While experts agree on the need for clean water, there is disagreement on how best to provide it. Some propose transporting bulk water via ships, barges, or bladders dragged to destinations. For inland areas, boiling water is often recommended to purify it. However, boiling may not be economically sustainable due to fuel costs. As a result, more research examines using renewable energy for water purification.
Counterargument and Refutation ParagraphsJustineWhite6
This document provides guidance on writing counterargument and refutation paragraphs. It defines key terms like thesis statement, counterargument, and refutation. It explains the typical parts and structure of counterargument and refutation paragraphs. It also offers advice on how to introduce counterarguments and refutations, including using transition words and phrases. Sample counterargument and refutation paragraphs are provided with annotations explaining the components.
This document provides an overview of rhetorical analysis and its key components. It defines rhetoric as persuasive communication and examines an author's audience, purpose, genre, argument components like claims and evidence, and types of evidence. The document instructs readers to analyze how an argument is made through its rhetorical elements, not just the topic itself.
The author analyzes an article that claims three traits drive success: a superiority complex, insecurity, and impulse control. The article cites statistics showing certain cultural groups in America have high levels of economic success. These include Indian-, Iranian-, Lebanese-, and Chinese-Americans earning higher incomes than average. Mormons also hold top corporate positions disproportionate to their population. Jews account for a large percentage of positions like Supreme Court justices despite being a small portion of the population. The author argues these traits can be applied to individuals, cultural groups, and nations like the U.S. to understand what drives success.
Here is an example of framing the quote using partial quoting:
During my research, I came to believe that flu shots are necessary during the flu season for everyone on campus. When I interviewed UNCC student Jennifer Pooler, she explained that she believes everyone should get a flu shot and told me about her teacher, Miss Eaker, having to cancel class because "she came down with the flu, and it was the class before our assignment was due." What this shows is that Pooler would have had more effective help from her professor if precautionary health measures had been taken. Furthermore, this instance of a class being canceled due to the flu is likely not isolated. Framing the issue this way helps demonstrate how classes could flow
This document provides guidance on writing academic papers, including discussing findings, concluding, preparing for submission, responding to reviews, and revising papers based on feedback. It discusses structuring discussion sections, concluding papers, finalizing for submission, common stages of responding to rejection, and tips for reworking papers constructively in response to reviewer feedback. The overall focus is on strengthening academic writing and navigating the publication process.
This document defines and provides examples of common logical fallacies. It discusses fallacies such as hasty generalization, false cause, slippery slope, false analogy, begging the question, bandwagon, and ad hominem. For each fallacy, it gives a definition and example to illustrate how the fallacy undermines an argument. It encourages reflection on how understanding logical fallacies can help critically evaluate arguments, write argument essays, and be useful in future courses or beyond.
This document provides guidance on writing an argumentative supporting paragraph, including the key components to include. A supporting paragraph should begin with a clear topic sentence claim, followed by evidence to support the claim using logical (logos), emotional (pathos), and credible source (ethos) appeals. An example paragraph is provided that effectively incorporates these elements to argue that stereotypes about HIV/AIDS can influence individuals' perception of risk regardless of their actual behaviors.
Counterargument and Refutation ParagraphsJustineWhite6
This document provides guidance on writing counterargument and refutation paragraphs. It defines key terms like thesis statement, counterargument, and refutation. It explains the typical parts and structure of counterargument and refutation paragraphs. It also offers advice on how to introduce counterarguments and refutations, including using transition words and phrases. Sample counterargument and refutation paragraphs are provided with annotations explaining the components.
This document provides an overview of rhetorical analysis and its key components. It defines rhetoric as persuasive communication and examines an author's audience, purpose, genre, argument components like claims and evidence, and types of evidence. The document instructs readers to analyze how an argument is made through its rhetorical elements, not just the topic itself.
The author analyzes an article that claims three traits drive success: a superiority complex, insecurity, and impulse control. The article cites statistics showing certain cultural groups in America have high levels of economic success. These include Indian-, Iranian-, Lebanese-, and Chinese-Americans earning higher incomes than average. Mormons also hold top corporate positions disproportionate to their population. Jews account for a large percentage of positions like Supreme Court justices despite being a small portion of the population. The author argues these traits can be applied to individuals, cultural groups, and nations like the U.S. to understand what drives success.
Here is an example of framing the quote using partial quoting:
During my research, I came to believe that flu shots are necessary during the flu season for everyone on campus. When I interviewed UNCC student Jennifer Pooler, she explained that she believes everyone should get a flu shot and told me about her teacher, Miss Eaker, having to cancel class because "she came down with the flu, and it was the class before our assignment was due." What this shows is that Pooler would have had more effective help from her professor if precautionary health measures had been taken. Furthermore, this instance of a class being canceled due to the flu is likely not isolated. Framing the issue this way helps demonstrate how classes could flow
This document provides guidance on writing academic papers, including discussing findings, concluding, preparing for submission, responding to reviews, and revising papers based on feedback. It discusses structuring discussion sections, concluding papers, finalizing for submission, common stages of responding to rejection, and tips for reworking papers constructively in response to reviewer feedback. The overall focus is on strengthening academic writing and navigating the publication process.
This document defines and provides examples of common logical fallacies. It discusses fallacies such as hasty generalization, false cause, slippery slope, false analogy, begging the question, bandwagon, and ad hominem. For each fallacy, it gives a definition and example to illustrate how the fallacy undermines an argument. It encourages reflection on how understanding logical fallacies can help critically evaluate arguments, write argument essays, and be useful in future courses or beyond.
This document provides guidance on writing an argumentative supporting paragraph, including the key components to include. A supporting paragraph should begin with a clear topic sentence claim, followed by evidence to support the claim using logical (logos), emotional (pathos), and credible source (ethos) appeals. An example paragraph is provided that effectively incorporates these elements to argue that stereotypes about HIV/AIDS can influence individuals' perception of risk regardless of their actual behaviors.
This document provides guidance on how to effectively respond to a text. It outlines four key steps: 1) Understand and examine the text by identifying the main idea, evidence used, and facts versus opinions. 2) Filter through initial gut reactions by thinking critically about what causes those reactions and finding credible evidence to support one's views. 3) Respond by making a personal connection, challenging ideas, explaining how one's thinking has changed, or extending the ideas to another topic. 4) Choose two of these response types and write two paragraphs following a template of a topic sentence, quote, response with examples, and concluding sentence.
The document provides guidance on how to critically analyze persuasive texts. It discusses recognizing the author's claim, looking for strong evidence to support that claim such as factual statements, examples, and data. Readers should evaluate whether the author uses logical reasoning to connect the evidence to the claim and avoids logical fallacies. The summary outlines the key points made in the document about identifying an author's claim and analyzing whether sufficient and appropriate evidence is provided to support that claim.
An opinion essay is a formal piece of writing that requires the writer to state their opinion on a topic and provide reasons and examples to support different viewpoints, including opposing viewpoints. A successful opinion essay should have an introductory paragraph stating the topic and opinion, several body paragraphs each presenting a viewpoint with support, and a conclusion that restates the opinion.
The document provides reading strategies for analyzing persuasive texts. It discusses looking for the author's claim, evidence to support the claim, and reasoning. Good evidence includes facts, data, examples, and avoiding logical fallacies. The summary should be in 3 sentences or less.
This document provides information about a proposal writing workshop organized by BSN (Biotechnology Society of Nepal) on September 14-15, 2017 in Kathmandu, Nepal. It discusses BSN's activities promoting science and technology in Nepal. It then covers key aspects of proposal writing such as defining a proposal, types of proposals, plagiarism, and how to avoid plagiarism. The document also discusses data integrity, documentation practices, copyright infringement, and consequences of plagiarism.
The document provides guidance on writing a research report, outlining its typical structure and sections. It discusses the front matter (title page, abstract), body of the report (introduction, methods, results, discussion), end matter (acknowledgments, references, appendixes), tables and figures, and submission/review process.
This document provides an agenda and terms for a lecture on inclusiveness and social justice. The agenda includes a presentation on key terms, a lecture covering counterarguments and conclusions, and an in-class writing assignment. The document then defines terms related to economic class, ethnocentrism, gender, gender expression, inclusiveness, internalized oppression, queer, resistance, and sexism. It concludes by outlining the structure for essay #2, including an introduction, thesis, body paragraphs, counterargument, and conclusion.
