Extraoclar muscles (Anatomy & physiology)
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The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of extraocular muscles (EOMs). It describes the seven EOMs, including their origins, insertions, nerve and blood supply. It discusses the embryological development of EOMs. It also covers the structure of EOMs and their orbital positions. Finally, it outlines the physiological principles governing EOM function, including planes and axes of rotation, muscle actions, and laws of motility.
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Indirect (secondary)
Bone healing take place through different stages
Direct/ primary healing occurs when the bony fragments are fixed together with compression. There is no callus formation. The bony ends are joined and healed by osteoclast and osteoblast activity.
Indirect healing is more common than direct healing and involves both endochondral and intramembranous bone healing.
Anatomical reduction and stable conditions are not required for indirect healing to occur.
Rather, there is a small amount of motion and weight-bearing at the fracture
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES.pptx
This document summarizes the muscles of the orbit. It describes the voluntary muscles - the four recti muscles and two oblique muscles, as well as the involuntary levator palpebrae superioris muscle. For each muscle, it provides details on origin, insertion, nerve supply, and actions based on classical concepts. It also discusses the fascial structures surrounding the muscles, including the fascial sheaths, intermuscular septa, and expansions. Finally, it covers the basic physiology and kinematics of eye movements including versions, ductions, vergences, and laws governing ocular motility such as Hering's law and Sherrington's law.
2 eye bony orbic and ball
This document describes the anatomy and structures of the eye and orbit. It discusses the three tunics that make up the eye: the fibrous tunic (cornea, sclera), vascular tunic (choroid, ciliary body, iris), and nervous tunic (retina). It also describes the contents of the eyeball, extraocular muscles, blood supply, movements of the eyeball, and process of accommodation.
Eom ppt
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the extraocular muscles (EOMs). It describes the 7 EOMs, their origins, insertions, actions, and nerve supply. The EOMs allow for precise eye movements through arrangements of fibers and innervation that provide both rapid and fatigue-resistant function. Their coordinated actions follow laws of ocular motility to produce conjugate and vergent eye movements in the cardinal gazes.
Extra ocular muscles
The document provides an overview of extraocular muscles (EOMs), including their embryology, anatomy, blood and nerve supply, actions, positions of gaze, and laws of ocular motility. It describes the seven EOMs - the four rectus muscles (superior, inferior, medial, lateral), two oblique muscles (superior, inferior), and levator palpebrae superioris. It discusses their origins, insertions, innervation and applied clinical concepts. Fick's axes, Listing's law, Donder's law, and Hering's and Sherrington's laws of innervation governing coordinated eye movements are also summarized.
The anatomy and Physiology of the Muscular System .pdf
The muscular system consists of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscle is striated muscle that is attached to bones and controls voluntary movement. It has several microscopic structures including sarcomeres composed of actin and myosin filaments. Contraction occurs when actin and myosin filaments slide past each other due to calcium release. There are over 600 skeletal muscles in the human body grouped into those that act on the head/neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs. Examples include the masseter muscle for chewing and the biceps brachii for elbow flexion.
Extraocular muscles. presentation ophthal
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the extraocular muscles. It discusses the origins, insertions, blood supply, nerve supply, actions, and synergists/antagonists of the 6 extraocular muscles. It also describes the axes of eye movement, types of movements including versions, vergences, ductions, and clinical correlations.
Anatomy of Lumbosacral Spine.pptx
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the lumbosacral spine. It discusses the bones that make up the vertebral column, including the lumbar and sacral regions. It describes the functions of supporting the body, transmitting forces, and protecting the spinal cord. The document outlines the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles that move and support the vertebral column. It details the typical vertebral structure, vertebral canal, discs, facets, and ligaments that connect the vertebrae. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive anatomical description of the bones, joints, muscles and ligaments that make up the lumbosacral spine.
Anatomy of Spine pptx
The document summarizes the anatomy and landmarks of the spine. It describes the vertebral column as comprising 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral vertebrae. There are normal curvatures in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions. Each vertebra has an anterior and posterior arch forming a foramen through which the spinal cord passes. Intervertebral discs separate the vertebrae and allow motion and load transfer between segments. Facet joints connect adjacent vertebral processes.
