Facade Design Presentation for Students and Fresher

Facade
❖ A facade is the exterior wall or face of a building, and
it usually involves design elements like deliberate
placement of windows or doors.
❖ Depending on architectural style, these elements
have a certain order to them.
❖ While the word ''facade'' can signify any external wall
of a building with a design element, it often refers to
the front wall with an entrance.
❖ Often, the front facade has more elaborate or special
architectural treatment than the rest of the structure.
❖ A facade can be imposing, decorative, or rather
simple
Preapred and complied by - Vinay Srivastava

5 Things to Consider When Designing a High-Performance Façade
Impact on
Daylight
and Views
Energy
Use
Comfort
Acoustic
comfort
Embodied
Carbon

❖ Passive solar design techniques
❖ Weathertight detailing
❖ Thermal insulation levels
❖ Natural daylighting and shading
❖ Natural ventilation
❖ External noise control
In response to the particular aspects of the site, provide an
appropriate design and specification for the following
aspects:
Passive Solar Design
The design of a building that utilizes natural heat
and light effectively to minimize energy use. This
may influence the choice of building orientation,
materials, and glazing, to enable the sun to heat,
cool and potentially provide hot water for
occupants.
Such an approach can radically reduce energy use,
and associated heating costs, and is a key part of a
sustainable design ethos.
Design Aspects

Durability
Providing durable, low
maintenance
materials.
When designing for weather tightness considers the ‘four D’s
Deflection
Keeping the
water away from
any entry points.
Drainage
Removing any
water that does
enter.
Drying
Allowing any remaining
moisture to be removed
by ventilation or
diffusion.
Ensure a weathertight
envelope and consider using
cavity wall construction, even
when not required by the
Building Code, to reduce risk
of water damage over the
longer term.
The success of the
building envelope
depends upon selection
of appropriate materials
and components, and
how these are brought
together.

Ensure that the position and attachment details of building
fixtures are considered in the early design stages.
❖ Gas Pipe Lines
❖ Electrical Cables
❖ Dish/Data Cable
❖ Façade Lightings
❖ Automation integration
❖ Lightning arrestor
❖ Earthing.
Incorporating
equipment/feature that is
shared by all occupants will
avoid duplication of
equipment/feature by
individual occupants.
❖ Signage's
❖ Display boards
❖ CCTV Camera
❖ Sensors
❖ Windows & Doors
❖ Interior finishes.
❖ Bird’s Friendly

Cost dependency -
❖ Floor to Floor Height
❖ Glass sizes and optimization
❖ Cladding Sheet optimization
❖ Glass specification.
❖ Aluminium finishes
❖ Type of hardware
❖ Material selection.
❖ Façade lighting arrangements

Type of Modern Facade
Glazing Cladding
❖ Curtain Walling
❖ Point Support Glazing
❖ Spider Glazing
❖ Bolted Glazing
❖ Glazing on Tension Truss
❖ Glazing on Cable Truss
❖ Aluminium Composite Panel
❖ Metal Cladding
❖ Zinc Panel Cladding
❖ Stone Cladding
❖ Clay tile Cladding
❖ Wooden Panel Cladding
❖ Polycarbonate Panel
❖ GFRC Cladding
❖ FRP Cladding
❖ Atrium
❖ Skylight , Canopies , Dome
❖ Shop Front / Display
❖ Doors & Windows
Other Glazing

Major Material used for Façade
Aluminium
Smoke
Seal
Spandrel
Panel
Glazing
System
Gaskets
Aluminium
Finishes
Glass Sealants

Types of Glazing Panels and Methods

What is a curtain wall?
Curtain Wall is a form of a vertical building enclosure which supports no load other than its own weight and the
environmental forces which act upon it.
Types of Curtain Wall –
❖ Conventional Stick System (Capped System)
❖ Structural silicone glazing ( SSG)
❖ Semi unitized system
❖ Unitized System
In this system the vertical mullions and horizontal transoms are installed
on MS/SS/Aluminium brackets which are anchored to the
columns/slabs. Cut to size glass is fixed on the grid work with pressure
plates.(The glass is held Mechanically) Cover cap is snap fit on the
pressure plates for aesthetic look.
In the above system 90% of the work can be done at site.
Conventional Stick System