This document provides guidance on writing a research report in sociology. It discusses the typical sections of a research report, including an abstract, introduction, literature review, methods section, results section, and references. The literature review covers previous research on the topic and may discuss theories. The methods section describes the data, variables, sample, and analysis techniques. The results section presents statistical findings and assesses hypotheses. Overall, the document emphasizes objectivity, citing sources, and structuring the report clearly and concisely to communicate findings to other researchers.
The document provides instructions for an assignment on analyzing arguments related to influencer marketing. Students are asked to analyze several sample texts and scholarly articles on influencer marketing and answer questions about the arguments and stances presented in each. They are then instructed to have a group discussion synthesizing the sources and forming their own arguments on influencer marketing. The document concludes by providing guidance on writing inductive, deductive, and analytical thesis statements and outlines various argument structures that could be used.
This article provides advice on writing successful articles for academic journals. It begins by emphasizing that a good article is tailored specifically for the target journal by considering its geographical scope, subject focus, and format preferences. Common mistakes authors make include submitting papers that are too similar to student work or dissertation chapters, lacking a clear sociological question, and failing to adhere to the journal's submission guidelines. The article encourages authors to read potential target journals closely and write each paper from scratch with the specific publication in mind.
The literature review is not merely a simple compilation or a list of every item and resource with any possible relation to your topic. A good literature review is a critical appraisal of narrowly focused, selected and truly relevant work that provides the current status (perspective) of the topic. This presentation basically is a brief guide on the process of doing and writing a literature review for a thesis, research proposal, research paper, etc.
The document discusses undertaking literature reviews for research projects. It notes that literature reviews are often weak aspects of student work due to insufficient time and poor execution. It emphasizes the importance of literature reviews for situating a research topic within a field of existing knowledge and avoiding unintentional plagiarism. The document outlines the process of conducting a systematic literature review, including defining the research topic, identifying relevant search terms, searching academic databases, and collating sources. It stresses evaluating sources based on type and reviewing hierarchy to ensure the use of appropriate academic texts.
How to write a winner essay for college and scholarship applications.The Free School
This document provides guidance on writing effective college and scholarship application essays. It discusses different types of essay questions and formats that are commonly required. Key tips include researching the specific institution's requirements, distinguishing yourself through originality and passion, and ensuring excellent spelling and grammar. Examples of strong essays from past applicants are sometimes available on college websites for inspiration. The overall message is to write honestly about something meaningful and let your unique qualities shine through.
This introduction begins with an interesting fact about George Washington and Thomas Jefferson growing hemp as a cash crop. It then provides background on the medical uses of marijuana. While some argue that marijuana leads to harder drugs, studies show it can relieve pain and reduce PTSD symptoms. Recent election results show changing attitudes as more states legalize marijuana either medically or recreationally. In the end, the US should legalize recreational marijuana at the federal level with restrictions similar to alcohol in order to reduce crime and overcrowding in jails.
Writing a Research paper Introduction [Autosaved].pptxSarabAlAkraa
This document provides guidance on writing the introduction section of a research paper. It discusses including a hook to introduce the topic and pique reader interest. The introduction should also provide background on the topic, present the specific research problem being addressed, and give an overview of the paper's structure. For an empirical paper, the introduction reviews previous studies on the topic and identifies gaps the current research will fill. It then states the research question or hypothesis the paper aims to answer or test. The thesis statement in an argumentative paper presents the position that will be argued.
Writing an OutlineOutlines can help you organize your thoughts a.docxambersalomon88660
Writing an Outline
Outlines can help you organize your thoughts and can make the drafting process easier. Outlines can but do not have to be written in complete sentences. Use the template below to create an outline for your essays.
Title
I. Introduction
a. Thesis statement:
II. Body paragraph 1
a. Topic sentence:
b. Example/supporting evidence:
c. Commentary/explanation:
III. Body paragraph 2
a. Topic sentence:
b. Example/supporting evidence:
c. Commentary/explanation:
IV. Body paragraph 3
a. Topic sentence:
b. Example/supporting evidence:
c. Commentary/explanation:
V. ….Continue for all body paragraphs
VI. Conclusion
Scholarly, Peer Reviewed, and Other Credible Sources
Source type
What is it?
Examples
Best used for
Scholarly
A source written by scholars or academics in a field. The purpose of many scholarly sources is to report on original research or experimentation in order to make such information available to the rest of the scholarly community. The audience for scholarly sources is other scholars or experts in a field. Scholarly sources include references and usually use language that is technical or at a high reading level.
*Note: Different databases may define “scholarly” in slightly different ways, and thus a source that is considered “scholarly” in one database may not be considered “scholarly” in another database. The final decision about the appropriateness of a given source for a particular assignment is left to the instructor.
Scholarly Journals
· Journal of Management Information Systems
· American Journal of Public Health
· Early Childhood Research Quarterly
Scholarly Books (published by a university press or other high-quality publisher)
· Shari’a Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World
· The Grand Design: Strategy and the U.S. Civil War
· The Hidden Mechanics of Exercise: Molecules That Move Us
Journal articles:
· Recent research on a topic
· Very specific topics or narrow fields of research
· NOT good for an introduction to or broad overview of a topic
Books:
· In-depth information and research on a topic
· Putting a topic into context
· Historical information on a topic
Peer Reviewed
A publication that has gone through an official editorial process that involves review and approval by the author’s peers (experts in the same subject area). Many (but not all) scholarly publications are peer reviewed.
*Note: even though a journal is peer reviewed, some types of articles within that journal may not be peer reviewed. These might include editorials or book reviews.
**Note: some publications (such as some trade journals) can be peer reviewed but not scholarly. This is not common.
See “Scholarly Journals” above
Books go through a different editorial process and are not usually considered to be “peer reviewed”. However, they can still be excellent scholarly sources.
See above
Credible
A source that can be trusted to contain accurate information that is backed up by evidence or can b.
Writing Assignment #4
The Multiple-Source Synthesis Essay:
Literature Review
Summary of assignment
• Task: The multiple-source essay asks you to synthesize the arguments of at least 10
sources
• Length: 2000-3000 words
• Format: APA
• Sources: a total of at least 10 sources, all of which should be from scholarly journals or
credible trade journals. You should find your sources through library searches.
o If you cite sources from websites or popular journals, these sources should be in
addition to the 10 sources you have cited from scholarly or trade journals.
• Topic: Please use the same topic that you used for writing assignment #3. It is
recommended that you focus on or expand on the essay that you wrote for writing
assignment #3. You will continue with the topic you have selected and will conduct
additional searches in the library databases, hopefully focus the topic more, and
determine the 10 or more sources to use in this essay.
• Integration of Sources: At least eight sources must be cited in the body of the essay.
You may cite sources in your introduction to help you define terms, and you may cite
sources in your conclusion to help you direct the reader to further inquiry. However, the
body of the essay should synthesize at least eight sources.
Strategies in Developing the Topic for this Essay
Up to this point in the semester, you have completed an annotated bibliography. You have also
incorporated and synthesized four sources into writing assignment #2 and six sources into
writing assignment #3. The work you have completed for these assignments provides a solid
foundation for writing assignment #4. In this assignment you will synthesize the ideas of at least
10 sources in a synthesis essay, or literature review.
For your annotated bibliography, you selected a topic based on your interests and, possibly, your
major. You constructed a list of five references and summarized and critically analyzed them in
150-200 words each. You then completed the four-source essay and the six-source essay.
Through this process, you may have seen patterns in the scholarly literature in the topic on which
you conducted research. For example, consider the following examples:
•You may have researched studies in criminal justice and found that there are varying
opinions on how to respond to criminal behavior among youth.
•You may have researched studies in psychology and found that counseling strategies
for victims of domestic abuse tend to fall into four categories.
•You may have researched articles on gerontology and found studies that answered
three basic questions on how older adults respond to training for physical performance.
•You may have researched articles on environmental management and found studies
on climate change. You noticed that various demographic factors influence whether
individuals believe in climate change and, if so, whether they believe it is caused b.
This document provides an agenda and notes for an English class. It discusses evaluating sources, writing introductions for social action projects, and annotated bibliographies. The instructor reviews what the class has covered so far, including blog posts, social diversity narratives, and brainstorming topics. Guidance is given on peer reviewing introductions, trust in the editing process, summarizing sources, and sample annotated bibliography entries. Formatting and required elements are outlined for assignments on introductions and annotated bibliographies.
The document provides guidance on crafting a literature review. It defines a literature review as a discussion of research in an area that leads to a research question. It notes literature reviews should be informative, evaluative, and integrative. The purpose is to map the research topic, contextualize it in current literature, and justify the research question. The process involves finding, managing, critiquing, and writing about relevant sources. Tips are provided such as identifying consensus/divergence and using specific details to persuade the reader.
