In the present work experimental investigation has been carried out to study the effect of bamboo fibres at
different weight percentages (20, 30 and 40) to modify epoxy resin. Tests are conducted on 100 kN servohydraulic
universal testing machine under displacement mode of control, digital Rockwell hardness testing
machine and impact testing machine. Modifying epoxy resin through bamboo fibres and improve mechanical
properties is main focus of this study. Bamboo fibres at different wt% (20, 30 and 40) are filled in epoxy resin
and the effects of mixing bamboo fibres on mechanical and physical properties are studied. On the basis of
mechanical testing results it is found that 30 wt% of bamboo fibre mixed epoxy is giving optimum mechanical
properties. The addition of bamboo fibres has improved tensile, flexural and impact properties of epoxy resin
and increased water absorption of the material. On the basis of overall study the epoxy modified with 30% of
bamboo fibre is found to be better than other combinations.
Analysis of the Flexure Behavior and Compressive Strength of Fly Ash Core San...IJERA Editor
In this paper, commercially available Fly Ash and Epoxy is used for the core material, woven glass fabric as reinforcing skin material, epoxy as matrix/adhesive materials used in this study for the construction of sandwich composite. Analysis is carried out on different proportions of epoxy and fly ash sandwiched composite material for determining the flexural strength and compressive strength, three different proportions of epoxy and fly ash used for the study. Those are 65%-35% (65% by weight fly ash and 35% by weight epoxy resin) composite material, 60%-40% and 55%-45% composite material. 60%-40% composite material specimen shows better results in the entire test carried out i.e. Flexure and Compression. The complete experimental results are discussed and presented in this paper.
Analysis of the Flexure Behavior and Compressive Strength of Fly Ash Core San...IJERA Editor
In this paper, commercially available Fly Ash and Epoxy is used for the core material, woven glass fabric as reinforcing skin material, epoxy as matrix/adhesive materials used in this study for the construction of sandwich composite. Analysis is carried out on different proportions of epoxy and fly ash sandwiched composite material for determining the flexural strength and compressive strength, three different proportions of epoxy and fly ash used for the study. Those are 65%-35% (65% by weight fly ash and 35% by weight epoxy resin) composite material, 60%-40% and 55%-45% composite material. 60%-40% composite material specimen shows better results in the entire test carried out i.e. Flexure and Compression. The complete experimental results are discussed and presented in this paper.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
4 ijaems jul-2015-6-damping analysis of composites used in drilling machine bedINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Vibrations are generally occurs during the machining process as drilling, milling etc. which is the main cause of defects in the machine tools. So vibrational damping study is very necessary for minimizing the vibrational effect on the machines bed. At present work glass fiber epoxy and glass fiber polyester are the composites used as the drilling machine bed as a base of the work piece. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the damping of sandwich composites used in this work is calculating by the energy balance approach method.
Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber reinforced in Epoxy ResinIOSR Journals
Over a past few decades composites, plastics, ceramics have been the dominant engineering material. The areas of applications of composites materials have grown rapidly and have even found new markets. The current challenge is to make the durable in tough conditions to replace other materials and also to make them cost effective .This has resulted in development of many new techniques currently being used in the industry. While the use of composites it is clear choice in many applications but the selection of material will depend on the factor such as working life, lifetime requirement, complexity of product shape produced, saving the term cost. The availability of natural fiber is abundances and also they are very inexpensive when compared to other advanced manmade fibers. The primary advantage of natural fibers are low density, low cost, biodegradability, acceptable specific properties, less wear during extracting as well as manufacturing composites and wide varieties of natural fibers are locally available. The main focus of this investigation is to determine the thermal conductivity of bamboo fiber reinforced in epoxy resin composites. The test samples were prepared as per ASTM standards using simple hand-layup technique at different fiber weight fractions (10%, 20%30%, 40%50%, 60%). Thermal conductivity (K) of the composites material were determined experimentally and is validated by the results obtained by rule of mixture, E-S model and also by finite element modeling
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study Analysis & Application of Bio-Composite Smart Materialtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
ManuscriFundamentals of Fibres and different Fibre Structures as reinforceme...abtalele
Fibre reinforced composites are gaining importance as engineering materials due to their excellent ability to be tailor made to suit specific end use application. Properties of composites are not only decided by the properties of materials used for matrix and reinforcement, but also on structural form of reinforcement and its impact on interface created between reinforcement and matrix. For optimizing the property requirements of composites, therefore, proper thought must also be given to the structural form to be chosen for reinforcement. The textile fibres are used in composites as fibres themselves, or in the form of yarns, straight, twisted, inter-twined, laced, woven, knitted, non-woven or three – dimensionally structured by weaving or knitting techniques.
In this paper latest developments in natural as well as man-made fibres are discussed. Similarly the importance of fibres, yarns and fabric structure is explained to make the tailor-made composite.
A composite material can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that
gives better properties than those of the individual components used alone. In contrast to
metallic alloys, each material retains its separate chemical, physical, and mechanical
properties. The two constituents are reinforcement and a matrix. The main advantages of
composite materials are their high strength and stiffness combined with low density when
compared to classical materials. Micromechanical approach is found to be more suitable for
the analysis of composite materials because it studies the volume proportions of the
constituents for the desired lamina stiffness and strength.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
4 ijaems jul-2015-6-damping analysis of composites used in drilling machine bedINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Vibrations are generally occurs during the machining process as drilling, milling etc. which is the main cause of defects in the machine tools. So vibrational damping study is very necessary for minimizing the vibrational effect on the machines bed. At present work glass fiber epoxy and glass fiber polyester are the composites used as the drilling machine bed as a base of the work piece. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the damping of sandwich composites used in this work is calculating by the energy balance approach method.
Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber reinforced in Epoxy ResinIOSR Journals
Over a past few decades composites, plastics, ceramics have been the dominant engineering material. The areas of applications of composites materials have grown rapidly and have even found new markets. The current challenge is to make the durable in tough conditions to replace other materials and also to make them cost effective .This has resulted in development of many new techniques currently being used in the industry. While the use of composites it is clear choice in many applications but the selection of material will depend on the factor such as working life, lifetime requirement, complexity of product shape produced, saving the term cost. The availability of natural fiber is abundances and also they are very inexpensive when compared to other advanced manmade fibers. The primary advantage of natural fibers are low density, low cost, biodegradability, acceptable specific properties, less wear during extracting as well as manufacturing composites and wide varieties of natural fibers are locally available. The main focus of this investigation is to determine the thermal conductivity of bamboo fiber reinforced in epoxy resin composites. The test samples were prepared as per ASTM standards using simple hand-layup technique at different fiber weight fractions (10%, 20%30%, 40%50%, 60%). Thermal conductivity (K) of the composites material were determined experimentally and is validated by the results obtained by rule of mixture, E-S model and also by finite element modeling
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study Analysis & Application of Bio-Composite Smart Materialtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
ManuscriFundamentals of Fibres and different Fibre Structures as reinforceme...abtalele
Fibre reinforced composites are gaining importance as engineering materials due to their excellent ability to be tailor made to suit specific end use application. Properties of composites are not only decided by the properties of materials used for matrix and reinforcement, but also on structural form of reinforcement and its impact on interface created between reinforcement and matrix. For optimizing the property requirements of composites, therefore, proper thought must also be given to the structural form to be chosen for reinforcement. The textile fibres are used in composites as fibres themselves, or in the form of yarns, straight, twisted, inter-twined, laced, woven, knitted, non-woven or three – dimensionally structured by weaving or knitting techniques.
In this paper latest developments in natural as well as man-made fibres are discussed. Similarly the importance of fibres, yarns and fabric structure is explained to make the tailor-made composite.
A composite material can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that
gives better properties than those of the individual components used alone. In contrast to
metallic alloys, each material retains its separate chemical, physical, and mechanical
properties. The two constituents are reinforcement and a matrix. The main advantages of
composite materials are their high strength and stiffness combined with low density when
compared to classical materials. Micromechanical approach is found to be more suitable for
the analysis of composite materials because it studies the volume proportions of the
constituents for the desired lamina stiffness and strength.
Many bridges are made from rebar-reinforced concrete composites. Cla.pdfindiaartz
Many bridges are made from rebar-reinforced concrete composites. Classify the composite
system (fiber-reinforced, particulate, laminar, or hybrid), and explain why it is such a ubiquitous
choice of construction.