Semi unitized system
In this system the vertical mullions and horizontal transoms
are installed on MS/SS/Aluminium brackets which are
anchored to the columns/slabs. Cut to size glass is
structurally glazed to the Aluminium sub frame by structural
sealant. The sub frame with the glass is installed on the Grid
work.
In the above system 50% of the work is done at site.
In this system MS/SS/Aluminium brackets are anchored to
the columns/slabs after detailed site survey. The complete
unit spanning floor height fully fabricated at the factory is
installed on the brackets.
In the above system 30% of the work is done at site.
Unitized system

UNITIZED GLAZING SYSTEM
For unitized curtain walling, about 30% of the
work is done on site, while 70% is carried out
in the factory. The complete assembly of the
units in the factory brings a number of
benefits.
These include:
❖ Improved quality control
❖ Concurrent manufacture and site preparation -
units can be assembled while the structural frame
is being built. The facade can also be
❖ completed a floor at a time, allowing parallel
internal work
❖ Quicker installation, requiring less manpower on
site
❖ No need for scaffolding
❖ Can be installed from the interior of the building.
This is ideal for high towers or building sites where
there is a tight footprint
❖ Less space is needed on site for layout – another
advantage

In this approach, compression stresses are applied to fix metal
panels or glass units into the glazing pocket of the frames.
The necessary compression force can be obtained using rubber
gaskets and occasionally structural tapes.
Generally, the rubber gasket, which is compressed in advance, are
placed on either side of the glazed element, and panels may be
glazed from the exterior or interior based on the system.
Dry Glazed

Wet Glazed
In this technique, the infill element is placed and attached to the frame using proper
attaching agents such as silicone sealant.
The sealant application process should be conducted properly otherwise the
attachment agent would not work suitably. For example, the perimeter need to be
prepared sufficiently and then the sealant element is applied to the perimeter.
Structural silicone glazing as shown in figure is a particular kind of wet glazed
utilization that need utmost attention and observation of the sealant.
The process begins with applying the adhering agent to the aluminum frame and
then the panel is placed into its position.
The silicone would create a bond, which can withstand lateral loading, between the
aluminum frame and the panel.
It is recommended to carry out such process in closed spaces such as factories and
shops since the adhesion of the agent would decease when dusts are present on
the surfaces.
This method is recommended for low height building.

Point Supported Glass Systems
Applications
❖ Walls
❖ Canopies
❖ Roofs
❖ Skylights
❖ Guardrails
❖ Windscreens
❖ Interior Partitions
Advantages
❖ High precision aesthetic
❖ Minimal visual impact by the structure
❖ Glass substrates available various tints from low-iron,
clear, gray, etc.
❖ Glass can be fritted as patterns or custom shapes
with colors
❖ Interlayer available in clear and translucent white
❖ Glass can provide shallow slopes without ponding
❖ Superior strength and durability
❖ Long-term weather ability
❖ Absorbs noise

Point Supported Glass Systems
It consists of strengthened or tempered glass through which holes are
provided to attach it to the structure using proper means such as bolted
fittings as shown in Figure.
It can be observed form these figures that the fittings cause smallest
obstruction of views due to their small sizes.
The glass is commonly tempered by exposing it to high degree of
temperature during its processing. This will reduce possible damages
during its life service.
Various Fitting for point support glass
Fitting manufacturing are mostly controlled by
architectural intent. Point supported systems
are considerably pleasing aesthetically but it
needs great cautions to obtain required
detailing and precision. The analysis of point
supported system is quite complicated and it
may need to use finite element modeling to
specify loads transfer and stress through an by
fittings.

❖ This system consists of a number of accessories with
metal arms. At the end of each arm, a sheet of glass is
fixed by the corners with a special screw. The vacuum
between these sheets is filled up with isolators to
overcome mechanical pressure and weather conditions.
❖ The rectangular glass sheets have 4 or 6 countersunk
drilled holes into which countersunk stainless steel bolts
acting as point-fixings.