Understanding a Constructivist Prior to beginning this assignmen.docxshanaeacklam
Understanding a Constructivist
Prior to beginning this assignment, please review all the required readings, videos, and any relevant Instructor Guidance. It is suggested that you review the recommended resources for this week as a number of them may assist you in creating this written assignment with links to applicable articles.
Please note that for many of you, this might be the first time to write a paper about someone you have no current information about. Thus, it is very important that you know how to synthesize information so that it is your work, and not accidentally someone else’s. One suggestion as you begin to read about one of the researchers is to just jot down notes about them as you read. Be careful not to copy paste information into a document with intentions of re-writing it. Sometimes areas get forgotten and when your writing matches other sources, it can negatively affect not only your grade, but also your entire academic journey, so please heed this advice and ask for assistance from your instructor if you need it. Thus, we have included a link to a guide that could be very assistive in your success.
Over the past weeks, you have been introduced to Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Constructivism in relationship to learning psychology. To further expand your knowledge and understanding of Constructivism and its theoretical components/principles, in this paper you will research and write about one of the prominent constructivists listed below:
John Dewey (1859–1952)
To successfully accomplish this assignment:
First, create the following headings and subheadings in your paper to indicate the organization of your information. (Note: The bullets will not be included in your paper and are included here only for organizational purposes.)
Introduction-
The introduction is based on the principle of introducing the topic of the paper. A good introduction explains what you will be addressing. In this paper it will specifically, in a broad way, clarify each area (below) that you will be discussing. Often, writer’s write this last to make sure nothing is forgotten. For more information please
click here
.
Researcher’s Biography/Background (Vygotsky’s Biography)
- Under this heading you will provide the important historical perspectives of your subject’s life and work and how these influenced his/her work in this field. Information on the subject’s personal and professional background should be logically presented.
Researcher’s Theoretical Perspectives-
Under this heading you will describe the theoretical perspectives and other major concepts pioneered or promoted by your subject.
Experiments and Findings
-Under this subheading you will provide a thorough summary of at least two empirical research projects your subject performed including the empirical findings of the research.
Historical Trends
- Under this subheading you will provide information on the trends which lead to your subject’s line of research.
Notable Characteri.
The document provides guidance on writing effective introductory paragraphs. It discusses why introductions are important in capturing the reader's attention and leaving a good first impression. It also outlines what not to include in an introduction, such as announcing your intentions or using dictionary definitions. Additionally, the document explains the purposes of an introduction in establishing your voice, introducing the topic, and presenting your thesis. Finally, it provides examples of engaging hooks for readers, including interesting facts, revealing statistics, thought-provoking questions, and personal anecdotes.
The editorial criticizes the government's Cyber Education Project which aims to use satellite technology to deliver educational content to public schools. While acknowledging potential benefits like increasing computer literacy, the editorial argues the project's flaws outweigh these benefits. It notes that many rural schools lack basic infrastructure like electricity. There are also insufficiently trained teachers and concerns about the Chinese firm awarded the contract. The editorial concludes the government should address more pressing issues in education like overcrowded classrooms and teacher shortages before implementing an advanced technological solution.
This document provides guidance on how to effectively respond to a text. It outlines four key steps: 1) Understand and examine the text by identifying the main idea, evidence used, and facts versus opinions. 2) Filter through initial gut reactions by thinking critically about what causes those reactions and finding credible evidence to support one's views. 3) Respond by making a personal connection, challenging ideas, explaining how one's thinking has changed, or extending the ideas to another topic. 4) Choose two of these response types and write two paragraphs following a template of a topic sentence, quote, response with examples, and concluding sentence.
The document provides guidance on how to critically analyze persuasive texts. It discusses recognizing the author's claim, looking for strong evidence to support that claim such as factual statements, examples, and data. Readers should evaluate whether the author uses logical reasoning to connect the evidence to the claim and avoids logical fallacies. The summary outlines the key points made in the document about identifying an author's claim and analyzing whether sufficient and appropriate evidence is provided to support that claim.
An opinion essay is a formal piece of writing that requires the writer to state their opinion on a topic and provide reasons and examples to support different viewpoints, including opposing viewpoints. A successful opinion essay should have an introductory paragraph stating the topic and opinion, several body paragraphs each presenting a viewpoint with support, and a conclusion that restates the opinion.
The document provides reading strategies for analyzing persuasive texts. It discusses looking for the author's claim, evidence to support the claim, and reasoning. Good evidence includes facts, data, examples, and avoiding logical fallacies. The summary should be in 3 sentences or less.
This document provides information about a proposal writing workshop organized by BSN (Biotechnology Society of Nepal) on September 14-15, 2017 in Kathmandu, Nepal. It discusses BSN's activities promoting science and technology in Nepal. It then covers key aspects of proposal writing such as defining a proposal, types of proposals, plagiarism, and how to avoid plagiarism. The document also discusses data integrity, documentation practices, copyright infringement, and consequences of plagiarism.
The document provides guidance on writing a research report, outlining its typical structure and sections. It discusses the front matter (title page, abstract), body of the report (introduction, methods, results, discussion), end matter (acknowledgments, references, appendixes), tables and figures, and submission/review process.
This document provides an agenda and terms for a lecture on inclusiveness and social justice. The agenda includes a presentation on key terms, a lecture covering counterarguments and conclusions, and an in-class writing assignment. The document then defines terms related to economic class, ethnocentrism, gender, gender expression, inclusiveness, internalized oppression, queer, resistance, and sexism. It concludes by outlining the structure for essay #2, including an introduction, thesis, body paragraphs, counterargument, and conclusion.
This document provides guidance on writing a research report in sociology. It discusses the typical sections of a research report, including an abstract, introduction, literature review, methods section, results section, and references. The literature review covers previous research on the topic and may discuss theories. The methods section describes the data, variables, sample, and analysis techniques. The results section presents statistical findings and assesses hypotheses. Overall, the document emphasizes objectivity, citing sources, and structuring the report clearly and concisely to communicate findings to other researchers.
The document provides instructions for an assignment on analyzing arguments related to influencer marketing. Students are asked to analyze several sample texts and scholarly articles on influencer marketing and answer questions about the arguments and stances presented in each. They are then instructed to have a group discussion synthesizing the sources and forming their own arguments on influencer marketing. The document concludes by providing guidance on writing inductive, deductive, and analytical thesis statements and outlines various argument structures that could be used.
This article provides advice on writing successful articles for academic journals. It begins by emphasizing that a good article is tailored specifically for the target journal by considering its geographical scope, subject focus, and format preferences. Common mistakes authors make include submitting papers that are too similar to student work or dissertation chapters, lacking a clear sociological question, and failing to adhere to the journal's submission guidelines. The article encourages authors to read potential target journals closely and write each paper from scratch with the specific publication in mind.
The literature review is not merely a simple compilation or a list of every item and resource with any possible relation to your topic. A good literature review is a critical appraisal of narrowly focused, selected and truly relevant work that provides the current status (perspective) of the topic. This presentation basically is a brief guide on the process of doing and writing a literature review for a thesis, research proposal, research paper, etc.
The document discusses undertaking literature reviews for research projects. It notes that literature reviews are often weak aspects of student work due to insufficient time and poor execution. It emphasizes the importance of literature reviews for situating a research topic within a field of existing knowledge and avoiding unintentional plagiarism. The document outlines the process of conducting a systematic literature review, including defining the research topic, identifying relevant search terms, searching academic databases, and collating sources. It stresses evaluating sources based on type and reviewing hierarchy to ensure the use of appropriate academic texts.
How to write a winner essay for college and scholarship applications.The Free School
This document provides guidance on writing effective college and scholarship application essays. It discusses different types of essay questions and formats that are commonly required. Key tips include researching the specific institution's requirements, distinguishing yourself through originality and passion, and ensuring excellent spelling and grammar. Examples of strong essays from past applicants are sometimes available on college websites for inspiration. The overall message is to write honestly about something meaningful and let your unique qualities shine through.
This introduction begins with an interesting fact about George Washington and Thomas Jefferson growing hemp as a cash crop. It then provides background on the medical uses of marijuana. While some argue that marijuana leads to harder drugs, studies show it can relieve pain and reduce PTSD symptoms. Recent election results show changing attitudes as more states legalize marijuana either medically or recreationally. In the end, the US should legalize recreational marijuana at the federal level with restrictions similar to alcohol in order to reduce crime and overcrowding in jails.