Solution
Fibers or particles embedded in matrix of another material are the best example of modern-day
composite materials, which are mostly structural. Laminates are composite material where
different layers of materials give them the specific character of a composite material having a
specific function to perform. Fabrics have no matrix to fall back on, but in them, fibers of
different compositions combine to give them a specific character. Reinforcing materials
generally withstand maximum load and serve the desirable properties. Further, though composite
types are often distinguishable from one another, no clear determination can be really made. To
facilitate definition, the accent is often shifted to the levels at which differentiation take place
viz., microscopic or macroscopic. In matrix-based structural composites, the matrix serves two
paramount purposes viz., binding the reinforcement phases in place and deforming to distribute
the stresses among the constituent reinforcement materials under an applied force.
Composite materials are commonly classified at following two distinct levels:
• The first level of classification is usually made with respect to the matrix constituent. The
major composite classes include Organic Matrix Composites (OMCs), Metal Matrix Composites
(MMCs) and Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs). The term organic matrix composite is
generally assumed to include two classes of composites, namely Polymer Matrix Composites
(PMCs) and carbon matrix composites commonly referred to as carboncarbon composites.
• The second level of classification refers to the reinforcement form - fibre reinforced
composites, laminar composites and particulate composites. Fibre Reinforced composites (FRP)
can be further divided into those containing discontinuous or continuous fibres.
The role of the reinforcement in a composite material
• Fibre Reinforced Composites are composed of fibres embedded in matrix material. Such a
composite is considered to be a discontinuous fibre or short fibre composite if its properties vary
with fibre length. On the other hand, when the length of the fibre is such that any further increase
in length does not further increase, the elastic modulus of the composite, the composite is
considered to be continuous fibre reinforced. Fibres are small in diameter and when pushed
axially, they bend easily although they have very good tensile properties. These fibres must be
supported to keep individual fibres from bending and buckling.
• Laminar Composites are composed of layers of materials held together by matrix. Sandwich
structures fall under this category.
• Particulate Composites are composed of particles distributed or embedded in a matrix body.
The particles may be flakes or in powder form. Concrete and .
Comparative study of mechanical and thermal characterization of glasscarbon h...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, the mechanical characterization of glass-carbon fiber reinforced hybrid polymer composite with epoxy resin as the matrix was investigated. Initially the basic mechanical characterization like tensile, bending, impact and wear tests have been carried out experimentally along and across the fiber orientation for the glass-carbon hybrid composite. The specimens were prepared and tested according to ASTM Standards. Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composites have been widely used high strength, low weight structural applications as compared to their metallic counterparts. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites posses superior specific strength and modulus but have a lower failure strain and high cost. Hence, the combination of both glass and carbon fiber in polymer composite may yield optimized mechanical properties. Keywords: Hybrid composites, Mechanical characterization, Thermal characterization
Generally speaking, a composite is considered to be any multiphase material that exhibits a significant proportion of the properties of both constituent phases such that a better combination of properties is realized.
Composites are engineered materials made from two or more constituents with different physical or chemical
properties, which remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. A fiber is a material, which is made into
a long filament with diameter generally in the order of 10 microns. The aspect ratio of length to diameter can be
ranging from thousands to infinity in continuous fibers. Increasing worldwide environmental awareness is
encouraging scientific research into the development of cheaper, more environmentally friendly and more
sustainable construction and packing materials. For environment concern on synthetic fiber (such as glass, carbon,
ceramic gibers etc) natural fibers (such as flax, hemp, jute, kenai) etc are widely used. Industrial hemp fiber is one
of the strongest of the natural fibers available and possesses benefits such as low cost and low production energy
requirements. The primary objective of this research is to fabricate the natural fiber composites with suitable
processing/manufacturing methods and to examine the mechanical properties when subjected to Tension, Bending
and to compare & contrast the results with the available literature. In this research work, hemp fiber reinforced
Epoxy matrix composites have been developed by hand layup method with varying process parameters, such as
coupling agent(with and without compatibilizers) and different fiber percentages (10%,20% and 30% by weight).
The developed composites were then characterized by tensile test and flexural testing. Results show that the tensile
strength and flexural properties increases with the increase in fiber percentage. However after a certain percentage
the tensile strength decreases again. Compared to untreated hemp fiber, no significant changes in the tensile strength
have been observed for treated hemp fiber reinforcement. The flexural strength / modulus of the composite were
higher compared to pure epoxy for all filler/fiber loadings.
Thermal analysis of various duct cross sections using altair hyperworks softwaresushil Choudhary
In this work thermal analysis and comparison of various duct cross sections is done computationally using Altair
Hyperworks Software. Simple Analytical results were obtained for conduction and convection through the ducts
which can be used to build up thermal circuit. The inner surface of all ducts is maintained at constant
temperature and ambient air is at certain temperature that is less than inner surface temperature of pipe. Due to
temperature difference heat will flow from higher temperature to lower temperature. Due to temperature
difference heat will flow from higher temperature to lower temperature. The material of pipe provides
conductive resistance and air provides convective resistance. Hence this is a mix mode of heat transfer. The heat
transfer takes place in one dimension only and properties are considered to be isotropic. The ducts are assumed
to be made of aluminium having known thermal conductivity and density. The surroundings of ducts have
known convective heat transfer coefficient and temperature. The results are obtained on hyperview which are for
heat flux, temperature gradient and grid temperature. The different characteristics can be obtained by varying the
material of the ducts.
Review Article on Machining of Nickel-Based Super Alloys by Electric Discharg...sushil Choudhary
Electric discharge machining (EDM) process generally used for burrs free, less metallurgical damage, stress free and very precise machining and produces mould cavity, deep holes, complex shapes & size by arc erosion in all types of electro-conductive materials. In this process, the metal is removed from the work piece due to erosion caused by rapidly recurring spark discharge taking place between the tool electrode and work-piece. Tool electrode and wok-piece both submersed into the dielectric fluid. The main aims of this review paper work is to present the consolidated information about the contribution of various researchers on the machining applications of electric discharge machining process on Nickel-Base Super alloys materials, utilization of various tool and techniques for correlating experiment results and applications of product through the EDM. Nickel-Base Super alloys materials is widely used for fuel tanks, aircraft & rocket engine components, nuclear fuel element spacers, casings, fasteners, rings, seal, measuring instrument, cryogenic storage tanks and automobile components etc.
Design and fabrication of dual chargeable bicyclesushil Choudhary
With the increase in fuel prices, pollution content in atmosphere and due to gradual end of the non renewable sources
of energy we have to alter the source of our energy in our vehicles. Considering all these reasons we have to switch
over to other sources of energy instead of using conventional sources such as petrol which in future will be going to
extinct. One way to alter the energy source is to go for electric vehicles or e bikes. Electric driven vehicles uses
battery as a source of energy which provide power to motor which in turn provide torque to wheels .The old design
of electric bicycle was having only a single mode of charging, it was just capable to travel 15 km through battery and
was not ergonomically good. The new design uses a low rpm alternator for charging the battery by keeping it in
contact with front wheel .A Motor of 0.5hp provides torque to the rear wheel and the gear ratio is kept 5:2 .battery
discharging time is approximately 2 hrs and charging time through alternator is 1 hour and the bicycle can attain a
maximum speed of 15 km/hr. This work is more beneficial in hilly region and confined areas like college campus
and schools, generating zero pollution, zero noise effect and no fuel consumption.
Optimization of edm for mrr of inconel 600 using taguchi methodsushil Choudhary
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is convert electrical energy into heat energy between the work piece and tool electrode in the presence of dielectric fluid like, EDM oil, to process conductive difficult-to-machine materials. EDM process is has been applicable in the machining of hard, brittle and all kinds of electric conductive materials. This process widely used for produces die making, mould making, complex shapes, deep holes and other geometrical shapes as per desire. Inconel 600 super alloy materials widely used in various types of industries such as: aerospace, aircraft, nuclear, food processing, pulp manufacturing, automobiles industry etc. In this study, investigations on the effect of process parameters on machining of Inconel 600 super alloy material. Tungsten carbide material used as tool electrode and EDM oil used as dielectric fluid. The effects of input process parameters such as pulse-on-time, peak current and gap voltage on performance measure material removal rate was investigated using Taguchi method. MRR is lineally increases with the increase in peak current during the EDM process. MRR is increases with the increase in gap voltage. Initially MRR increases with increase in pulse on time then decreases with the increase of pulse on time.