Cable Net System

Cable Net
❖ Cable is another type of glazing panel construction that provide substantial
views. It is an elegant glazing panels that does not need framing but it could be
costly and expensive.
❖ Due to the effect on loading on the panels, not only does cable net structural
analysis is required to be carry out accurately but also construction works need
massive coordination.
❖ Cable net walls are commonly flexible that is why they are likely to deflect
extremely.
❖ This may make occupants uncomfortable but the functionality of the building
will not be influenced and its aesthetic views would not be distorted.

Aluminium
Finishes &
Coating
Powder
Coating
Chromotizing
PVDF
Coating Anodizing
Sublimation
Liquid
Paints

Anodizing
Anodizing is an electrochemical finishing method that forms a layer of oxide on the surface of a metal, thus
increasing corrosion resistance. By reducing the amount of wear-and-tear on aluminum parts, it also offers better
adhesion for primers, paints, and glues. Other metals can be anodized, but aluminum is the best fit for this type of
finishing. Anodizing is one of the most common chemical finishing that we pretreat materials for.
Anodised Aluminium Benefits
❖ Aluminium oxide layer is extremely hard. On the Mohr’s scale, it has a score of 9 and is second in hardness only
to diamond. It is so hard that it is commonly used as an abrasive in sandpapers. Depositing a layer of this
material on the product ensures that the product will have high wear resistance.
❖ Anodizing can also act as an excellent primer for a regular coat of paint on the surface instead of
accommodating it into the actual oxide layer.
❖ Anodizing aluminium improves the insulation properties of aluminium as aluminium oxide is not a good
conductor of electricity.

Aluminium Anodising Process
Anodising
After pretreatment, the product is ready
for anodising. As mentioned above,
sulfuric acid is the go-to electrolyte for
aluminium anodising. Alternatives that
are sometimes used are organic acid,
borate, tartrate, phosphoric acid, and
chromic acid.
Cleaning
The surface of the aluminium
product needs cleaning prior to
anodising. Exposing the surface uses
acidic or alkaline cleaning agents to
clean grease/dirt from the surface.
Pre-treatment
This step eliminates any surface
imperfections. The goal is to provide a
visible finish with a clean and smooth
surface. This is done by using two main
processes – brightening and etching.
Brightening
Brightening or bright finishing cleans any heavy
metal residues left over from the cleaning
process. Using a concentrated mixture of nitric
and phosphoric acids to chemically smoothen
the surface provides a metallic finish ready for
anodising
Etching
Etching removes a layer of
aluminium from the product surface
to provide a matte finish (see more
about gloss levels). A hot solution of
sodium hydroxide is used to remove
surface imperfections.
Colouring –
There are several methods to add colour to
anodised aluminium. Different colours need
different methods. Let’s look at two of the
most popular methods of colouring anodised
aluminium.
Dyeing
Dyeing is the other popular method of adding colour
to an anodised aluminium product. The pores that
are formed during the electrochemical process
readily absorb dies or pigments.
They fill the pores through the entire thickness of
the aluminium oxide layer.
Sealing
Sealing is the final step in the aluminium
anodizing process. This prevents water leakage
and improves corrosion resistance of the
anodised aluminium product. There are three
methods of doing this – hot method, cold or a
combination of the two.
Sealing reduces the chances of staining,
scratching, colour degradation and crazing of
the surface.

Anodising vs Powder Coating
Powder coating is a type of surface treatment that is most common for coating steels but also available
for aluminium. The surface of aluminium is coated with polyester powder for decoration as well as
protection. Manufacturers have a choice between these two methods when they are looking for surface
treatment options for aluminium.
Anodizing is better than the traditional powder coating in many ways, some of which are as follows:
❖ It is an inorganic finish and provides a superior surface finish compared to organic counterparts such
as powder coating.
❖ When it comes to appearance, anodizing has a metallic sheen and is extremely well integrated with
the surface compared to powder coating. An anodised surface reacts differently to both natural and
artificial light.
❖ Anodizing is also better in the long run. Powder coating sometimes suffers adhesion failure and even if
it doesn’t, the colour will fade over time.

