This document summarizes a study that explored perceptions of teenage pregnancy in South Africa. It conducted 17 focus group discussions with 193 participants from diverse backgrounds. The study found that teenage pregnancy is common and viewed both as acceptable and unacceptable depending on factors like economic gain, peer pressure, and religious views. It identified several perceived causes of teenage pregnancy like poverty, lack of education, lack of parental guidance, and believing pregnancy can't happen the first time having sex. The discussion concluded teenage pregnancy is a complex issue with varied social and economic drivers that prevention efforts need to address.
This was a short lecture on teenage pregnancy given during the Phil Pediatric Society Central Visayas chapter Postgraduate Course last November 19, 2015 at the Marriott Hotel, Cebu City.
Learn about upcoming funding for teen pregnancy prevention programs as well as a discussion on how to develop a teen pregnancy prevention program for your community.
This is a work made in the 8th grade about adolescent pregnancy, methods of contraception and abortion. At the end there's a quiz that is good to do when you're presenting. I hope it's useful, you
This was a short lecture on teenage pregnancy given during the Phil Pediatric Society Central Visayas chapter Postgraduate Course last November 19, 2015 at the Marriott Hotel, Cebu City.
Learn about upcoming funding for teen pregnancy prevention programs as well as a discussion on how to develop a teen pregnancy prevention program for your community.
This is a work made in the 8th grade about adolescent pregnancy, methods of contraception and abortion. At the end there's a quiz that is good to do when you're presenting. I hope it's useful, you
Declining sex ratio is a great concern as it create the imbalance in the society which might be irreversible for many more decades. This PPT Presentation highlighted the issue of declined sex ratio and its impact .
"Epistemological and ideological clashes in research and policy around children and childhood" presented by Jo Boyden of Young Lives, University of Oxford at plenary session of ICYRN 2015 Conference, Cyprus
Young Women’s Household Bargaining Power in Marriage and Parenthood in Ethiopia
Nardos Chuta
Conference on Adolescence, Youth and Gender: Building Knowledge for Change
Lady Margaret Hall, University of Oxford
08 September 2016
A presentation from 27 June 2019 at the IAFFE Conference in Glasgow, Scotland by Elena Camilletti and Sarah Cook
Related: https://www.unicef-irc.org/journal-articles/63
International Association for Feminist Economists #IAFFE2019
This year’s report is the fifth in the ‘Because I am a Girl’ series. From the very first, in 2007, when we began monitoring the State of the World’s Girls, we have been asked: “What about boys?"
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
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NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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Cily Teenage Pregnancy
1. ‘Die mense sal dit nog aanvaar, …’: Perceptions of teenage
pregnancy in South Africa
Authors:Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya, Cily Tabane, Adlai Davids & Ntombizodwa Mbelle
Presenter: Cily Tabane,PhD
Socio-cultural responses to HIV
5th SAHARA Conference, 2009
th
30 November – 3 December 2009
Gallagher Estate, Midrand, South Africa
1
2. INTRODUCTION
• For many teenagers, sexual activities result in unplanned
pregnancies (Richter & Mlambo, 2005).
• Pregnancy among 15 -16 year olds accounts for 7% of all teen
pregnancy while 17-19 year olds account for 93% of teen
pregnancies (Reproductive Health Research Unit,2004)
• The recent (2009) South African household survey reported high
levels of condom use at last sex among people aged 15–24
years,
• The national HIV prevalence in this group is just under nine per
cent (8.7%) (Shisana O, Rehle T, Simbayi L, Zuma K, Jooste S,
Pillay-van Wyk et al, 2009)
2
3. INTRODUCTION (Cont)
• Teenage pregnancies are of significant interest in the
age of HIV/AIDS for researchers in public health as the
risk of HIV transmission is high
• The HIV & AIDS and STI Strategic Plan for South
Africa 2007-2011 (South Africa National AIDS Council,
2007), lists the median age of sexual partner among
pregnant 15-19 year olds and the teenage pregnancy
rate as two indicators in its prevention priority area.
• It is important to understand the social values and
norms that encourage or sustain such behaviour or
practices, especially given the fact that they may
increase HIV risk.