The energy of sea waves can be absorbed by wave energy converters in a variety of manners, but in every case
the transferred power is highly fluctuating in several time-scales, especially the wave-to-wave or the wave group
time-scales. In most devices developed or considered so far, the final product is electrical energy to be supplied
to a grid. This paper discusses the use of sea wave energy with the help of oscillating column. The mechanism
converts the wave energy in to electrical power by converting the oscillating motion of waves in to rotary
motion. Using compression ring we can store the power produced by the impact. This stored energy can be
utilized in other strokes. The sea, which covers three quarters of the world’s surface, has been little utilized to
meet the peoples’ energy needs.
Role of Cloud Computing Technology in Agriculture Fieldssushil Choudhary
Use of Cloud computing technology in agricultural areas has greater chance in the overall development of India.
An effective implementation of cloud computing is encouraging in agricultural sector. Cloud Computing is
emerging today as a commercial infrastructure that eliminates the need for maintaining expensive computing
hardware, software, Information technology, staff, infrastructure, recourses and their maintenance. Cloud
computing is a network-based environment that focuses on sharing computations, Cloud computing networks
access to a shared pool of configurable networks, servers, storage, service, applications & other important
computing resources. In modern era of cloud computing technology very helpful for centralized the allagricultural
related data bank (Soil-related, weather, Research, Crop, Farmers, Agriculture marketing, fertilizers
and pesticide information) in the cloud. In this paper, also discuss Computing model, characteristics,
deployment model, cloud service model, cloud benefits and challenge of cloud computing in agriculture field.
Design and fabrication of variable steering ratio mechanism for light Motor v...sushil Choudhary
To facilitate easy and proper steering of the vehicle while negotiating a turn, as per the requirements of driver in
different situations like hair pin bends in hilly regions, sudden turns in highways and city streets or in sports car
during race events an improved steering system is needed to address these problems. The steering arrangement
used in a normal automobile was investigated and to solve the above problems a variable steering ratio
mechanism was designed and fabricated, with the aim to determine if incorporation of variable steering ratio
mechanism will make an improvement in the steady and transient state handling of the automobile. The size of
the pinion gear and the number of teeth on the gear determine the rack-and-pinion steering ratio. The steering
wheel must be turned one revolution to turn the front wheels one sixteenth of a turn, the steering ratio is 1 to
1/16. Reversing the numbers gives a ratio of 16 to 1, or 16:1. This steering ratio is always fixed. A variable
steering ratio mechanism was fabricated by using constant mesh type gears from Bajaj-Super and steering
mechanism from Tata-Nano. Gear housing using wood is created and gear shifting arrangement incorporated. It
was observed that on engaging the 1st gear steering ratio is increased to 9.92:1. On engaging the 2nd gear
steering ratio is increased to 7.20:1, On engaging the 3rd gear steering ratio is increased to 4.96:1 On engaging
the 4th gear steering ratio is increased to 3.52:1. The effort required for steering is increased due to these ratios
as energy is lost due to friction. This mechanism can only be practical if used in conjugation with power assist.
Cloth washing is one of the essential parts of the life but it is considered undesirable because of the involvement
of efforts, time, energy and cost. Nowadays a wide variety of washing machines are available in the market and
there is a tough competence among the manufacturers. The cost of washing machine varying from Rs.10,000 to
1,50,000 depending upon features and capabilities. Very costly washing machines are equipped with facility of
dry cleaning too. All of the washing machines available in the market are electric power driven and basic
principle of their operation depends upon creation of the turbulent flow of detergent around the dirty clothes.
Drying of the clothes is based upon rotation of wet clothes at very high rpm so that water droplets can be
separated out due to centrifugal action. In our country where approximately 70% population is living with very
poor economic status, those people cannot have a washing machine because of cost constraints and
unavailability of electricity due to any reason. The present work is an attempt to develop a concept to make a
cloth washing mechanism which can meet out the requirements of above mentioned 70% population of the
nation. Working principle of this concept is no more different from available similar type of machine with a
difference driving mechanism of the machine. The objective of bringing down the initial cost and operating cost
of washing machine is almost achieved in present work within the limitation of work as mentioned.
Electronic Head Lamp Glare Management System for Automobile Applicationssushil Choudhary
Headlamp glare is an issue that has grown in terms of public awareness over the past decade.
High beam of headlight of an on-coming car has blinding effect and decreases visibility during night
driving dangerously. The drivers of most vehicles use high, bright beam while driving at night. This causes
a discomfort to the person traveling from the opposite direction. He experiences a sudden glare for a short
period of time. This is caused due to the high intense headlight beam from the other vehicle coming
towards him from the opposite direction. We are expected to dim the headlight to avoid this glare. This
glare causes a temporary blindness to a person resulting in road accidents during the night. This model
concept eliminates the requirement of manual switch by the driver which is not done at all time. This
concept very useful in the automobile field applications, which provides safety of driver during night
driving. The construction, working, advantages & future scope of the system is discussed detail in this
paper.
Identification of Critical Issues and Solutions during ERP Software Developme...sushil Choudhary
Information technology is revolutionizing the way the business intelligence is being done. For any organization to succeed, all business unit or departments should work in harmony towards a common goal. ERP is a very powerful tool, which provides perfect information system to maintain the various functional business modules of an enterprise. Most organization is turning to available ERP software package for solution to their information management problem. ERP package if chosen correctly, implemented sensibly and used capably will enhance the output and profit of the any association considerably. ERP software package is at the cutting frame of information system technology. ERP software package help to manage institute and firm extensive business processes, using a common database and shared management reporting tool. ERP software supports the well-organized operation of business actions, including sales, marketing, manufacturing, accounting and staffing. The aim of this study is to provide a contribution to the research field of the ERP software development life cycle (SDLC), critical success factors, issues for ERP package development and implementation with various kinds of organization and discuss about the Essential factor for ERP Selection and ERP Benefits etc.
Study about the Types of Information Technology Service for Supply Chain Mana...sushil Choudhary
The globalization of company is the excellent object to happen to supply chain management (SCM) in the last 30 years. This study tries to describe the impact of information technology (IT) in supply chain management (SCM). The criteria include the applications of Information Technology (IT) to get the high firm performance comprising marketing performance, financial performance, and customer satisfaction. The information and communication technologies create as one of the biggest consent of the current supply chain management (SCM). This study focuses on one of the vital use of information technologies in SCM background, that is to say Materials Requirement Planning (MRP), manufacturing resource planning (MRP-II), Enterprise resources planning (ERP), SCM-software, Electronic data Interchange, Bar Coding and Scanner, Radio Frequency-Identification technology (RFID) Supply Chain Execution software, Wide Area network (WAN) Technologies, Metropolitan Area network (MAN) Technologies, Local Area network (LAN) Technologies Internet and intranet service etc. These types and ways of information technologies related to supply chain management is examine.
study about the supply chain, flexibility and bullwhip effect on scm in small...sushil Choudhary
The purpose of this work is to study, bullwhip effect on supply chain management and discuss the
develop a conceptual model on the potential barriers in the implementation of supply chain flexibility in small-scale
industries. The model suggests that supply chain flexibility can be researched using a three-tier approach:
identification of risks, identification of potential barriers emerging from these risks, identification of bridges to these
barriers. The proposed is based on the view of problems of small-scale industries as well as the limited research on
supply chain flexibility. The studies indicated that the three main barriers to flexibility in supply chains are
improper integration between systems, Supply Chain Function cost and quickening pace of product innovation.
Some ways to overcome these barriers and act as bridges are also summarized. The field of study of supply chain
flexibility presents numerous options for fresh research work.