Powder Coating
WHAT EXACTLY IS POWDER COATING?
1. Powder coating is a dry coating process used as a metal finish mostly on industrial equipment. Powder coating is applied as dry powder
through an electrostatic process, then cured with heat. It is well known for providing high-quality finishes in terms of both functionality
and overall look.
2. The powder coating finishes are not only sturdy but flexible as well. It can be used on different surfaces, including metal, concrete, steel,
and plastic. It’s suitable for both indoor and outdoor applications, and it’s one of the most cost-effective finish options.
TYPES OF POWDER COATING
1. There are two types of powder coating, thermosets and thermoplastics.
2. Thermoplastic powder coating finishes become liquid and very soft when heated. This eliminates chemical bonding. This process
makes the powder coating both reversible and reusable.
3. Thermoplastic coatings tend to be thicker, and hence more durable compared to thermoset coatings. For this reason, they can be
used for a plethora of things from metal, auto parts, and even refrigerators.
4. On the other hand, thermoset powder is quite different in the fact that it forms chemical bonds once cured, making it impossible to
recycle it. It is suitable for high heat areas because the bonds prevent it from melting away. This type is much cheaper compared to
thermoplastic.

Pre treatment

Practical Quality Control Testing Methods
Test to perform in Facility or performed in Lab on powder coated sample –
❖ Colour matching
❖ Gloss Check
❖ MEK test
❖ Bend test
❖ DFT Check
❖ Impact Test.
❖ Cross Cut test
The standards assist architects, owners, and contractors to specify coatings
that will provide and maintain a minimum level of performance.
The 3 AAMA standards are:
AAMA 2605 – Voluntary Specification, Performance Requirements and Test
Procedures for Superior Performing Organic Coatings on Aluminium Extrusions
and Panels
AAMA 2604– Voluntary Specification, Performance Requirements and Test
Procedures for High-Performance Organic Coatings on Aluminium Extrusions
and Panels
AAMA 2603– Voluntary Specification, Performance Requirements and Test
Procedures for Pigmented Organic Coatings on Aluminium Extrusions and
Panels

Check Point Visual inspection
1 Graphite Line No
2 Die lines No
3 Oil & Grease No
4 Pressure Mark No
5 Dent / Damage No
6 Packing Found ok
7 Scratches No
8. Wall Thickness Found ok.
9. Identification mark No marking on profiles
Sample Check List Report

Gloss Testing
MEK Testing
Impact Testing
Cross Cut test
Impact Testing

CONICAL BEND TEST
BEND TEST
TEST SAMPLE

Practical Quality Control Testing Methods
Film Thickness –
A film thickness test determines the thickness of the powder on the part once it’s
been cured. This is generally confirmed with a Dry Film Thickness gauge. These
gauges are fairly affordable and easy to use.
Uniformity/Proper Curing –
1. A cure test is easy to perform. Proper curing is confirmed by rubbing a methyl ethyl
ketone-soaked cotton swab lightly over a cured panel or part (in an inconspicuous area if
the part is to be used if acceptable). Application of 20 double rubs (back and forth over
the same spot) is a common standard for checking cure, but you will usually see failure
after about only three or four passes.
1. If the finish deteriorates to the point that you expose bare metal, your cure is lacking or
the powder is defective. If the coating softens but then recovers, you are fine. Some color
may transfer to the cotton swab, but that is normal, especially with hybrid powder
coatings.

Powder Coating Adhesion Testing-
1. Adhesion testing measures how well the powder sticks to the part once it is
fully cured. As with the cure test, your adhesion test results can be affected
by overbake or under bake.
2. After making the cuts, put a piece of tape over the grid and smooth out any
air bubbles. The tape should completely cover the grid. Pull the tape off
aggressively and look at the tape and the part. An acceptable result will
show only a little of the powder coming off from the grid cuts. If a square or
two of coating is removed, adhesion can be suspect. If your coating comes
off in a sheet, then you have adhesion failure.
Powder Coating Appearance Evaluation

Glass
Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline)
solid material. Glasses are typically brittle
and optically transparent.

