The document provides an overview of the cell cycle, detailing its phases, including interphase and mitosis, and their respective stages such as G1, S, and G2. It explains the processes occurring during each phase, including DNA replication and cell division. Additionally, it discusses the control points and factors affecting the cycle, highlighting both positive and negative regulators.

1. Characterize the
phases of the cell &
their control points
An introduction to observing
cells
with a light microscope

2. CONTENTS
▪️
DEFINITION
Explain how to use a microscope
▪️
Different phases of
cell cycle
▪️
Various checkpoint
▪️
Growth factors that
affect the cell cycle
-Positive regulators
-Negative regulators

3. is a series of events that a cell passes through
from the time until it reproduces its replica.
It is the growth and division of single cell into
daughter cells and duplication (replication).
In prokaryotic cells, the cell cycle occurs via a
process termed binary fission.
In eukaryotic cells, the cell cycle can be divided in
two periods-
a) interphase
b) mitosis
Cell Cycle

4. Cell Cycle
Guess the Picture

5. Phases of cell
cycle
G1 (pre-synthetic phase)
S (DNA synthesis)
G2 (pre-mitotic phase)
• CELL DIVISION (MITOTIC PHASE)
a) Interphase- During this phase the cell grows, accumulating
nutrients needed for mitosis and duplicating its DNA.
b) Mitosis (M)-phase- During which the cell splits itself into two
different cells.
The duration of the cell cycle varies from hours to years. A typical
human cell has duration of 90h.
Interphase

6. Characters of Interphase
It is the resting phase of the cell.
Stages of Interphase:
Interphase consists of 3 sub-stages. They are:
1. G1 phase
2. S phase
3. G2 phase

7. G1 Phases
It is the post mitotic phase and takes place at the end
of cell division the newly formed cells accumulate the
energy and prepares themselves for the synthesis of
DNA. During this, active synthesis of RNA and protein
takes place.
S Phases
It is the synthesis phase during this phase duplication
of DNA and centriole takes places. The duplication of
DNA results in the duplication of chromosomes.

8. G2 Phases
It is the pre- mitotic gap phase (invisible phase) the synthesis
of RNA and protein continues in this phase. The formation of
macro molecules for spindle formation takes place and the
cell prepare itself to go into the mitotic phase.

10. G2 cells are divided into two daughter cells which may enter the
cycle again at G1 phase or come out of the cycle to G0 phase.
Mitosis is the distribution of the two sets of chromosomes into two
separate and equal nuclei. This is the division phase. During this
phase the cell divides. This phase has a short duration.
This phase has two sub-phases called:
karyokinesis and cytokinesis
M Phase (Mitosis)

11. -refers to the cell division of nucleus into
two daughter nuclei. It has 4 sub-stages,
namely prophase, metaphase, anaphase and
telophase.
-refers to the cell division of the cytoplasm
resulting in two daughter cells.
karyokinesis
Cytokinesis

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