the
Table 1.
4. Analysis and Discussion
Percentage and Cross tabulation of adolescent respondents’ age at first marriage by different characteristics are
presented by Table 2. The dependent variable, age at first marriage is categorized into two classes i.e. one is,
before and at median age at first marriage (15 years) and another one is above 15 years. We use χ2 test for the
independency of attributes. From the Table-2, it is seen that all of the independent variable except religion come
out significant at bi-variate level. Table 2 reveals that respondent’s education has a strong significant relationship
with age at first marriage. Adolescent respondents who have no formal education married early. The data show
that higher educated respondents have tendency to marry later than that of primary educated adolescent
respondents. 43.8 percent higher educated adolescent respondents married after median age following by 25.8
and 25.2 percent of primary and illiterate respondents. Early marriage has highest proportion in Rajshahi division
among divisions, i.e. before or at median age 72.0 percent adolescent respondents married and the next higher
proportion is in khulna division (71.3 percent). Barisal (66.3 percent), Dhaka (61.6 percent), Chittagong (55.1
percent) and Sylhet (53.2 percent) are the successive descending order of proportions of marriage before or at
median age. This regional differentiation is observed because of industrialization, urbanization and education. It
is noticed from the table that the respondents who live in rural area have tendency to marry early than urban
respondents. 66.1 percent rural respondents married before or at median age with compare to 58.3 urban
respondents. Chi-square test at 0.1 percent level of significance shows that there is a strongly positive association
between place of residence and age at first marriage.
From the Table 2, we can expatiate on the occupation of husbands, which has significant effect on female
adolescents’ age at first marriage. Husband who has better occupation usually marry a woman who is conscious
about her life. The data reveals that 45.9 percent respondents whose husbands are in service married after median
age followed by business (45.7 percent), others (32.4 percent) and agriculture (30.2 percent). Husband’s
education is not as strong as women’s education but has significant association on respondent’s age at first
marriage. The respondents whose husbands are illiterate, 75.9 percent married on or before median age first
marriage than the respondents whose husbands have primary (70.4 percent) and higher (50.9 percent) level of
education. Because educated husbands are likely to marry educated females. Respondents’ currently working
status has also significant effect on age at first marriage. Table 2 shows that the respondents who are not
currently working married early than respondents who are working. 73.9 percent adolescent women who are not
currently working married before or at median age while 61.7 percent adolescent women who are currently
working married at the same interval. Access to mass media has highly significant effect on age at first marriage.
The reason is that the respondents who are come from rich family marry later age as compare to other status
family. The rich respondent get all the privilege from society like as education, access to mass media and other
facilities which directly affect age at first marriage. In this study, 54.2 percent rich adolescent women married
before or at median age while the percentages of other status are middle (67.5 percent) and poor (38.6 percent) in
the same interval.
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Logistic regression model is fitted (Table 3) to the data to examine the effect of those independent variables
which are found significant in χ2 test. Table-3 gives the estimates of the logistic regression coefficients (β)
corresponding to the independent variables and relative odds for each categorical variable. Respondent’s
education is found to be statistically significant on age at first marriage. The odds ratio for the respondents who
have secondary and higher education is 1.899. This implies that the likelihood of getting married after 15 years
of adolescent women with secondary and higher education is 1.899 times higher than that of getting married
below or at 15 years of illiterate adolescent women. The analysis further shows that region has a strong
significant effect on age at first marriage. The odds ratio for the Chittagong and Sylhet are 1.686 and 2.438
respectively. It implies that the respondents who lived in Chittagong division are 1.686 times more likely to
marry at later ages as compared to the respondents who lived in Barisal division. Moreover, the respondents who
lived in Sylhet division are 2.438 times more likely to marry after age 15 years as compared to the respondents
who lived in Barisal division. Husband education is found to have a highly significant influence on age at first
marriage of respondents. The odds ratio for the husbands who have secondary and higher education indicates
that they are 2.116 times more likely to marry after 15 years than the respondents whose husbands have no
formal education. It is also observed from the table that occupation of respondent has statistically significant
effect on age at first marriage. Regression coefficient indicates that there is a positive relationship between
working women and age at first marriage. The odds ratio for working women indicates that they are 1.453 times
more likely to marry at later ages with compare to those who are not in working.
5. Conclusion
This study investigates the predictors of age at first marriage in Bangladesh among female adolescents. It has
used the national representative data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (National Institute
of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), 2009). Both cross-tabulation and Logistic regression analysis
techniques have been applied to identify the important predictors of age at first marriage. Since age at first
marriage is one of the important proximate determinants of population size, the present study also analyzed the
age at first marriage by teenage females. Patterns of marriage show that about 63.7 percent respondents were
married up to age 15 years. The median age at first marriage is found to be 15 years, which is 3 years less than
legal age at first marriage of females in Bangladesh. The result suggests that early marriage among females is a
multidimensional phenomenon. Logistic regression analysis exhibits that explanatory variables such as
respondent’s education, husband’s education, region and respondents working status are important in explaining
differentials of age at marriage of the Bangladeshi adolescents. Of all the variables, respondent’s education and
husband’s education makes by far the strongest contribution to the variability in age at first marriage of the
adolescents. The findings of the present study have clear policy implications. To increase age at first marriage
and to check the growth rate of population, highest importance should be attached to education of the
respondents. If literacy rate can be increased it would develop a sense of national awareness and wide outlook
among them.