TYPE OF GLASS USED IN GLAZING
Ordinary glass – called Annealed or Float glass
Safety Glass – This can be either Toughened, Laminated, Safety Wired Glass or
Annealed glass with safety film applied to it.
Safety glazing is mandatory for new installations within 800mm of the floor in
windows and partitions, and within 1500mm of the floor in doors and side panels.
Glazing is marked in the corner with BS6206.
Security Glass- Laminated glass or Annealed glass with film applied to it.
When security glass is installed you must ensure there is an emergency escape
route in case of fire.
Low Emissivity glass or Low E glass- The glass must be used in a double glazed
window so that the special reflective coating, which is always placed inside the
cavity, is protected from any damage
Decorative glass - This can be Opaque, patterned, Stained, Sandblasted or Etched

Type of Architectural Glass
● Annealed Glass
● Toughened Glass
● Heat Strengthen Glass
● Laminated Glass
● Fire Rated Glass
● Insulated Glass Unit with Air Gap
● Insulated Glass Unit with Gas Filled
● Laminated Insulated Glass Unit
● LOW-E Glass
● Clear Glass
● Tinted Glass (Blue,Green,Bronze)
● Colour Glass
● Frosted Glass
● Ceramic Fritted
Appearance
Strength / Safety
Performance
Safety / Sound / Heat

HEAT TREATED GLASS
● Toughened Glass
● Heat Strengthen Glass
Heat Treated Glass is produced by heating the glass to a plastic state at around 650ºC, and
then by computer control, the glass is moved into the quench area where it is rapidly cooled by
a series of high pressure air nozzles.
This rapid cooling or quenching induces high compression stress in the glass surface, while
the center remains in tension.
Although the physical characteristics remain unchanged, the additional stresses created within
the glass increases its thermal and mechanical strength.
Heat Strengthened glass is twice as strong as the annealed glass while Tempered glass is up
to five times stronger than ordinary annealed glass of the same thickness.
Tempered glass is much harder to break than annealed float or laminated glass. If broken it
will not provide security, however the noise due to breakage is often a deterrent.

Reflective glasses are the most widely used glass for structural glazing and curtain walling for
reasons such as better light transmission, reduced heat transfer etc.
● Types of reflective glass
● Hard coated glass or pyrolytic coated glass
● Soft coated glass or vacuum sputtered coated glass
● Hard coated glass
○ Better photometric properties than the tinted glass and are low-
performance glass.
○ Imported in sheet sizes and various processes like tempering / DGU
can be done locally.
○ This is cheaper glass as the processes can be done locally saving
customs duty
○ This glass can be used as single glass in vision as well as spandrel
glass.

● Soft coated glass
❖ Medium performance glass
❖ Superior glass than the hard coated glass in terms of photometric properties.
❖ Heat strengthening will have to be done at the source of supply (abroad) and DGU can be
made locally.
❖ This glass can be used as single glass in vision as well as spandrel glass.
Note: these glasses are costlier than the hard coated glass, but the initial
investments can be recovered by lower AC loads & lower operating costs.
● High Performance glass
❖ Most superior type of glass in terms of photometric properties.
❖ Can never be used as single glass and the whole unit with DGU has to be imported
from abroad.
Note: these glasses are costlier than the hard coated glass, but the initial
investments can be recovered by lower AC loads & lower operating costs.

Pre Tempered Coating Post Tempered Coatings
Tempered First and then Coated Coated first and then Tempered
Since the base glass is tempered first (which can
be either Tinted or Clear), the Distortion on the
final product is much less as compared to the
Post tempered Product Distortion is more as the Coated glass is tempered
All the preprocessing (Cutting, Grinding,
Tempering) is done before Coating. Hence
Coating is not exposed to these processes and
chances of damage to the coating is less
All the preprocessing is done after the coating. Hence
coating is exposed to these processes which might
result in damage of coating if not handled properly.
It is manufactured after the reciept of sizes,
hence immediately after the coating the glass is
processed for making DGU
These are make in stock sizes and are packed in Crates
before making the DGU. These have to be properly
packed and has a shelf life.

Low E Terminology
● CVD - CVD, or Chemical Vapor Deposition, is one of two main
technologies used to manufacture Low Emissivity glass. In the CVD
process, vapor directed to the hot glass surface reacts to form a ceramic
coating. The resulting Low E product is often referred to as "hard coat".
Also known as pyrolytic coating.
● Emissivity - Emissivity refers to the ability of a surface to absorb or
reflect heat. An energy efficient glazing technology, Low Emissivity glass
is a poor absorber of heat!
● Hard Coat - Also known as "pyrolytic", hard coat refers to Low E glass
manufactured via the CVD process. Because the coating is covalently
bonded to the glass, hard coat Low E is extremely durable.