Review Study and Importance of Micro Electric Discharge Machiningsushil Choudhary
Micro EDM process is one of the micro- machining processes. It can be used to machine micro features and
makes a micro parts. There is a huge demand in the production of microstructures by a non-traditional method
which known as Micro-EDM. Micro-EDM process is based on the thermoelectric energy between the workpiece
and an electrode. Micro-EDM is a newly developed method to produce micro-parts which in the range of
50 μm -100 μm. Micro-EDM is an efficient machining process for the fabrication of a micro-metal hole with
various advantages resulting from its characteristics of non-contact and thermal process. A pulse discharges
occur in a small gap between the work piece and the electrode and at the same time removes the unwanted
material from the parent metal through the process of melting and vaporization. This paper describes the
importance, parameters, principle, difference between Macro and micro EDM, applications and advantages of μ-
EDM and discuss about the literature reviews based on performance measure in micro- EDMP process.
Designing the Process of Stores Management for Implementing ERP in Manufactur...sushil Choudhary
This paper describes the importance of ERP in manufacturing industries and examines the various articles
published by eminent Researchers in the field of ERP. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software presents a
frame work for organizations to better utilize their processes. The report is about windows based application.
The main idea of this paper is to handle the all details of stores management system. In this project software
package has been developed to smoothen the processing of item transaction in stores such as item receive, item
issue & report generation such as stock statement, issue register & receive register etc. This Software will help in
automating all the process like receiving and issuing application in stores.
Developed the Inventory Management System for ERP Implementing in Manufacturi...sushil Choudhary
This paper deals with development of inventory management system for a manufacturing Industry. The developed software System is easy to use, less time consuming & all detail about the inventory items & transaction status. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software presents a frame work for organizations to better utilize their processes. The report is about windows based application. The Front-end is developed using Visual Basic. A visual programming environment provides all features that are required to develop graphical user interface as ready to use components. The programmer does not have to write code to create and display commonly required user-friendly features each time around. The Backend used is SQL server database that ensures total security and no data loss or corruption. The database management systems are warehouses of information, where large amount of data can be stored. The Reports are developed using Crystal Report. Crystal Reports is the standard reporting tool for Visual Studio .NET. It brings the ability to create interactive, presentation-quality content; to the .NET platform. Crystal report is an integral part of the Visual Studio .NET environment. The main idea of this paper is to handle the all details of inventory management system. In this software package has been developed to smoothen the processing of item transaction in inventory such as item receive, item issue & report generation such as stock statement, issue register & receive register etc. This Software will help in automating all the process like receiving and issuing application in inventory. Key Words: ERP, Inventory management, Front-end Database SQL, Back end- Visual basic
Current Advanced Research Development of Electric Discharge Machining (EDM): ...sushil Choudhary
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is one of the most commonly used nonconventional
precise material removal processes. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a process for
shaping hard metals and forming deep complex shaped holes by arc erosion in all kinds of electroconductive
materials. Erosion pulse discharge occurs in a small gap between the work piece and the
electrode. This removes the unwanted material from the parent metal through melting and vaporizing in
presence of dielectric fluid. In recent years, EDM researchers have explored a number of ways to improve
EDM Process parameters such as Electrical parameters, Non-Electrical Parameters, tool Electrode based
parameters & Powder based parameters. This new research shares the same objectives of achieving more
efficient metal removal rate reduction in tool wear and improved surface quality. This paper reviews the
research work carried out from the inception to the development of die-sinking EDM, Water in EDM, dry
EDM, and Powder mixed electric Discharge Machining. Within the past decade. & also briefly describing the Current Research technique Trend in EDM, future EDM research direction.
Current Research development in Dry Electric Discharge Machining (DEDM): Revi...sushil Choudhary
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) has been
recognized as an efficient production method for precision
machining of electrically conducting hardened materials.
EDM in gaseous media is one of the fastest growing branches
among institutions involved in the research and development
of EDM as green manufacturing process Dry EDM is an
environmental friendly machining process were liquid
dielectric fluid is replaced by gaseous dielectric fluids. Present
& past performance of dry EDM process using various types
of gases & their mixtures as dielectric medium. The main
objective is to study the effect of pulse-on time, pulse-off time,
gap voltage, open voltage, servo voltage, discharge current;
polarity, pulse width, duty factor, gas or air pressure,
electrode rotation speed on Material removal Rate (MRR),
Surface Roughness (Ra) and Tool Wear Rate (TWR) also
discussed resulting finding condition for machining of
material depends on the optimization techniques or criteria.
Development of Dry EDM Technology enhance the
performance parameters such as material removal rate
(MRR), Low tool wear rate (TWR), thin recast layer.
Latest Research Trend of optimization Techniques in Electric Discharge Machin...sushil Choudhary
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a non
conventional machining process which can be used to
machine electrically conductive work piece. The
electric discharge machine provides an effective
solution for machining hard conductive materials and
reproducing complex shapes. EDM involves the
phenomena such as: spark initiation, dielectric
breakdown, and thermo-mechanical erosion of metals.
High cost of non conventional machine tools,
compared to conventional machining, Optimization is
one of the techniques used in manufacturing process
area to arrive for the best manufacturing conditions,
which is an essential need for industries towards
manufacturing of quality products at lower cost. In
this paper various optimization technique such as
Taguchi method, artificial neural network (ANN),
Genetic Algorithms (GA), grey relational analysis
(GRA), Response Surface Methodology (RSM) used
in the field of electric discharge machining process.
The main objectives of optimization are to (i)
maximize the material removal rate (MRR), (ii)
minimize the surface roughness value and (iii)
maximize the tool wear ratio.
In the last decades, industrial automation has become a driving force in all production systems. Technologies and architectures have
emerged alongside the growing organizational structures of production plants. Industrial automation plays an important role in industrial and manufacturing environment. Industrial automation means automatically control of industrial appliances which save money, time also reduce human efforts. Automation devices such as controllers and data systems and/or services. Systems and methods are provided that receive statements or other unit of data interaction from an automation device, provide the statements to an appropriate system or service for processing, and optionally return a response such as a result set. In this paper brief study about the automation, level of automation, Industrial automation and types of industrial automation etc.
Latest development of cloud computing technology, characteristics, challenge,...sushil Choudhary
Cloud computing is a network-based environment that focuses on sharing computations, Cloud computing networks access to a shared pool of configurable networks, servers, storage, service, applications & other important Computing resources. In modern era of Information Technology, the accesses to all information about the important activities of the related fields. In this paper discuss the advantages, disadvantages, characteristics, challenge, deployment model, cloud service model, cloud service provider & various applications areas of cloud computing such as small & large scale (manufacturing, automation, television, broadcast, constructions industries), Geographical Information system (GIS), Military intelligence fusion (MIS), business management, banking, Education, healthcare, Agriculture sector, E-Governance, project planning, cloud computing in family etc. Keywords: Cloud computing, community model, hybrid model, Public model, private model
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Pile Foundation by Venkatesh Taduvai (Sub Geotechnical Engineering II)-conver...
Fabrication and Study of Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Fibre Reinforced Bio-Composites
1. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol.6, No.1, 2015
84
Fabrication and Study of Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Fibre
Reinforced Bio-Composites
Honey Banga 1
, V.K. Singh 2
, Sushil Kumar Choudhary 3
1B.Tech Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering , GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, UK, India,
Corresponding Author, Email: honey14344@gmail.com
2Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, UK India,
Email: vks2319@yahoo.com
3Research Scholar, Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, UK, India
Email: Sushil_think@rediffmail.com
Abstract
In the present work experimental investigation has been carried out to study the effect of bamboo fibres at
different weight percentages (20, 30 and 40) to modify epoxy resin. Tests are conducted on 100 kN servo-
hydraulic universal testing machine under displacement mode of control, digital Rockwell hardness testing
machine and impact testing machine. Modifying epoxy resin through bamboo fibres and improve mechanical
properties is main focus of this study. Bamboo fibres at different wt% (20, 30 and 40) are filled in epoxy resin
and the effects of mixing bamboo fibres on mechanical and physical properties are studied. On the basis of
mechanical testing results it is found that 30 wt% of bamboo fibre mixed epoxy is giving optimum mechanical
properties. The addition of bamboo fibres has improved tensile, flexural and impact properties of epoxy resin
and increased water absorption of the material. On the basis of overall study the epoxy modified with 30% of
bamboo fibre is found to be better than other combinations.
Keywords: Bamboo fiber, MMC, CMC, PMC, BFGC, SIPN BJRP, BFRP
I- INTRODUCTION
India endowed with an abundant availability of natural fiber such as jute, pineapple, bamboo, banana etc. has
focused on the development of natural fiber composites primarily to explore value-added application avenues.