Writing a Research paper Introduction [Autosaved].pptxSarabAlAkraa
This document provides guidance on writing the introduction section of a research paper. It discusses including a hook to introduce the topic and pique reader interest. The introduction should also provide background on the topic, present the specific research problem being addressed, and give an overview of the paper's structure. For an empirical paper, the introduction reviews previous studies on the topic and identifies gaps the current research will fill. It then states the research question or hypothesis the paper aims to answer or test. The thesis statement in an argumentative paper presents the position that will be argued.
Writing an OutlineOutlines can help you organize your thoughts a.docxambersalomon88660
Writing an Outline
Outlines can help you organize your thoughts and can make the drafting process easier. Outlines can but do not have to be written in complete sentences. Use the template below to create an outline for your essays.
Title
I. Introduction
a. Thesis statement:
II. Body paragraph 1
a. Topic sentence:
b. Example/supporting evidence:
c. Commentary/explanation:
III. Body paragraph 2
a. Topic sentence:
b. Example/supporting evidence:
c. Commentary/explanation:
IV. Body paragraph 3
a. Topic sentence:
b. Example/supporting evidence:
c. Commentary/explanation:
V. ….Continue for all body paragraphs
VI. Conclusion
Scholarly, Peer Reviewed, and Other Credible Sources
Source type
What is it?
Examples
Best used for
Scholarly
A source written by scholars or academics in a field. The purpose of many scholarly sources is to report on original research or experimentation in order to make such information available to the rest of the scholarly community. The audience for scholarly sources is other scholars or experts in a field. Scholarly sources include references and usually use language that is technical or at a high reading level.
*Note: Different databases may define “scholarly” in slightly different ways, and thus a source that is considered “scholarly” in one database may not be considered “scholarly” in another database. The final decision about the appropriateness of a given source for a particular assignment is left to the instructor.
Scholarly Journals
· Journal of Management Information Systems
· American Journal of Public Health
· Early Childhood Research Quarterly
Scholarly Books (published by a university press or other high-quality publisher)
· Shari’a Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World
· The Grand Design: Strategy and the U.S. Civil War
· The Hidden Mechanics of Exercise: Molecules That Move Us
Journal articles:
· Recent research on a topic
· Very specific topics or narrow fields of research
· NOT good for an introduction to or broad overview of a topic
Books:
· In-depth information and research on a topic
· Putting a topic into context
· Historical information on a topic
Peer Reviewed
A publication that has gone through an official editorial process that involves review and approval by the author’s peers (experts in the same subject area). Many (but not all) scholarly publications are peer reviewed.
*Note: even though a journal is peer reviewed, some types of articles within that journal may not be peer reviewed. These might include editorials or book reviews.
**Note: some publications (such as some trade journals) can be peer reviewed but not scholarly. This is not common.
See “Scholarly Journals” above
Books go through a different editorial process and are not usually considered to be “peer reviewed”. However, they can still be excellent scholarly sources.
See above
Credible
A source that can be trusted to contain accurate information that is backed up by evidence or can b.
Writing Assignment #4
The Multiple-Source Synthesis Essay:
Literature Review
Summary of assignment
• Task: The multiple-source essay asks you to synthesize the arguments of at least 10
sources
• Length: 2000-3000 words
• Format: APA
• Sources: a total of at least 10 sources, all of which should be from scholarly journals or
credible trade journals. You should find your sources through library searches.
o If you cite sources from websites or popular journals, these sources should be in
addition to the 10 sources you have cited from scholarly or trade journals.
• Topic: Please use the same topic that you used for writing assignment #3. It is
recommended that you focus on or expand on the essay that you wrote for writing
assignment #3. You will continue with the topic you have selected and will conduct
additional searches in the library databases, hopefully focus the topic more, and
determine the 10 or more sources to use in this essay.
• Integration of Sources: At least eight sources must be cited in the body of the essay.
You may cite sources in your introduction to help you define terms, and you may cite
sources in your conclusion to help you direct the reader to further inquiry. However, the
body of the essay should synthesize at least eight sources.
Strategies in Developing the Topic for this Essay
Up to this point in the semester, you have completed an annotated bibliography. You have also
incorporated and synthesized four sources into writing assignment #2 and six sources into
writing assignment #3. The work you have completed for these assignments provides a solid
foundation for writing assignment #4. In this assignment you will synthesize the ideas of at least
10 sources in a synthesis essay, or literature review.
For your annotated bibliography, you selected a topic based on your interests and, possibly, your
major. You constructed a list of five references and summarized and critically analyzed them in
150-200 words each. You then completed the four-source essay and the six-source essay.
Through this process, you may have seen patterns in the scholarly literature in the topic on which
you conducted research. For example, consider the following examples:
•You may have researched studies in criminal justice and found that there are varying
opinions on how to respond to criminal behavior among youth.
•You may have researched studies in psychology and found that counseling strategies
for victims of domestic abuse tend to fall into four categories.
•You may have researched articles on gerontology and found studies that answered
three basic questions on how older adults respond to training for physical performance.
•You may have researched articles on environmental management and found studies
on climate change. You noticed that various demographic factors influence whether
individuals believe in climate change and, if so, whether they believe it is caused b.
This document provides an agenda and notes for an English class. It discusses evaluating sources, writing introductions for social action projects, and annotated bibliographies. The instructor reviews what the class has covered so far, including blog posts, social diversity narratives, and brainstorming topics. Guidance is given on peer reviewing introductions, trust in the editing process, summarizing sources, and sample annotated bibliography entries. Formatting and required elements are outlined for assignments on introductions and annotated bibliographies.
The document provides guidance on crafting a literature review. It defines a literature review as a discussion of research in an area that leads to a research question. It notes literature reviews should be informative, evaluative, and integrative. The purpose is to map the research topic, contextualize it in current literature, and justify the research question. The process involves finding, managing, critiquing, and writing about relevant sources. Tips are provided such as identifying consensus/divergence and using specific details to persuade the reader.
Understanding a Constructivist Prior to beginning this assignmen.docxshanaeacklam
Understanding a Constructivist
Prior to beginning this assignment, please review all the required readings, videos, and any relevant Instructor Guidance. It is suggested that you review the recommended resources for this week as a number of them may assist you in creating this written assignment with links to applicable articles.
Please note that for many of you, this might be the first time to write a paper about someone you have no current information about. Thus, it is very important that you know how to synthesize information so that it is your work, and not accidentally someone else’s. One suggestion as you begin to read about one of the researchers is to just jot down notes about them as you read. Be careful not to copy paste information into a document with intentions of re-writing it. Sometimes areas get forgotten and when your writing matches other sources, it can negatively affect not only your grade, but also your entire academic journey, so please heed this advice and ask for assistance from your instructor if you need it. Thus, we have included a link to a guide that could be very assistive in your success.
Over the past weeks, you have been introduced to Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Constructivism in relationship to learning psychology. To further expand your knowledge and understanding of Constructivism and its theoretical components/principles, in this paper you will research and write about one of the prominent constructivists listed below:
John Dewey (1859–1952)
To successfully accomplish this assignment:
First, create the following headings and subheadings in your paper to indicate the organization of your information. (Note: The bullets will not be included in your paper and are included here only for organizational purposes.)
Introduction-
The introduction is based on the principle of introducing the topic of the paper. A good introduction explains what you will be addressing. In this paper it will specifically, in a broad way, clarify each area (below) that you will be discussing. Often, writer’s write this last to make sure nothing is forgotten. For more information please
click here
.
Researcher’s Biography/Background (Vygotsky’s Biography)
- Under this heading you will provide the important historical perspectives of your subject’s life and work and how these influenced his/her work in this field. Information on the subject’s personal and professional background should be logically presented.
Researcher’s Theoretical Perspectives-
Under this heading you will describe the theoretical perspectives and other major concepts pioneered or promoted by your subject.
Experiments and Findings
-Under this subheading you will provide a thorough summary of at least two empirical research projects your subject performed including the empirical findings of the research.
Historical Trends
- Under this subheading you will provide information on the trends which lead to your subject’s line of research.
Notable Characteri.
The document provides guidance on writing effective introductory paragraphs. It discusses why introductions are important in capturing the reader's attention and leaving a good first impression. It also outlines what not to include in an introduction, such as announcing your intentions or using dictionary definitions. Additionally, the document explains the purposes of an introduction in establishing your voice, introducing the topic, and presenting your thesis. Finally, it provides examples of engaging hooks for readers, including interesting facts, revealing statistics, thought-provoking questions, and personal anecdotes.