Hence, all-out efforts should be taken to weed out female’s illiteracy. Initiatives must also be taken to ensure at
least secondary education level among girls. In this context, possibility of free education for females up to
secondary level can be justified, which will accelerate the females towards higher ages at first marriage.
Husband’s level of education has impact on age at first marriage. Hence, it can be suggested that male’s
education must be improved which will help to reduce childhood marriage. Women who are currently working
are more aware of their marriage. For this reason, the Government should come forward to create job
opportunities for women. Geographical region of residence is found to be a significant predictor of age at first
marriage. Therefore, economic disparity should be reduced and uniform distribution of national income must be
ensured across the country. If the aforementioned recommendations can be implemented properly, the age of
first marriage of adolescent women will be increased at expected level and accordingly the rate of infant and
maternal mortality can be reduced, which occur due to conception in early age.
References
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UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Innocenti Digestno. 7, 2001. Early and forced marriage DIGEST, Italy:
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VandenHeuvel, A. & McDonald, P., 1994. Marriage and divorce. Beginning Population Studies, In Lucas D,
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First Author: Dr. Abdul Hamid Chowdhury, Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration,
International Islamic University Chittagong, Bangladesh, ahamidc@gmail.com},
Second Author: Mohammad Nazmul Hoq, Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, International
Islamic University Chittagong, Bangladesh ronyfirst@yahoo.com
Third Author: Mohammad Emdad Hossain, Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration,
International Islamic University Chittagong, Bangladesh, mehapstat@gmail.com
Fourth Author: Md. Musa Khan, Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, International
Islamic University Chittagong, Bangladesh, musa_stat@yahoo.com
Field of Research: Demography
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Table 1: The list of dependent variable and independent variables
Dependent variable Age at first marriage less than or equal to 15 years is “0”
Otherwise (above age 15 years ) “1”
Independent Variables Categories
Respondent Education 0 = Illiterate
1 = Primary literate
2 = Secondary and higher
Religion 0= Muslim
1= Non-Muslim
Region 0= Barisal
1= Chittagong
2= Dhaka
3=Khulna
4= Rajshahi
5= Sylhet
Husband’s occupation 0= Agriculture
1= Business
2= Service
3= Others
Type of place of residence 0= Rural
1= Urban
Husband’s education 0= Illiterate
1= Primary literate
2= Secondary and higher
Access to mass media 0= no access
1= have access
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Socio-economic status 0= Poor
1= Middle
2= Rich
Working status 0 = Not working
1 = Working
Table 2: Percentage and Cross tabulation of adolescent respondents’ age at first marriage by different
characteristics
Background Characteristics
Age at first marriage
at median age
Chi-square Significance Level
≤15 years >15 years
Respondent’s education
Illiterate
Primary literate
Secondary and higher
74.8
74.2
56.8
25.2
25.8
43.2
43.069 0.000
Religion
Muslim
Non-Muslim
64.2
57.7
35.8
42.3
1.623 0.123
Region
Barisal
Chittagong
Dhaka
Khulna
Rajshahi
Sylhet
66.3
55.1
61.6
71.3
72.0
53.2
33.7
44.9
38.4
28.7
28.0
46.8
29.904 0.000
Type of place of residence
Rural 66.1 33.9 7.519 0.006
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Background Characteristics
Age at first marriage
at median age
Chi-square Significance Level
≤15 years >15 years
Urban 58.3 41.7
Husband’s occupation
Agriculture
Business
Service
Others
69.8
54.3
54.1
67.6
30.2
45.7
45.9
32.4
25.892 0.000
Husband’s education
Illiterate
Primary literate
Secondary and higher
75.9
70.4
50.9
24.1
29.6
49.1
70.721 0.000
Access to mass media
No access
Have access
72.3
60.2
27.7
39.8
17.491 0.000
Socio-economic status
Poor
Middle
Rich
72.2
67.5
54.2
27.8
32.5
45.8
38.875 0.000
Respondent currently working
No
Yes
73.9
61.7
26.1
38.3
11.844 0.001
Total 63.7(859) 36.3(489)
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Table 3: Logistic regression estimates of age at first marriage by different characteristics
Factors Coefficient (ββββ) Odds ratio[exp(ββββ)]
Respondent’s education
Illiterate(RC)
Primary literate
Secondary and higher
-
0.109
0.641***
-
1.115
1.899
Region
Barisal(RC)
Chittagong
Dhaka
Khulna
Rajshahi
Sylhet
-
0523**
0.256
-0.233
-0.269
0.891***
-
1.686
1.291
0.792
0.764
2.438
Type of place of residence
Rural(RC)
Urban
-
0.112
-
1.119
Husband’s occupation
Agriculture(RC)
Business
Service
Others
-
0.094
0.260
-0.105
-
1.099
1.297
0.900
Husband’s education
Illiterate(RC)
Primary literate
Secondary and higher
-
0.113
0.750***
-
1.120
2.116
Access to mass media
No access(RC)
Have access
-
0.221
-
1.247
Socio-economic status
Poor(RC)
Middle
Rich
-
-0.116
0.077
-
0.890
1.080
Respondent currently working
No(RC)
Yes
-
0.374**
-
1.453
Constant -2.068*** 0.126
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