• In order to contribute to the refinement of teenage
pregnancy intervention strategies, views on the
acceptability of teenage pregnancy and its causes
need to be established.
3
4. MAIN OBJECTIVE
This study/paper explored perceptions of teenage
pregnancy in as far as its acceptability, unacceptability
and causes are concerned
4
5. METHODOLOGY
• Exploratory qualitative focus group study was
conducted among diverse groups of individuals in
terms of race, age, gender and geotype throughout the
nine South African provinces
• A total of 17 focus group discussions
• A diversity of participants (193) was recruited and
participated in focus groups ranging from 7 to 15
participants.
• Data Analysis included-Thematic content analysis
5
6. GUIDING QUESTIONS
• Does teenage pregnancy happen in your
community?
• Is this an acceptable or unacceptable
behaviour in your community?
• Why do some people find it acceptable?
• Why do some people find it unacceptable?
• What are the causes of teenage
pregnancy?
6
7. RESULTS (Cont)
• Occurrence of teenage pregnancy-teenage pregnancy is
common in their community (“I think it is the norm, because girls
have children before they are fifteen years of age”KZN Teenagers,
Mixed Group FGD)
• Acceptability of teenage pregnancy:
• Parents, relatives and community have become more
accommodative(“These days parents agree to a lot of things, even
wrong things.” - Male & female teenagers, Duduza, Gauteng)
• Peer, Family and Community Pressure and Role Models-
(“These days if you are our age and without a child you are looked
down upon”. - Adult men, Galeshewe, Northern Cape
• Family history of teenage pregnancy- “And then sometimes it’s
also alright because they, there they have brothers and sisters that
also started from a young age, now they become pregnant home,
the mother may do nothing”. - Male teenagers, Kensington,
Western Cape
7
8. RESULTS (Cont)
• Economic gain – (“Families sometimes do support this kind
of practice in a way that they study the background of their
daughter’s boyfriend, if he is from a wealthier family the
chances of pregnancy are high. Mothers in particular are the
ones who are behind this kind of a mission” - Adult men,
Polokwane, Limpopo)
• Teenage mothers are capable of looking after their
children – (“I think one other thing that communities accept
them is because these teenage mothers do take care of their
children.” - Male & female teenagers, Durban, KwaZulu-
Natal)
• Human rights – (“…sometimes parents themselves get
threatened by their children and have no other solution
except going with their children’s wishes”. - Adult women,
Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape)
8
9. RESULTS (Cont)
• Teenage pregnancy perceived as an unacceptable
behaviour in the community:
• It is embarrassing, inappropriate and taboo for the teenage life
stage –“Just imagine a child taking care of a child that is a bad
experience”. - Adult women, Potchefstroom, North West)
• It is contrary to widely held religious views and morals- (‘Okay,
die mense sal dit nog aanvaar maar as jy daar bo kom een van die
dae dan dis reguit hel toe.....(“OK, the community will accept it but
when you die then you will go straight to hell”). - Female
teenagers, Keimoes, Northern Cape )
• It is done for economic gain- (“…One girl might fall pregnant
coming from a disadvantaged family, relying on the money for grant
to support her family…” - Adult men, Polokwane, Limpopo)
9
10. RESULTS (Cont)
• It creates relationship difficulties between mother and child-
(“…and you also don’t have respect for your mother because your
mother is then, what, fifteen years older than you” - Female
teenagers, Keimoes, Northern Cape)
• It leads to a loss of reputation as pregnant teenagers often
become objects of scorn – (“…You are taken as very cheap and
uncontrollable” - Male & female adult Zimbabweans, Thembisa,
Gauteng)
• It affects relationship between parents and the pregnant child –
(“If you think you are big enough to have children, then you don’t
have to be in the house anymore” - Female teenagers, Keimoes,
Northern Cape)
• It has a negative impact on scholastic performance – (“...like say
‘look at you, you so young, what do you want to become one day,
what did you tell me, you want to be a dancer, you want to be an
actress or this and that but look you falling pregnant which is going
to prevent you from reaching your goal’, then they are, they are
going to be harder on them” - Male teenagers, Kensington,
Western Cape)
10
11. RESULTS (Cont)
• It leads to relationship problems in later life – (“Because that is
why you marry. You marry to now have children of your own....” -
Female teenagers, Keimoes, Northern Cape)
• Perceived causes of teenage pregnancy:
• Economic reasons-(“They discourage it and others encourage it.