The editorial criticizes the government's Cyber Education Project which aims to use satellite technology to deliver educational content to public schools. While acknowledging potential benefits like increasing computer literacy, the editorial argues the project's flaws outweigh these benefits. It notes that many rural schools lack basic infrastructure like electricity. There are also insufficiently trained teachers and concerns about the Chinese firm awarded the contract. The editorial concludes the government should address more pressing issues in education like overcrowded classrooms and teacher shortages before implementing an advanced technological solution.
ThesisWhy you chose this topicDoes it pertain to your field.docxrandymartin91030
Thesis
Why you chose this topic?
Does it pertain to your field of study?
Heading left right – Single Spaced
Name
Date
Class
Assignment
Professor Kazanjian
Double Space
Times New Roman; 12 pt Font; 1 inch Margins
2 – 3 Pages. Less than 2 pages or more than 3 pages will receive ZERO Credit
Informative Essay -
Research Paper Proposal
Informative Essay
Include information to educate the reader about the topic you wish to write a research paper on;
“Why should people care?”
Create a sound thesis statement;
Reasons why the topic is important;
You should have an introduction, body, and a sound conclusion;
Define any agencies or terms that are pertinent to your topic.
Assisted Suicide
Autism
2nd Amendment/ Gun Rights
Legalization of Marijuana
Death Penalty
Same Sex Marriage
U.S. Prison Rates
Animal Rights / Testing
Vegans/Vegetarianism
Mental Illness / PTSD
Abortion
Climate Change
Things NOT to Write on
Expository Writing
Research Paper
A research paper is an analytical or persuasive essay that presents and argues a thesis (evaluates a position)
What a research paper is not
A simple collection of facts on a topic
A summary of information from one or more sources
Research Paper:
From an Interest to a Topic
In choosing a topic start with what interests you most deeply
Start by listing two or three interests you might like to explore/questions that you have wondered about
Examples
If you are undertaking a research project in a specific field, skim a recent textbook, talk to other students, or consult one of your teachers
Examples
You might try to identify an interest based on work you are doing or will do in a different course
Types of topics to avoid
If you are still stuck you can find help on the internet or in your library
Standard Guides in Various Fields
Dictionaries: briefly define concepts and sometimes offer a bibliography
Encyclopedias: give more extensive overviews and usually a bibliography
Bibliographies and Indexes list past and current publications in the field
Finding dictionaries, encyclopedias, and bibliographies in particular fields:
Go to Pfau Library Home Page
Under Search For heading click on the Encyclopedias/Dictionaries link
Under Search Online Databases heading select bibliographies and type your discipline into the search bar.
Scan headings for topics that catch your interest
Once you identify a general area of interest, use the internet to find out more about the topic so that you can narrow it.
At first you may not know enough about a general interest to turn it into a focused topic.
If so, you have to do some reading to know what to think about it.
Don’t read randomly: start with entries in a general encyclopedia, then look at entries in a specialized encyclopedia or dictionary, then browse through journals and websites until you have a grip on the general shape of your topic.
Previous Topics
Gender Discrimination and China’s One Child Policy
The Role of Attachmen.
What is an annotated bibliography? For student nurses Holly Singleton
An annotated bibliography includes citations to books, articles, and other sources, along with an evaluative description for each citation called an annotation. The purpose of annotations is to inform readers of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the cited sources. When assessing journal articles for an annotated bibliography, students should consider factors like the author's credentials, when the article was published, the intended audience, and research methods used. Help is available from information skills advisers if students need assistance searching for additional sources or correctly formatting references.
Through the course of your research, right until you get your your paper published, there will be several individuals who have contributed to your research project in different ways. However, not all of these individuals can be considered as authors of your paper. So who qualifies as an author on your manuscript?
This slide deck will clarify who is an author, who does not qualify as an author of your paper and also three unethical authorship-related practices that you must avoid.
An annotated bibliography includes:
1) A list of citations for resources on a topic
2) Annotations that provide an evaluative description for each citation to inform readers of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources
Annotations should summarize topics and main arguments, assess the source, and reflect on the point of view, accuracy, currency and how helpful the source is. When assessing journal articles, one should consider factors like the author's credentials, when the article was published, the intended audience, and research methods used. Databases and the library website can help find additional sources to support ideas or use as evidence. Sources need to be properly referenced following styles like Harvard referencing. Students should seek help from information skills
Compare and Contrast Essay AssignmentA Compare and Contrast essaLynellBull52
This document provides instructions for a compare and contrast essay assignment. Students are asked to write a 2-3 page essay comparing and contrasting two topics related to generations or families. The document provides the requirements for the essay, including length, formatting, and content. It also describes the process for writing the essay, including brainstorming, researching the topics, identifying similarities and differences, developing a thesis statement, and organizing the paper.
How to write a research proposal in 6 important steps — www.quickessaywriters...Quick Essay Writers
Essay Writing Service. Write my essay. Order your dissertation writing, term paper, research paper, thesis writing and essay paper from https://www.quickessaywriters.co.uk Quick Essay Writers. Professional essay writing service accepting Paypal. College essay help. Find an essay writer to write my essay.
This document provides supplementary material for teaching expository writing. It outlines the learning objectives, which are to teach students different types of expository writings such as cause and effect, problem and solution, comparison and contrast, definition, classification, and process essays. The material is intended for upper intermediate to advanced level students aged 18 and over. It then provides definitions and examples of expository writing, characteristics of an expository essay, tips for formatting essays, and types of expository writings. It also includes exercises for students to practice different skills related to expository writing.
The Review For this assignment, you will be required to w.docxssusera34210
The Review
For this assignment, you will be required to write a scholarly review of Cormac
McCarthy’s The Road. In this review, you will be required to interpret The Road within a
larger conversation (based on the themes you have been developing throughout the past
few weeks). Your review will need to include supplemental information from two of our
previous texts.
750 Word Minimum. Posted to your Class Blog. Legible font, images, sound, etc. strongly
recommended.
Why Write and How to Write a Review:
The purpose of a scholarly review is to summarize, analyze, evaluate, and place within a
field of scholarship whatever is being reviewed. Often, the audience of the scholarly
review has some familiarity with the text (book, movie, TV show, etc) that is being
reviewed. Even if this is not the case, the audience will have some background and/or
interest in the discipline and the subject. Consequently, the scholarly review is less a
summary and more a critical evaluation or commentary.
The type of review that you will engage in is often referred to as a critique, a critical
analysis, or a critical review. Whatever it’s called, the scholarly review tells an educated
audience of the significance of a text or film within the context of a discipline, field of
study, or particular subject or course.
Looking at reviews published in various magazines, newspapers, and scholarly journals
will give you a good idea of the differing audiences and forms of review. You can find
current book/movie reviews using the same library tools that you use to find any other
type of academic source. Using the advanced search option, choose “book review” as
your preferred document type to limit your search to only reviews.
What a Review is Not
• A review is not a research paper. Some students, instead of writing about a book or
a film when they are asked to write a review, write a research paper on the subject
of the book or film.
• A review is not a summary. While it is important to summarize the contents and
significance of whatever you review, you are not merely informing your audience
of the basic plot or events. Instead, you are writing towards a different audience
that will be interested in a critical evaluation, analysis, and/or commentary on the
material.
• A review is not an “off-the-cuff,” personal response. Writing a review will involve
communicating a personal view on the material, but flippant statements that don’t
express your understanding of what you have read do not further the conversation.
Comments like: “I thought the book was interesting” or “The book was boring”
are not sufficient. Instead, you should strive to explain why the book was
interesting (not only for yourself, but potentially for others). Did the text reveal
some new data/thoughts? In order to be effective, a reviewer must be fair and
accurate. You will need to work hard to express the underlying reasons for your
first reactions. ...
1. The document provides guidance on writing effective opinion pieces for student publications. It stresses the importance of researching topics thoroughly to have an informed opinion and understand different perspectives.
2. It outlines steps for writing opinion pieces, including developing a clear focus, using specific examples and facts to support arguments, and considering potential controversies and responses.
3. The document advises student journalists to write from an informed position, give people criticized a chance to respond, and be prepared to defend their work, in order to write ethical and impactful opinion pieces.