Such natural fiber composites are well suited as wood substitutes in the housing and construction sector. The
development of natural fiber composites in India is based on two pronged strategy of preventing depletion of
forest resources as well as ensuring good economic returns for the cultivation of natural fibers. The
developments in composite material after meeting the challenges of aerospace sector have cascaded down for
catering to domestic and industrial applications. Composites, the wonder material with light-weight; high
strength-to-weight ratio and stiffness properties have come a long way in replacing the conventional materials
like metals, wood etc. The material scientists all over the world focused their attention on natural composites
reinforced with jute, pineapple etc. primarily to cut down the cost of raw materials.
A-Definition of composite
The most widely used meaning is the following one, which has been stated by Jartiz [1965] “Composites are
multifunctional material systems that provide characteristics not obtainable from any discrete material. They are
cohesive structures made by physically combining two or more compatible materials, different in composition
and characteristics and sometimes in form”. The weakness of this definition resided in the fact that it allows one
to classify among the composites any mixture of materials without indicating either its specificity or the laws
which should given it which distinguishes it from other very banal, meaningless mixtures. Kelly [1967] very
clearly stresses that the composites should not be regarded simple as a combination of two materials. In the
broader significance; the combination has its own distinctive properties. In terms of strength to resistance to heat
or some other desirable quality, it is better than either of the components alone or radically different from either
of them. Beghezan [1966] defines as “The composites are compound materials which differ from alloys by the
fact that the individual components retain their characteristics but are so incorporated into the composite as to
take advantage only of their attributes and not of their short comings”, in order to obtain improved materials.
Van Suchetclan [1972] explains composite materials as heterogeneous materials consisting of two or more solid
phases, which are in intimate contact with each other on a microscopic scale. They can be also considered as
homogeneous materials on a microscopic scale in the sense that any portion of it will have the same physical
property.
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B- Characteristics of the composites
Composites consist of one or more discontinuous phases embedded in a continuous phase. The discontinuous
phase is usually harder and stronger than the continuous phase and is called the ‘reinforcement’ or ‘reinforcing
material’, whereas the continuous phase is termed as the ‘matrix’. Properties of composites are strongly
dependent on the properties of their constituent materials, their distribution and the interaction among them. The
composite properties may be the volume fraction sum of the properties of the constituents or the constituents
may interact in a synergistic way resulting in improved or better properties. Apart from the nature of the
constituent materials, the geometry of the reinforcement (shape, size and size distribution) influences the
properties of the composite to a great extent. The concentration distribution and orientation of the reinforcement
also affect the properties. The shape of the discontinuous phase (which may by spherical, cylindrical, or
rectangular cross-sectioned prisms or platelets), the size and size distribution (which controls the texture of the
material) and volume fraction determine the interfacial area, which plays an important role in determining the
extent of the interaction between the reinforcement and the matrix. Concentration, usually measured as volume
or weight fraction, determines the contribution of a single constituent to the overall properties of the composites.
It is not only the single most important parameter influencing the properties of the composites, but also an easily
controllable manufacturing variable used to alter its properties.
C- Components of a composite material
In its most basic form a composite material is one, which is composed of at least two elements working together
to produce material properties that are different to the properties of those elements on their own. In practice,
most composites consist of a bulk material (the ‘matrix’), and a reinforcement of some kind, added primarily to
increase the strength and stiffness of the matrix.
• Matrix -Many materials when they are in a fibrous form exhibit very good strength property but to
achieve these properties the fibers should be bonded by a suitable matrix. The matrix isolates the fibers from one
another in order to prevent abrasion and formation of new surface flaws and acts as a bridge to hold the fibers in
place. A good matrix should possess ability to deform easily under applied load, transfer the load onto the fibers
and evenly distributive stress concentration.
• Reinforcement-The role of the reinforcement in a composite material is fundamentally one of
increasing the mechanical properties of the neat resin system. All of the different fibers used in composites have
different properties and so affect the properties of the composite in different ways. For most of the applications,
the fibers need to be arranged into some form of sheet, known as a fabric, to make handling possible. Different
ways for assembling fibres into sheets and the variety of fibre orientations possible to achieve different
characteristics.
• Interface-It has characteristics that are not depicted by any of the component in isolation. Then
interface is a bounding surface or zone where a discontinuity occurs, whether physical, mechanical, chemical etc.
The matrix material must “wet” the fibers. Well “wetted” fibers increase the interface surfaces area. To obtain
desirable properties in a composite, the applied load should be effectively transferred from the matrix to the
fibers via the interface. This means that the interface must be large and exhibit strong adhesion between fibers
and matrix. Failure at the interface (called debonding) may or may not be desirable.
D-Classifications
Composite materials can be classified into many categories depending on the type of matrix material, reinforcing
material type etc. According to the type of matrix material they can be classified as follows:
• Metal matrix type composites: MMC are composed of a metallic matrix (Al, Mg, Fe, Co, Cu)
• Ceramic matrix composites: CMC is a material consisting of a ceramic combined with a ceramic
dispersed phase.
• Polymer matrix material: PMC are composed of a matrix from thermosetting (unsaturated polyester,
epoxy) or thermoplastic (nylon, polystyrene) and embedded glass carbon, steel or Kerler fibres (dispersed
phase).
• Particle composites- particle reinforced composites consist of a matrix reinforced by a dispersed phase
in the form of particles. It can be either of random orientation or preferred orientation.
• Fibrous composite-.Short fiber: they consist of a matrix reinforced by a dispersed phase in the form of
discontinuous fibers either of random or preferred orientations.
• Long fiber- they consist of a matrix reinforced by a dispersed phase in the form of continuous fibers.
They can be either unidirectional or bidirectional.
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• Laminate composites- when a fiber reinforced composite consists of several layers with different fiber
orientations, it is called multilayer composite.
Apart from that the two broad classes of composites are (1) Particulate composites and (2) Fibrous composites.
Fibrous Composite-A fiber is characterized by its length being much greater compared to its cross-sectional
dimensions. The dimensions of the reinforcement determine its capability of contributing its properties to the
composite. Fibers are very effective in improving the fracture resistance of the matrix since a reinforcement
having along dimension discourages the growth of incipient cracks normal to the reinforcement that might
otherwise lead to failure, particularly with brittle matrices. Man-made filaments or fibers of non-polymeric
materials exhibit much higher strength along their length since large flaws, which may be present in the bulk
material, are minimized because of the small cross-sectional dimensions of the fiber. In the case of polymeric
materials, orientation of the molecular structure is responsible for high strength and stiffness. Fibers, because of
their small cross- sectional dimensions, are not directly usable in engineering applications. They are, therefore,
embedded in matrix materials to form fibrous composites.
II- LITERATURE REVIEW
Composites have been a field of great interest in the last two decades and a lot of researchers are working in this
area. This becomes very important to discuss the prominent works related to the polymer composites and their
properties. The purpose of literature review is to provide background information on the issues to be considered
in this thesis and to emphasize the relevance of the present study. Various aspects of polymer composites have
been considered with reference to development as well as characterization of polymer composites. Existing
literature related to the physical and chemical properties of the composites have been reviewed and a special
emphasis has been given to erosion wear characteristics. Knowledge gap in the earlier investigations has been
presented to outline the need and objectives of the present work.