MSVD - MSVD, or Magnetron Sputtering Vacuum Deposition (also known
as "sputtering"), is one of two main technologies used to manufacture
Low Emissivity glass.
In MSVD, a metal or ceramic target bombarded with ions releases atoms
to form a thin coating on a sheet of glass. The resulting Low E product is
often called "soft coat" or "sputtered".
Soft Coat - Also know as "sputtered", soft coat refers to Low E glass
manufactured via the MSVD process.
Less durable than its hard coat counterpart, soft coat Low E requires
special storage and handling to prevent damage to the coating.

● CONDUCTION
● RADIATION
● CONVECTION
● AIR LEAKAGE
HEAT TRANSNFER

Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
●The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (or SHGC) refers to a window's ability to transmit solar
radiation.
●The SHGC ranges from 0-1. A value of 0 indicates that the window functions like a wall,
essentially preventing any solar energy from entering the building.
●A value of 1 indicates that the window functions like an opening, allowing all solar energy in.
●In cold climates, a high SHGC can lower heating costs by using passive solar heating.
●In warm climates, a low SHGC is desired to keep unwanted heat out and reduce cooling costs.
Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) is the total percentage of solar energy at a window
opening that is either absorbed and reflected into a building or directly transmitted
through the window. In hot climates, like Arizona, a low SHGC helps reduce energy costs.

Shading Coefficient
Shading coefficient is the ratio of solar heat gain through a specific type of glass that is
relative to the solar heat gain through a 1/8" (3 mm) ply of clear glass under identical
conditions (see Figure 8). As the shading coefficient number decreases, heat gain is
reduced, which means a better performing product.
In cold climates, however, a higher SHGC helps reduce energy costs. SHGC replaces a
measurement called shading coefficient (SC). You may find references to shading coefficient in
the ratings of older windows or in older reference materials. The relationship between the two
ratings systems is straightforward, and the coefficients can be converted with a simple
formula.
Use the formula SHGC = SC*0.87 to convert between SHGC and SC. Enter the value that you
have and solve algebraically to calculate the value that you don't have.
Multiply SHGC by 1.15 to convert the value from SHGC to SC. This conversion factor is the
result of solving algebraically and is a simple, shorthand version of the formula. You can use
this step in place of algebraic conversion.
Multiply SC by 0.87 to convert from SC to SHGC.

Solar Selective Low E
Specifically designed to enhance comfort in warm climates, solar selective
Low E is a Low E glass with a low solar heat gain coefficient.
U-Value
Also known as the K-value, the U-value is a measure of a window's ability
to transfer heat (usually given in W/m2K or Btu/hr ft2 oF).
Windows with a low U-value, like Low Emissivity windows, are efficient
insulators against heat loss.

Visible Light Transmittance
The percentage of visible light (380 - 780 nm) that is transmitted through the
glass.
Solar Transmittance
The percentage of ultraviolet, visible and near infrared energy (300 - 3000 nm)
that is transmitted through the glass.
Visible Light Reflectance
The percentage of light that is reflected from the glass surface(s).
Solar Reflectance
The percentage of solar energy that is reflected from the glass surface(s).
NFRC U-Value
A measure of heat gain or heat loss through glass due to the differences
between indoor and outdoor temperatures. These are center pane values
based on NFRC standard winter nighttime and summer daytime conditions.
U-values are given in BTU/(hr*ft2*°F) for the English system. Metric U-values
are given in W/(m2*°K). To convert from English to metric, multiply the English
U-value by 5.6783. Preapred and complied by - Vinay Srivastava

Relative Heat Gain (RHG)
The amount of heat gained through glass taking into consideration U-value
and shading coefficient. Using the
NFRC standard, relative heat gain is calculated as follows:
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
The portion of directly transmitted and absorbed solar energy that enters into
the building's interior. The higher the SHGC, the higher the heat gain.
Light to Solar Gain Ratio (LSG)
The ratio is equal to the Visible Light Transmittance divided by the Solar
Heat Gain Coefficient. The Department of Energy's Federal Technology Alert
publication of the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) views an
LSG of 1.25 or greater to be Green Glazing/Spectrally Selective Glazing.