Similar to Experience and Other Evidence Presentation - Synthesizing Sources (20)
Marriage of Heaven and Hell Reader's GuideAndy Black
The document provides context and analysis of William Blake's work "Marriage of Heaven and Hell". It discusses how the work attacks established ideas of right and wrong and suggests that evil is good. It examines Blake's criticism of Swedenborgian philosophy and his reimagining of heaven, hell, God and the devil. The document also analyzes key passages and concepts from the work, such as Blake's "Proverbs of Hell" and his idea that "Exuberance is Beauty". It explores Blake's rejection of rationalism and structured systems of belief in favor of passion and creative energy.
1. The document provides context on William Blake's prophetic book The Book of Urizen, describing it as an origin story that precedes the creation of the physical world, similar to Greek myths.
2. The Book of Urizen tells the story of Urizen, who seeks to separate and organize the world through rational "laws" of his own making, attempting to contain eternal and divine forces.
3. Urizen's creation is a violent process that causes him pain and torment, as he tries desperately to control and measure an uncontrollable chaos that gets away from him. Los later enters to try and fix the problems caused by Urizen's separation from eternity, though his
This document provides guidance on how to properly cite sources in academic writing to avoid plagiarism. It discusses where to place citations in sentences in relation to punctuation. It also covers how to format citations for different source types, such as books, articles, and websites. This includes noting the author's name, article/book title, publication title, date, and page numbers. The document emphasizes using quotation marks for short quotes and indenting for long block quotes. Overall, the document serves as a reference for how to cite sources using MLA style guidelines.
Do's and Don'ts - Ethos and Identity IntroductionAndy Black
This document provides guidance on writing an effective introduction for a comparative analysis project. It advises the writer to consider their introduction as drawing in outside readers, rather than assuming the reader has context like a teacher would. The document encourages setting up the texts for those unfamiliar, using specific details and avoiding broad claims. It also suggests beginning with a quote, anecdote, or historical context rather than generic statements. The goal is an engaging introduction that orients unfamiliar readers to the content that will follow.
The document provides guidance for analyzing Frederick Douglass's rhetoric in his narrative, including focusing on specific rhetorical devices like ethos and pathos, using strong verbs, and avoiding vague language. It emphasizes exploring how Douglass establishes his credibility and identity as a writer and orator, engages his audience emotionally, and promotes the abolitionist message through vivid examples and repetition of ideas. The document outlines best practices for writing paragraphs with claims, evidence from the text, and analysis rather than summaries.
Greek drama and Prometheus Bound (Updated)Andy Black
This document provides background information on Greek drama and the play Prometheus Bound. It begins by distinguishing between Greek tragedies and comedies. It then discusses the origins of tragedy and the festivals of Dionysus where plays were performed. Details are given about the structure of Greek theaters and conventions of actors. The document explains the role of the chorus and defines catharsis. It provides context about the Prometheus myth and debates around the authorship of Prometheus Bound. Overall, the document offers essential historical and literary context surrounding Greek drama and the play Prometheus Bound.
The document provides examples of introduction paragraphs for academic papers. It begins by stating that introductions should introduce the overall topic, lead into the issue and thesis, and show the complexity of the issue. It advises keeping introductions brief and ensuring the reader understands the paper's topic. The document then provides examples of effective and ineffective introduction paragraphs that set up debates around Lebron James' decision to change teams. It concludes by offering additional sample introduction paragraphs that set up topics like hunting ethics and school laptop programs. The overall purpose is to demonstrate how to write concise yet informative introductions for research papers.
The document provides guidance on writing effective conclusions for argumentative synthesis essays. It emphasizes that the conclusion should take an explicit stance on the issue based on the evidence presented. The conclusion should bring together all the key points and suggest a course of action. It warns against common mistakes like simply repeating the introduction or stating "in conclusion." Instead, it advises addressing the implications of the arguments and answering the questions "what should we do about it?" and "who should deal with it?".
Frankenstein Presentation: Body ParagraphsAndy Black
While Othello bids a mental farewell, he acknowledges withdrawing physically and spiritually as well. He cites the sounds of battle that once stirred his spirit as now being useless to him. Othello offers a vivid description of the "pride, pomp, and circumstance" of war to show what he is giving up and why it deserves attention, but says his mind is so overwhelmed by his belief in Desdemona's betrayal that he could no longer feel exhilaration. His soul now rejects the stimulation that once drove him to lead men in war, banishing this singular motivation.
Frankenstein Presentation: Writing IntroductionsAndy Black
This document provides guidelines for writing an introduction paragraph for a paper about Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. It begins by explaining what a good introduction should include, such as a thoughtful title, thesis statement, and roadmap for the rest of the paper. It cautions against broad summaries and provides examples of strong and weak introduction paragraphs. The document emphasizes that a good introduction should establish the specific focus and argument of the paper rather than just summarizing the whole work. It also recommends writing the introduction last to help narrow the focus once the substance of the paper is complete. Overall, the document aims to help students craft focused, argument-driven introduction paragraphs for their papers on Frankenstein.
Ke$ha released an album in 2010. She then released another album in 2013 under her full stage name Ke$ha without the dollar sign. The document lists the years of two album releases by the artist Ke$ha.
Synthesizing Sources for an Synthesis PaperAndy Black
While experts agree on the need for clean water, there is disagreement on how best to provide it. Some propose transporting bulk water via ships, barges, or bladders dragged to destinations. For inland areas, boiling water is often recommended to purify it. However, boiling may not be economically sustainable due to fuel costs. As a result, more research examines using renewable energy for water purification.
The first sentence describes something heavy, hot, and sticky. The second sentence describes a red wheelbarrow glazed with rain water next to white chickens. The third sentence states that much depends on the scene described in the second sentence.
This document provides an overview of sonnets, including their typical structure and literary devices. It explains that a sonnet traditionally has 14 lines following a specific rhyme scheme, with lines of iambic pentameter containing 10 syllables each. The two main types of sonnets discussed are the Petrarchan sonnet, with an octave rhyme scheme followed by a sestet, and the Shakespearean sonnet consisting of three quatrains and a couplet. Other concepts covered include enjambment, alliteration, and assonance. An example sonnet by Shakespeare is analyzed in detail to demonstrate these concepts.
Dante Alighieri was a 14th century Italian poet, soldier and politician. He fell in love with Beatrice Portinari at a young age and wrote much poetry about her beauty, though she died at age 24. Dante was exiled from Florence during a power struggle between factions, and wrote his epic poem The Divine Comedy while in exile. The poem describes Dante's journey through Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio) and Heaven (Paradiso), guided by the Roman poet Virgil. It provides vivid and imaginative descriptions of the hierarchical structures and punishments of Hell.
While the appropriate punishment for bullying is debated, two writers disagree on the solution. Deborah Temkin argues against criminalizing bullying, stating it does not help victims and bullying's definition is unclear. Instead, schools should create supportive environments to prevent bullying. However, Mark O'Mara argues bullying should be outlawed, citing its severe emotional impacts and failures of lenient responses. Though both aim to curb bullying, O'Mara believes only strict laws will stop it, while Temkin focuses on understanding and addressing its root causes before punishment is necessary.
This document provides an overview of sonnets, including their typical form and poetic devices. It notes that a sonnet traditionally has 14 lines following a specific rhyme scheme, such as Shakespearean or Petrarchan. It also discusses that sonnets use iambic pentameter, with 10 syllables per line accented in a particular pattern. Additionally, the document outlines other poetic elements often found in sonnets, such as enjambment, alliteration, and assonance. It cautions that the speaker of a sonnet may not be the author and does not indicate gender. Links are provided for additional sonnet resources.
This document provides historical context around the political factions and power struggles in Rome leading up to Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar. It describes the rivalry between Marius and Sulla, followed by Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus forming the first triumvirate. It then details the subsequent conflicts between Caesar and Pompey, culminating in Pompey's defeat. The document also provides background on Marcus Junius Brutus and discusses how Brutus has been portrayed historically as both a hero and villain for his role in assassinating Caesar.
In an article in the Paducah Sun, Jeff Osborne argues that the humanities are essential and should not be defunded. He disputes Governor Bevin's view that taxpayers should not fund programs like French literature, arguing it is short-sighted to suggest education should only teach technical skills. Osborne maintains all students should understand liberal arts' values, which ironically Bevin benefited from. He quotes figures like Churchill who said we need engineers but not a "world of engineers" and concludes that without engaged citizens, economic prosperity lacks democracy's values.
This document provides guidance on introducing sources and writers to readers who may be unfamiliar with them. It recommends assuming the reader has not read or heard of the source before and does not want to read the entire article yet. Introductions should be brief, explaining who the writer is and where they are from in a sentence or two at most. Quoting full titles or providing unnecessary details should be avoided. The goal is to set up the source and context in a way that is useful and not overwhelming for the reader.