Some are just direct, they send a girl to love so and so to get
money”. White River, Mpumalanaga, Mixed Adult Male and
Female FGD)
• Lack of education, knowledge or access to relevant
information- (“Lack of knowledge is a problem on this issue”.
White River, Mpumalanaga, Mixed Adult Male and Female FGD)
• Social Pressure – (“Peer pressure plays a role because they tell
themselves that if she can then I can also do it”. Northern Cape,
Adult Males FGD)
11
12. RESULTS (Cont)
• Teenagers think they won’t get pregnant –(”Haa, no
I don’t think any teenager wants a child. It is just a
mistake. People do not think they will be pregnant just
after the first time of sleeping with a man”. -
Leromolle, Informal settlements Free State, Female
Teenagers FGD)
• Lack of recreational activities –(“Young people have
no activities to keep them busy. There is no sport or
anything, than sex is the only way to keep busy”.
Rustenburg formal, Adult Women FGD)
• Lack of parental guidance, inability to perform
parental role, parental pressure or non exemplary
parental behaviour – (“I heard one mother
complaining that her young girl was carrying her
friend’s child, she asked her when is she going to carry
hers”. White River, Mpumalanaga, Mixed Adult
Male and Female FGD) 12
13. RESULTS (Cont)
• Wanting to experiment – (“…It sometimes happen
because our children want to experiment …”
Potchefstroom Informal settlements, Adult Women FGD.
• Empty promises from boyfriends – (“The boyfriends
can lie so much and tell you that you are the only girl in
his life whereas you are number ten on the list of his
girlfriends”. Limpopo, Adult Male FGD)
• Desire for marriage, to keep boyfriend and to have
a baby – (“Some they get pregnant to impress their
boy friend or the family of a boy friend”.White River,
Mpumalanaga, Mixed Adult Male and Female FGD)
• Sexual coercion –(“In rural areas there are these
rapists that the community is afraid of, they will rape
these young girls and as a result the girl will fall
pregnant.” Limpopo, Adult Male FGD)
13
14. DISCUSSION
• Economic reasons such as unemployment and poverty
are seen as playing a major role in teenage
pregnancy. Money is exchanged for sex (Kunene,
1995 & Were, 2007).
• Teenagers lack knowledge about contraception and
pregnancy and this often result in teenage pregnancy
(Richter & Mlambo, 2005; Were,2007 & Ehlers, 2003)
• Poor sex education causes teenage pregnancy.
Parents and schools are neglecting sex education.
Parents also fear that if they educate their children
about sex, they will be seen as giving them permission
to engage in sexual activities.
14
15. DISCUSSION (Cont)
• Lack of recreational actives - contribute to teenage
pregnancy. Sex is the only thing that teenagers keep
themselves busy with.
• Teenagers think that they will never fall pregnant from
having sex once. Ignorance about physiological
aspects of conception led the teenagers believe that
first- time sex or irregular sex could not cause
pregnancy. They think that sex is a play (Vundule et al,
2000)
• Teenagers engage in life experiments and therefore
will want to experiment with sex because they lack
knowledge about sex. Risk taking is increasingly
accepted as a normal component of adolescent
development.
15
16. DISCUSSION (Cont)
• Discipline by parents is difficult because of the
children’s and human rights.
• There seems to be a strong desire from the girls to
keep the boyfriend, have a baby and get married. In a
study conducted by Kunene (1995) girls also fell
pregnant to keep their boyfriends
16
17. CONCLUSION
• It is evident from these results that teenage pregnancy
is in existence and its causes are varied.
• Studies indicate that teenagers become sexually
active in early puberty and are not using any form of
contraceptives (Reproductive Health Research Unit,
2004 & Jewkes, Vundule, Maforah & Jordaan, 2000).
• Teenage pregnancy prevention efforts should address
identified causes of teenage pregnancy.
17