Monolithic Glazing - 6mm clear Float Glass
Laminated Glass with normal PVB - 6.38 mm PVB Laminate 3mm/0.38mm/3mm
Laminated Glass with Acoustic PVB - 6.38 mm Acoustic PVB Laminate 3mm/0.38mm
pvb/3mm
Normal Double Glazing - 4mm Float – 12mm air gap – 4mm Float 4 – 12 – 4mm
Asymmetrical Double Glazing - 6mm Float – 12mm air gap – 4mm Float 6 – 12 – 4mm
Double glazing with one pane laminated - 6mm Float – 12mm air gap – 8.38mm Float 6 – 12 –
8.38mm
Double glazing with one pane acoustic PVB laminated -6mm Float – 12mm air gap – 8.38mm
Float 6 – 12 – 8.38mm
Double glazing with two pane acoustic PVB laminated - 8.38mmFloat – 2mm air gap–
10.38mm Float 8.38 – 12 – 10.38mm
GLASS TYPE
CONFIGURATION

Double glass unit

INSULATING GLASS UNIT PROCESS

What are the benefits of having Double Glazed Units?
●Heat loss through single glazing will be at least halved with double glazed
units
●Rooms will be COLDER/WARMER with double glazed units
●Outside NOICE can be reduced with double glazed units
●Condensation can be reduced with double glazed units
●
●Increases the saleability of the property with double glazed units
●
●Savings on fuel bills with double glazed units.

Shattering Pattern of Toughened Glass

OFF SITE /FACTORY WORKING
ON SITE WORKING

LIST OF MATERIAL

VISUAL MOCKUP AT SITE

FAÇADE TESTING

What is glass Façade testing?
Glass façade testing is a process wherein the façade is tested for its designed
performance for Structural stability & leakage’s against air & water infiltration.
Why Testing?
● To identify & rectify:
● Improper design
● Improper fabrication
● Improper installation
Advantages of testing
● Assurances of performance of the glass façade as per design requirement
● Peace of mind on the functionality of the system
● Saving in time & money as few rectification on site after installation
● Leak proof building
● Increased life of the building
Importance of testing
These tests are a must & should be performed on every project as no two projects are
similar & this helps the Project Manager to act proactively, thus save Valuable material
in the form of modification, Valuable time & Valuable Money.
FAÇADE TESTING

Laboratory Testing
● Air Infiltration Test - ASTM E 283
● Water Penetration Test ( Static ) - ASTM E 331
● Water Penetration Test (Dynamic) - AAMA 501.1
● Structural Test ( Wind load serviceability) - ASTM E 330
● Seismic Racking Test ( Floor Displacement ) – AAMA 501.4
● Structural Proof Load Test ( 150% ) - ASTM E 330
● Seismic Proof Test (150-200%) - ASTM 501.4

Common Performance Anomalies
Performance requirements need to be established for each project on a case by case basis, based on
building height and geographic location, exterior and interior design parameters, as well as the type
of building occupancy.
Most commonly experienced performance anomalies that often result in complete replacement or
expensive restoration/maintenance activities are as follows:
❖ Any form of water infiltration to the interior side of a building
❖ Excessive air leakage resulting in discomfort to building occupants
❖ Structural load failure
❖ Thermal discomfort
❖ Condensation
❖ Therefore the primary performance requirements are needed to be established at the design
phase of each project separately.

A timely and well planned façade performance test –
❖ Ensures the safety of public and occupants of the building by identifying and
ensuring the structural and seismic stability
❖ Is necessary to evaluate and validate the design of the façade
❖ Identifies and points out fabrication errors, air leakage, water leakage if any
❖ Helps in rectifying all faults before final production
❖ Saves cost and time
❖ Ensures a quality façade

GLASS PACKING AND STORGAE IN WELL VENTILATED SHED AND
DRY PLACE.

Factory Fabrication – Machines & Tools

To be Continued……

Facade Design Presentation for Students and Fresher

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Facade Design Presentation for Students and Fresher