Kinesiology in Medical Rehabilitation.pptx
- Gluteus Medius & Minimus - Lateral hip stability
- Hamstrings - Knee stability
- Gastrocnemius - Ankle stability
- Soleus - Postural control
- Erector Spinae - Spinal extension & stability
- Trapezius - Shoulder stability
- Latissimus Dorsi - Shoulder stability
- Pectoralis Major - Shoulder stability
- Deltoids - Shoulder stability
Stabilizers:
- Gluteus Maximus - Hip extension
- Quadriceps - Knee extension
- Tibialis Anterior - Ankle dorsiflexion
Synergists:
- All muscles work together to maintain balance
1. physiology of blood and muscles
Physiology is the study of the functions of living organisms and their parts. The document provides an overview of physiology vocabulary, the scope of physiology, and an introduction to muscular physiology. It defines key terms related to physiology like active transport, homeostasis, and neurotransmitters. It explains that physiology can be divided into areas like cellular physiology, animal physiology, and organ-specific physiologies. The scope of physiology includes applications in medical science, veterinary science, biomedical research, and molecular studies.
development of the musculoskeletal system.pdf
The skeletal and muscular systems develop from paraxial mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm, and neural crest cells. Mesoderm forms somites that differentiate into sclerotome and dermomyotome, with sclerotome cells becoming mesenchyme that migrates and forms cartilage models through endochondral ossification or membraneous bone, while dermomyotome forms myoblasts that fuse into muscle fibers. Limb buds develop from lateral plate mesoderm and rotate as cartilage and bone form through endochondral ossification while surrounding musculature develops from dermomyotome and surrounding nerves
Muscular system(final report)
The muscular system consists of over 600 muscles that make up around 40% of body mass. There are three main types of muscle - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and attached to bones, enabling movement. It has striations and contains fascicles and fibers. Smooth muscle is involuntary and found in organs, while cardiac muscle is only in the heart and pumps blood. Muscles contract through motor neurons stimulating the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Contraction enables functions like movement, posture, and heat production.
The Integrated Spring-Mass Model Approach to Treating Thoracic Outlet Syndrom...
The Integrated Spring-Mass Model Approach to Treating Thoracic Outlet Syndrom...Dr James Stoxen,. DC, FSSEMM (Hon)
Review this slideshare and for a more comprehensive approach to thoracic outlet syndrome, look for my book, Neck Pain, Upper Back Pain, Shoulder Pain, Could it be thoracic outlet syndrome? on Amazon.com
What is Thoracic Outlet Syndrome?
It is one of the most underrated, overlooked and misdiagnosed conditions and proves difficult to manage. Medical professionals appreciate that it is probably the most important peripheral nerve compression in the upper extremity.
Thoracic outlet syndrome has been called many names
Thoracic outlet syndrome
bilateral thoracic outlet syndrome
thoracic outlet disorder
neurogenic TOS
arterial TOS
arterial thoracic outlet syndrome
cervical rib syndrome
cervicobrachial neuralgia
compressive neuropathy
costoclavicular syndrome
disputed neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome
effort thrombosis, first rib syndrome
hyperabduction syndrome
inflammation of the brachial plexus
neurogenic pectoralis minor syndrome (NPMS)
neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS)
neurological thoracic exit syndrome
Paget-Schroetter syndrome
peripheral nerve compression
scalenus anticus syndrome
spontaneous subclavian vein ("effort") thrombosis
subcoracoid brachial plexus compression
superior thoracic outlet syndrome
symptomatic thoracic outlet syndrome
thoracic outlet compression
venous compression syndrome
venous thoracic outlet syndrome
double crush syndrome
triple crush syndrome
The Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders And Stroke, plus top 10 ranked hospitals for neurology and neurosurgery all tell us that compression is what leads to thoracic outlet syndrome.
Surgery can have poor outcomes including:
Chronic lifelong pain
Progressive weakness
Clot formation
Emboli
Stroke
Limb amputation
Failed surgery
Spinal stimulators
Addiction to painkillers
Complications leading to death
There were 16 Treatment Approaches for TOS I found in the National Database of Health NIH
Medication: Analgesic drug therapy, Antidepressants, Anticonvulsants, others
Scalene Injection (Bupivacaine)
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory's NSAIDS
Painkillers For Symptom Reduction
Scalene Injection (Botox)
Gentle Stretching Of The Scalene's And Pectoralis Minor
Traction
Nerve Gliding
Ultrasound & Muscle Stimulation
Different Bra For Breast Hypertrophy
Breast Reduction - Reduction Mammoplasty
Ergonomic Corrections
Correction Of The Ergonomics Of The Workstation
First Rib Adjustments Alone
General Massage
Exercise Strengthening