A- Bamboo fiber reinforced polymer composites
Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites have raised a great attention and interest among scientists and
engineers in recent years due to the consideration of developing environmental friendly materials [29]. They are
high specific strength and modulus materials, low priced, recyclable and are easily available. It is known that
natural fibers are non-uniform with irregular cross sections which make their structures quite unique and much
different with man-made fibers such as glass fibers, carbon fibers etc [24].Various researchers have worked on
the natural fibers containing polyolefins, polystyrene, polyester and epoxy resins [17], [18]. Properties like low
cost, light-weight, high specific strength, free from health hazard are the unique selling points of these
composites. Though the presence of hydroxyl and other polar groups in the natural fibers leads to the weak
interfacial bonding between the fibers and the hydrophobic polymers, these properties can be significantly
improved by interfacial treatment [19]. Among the various natural fibers, bamboo fiber is a good candidate for
use as natural fibers in composite materials. Jindal [16] has observed that tensile strength of bamboo-fiber
reinforced plastic (BFRP) composite is comparatively equivalent to that of the mild steel, whereas their density
is only 12% of that of the mild steel. Hence, the BFRP composites can be extremely useful in structural
applications. Jain and Kumar [32] have investigated that a uniform strength can be achieved in all directions of
the composites by using multidirectional orientation of fibers. Considerable interest has been generated in the
manufacturing of thermoplastic composites due to their good fracture toughness and thermal stability [26]-[7],
and [23]. With more stringent demands for recycling standards, thermoplastic polymers are substituting
thermosetting polymers as matrix materials for high volume consumer-driven composites [31]. Thermoplastic
matrix composites materials offer an extended solution in different applications in automotive industry,
construction, electrical appliances and home/urban furniture. Miet al. [9] have promoted the interaction between
Polypropylene (PP) and bamboo fiber, by using a reactive agent maleic anhydride (MAH). Bio-degradable resins
have received a considerable attention as earth conscious materials in the present day engineering society. They
offer very little environmental load because they can be resolved in both water and carbon dioxide after perfect
biodegradation by micro-organisms. However, most of the biodegradable resins have relatively low strength,
making them a poor choice for the high strength structural applications. Thus, a lot of research is focused to
strengthen the biodegradable resins by combining with string natural fibers like hemp, bamboo, pineapple etc.
Kori et al. have fabricated bamboo fiber reinforced Polybutylenes Succinate (PBS) biodegradable polymer
composites [11]. Homogeneous nucleation of PBS spherulites was obtained at temperature above 150˚C.
Authors have shown that the size of spherulites increases with addition of bamboo; however the spherulites are
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not generated from the surface of bamboo fibers with or without treatment at any kneading temperature. The
kneading temperature influences the melt visco elasticity above the melting point of PBS.
B-Mechanical properties of composites
The attractive physical and mechanical properties that can be obtained with bamboo fiber reinforced composites,
such as high specific modulus, strength and thermal stability, have been well documented in the literature. Jain et
al. [25] have compared the Bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy composites (BFRP) epoxy with Bamboo fiber
reinforced unsaturated polyester composites (BFRP) USP in terms of their cost and mechanical strength. Cost of
unsaturated polyester (USP) was found to be only 20% to that of the epoxy resin, whereas the mechanical
properties of these two composite were comparable. Thus giving an edge to the USP based composites. BFRP
composites have shown more elongation and 10% high tensile strength. These composites can be used for a
variety of commercial application such as crash helmet, low cost housing and wind mills. Kumar et al. [5] have
studied the effect of coating bamboo fibers with Polyurethane (PU) and Polyurethane/Polystyrene
Interpenetrating Network (PU/PSIPN) on tensile property of the composites. Both the untreated / alkali treated
bamboo fibers were coated with polyethylene glycol based PU and its semi inter penetrating network (SIPN)
with PS. It was found that tensile strength of bamboo has increased after coating with PU and PU/PS system.
PU/PS coating on alkali treated bamboo fibers has shown a rise (74%) in the tensile load at break than PU (11%)
coating on alkali treated fiber. Lee et al. [26] have fabricated bio-composites of poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/bamboo
fiber (BF) and poly (butylene succinate) (PBS)/bamboo fiber (BF).They have investigated effect of lysine based
diisocynate (LDI) as coupling agent On properties of bio composites .They have reported that tensile properties
and water resistance were improved by addition of LDI. These improvements were due to enhanced interfacial
adhesion between polymer matrix and bamboo fiber. Results of enzymatic degradation showed that
biodegradability could be adjusted by controlling degree of interfacial adhesion using LDI. They have observed
that these bio-composites are beneficial in areas where biocompatibility and environmentally responsible design
and construction are required.
Takagi et al. [7] have studied the effect of fiber content and fiber length on mechanical properties of bamboo
fiber reinforced green composites (BFGC). Fiber length up to 15mm has given positive effect on tensile strength
and flexural strength. It was observed that tensile strength and flexural strength increase with increase in fiber
content. Mechanical properties of BFGC were similar to those composites made from bamboo powder and
biodegradable resin. These results showed that bamboo fiber with aspect ratio of 20 acts as filler and not the
reinforcement. Tokoro et al [23] have chosen three different categories of bamboo fiber to prepare Bamboo
fiber-Polylactic acid composites and investigate the method to improve mechanical properties of BF/PLA
composites. Three types of bamboo fibers were extracted from raw bamboo by either NaOH treatment or steam
explosion. Amongst them, Highest bending strength was obtained when steam exploded filaments were put into
PLA matrix. Impact strength was improved when medium length fiber bundles were put into PLA. Thermal
properties and heat resistance of composite were improved by annealing. Chen et al. [31] have fabricated
bamboo reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites. Polypropylene was modified with maleic anhydride.
Modified polypropylene was Prepared by solution grafting [16]-[9] and it was named as maleted polypropylene
(MAPP). They have investigated the effect of bamboo fraction, MAPP content and bamboo sizes on mechanical
properties of unmodified and modified Bamboo Fiber/PP composite. Tensile modulus of modified composite
increased with bamboo content up to 65 wt% but modulus of unmodified composite was not affected by
changing bamboo fraction. Tensile strength of modified composite has increased at about 50 wt% bamboo fiber
but for unmodified composite, tensile strength has decreased slightly. Increase in bamboo size has negative
effect in both unmodified and modified composite. These results showed that maleic anhydride has improved
bonding between bamboo fiber and polypropylene. Okubo et al. [11] have fabricated bamboo fiber reinforced
polypropylene composites for ecological Purposes. Polypropylene was modified with maleic anhydride and
bamboo was extracted with conventional method and steam explosion method. Poor adhesion was reported
between the bamboo fibers and matrix. The modified polypropylene was insufficient to fabricate applicable
composite. To reduce the number of voids in composite, it was necessary to decrease the diameter of fiber
bundles by dividing these into single fibers. This was possible only by steam explosion technique. Steam
explosion technique reduces number of voids in bamboo fibers and helps in impregnation of resin into fiber.
Authors have studied the impact of steam explosion technique on mechanical properties of bamboo composites.
Tensile strength and Young modulus of steam exploded BFEC increased about 15% and 30% respectively in
comparison with conventional BFEC. Thwea and Liao [7]-[8] have fabricated the bamboo reinforced
polypropylene (BFRP) and bamboo-glass reinforced Polypropylene (BGRP) composites. They have studied the
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effect of fiber content, fiber length, bamboo to glass ratio, coupling agent (Maleated polypropylene) on tensile
and flexural properties of these composites. They have also studied the sorption behavior and retention in
mechanical properties of composite after environmental aging. It was observed that flexural strength, flexural
modulus and tensile modulus increases with increase in bamboo fiber length. They have reported that poor
adhesion between the matrix/fiber decreased tensile strength at higher bamboo fiber content in BFRP. Fiber
content increased the void formation during processing, which further leads to micro crack information under
loading, hence reducing the tensile strength. Incorporation of glass fiber and Compatilizers has improved the
tensile strength and tensile modulus. It was reported that moisture absorption of BFRP during aging can be
reduced by replacing bamboo fiber with glass fiber and by using Compatilizers. Mechanical properties of BFRP
and BGRP have degraded after aging in water.
C-Water absorption
New applications and end uses of composites for decking, flooring, and outdoor facilities with strong exposure
to atmosphere or contact with aqueous media have made it necessary to evaluate the water uptake characteristics
of natural fiber composites. Because of the hygroscopic nature of natural fibers, water uptake of composites
containing these fibers as fillers and/or reinforcement can be a limiting parameter for a number of applications of
the composites. Water absorption can adversely affect a number of mechanical properties and can also buildup
the moisture content in the fiber cell wall and in the fiber–matrix inter phase region.
Moisture buildup in the cell wall could result in fiber swelling and affect the dimensional stability of the product.
If necessary, the moisture absorbed in the fiber cell wall can be reduced through the acetylation of some of the
hydroxyl groups present in the fiber [21]. Good wetting of the fiber by the matrix and adequate fiber–matrix
bonding can decrease the rate and amount of water absorbed in the interphone region of the composite [6]. For
Water absorption test, composite samples are weighed and then weighed samples are immersed in the distilled
water at room temperature. The samples are taken out periodically and weighed immediately after wiping out the
water on the surface of the sample, using a precise four digit balance to find out the content of water absorbed.