2. We want to avoid this. How?
A professor’s complaint . . .
3. Synthesizing Sources
Assume your audience hasn’t read the articles
you’re reading BUT
Realize you only have a short space to explain
the arguments to them AND
Organize paragraphs to give a general idea of
the argument
4. Writing Argumentative Paragraphs
• All argumentative paragraphs should have:
– An introduction
– A body
– A conclusion
• The introduction should be about a sentence (maybe
two)
• The body should be about 7-8 sentences
• The conclusion should be about a sentence or two
• At no point should a paragraph be shorter than six
sentences or longer than twelve.
5. Paragraphs need to be ordered
• A paragraph needs to have an entrance and an
exit.
• The introduction is your entrance, and it
should transition from the previous
paragraph.
• The conclusion is your exit, and it should tie
together the paragraph and prepare the
reader for the next one.
6. Paragraphs need to be coherent
• Paragraphs need to be ordered around points.
• In your introduction, you can set up one or
two points that you are going to discuss.
• The best way to think about the introduction
is as a “claim.”
• A solid claim sets up the structure of the
paragraph. Every sentence needs to refer back
to it in some way.
7. Claim
• A claim should be exploratory and not
explanatory.
• Here is a bad claim: “Some people accuse
Lebron James of being selfish.”
• Here is another bad claim: “In Measure of a
Champion by Phil Taylor, . . .”
• Here is a better claim: “While some see
Lebron as being selfish, others see him as
being driven by greatness.”
8. Don’t just write a claim that introduces one
piece of research or states a quote.
That is the sign of a “C” (or lower) paper.
10. Overarching principles
• Research should be introduced, explained,
and justified.
– For any piece of research, you need to explain:
• Who it is
• Why it’s important
• Why it’s essential to your argument
– There’s some exceptions, but they’re rare.
11.
12.
13. Don’t
• Just list facts
• Just describe research
• Just include quotes because you have to
• Use weak verbs
14. Bad Research Papers
Are full of long and lengthy quotes OR
Have research introduced with no rhyme or reason.
15. Bad Research Papers
• Just introduce a bunch of facts
• Try to fulfill the assignment by summarizing a
bunch of sources
• Have poorly chosen research that doesn’t
apply to the overall topic.
• Spend all the time explaining what research
says rather than making an argument.
16. Avoid . . .
Overdescribing one source.
Use your paragraphs to introduce at least two
pieces of information and research.
17. Especially Avoid
• According to Influences on Community College Students’ Educational Plan, authors found that
students entering community colleges with plans to obtain a bachelor’s degree were
between 20%-60% more likely to lower their plans below a bachelor’s degree
• In Kartz’s article The role of personal responsibility in health and weight control he makes a
point that today’s generation has a lack of personal responsibility
• In the journal article, Virtuous Cuts: Female Genital Circumcision in an African Ontology,
written by Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf, there is an emphasis on the primitive characteristics of
female circumcision when he states “It became a conclusive validation of the view of the
primitiveness of Arabs, Muslims and Africans, all in one blow.”
Do not quote entire titles, especially if the title is
long and wordy. This means nothing to your
reader. Instead . . .
18. • According to Influences on Community
College Students’ Educational Plan,
authors found that students entering
community colleges with plans to
obtain a bachelor’s degree were
between 20%-60% more likely to
lower their plans below a bachelor’s
degree
• In Kartz’s article The role of personal
responsibility in health and weight
control he makes a point that today’s
generation has a lack of personal
responsibility
• In the journal article, Virtuous Cuts:
Female Genital Circumcision in an
African Ontology, written by Rogaia
Mustafa Abusharaf, there is an
emphasis on the primitive
characteristics of female circumcision
when he states “It became a
conclusive validation of the view of
the primitiveness of Arabs, Muslims
and Africans, all in one blow.”
• In a recent study, authors
found that students
entering . . .
• In article about health and
personal responsibility,
David Kartz argues that
today’s generation has a
lack of personal
responsibility.
• In a journal dedicated to
African Medical Issues,
Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf
shows there is an emphasis
on the primitive . . .
19. • In a recent study, authors
found that students
entering . . .
• Journalist David Kartz
argues that today’s
generation has a lack of
personal responsibility.
• In a journal dedicated to
African Medical Issues,
Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf
shows there is an emphasis
on the primitive . . .
Give information to your
reader that will explain
what kind of source it is,
rather than who the
author is (who your
reader has likely heard
of)
23. Do: Introduce Authors as Authorities
• Using research enhances your ethos
– You are showing that you understand the issue
beyond merely the most basic level.
• Using research enhances your logos
– You are showing that there are facts and statistics
and scholarship that backs you up.
• Using research enhances your exigence
– You are showing that different authorities,
scholars, and writers think your topic is important.
24. Do: Introduce authors as authorities
According to a study done by the department of
Environmental Sciences and Engineering at
the University of North Carolina, these filters
are extremely efficient because they require a
“one-time purchase” and remained effective
“long after implementation.”
Notice that this paragraph summarizes
the information about the study.
25. Explain briefly who your authorities are
• A recent interview with Brad Scioli, a five year NFL player
who retired in 2004 due to concussion-related injuries,
sheds light on this mentality.
• Kristen Kreibich-Staruch, a Chrysler safety employee,
states “We had the father of a 16 year-old girl who’d had
her license for three months and already had been in two
crashes, and he still didn’t think she was a bad driver”
Use that explanation to show what type
of authority they are. This matters.
26. Claim: Synthesis
• A claim should not merely set up a summary
of an individual article.
– Since you are writing a synthesis, you goal is to
bring together several different viewpoints.
– You should think of these as categories.
27. Paragraphs
• Paragraphs should address more than one
article.
• Each paragraph should make a specific point,
not merely summarize one piece of research.
• Each paragraph should be organized around
research, not just list research or explain what
one article says.
28. The first steps being taken in the fight against alcohol
abuse in minors was a ban initiated at Virginia Tech
University schools newspaper. In an article from the
Collegiate Time-Virginia Tech an unknown author
notes “… a link between alcohol advertisement
restrictions and reduced college binge drinking has
occurred.” The author states that due to the
correlation that has been found between ads and
binge drinking “papers could not print ads for beer
wine or mixed beverage unless the ads are in
reference‟ to dining.” The ban was taken to court and
fought claiming it went against the first
commandment. The opposing party stated that it’s the
responsibility of the student to not succumb to small
ads noted in the paper. It is important to note that the
author states that the correlation of ads and alcoholic
influence was sufficient for the ban in this case
because the publication primarily targeted college
student. This example has been used in countless
counterarguments stating that bans of marketing only
apply under certain conditions. The ban itself was
surprising to many individuals but in no way did it
determine that ads are primarily to blame for drinking
nationwide.
29. The first steps being taken in the fight against alcohol
abuse in minors was a ban initiated at Virginia Tech
University schools newspaper. In an article from the
Collegiate Time-Virginia Tech an unknown author
notes “… a link between alcohol advertisement
restrictions and reduced college binge drinking has
occurred.” The author states that due to the
correlation that has been found between ads and
binge drinking “papers could not print ads for beer
wine or mixed beverage unless the ads are in
reference‟ to dining.” The ban was taken to court and
fought claiming it went against the first
commandment. The opposing party stated that it’s the
responsibility of the student to not succumb to small
ads noted in the paper. It is important to note that the
author states that the correlation of ads and alcoholic
influence was sufficient for the ban in this case
because the publication primarily targeted college
student. This example has been used in countless
counterarguments stating that bans of marketing only
apply under certain conditions. The ban itself was
surprising to many individuals but in no way did it
determine that ads are primarily to blame for drinking
nationwide.
The first sentence only sets up one piece
of evidence.
The whole paragraph only summarizes one
piece of evidence.
The evidence doesn’t really work as a part
of a larger point.
The research isn’t really persuasive (a
college newspaper? What does it
prove), so it seems like the author is
just including it because he/she has
to.
30. A weak paragraph
• The organic market has seen its ups and downs
over the past couple of years. In most countries
the organic sales were dropping until this current
year of 2013. In the UK and Britain they began to
see a decline in the organic market in the early
2000s. The author Rob Johnston reports that “less
than 1 percent of the food sold in Britain is
organic.” It seems that decline didn’t stop sliding
over the next five years. According to the Author
Joseph Mercola who quoted The Guardian states
“Sales of organic products have been falling since
the credit crunch first bit in late 2008”. However,
the news started to spread of the new found
benefits of organic products and the outcome was
substantial to the organic market. According to
the author Henry Miller the organic market
started to rise, in 2013 “the global market for
organic food alone now reportedly” exceeds “60
billion annually.” This new found rise in the
organic market may be the result of news
stations, and magazine companies advertising
organic foods.