None of these treatments by itself addresses the cause of TOS. Review this slideshare and look for my book, Neck Pain, Upper Back Pain, Shoulder Pain, Could it be thoracic outlet syndrome? on Amazon.com
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Extraoclar muscles (Anatomy & physiology)
- 1. Extraocular Muscles (Anatomy & Physiology) Sana Azam M Phil Vision Sciences (1st semester)
- 2. Contents Anatomy of EOM • Origins & Insertions • Nerve Supply • Blood Supply • Orbital Relations Physiology of EOM • Planes of Rotation • Axes of Rotation • Muscle Actions
- 3. Anatomy of EOM Extraocular muscles are 7 extrinsic muscles attached to the eyeball causing different movements of globe and elevation of eyelid These are • Superior Rectus • Inferior Rectus • Medial Rectus • Lateral Rectus
- 4. Anatomy of EOM (cont.) • Superior Oblique • Inferior Oblique • Levator Palpebrae aa Superioris
- 5. Embryology of EOM • EOM originate from cranial mesoderm & neural crest • From neural crest perimusclar connective tissue develops about 3rd week of gestation • Muscles originate from 3 separate points • Each point is further innervated separately by CN III,CN IV and CN VI
- 6. Embryology of EOM (cont.) • Innervation supply is completed up to 1 month of gestation • Then the point innervated by CN III gives rise to Medial Rectus, Superior Rectus, Inferior Rectus and Inferior Oblique • Points Innervated by CN IV and CN VI give rise to Superior Oblique and Lateral Rectus respectively
- 7. Embryology of EOM (cont.) • Levator muscle originates by splitting of Superior Rectus • Up to 6 months of gestation EOM are present in their anatomical positions with surrounding tissues • After that muscles just undergo through process of growth
- 8. Structure of EOM • Voluntary striated muscles • Innervated by up to 10X more nerve fibers than skeleton muscles • Also have greater vascularity • Consist of 2 layers: 1. Outer orbital layer (5-15um) 2. Inner global layer (10-50um)
- 9. Structure of EOM (cont.) • Inner global layer consists of 3 type of fibers: 1. Red 2. Intermediate 3. White
- 10. Features of Fibers 1. Twitch fibers (11-15um) 2. Tone fibers (9-11um) 3. Singly innervated fibers 4. Multiply innervated fibers
- 11. Orbital Position of Globe • The walls of bony orbit are divergent and thus orbital axes pass through an angle of 23 degrees • Angle between visual & orbital axis is about 22.5 degrees
- 13. Origins & Insertions MUSCLES ORIGINS TENDON LENGTH INSERTION SR Tendinous Ring 5.8mm Sclera close to limbus IR Tendinous Ring 5.5mm Sclera close to limbus MR Tendinous Ring 3.7mm Sclera close to limbus LR Tendinous Ring 8.8mm Sclera close to limbus
- 14. Origins & Insertions (cont.) MUSCLES ORIGINS TENDON LENGTH INSERTION SO Superomedial to optic canal 26mm Superotemporal quadrant of globe IO Margin of orbital floor lateral to lacrimal fossa 1mm Inferotemporal quadrant of globe LPS Superior to tendinous ring from lesser wing of sphenoid 14-20mm Eyelid skin and tarsal plate
- 15. Origin of EOM
- 16. Origins of EOM (cont.)
- 17. Insertions ( Spiral of Tilluax)
- 19. Nerve Supply • Lateral Rectus CN6 • Superior Oblique CN4 • Superior Rectus & Levator muscle by CN3 superior division • Medial Rectus, Inferior Oblique & Inferior Rectus by CN3 inferior division
- 23. Blood Supply Ophthalmic Artery Lateral branch Medial branch Lateral Rectus Medial Rectus Levator Muscle Inferior Rectus Superior Rectus Inferior Oblique Superior Oblique
- 25. Blood Supply (cont.) Venous drainage Vortex vein Infra & supraorbital vein Ophthalmic vein Cavernous Sinus Jugular Vein
- 27. Orbital Relations • Adipose Tissue • Muscle Cone • Muscle Capsule • Tenon Capsule • Pulleys
- 29. Orbital Relations (cont.) • Muscle Pulleys are expansions of EOM mainly of horizontal recti which control affect of horizontal movements on vertical and vice versa.
- 31. Physiology of EOM Physiological Principles: • Plane of rotation is Listing Plane • Axes of rotation are Fick axes
- 32. Muscle Terminologies • Agonist • Antagonist • Synergist • Yoke
- 33. Laws of Motility • Sherrington law states that increased innervation to agonist is accompanied with reciprocal decrease of innervation to its antagonist • Hering Law states that during a conjugate eye movement an equal innervation flows to yolk muscles of both eyes
- 34. EOM Actions • Primary Action is the main effect of muscle contraction on position of globe when globe is in primary position • Subsidiary Actions are other effects on position of eye on muscle contraction in primary position
- 35. EOM Actions (cont.) • Recruitment is innervation supplied to motor units by brain to take fixation in a specific gaze • Arc of contact is physiological point where muscle first contacts globe
- 36. EOM Actions (cont.) • Horizontal Recti Medial Rectus Lateral Rectus Adduction Abduction
- 37. C Medial Rectus Lateral Rectus
- 38. EOM Actions (cont.) • Vertical Recti Superior Rectus Inferior Rectus Elevation Depression Intorsion Extorsion Adduction Adduction
- 42. EOM Actions (cont.) • Oblique Muscles Superior Oblique Inferior Oblique Intorsion Extorsion Depression Elevation Abduction Abduction
- 44. Superior Oblique
- 46. Inferior Oblique
- 48. Thank you