All the Samples are dried until constant weight with four digit balance, previous to immersing in water.
Percentage of water uptake is calculated by the following equation-
( 1 )
W1 = initial weight of specimen g
W2= specimen weight after N hours of water soaking, g
Water absorption behavior of natural fiber thermoplastic composites have been studied by a number of
researchers and the effectiveness in reducing the amount and rate of water absorption has been well-documented
in the literature[22]-[3]-[8]. Tajvidi et al. [13] have investigated the long-term water absorption behavior of
various natural fiber (wood flour, kenaf fiber, rice hulls, newsprint etc.) polypropylene composites and have also
studied the effect of natural fiber type and fiber content. Authors have found that the Chemical composition of
the natural fibers is responsible for the different water uptake behavior. It appears that the RH/PP has the lowest
water absorption. This behavior can be attributed to the higher amount of extract and ash and lower amount of
cellulose and pentose in rice hulls [10]. Kenaf fibers are rich in cellulose and hemicelluloses and they possess
low lignin content. Hence, their higher water absorption can be explained by the higher amount of cellulose and
pentosan and lower amount of lignin. Rashdi et al. [1] have studied the effects of water absorption on the
mechanical properties of Kenaffibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. A decrease in the tensile
properties of the composites was observed of the water-saturated samples compared to the dry samples. The
percentage of moisture uptake increased as the percentage of the fibre weight increased due to the high cellulose.
Water absorption behavior of natural fiber thermoplastic composites have been studied by a number of
researchers and the effectiveness in reducing the amount and rate of water absorption has been well-documented
in the literature[22]-[3]-[8]. Tajvidi et al. [13] have investigated the long-term water absorption behavior of
various natural fiber (wood flour, kenaf fiber, rice hulls, newsprint etc.) polypropylene composites and have also
studied the effect of natural fiber type and fiber content. Authors have found that the Chemical composition of
the natural fibers is responsible for the different water uptake behavior. It appears that the RH/PP has the lowest
water absorption. This behavior can be attributed to the higher amount of extract and ash and lower amount of
cellulose and pentose in rice hulls [10]. Kenaf fibers are rich in cellulose and hemicelluloses and they possess
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low lignin content. Hence, their higher water absorption can be explained by the higher amount of cellulose and
pentosan and lower amount of lignin. Rashdi et al. [1] have studied the effects of water absorption on the
mechanical properties of Kenaffibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. A decrease in the tensile
properties of the composites was observed of the water-saturated samples compared to the dry samples. The
percentage of moisture uptake increased as the percentage of the fibre weight increased due to the high cellulose
content. The water absorption pattern of these composites was found to follow the Fickian behavior. Rajulu et al.
[2] has observed that the uncoated bamboo fibres absorbed a higher quantity of water than epoxy coated fibres.
The polycarbonate/epoxy blend coated fibres showed intermediate water absorption. Suharav Panthpulakkal et
al. [27] studied the water absorption of injection-molded short hemp fiber/glass fiber reinforced poly propylene
hybrid composites. Hybridization with glass fiber enhanced the Resistance to water absorption properties of the
hemp fiber composites.
III-MATERIAL PREPARATIONS
Raw materials are the starting point for development of new materials and quality of new material itself is
dependent upon the raw materials. Then come the role of processing techniques to fabricate the new materials
and characterizations techniques to ensure their quality. This Section describes the materials and methods used
for the processing of all the composites under this investigation. It presents the details of the characterization
techniques in terms of mechanical and chemical properties of the composite samples under study.
This section describes about the material used in casting of hybrid composite, their physical properties and
chemical properties etc. In this section, the method used to determine the mechanical, physical properties are
also discussed.
A. Material
The materials which are used to fabricate the biocomposite material such as matrix, reinforcing material and
other materials which are used to modify the epoxy resin are discussed below.
1. Matrix material
Matrix material is the material, which holds the relative position of the filler material. The composites shape,
surface appearance, environmental tolerance and overall durability are dominated by it.
2. Epoxy resin (CY-230)
Epoxy resin has wide range of industrial applications because of their high strength and mechanical adhesiveness
characteristic. Araldite CY-230 is a liquid solvent free epoxy resin. Curing takes place at atmospheric pressure
and room temperature after addition of hardener. Generally, curing shrinkage is very less and may further be
reduced by the addition of fillers such as bio-particles, China clay etc. The resin can be easily coloured.
Mechanical, electrical properties and higher resistance to chemical and atmospheric attack of fully cured mixture
are excellent. Ageing characteristics of the castings are good. Resin can be stored for at least a year if they are
stored under cool, dry conditions in the original containers.
TABLE-1 Physical and chemical properties of CY-230
Resin (Araldite CY-230)
Physical Properties Yellow-brown, odourless, tasteless and completely nontoxic
Chemical Properties Plasticized condensation product of bisphenol-A and
epichlorohydrin.
Epoxy is also good solvent and it has good chemical resistance over a wide range of temperature. In the present
investigation CY-230 purchased from M/s CIBATUL Limited, India has been used as matrix material. The
physical & chemical properties of CY-230 are given in table-1.
3. Hardener HY-951
Hardener HY-951 is a yellowish-green coloured liquid. Hardener (HY-951) was purchased from M/s CIBATUL
Limited; India has been used as curing agent. In the present investigation 9 % wt/wt has been used in all material
developed.
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Fig.1, Effect of wt% of Hardener (HY-951) on Mechanical Properties (Singh V.K., 2002)
4. Reinforcing Element
The addition of reinforcing agents to the resin improves the properties of the material. Bamboo fibers are used as
reinforcing agents to improve the different properties of the composites material.
5. Bamboo fibers
Bidirectional bamboo fiber has been used as a reinforcing material in all composite. These are collected from
local sources. Bamboo belongs to grass family Bambusoideae. It is a natural Lignocellulosic composite, in which
cellulose fibers are embedded in the lignin matrix. The average length of a bamboo fiber is about 2 mm and
average diameter is between 10-20µm. Bamboo is a naturally occurring composite material which grows
abundantly in most of the tropical countries and has been used widely for household products and industrial
applications due to advances in processing technology and increased market demand. In Asian countries,
bamboo has been used for household utilities such as containers, chopsticks, woven mats, fishing poles, cricket
boxes, handicrafts, chairs etc. It finds a variety of building applications, such as flooring, ceiling, walls,
windows, doors, fences, housing roofs, trusses etc. It is also used in construction as structural materials for
bridges, water transportation facilities and skyscraper scaffolding. Bamboo grows with a very high speed in the
first year and stops growing completely within five years.
Fig.2 Bamboo fiber
B-Methodology
Preparation of Material
1. Fiber
The bamboo sticks used in the present investigation was arranged from local market. The process of fiber
extraction is shown below:
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Fig.3 Preparation of bamboo fibers
2. Moulds
The mould was made having a simple base and top made of plastic plate having dimensions
220mm×200mm×20mm which was cut from plastic sheet all three sides of sheet was surrounded by a thin strip
of plastic having dimension: 2 strips of dimension 220mm×30mm×5mm and 2 strips having dimensions
140mm×30mm×5mm which are fixed to the strip through nut and bolts.
Fig.4 Mould for plate casting
3. Preparation of composite
Epoxy resin (CY-230) will be kept in the furnace at a temperature of 90±10 °C for approximately one hour to
remove or vaporize if any moisture or water in the resin and then cooled down to 45°C, after the temp reaches 45
°C, 10wt% hardener (HY-951) which acts as the curing agent is added to epoxy resin. Then bamboo fibers are
added in different ratios of 20, 30, 40 wt% as seen from past investigations and studies. The whole solution is
then stirred manually or with the help of mechanical stirrer and then poured in the mould.
Fig.5 Convection oven
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4. Casting technique
Casting technique used will be simple hand layup technique followed by post curing by application of load. The
whole mixture is poured in the mould is assembled together with the bolts and then held vertically in bench-wise
for 24 hers after that it is post cured by pressing the mould with a 25kg weight for 2-3 days and then removed
from the mould and left unloaded at normal room temperature for 2-3 days and then the samples of different
sizes are cut from it.