31. A weak paragraph
• The organic market has seen its ups and downs over
the past couple of years. In most countries the organic
sales were dropping until this current year of 2013. In
the UK and Britain they began to see a decline in the
organic market in the early 2000s. The author Rob
Johnston reports that “less than 1 percent of the food
sold in Britain is organic.” It seems that decline didn’t
stop sliding over the next five years. According to the
Author Joseph Mercola who quoted The Guardian
states “Sales of organic products have been falling
since the credit crunch first bit in late 2008”. However,
the news started to spread of the new found benefits
of organic products and the outcome was substantial
to the organic market. According to the author Henry
Miller the organic market started to rise, in 2013 “the
global market for organic food alone now reportedly”
exceeds “60 billion annually.” This new found rise in
the organic market may be the result of news stations,
and magazine companies advertising organic foods.
• This paragraph has a broad
claim (“ups and downs”)
• Its evidence is not
presented in an interesting
way.
• None of the authors are
clearly introduced.
• There is no analysis, so
nothing is really done with
all this information that is
presented.
32. While experts agree on the necessity of clean water, many
disagree on how best to provide communities with safe
water. One of the many proposed solutions is the
transportation of bulk water. In the past, water was
shipped by “converted vegetable oil tankers” (Shipping
Bulk Water), but this method is inefficient in comparison
to newer methods. Transporting water by barge is more
cost effective than by tankers, yet even more efficient are
bladders. Bladders carry water in “cigar-shaped bags”
“made of thick polyurethane material.” These are dragged
to their destination where they remain offshore and
provide water by acting as temporary reservoirs (Shipping
Bulk water). While this may be a viable course of action
for countries that border bodies of water, for inland
regions, boiling water is often a recommended course of
action to purify it. Boiling water is an easy way to “provide
safe household drinking water” especially in the
prevention of diarrheal diseases (Gilman). According to
the Washington State Department of Health, “boiling is
the safest way to purify water” and water should be
boiled for at least one minute to ensure that it is purified.
A problem with this approach is that it may not be
efficient enough for a family to keep up with fuel costs.
Since economic means is an issue with providing enough
resources and fuel to purify water, more research has
been done in the areas of using renewable energy to drive
water purification.
A strong
paragraph
33. While experts agree on the necessity of clean water, many
disagree on how best to provide communities with safe
water. One of the many proposed solutions is the
transportation of bulk water. In the past, water was
shipped by “converted vegetable oil tankers” (Shipping
Bulk Water), but this method is inefficient in comparison
to newer methods. Transporting water by barge is more
cost effective than by tankers, yet even more efficient are
bladders. Bladders carry water in “cigar-shaped bags”
“made of thick polyurethane material.” These are dragged
to their destination where they remain offshore and
provide water by acting as temporary reservoirs (Shipping
Bulk water). While this may be a viable course of action
for countries that border bodies of water, for inland
regions, boiling water is often a recommended course of
action to purify it. Boiling water is an easy way to “provide
safe household drinking water” especially in the
prevention of diarrheal diseases (Gilman). According to
the Washington State Department of Health, “boiling is
the safest way to purify water” and water should be
boiled for at least one minute to ensure that it is purified.
A problem with this approach is that it may not be
efficient enough for a family to keep up with fuel costs.
Since economic means is an issue with providing enough
resources and fuel to purify water, more research has
been done in the areas of using renewable energy to drive
water purification.
The Claim sets up two points of view that
the paragraph examines.
Here is one way to provide communities
with safe water, backed up by
evidence.
Here is another way to provide
communities with safe water, backed
up by evidence.
34. Besides preparing students for 21st century jobs,
other professors and experts within the
education industry choose to focus on the
benefits that teachers and students receive as
part of the one-to-one computing initiative. As
Jason Johnson stated, “students have taken
control of their own education,” thereby
benefiting the teachers, but ultimately
themselves (p. 73). He further states that “a
computer provides a platform for children to
teach themselves and instill a personal
commitment to lifelong learning” (p. 72). Sue
Stidham further conveys the significant impact
that this initiative has had on students and
teachers by stating that the quality of
homework has improved. She feels that
students are using their time more wisely and
“ten minutes here and there” results in a higher
quality of work (p. 54). Both Stidham and James
provide valuable insight with regard to how
much the one-to-one computing initiative can
benefit both teachers and students. Making a
commitment to lifelong learning and learning
the importance of the quality of work at an
early age are also essential skills for the 21st
century business world.
A strong
paragraph
35. Besides preparing students for 21st century jobs,
other professors and experts within the
education industry choose to focus on the
benefits that teachers and students receive as
part of the one-to-one computing initiative. As
Jason Johnson stated, “students have taken
control of their own education,” thereby
benefiting the teachers, but ultimately
themselves (p. 73). He further states that “a
computer provides a platform for children to
teach themselves and instill a personal
commitment to lifelong learning” (p. 72). Sue
Stidham further conveys the significant impact
that this initiative has had on students and
teachers by stating that the quality of
homework has improved. She feels that
students are using their time more wisely and
“ten minutes here and there” results in a higher
quality of work (p. 54). Both Stidham and James
provide valuable insight with regard to how
much the one-to-one computing initiative can
benefit both teachers and students. Making a
commitment to lifelong learning and learning
the importance of the quality of work at an
early age are also essential skills for the 21st
century business world.
The Claim sets up an overall argument
that the rest of the paragraph follows
through.
Here is one piece of research that expands
on that point.
Here is another piece of research that
expands on that point.
Here is analysis that brings them together.
36. • The new teen obsession with an array of social networking
sites created the problem of cyber bullying. In a recent survey
Bulent Dilmac defines a cyber-bully as a person who
“facilitates deliberate and repeated harassment or threat to
another” (2).Dilmac goes on to discuss the differences
between traditional bullying and cyber bullying by claiming
that cyber bullies can be anonymous and can target any and
all students. Catherine Dwyer, a professor at Pace University,
discusses the issues of privacy and trust on social networking
sites. Dwyer argues that because the Internet keeps a record
of everything, people chose more carefully what to display to
the public. Yet they cannot control what another person might
post on their profile (4).Sarah Zay, a journalist for USA Today,
writes about what she describes as a “wall” that the Internet
creates for bullies to hide behind. This wall allows bullies to
attack without consequences because no one can see the
effect of the harmful words. The new increase in social
networks has not only changed the ways that people
communicate, but it has changed the ways that people insult
by providing a faceless means to attack another person. The
more information that a person displays on their profile, the
more ammunition the bully can obtain in order to fire their
insults. And because the Internet is less personal, the bullies
feel that they can be more vicious without any punishment. It
has now become easier to insult someone because you don’t
have to attack in person and you can use their own
information that they post against them. But does this
negative aspect really outweigh the advantages of social
networking?
A strong
paragraph
37. • The new teen obsession with an array of social networking
sites created the problem of cyber bullying. In a recent survey
Bulent Dilmac defines a cyber-bully as a person who
“facilitates deliberate and repeated harassment or threat to
another” (2).Dilmac goes on to discuss the differences
between traditional bullying and cyber bullying by claiming
that cyber bullies can be anonymous and can target any and
all students. Catherine Dwyer, a professor at Pace University,
discusses the issues of privacy and trust on social networking
sites. Dwyer argues that because the Internet keeps a record
of everything, people chose more carefully what to display to
the public. Yet they cannot control what another person might
post on their profile (4).Sarah Zay, a journalist for USA Today,
writes about what she describes as a “wall” that the Internet
creates for bullies to hide behind. This wall allows bullies to
attack without consequences because no one can see the
effect of the harmful words. The new increase in social
networks has not only changed the ways that people
communicate, but it has changed the ways that people insult
by providing a faceless means to attack another person. The
more information that a person displays on their profile, the
more ammunition the bully can obtain in order to fire their
insults. And because the Internet is less personal, the bullies
feel that they can be more vicious without any punishment. It
has now become easier to insult someone because you don’t
have to attack in person and you can use their own
information that they post against them. But does this
negative aspect really outweigh the advantages of social
networking?
The Claim defines the issue: Cyber-
bullying.
Here is one author who clarifies what
cyber-bullying is.
Here is another author who defines what
Cyberbullying is.
Followed by some analysis that asks
questions about the rest of the paper.