TABLE-II Compositions of epoxy filled with bamboo fibers
Designation of
Composition
Epoxy Resin (CY230),
Wt%
Hardener (HY951), wt% Bamboo fiber
wt%
Neat 100 10 0
20C 100 10 20
30B 100 10 30
40A 100 10 40
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Mechanical Properties
1. Tensile Test
The tensile properties of the bamboo fiber filled epoxy resin composite material were determined by 100 kN
universal testing machine at fixed strain rate 1 mm/min under displacement control mode. The results are
presented in figures 6.
Fig.6 Stress-strain diagram for different wt% of bamboo fibers
The tensile stress-strain curve for unfilled epoxy resin (10 wt% HY-951 hardener and CY-230 resin) and bio-
composite material containing 20, 30 and 40 wt% bamboo fibers is shown in the figure 6.
The variations in tensile strengths of the composites are shown in Fig.6. The tensile strength of the bamboo-
epoxy composites decreases at 40wt% fiber loading. This decrease in tensile strength is due to the maximum
void contents and weak interfacial adhesion in case of composites i.e. when the material is stressed in tension
test it tends to elongate and when the material elongates the bond between bamboo fibers and epoxy resin
weakens and leads to the loosening of bamboo fibers and leads to fracture of material.
2. Flexural Test
The flexural properties have a very important role in structural applications. The flexural properties obtained at
different weight percentage of bamboo fibers have been shown in figures, 7, 9. The effect of wt% of bamboo
fibers on flexural strength is shown in figure 7.
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Fig.7 Effect of bamboo fiber (wt %) on flexural strength
Fig.8 Effect of bamboo fiber (wt %) on flexural strain
Fig.9 Effect of bamboo fiber (wt %) on flexural modulus
It is observed that flexural strength decrease with an increase in bamboo fiber wt% in epoxy resin. It is observed
that flexural strain fist decreases with an increase in bamboo fiber wt% in epoxy resin and then increases with an
increase in wt% from fig.8.In fig.9 flexural modulus decreases with an increase of wt% of bamboo fiber in epoxy
resin. Bamboo fibers provide a resistance initially due to which the gradient of initial straight line of load-
displacement curve is more which leads to increase in flexural modulus.
3. Hardness Test
In this study the hardness test have been conducted on L scale on Digital Rockwell hardness testing machine.
Fig.10Effect of wt% of bamboo fibers on hardness
From figure10 this can be seen that hardness of bamboo fiber reinforced composite decreases with the increase
in wt% of bamboo fiber. This may be due to the softness or low hardness of bamboo fiber.
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4. Impact Test
The results obtained by the impact tests are shown in table 3. The impact strength is calculated by the formula
given in equation 4.1. Fig.12 shows impact strength with different wt% of bamboo fibers.
TABLE-III Impact properties of bamboo fiber filled epoxy resin composite
Bamboo fiber (wt %) Impact energy (J) Impact energy/
Width (J/m)
Impact strength
(kJ/m
2
)
0 0.1198 26.66 2.5266
20 0.2226 44.52 4.51
30 1.50263 212.232 18.38
40 0.3731 74.616 5.862
Fig.11Effect of wt% of bamboo fibers on impact energy
Fig.12 Effect of wt% of bamboo fibers on impact strength
B. Water Absorption Test
Water absorption is a very important test for natural particles and fibers reinforced composites to define their
potential for outdoor working. The performance of these composites may suffer while they are exposed to
environmental conditions for long time. The water absorption test provides information about the adhesion
between the particles and the matrix in the interface region, as higher the adhesion between the matrix and the
particles fewer will be sites that could store water and will lead to lower water absorption. Fig.13 shows the
percentage of water absorbed at different time intervals.
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Fig.13Water absorption for different wt% of bamboo fiber reinforced composite
Fig 13 shows that the rate of water absorption increases almost linearly for neat (0 wt %) fiber and the water
absorption increases for all wt % with water being absorbed by 40 wt % specimen being maximum. The rate of
water being absorbed decreases with decreasing wt%. This may be because with the addition of bamboo fibers
wt%, the voids and cavities in the materials increases. When the specimens are dipped in the water the water
would enter into these locations and cause more absorption. The other reason may be that the bamboo fibers
absorb water due to which the material is absorbing more water.
V. CONCLUSIONS
Bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy composites have been fabricated with varying fiber concentration. The
experimental analysis has shown that bamboo fiber reinforcement in the epoxy matrix has improved the
mechanical properties of composite structure. The composites have been fabricated using the hand-lay-up
method, which is one of the simplest methods to fabricate the composites under normal conditions. The
fabricated composites are of good quality with appropriate bonding between the fiber and resin. However the
presence of voids is unavoidable in composite fabrication, particularly through hand-lay-up route. The presence
of pores and voids in the composite structure significantly affect a number of mechanical properties and even the
performance of the composites. Higher void contents usually mean lower fatigue resistance and greater
susceptibility to water penetration. While studying the fiber variations, the increase in fiber loading has improved
the hardness but reduced the tensile strength and flexural strength of the composites. This decrease is attributed
to the inability of the fiber to support the stress transferred from the polymer matrix. Also the poor interfacial
bonding generates partial spaces between the fiber and matrix material, hence resulting in a weak structure.
Impact strength of composites also increased up to 20wt% fiber loading and then decreased at 30wt%fiber
loading. Reduction of impact strength at 30wt% fiber loading was due to micro-spaces between the fiber and
matrix polymer, and as a result causes numerous micro-cracks when impact occurs, which induce crack
propagation easily and decrease the impact strength of the composites. Absorption of composites in water has
been tested. Percentage absorption of chemicals in bamboo epoxy composite increased with increase in fiber
content. Water absorption of composites increased with increase in fiber loading. The hydrophilic nature of
bamboo fibers is responsible for water 161 absorption. Water absorption of particulate filled composites has
been found to be less than the unfilled composites.
The analytical and experimental investigation of the present work has been lead to the following conclusions:
• Successful fabrication of unfilled bamboo-epoxy composites is possible by simple hand lay- up
technique.
• The mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and hardness
of bamboo-epoxy composites are found to be superior as compare to the neat epoxy composites.
• The composites have also shown a good water resistance to make them suitable for the outdoor
applications. Water absorption of the composites saturates after an exposure of 40 days. This means that water
has very little effect on composites.
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VI. RECOMMENDATIONS
Manufacturers and engineers are always on the look for the new materials and improved processes to use in the
manufacturing of better products, and thus increase their profit margin. The developed composites are a good
substitute for a number of petroleum based products and form a very much sustainable resource. They have lot of
advantages like low density, low price, recyclable, biodegradable, low abrasive wear, CO2 neutral and
environment friendly. Natural fiber composites are being used in a large number of applications in automotive,
constructions, marine, electronic and aerospace. These composite have a lot potential as a low cost polymeric
composite material for tribological applications also. Bamboo epoxy composites form a new class of bio-fiber
reinforced composites, which may find potential applications in:
• Conveyor belt rollers
• Passenger seat frames (replacing wood/steel) in railway coaches / automobiles
• Pipes carrying pulverized coal in power plants
• Pump and impeller blades
• Household furniture and also as low cost housing materials.
• Helicopter fan blades
• Trim parts in dashboards
• Door panels and Seat Cushions
• Parcel shelves
• Seat cushions 165
• Backrests and Cabin linings
VII. FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
Bamboo-Epoxy composites have a lot of research potential, considering the present day environmental concerns.
The work of the present thesis can be extended by a number of different ways. Considering the raw materials,
unidirectional short bamboo fibres has been used for fabrication of the composites in the present work. However
bi-directional bamboo can also be used as reinforcement in the composites. Fiber length can be one of the
variables in the composite fabrication and their effect can be studied on the mechanical, chemical and erosive
properties. Other thermosetting polymers like polyesters polyurethane and thermoplastics like polypropylene can
also be used as resins in the bamboo based polymer composites. As far as the fabrication method is concerned,
the hand up lay up method has been used for fabrication of composites in the present work. It is recommended
that the use of injection moulding to fabricate composites samples for testing is more precise and it reduces
much of human errors. The chemical resistance and water absorption of composites have been studied in the
present work; however the effect of temperature on the water absorption can be explored as future work. Effect
of chemicals on the mechanical properties of the composites can also be a good problem to study. Other
chemical properties like Moisture absorption and swelling behavior of bamboo epoxy composites can also be
studied wear behavior of composite can also be explored.
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