1018 Steel and PLA Tensile Test and Hardness ReportTobyBarrons
Details findings from 1018 Steel and PLA tensile and hardness testing. Provides detailed theory and experimental procedure. Skip to results for findings.
In the material testing laboratory, Tensile test was done on a mild steel specimen as figure 4 to identify the young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and percentage elongation. The results were as table 1
Examination of Tensile Test Specimens Produced in Three-Dimensional Printer by Fuat Kartal* in Crimson Publishers: Applied mechanical engineering
In this study, the effect of different parameters on tensile test specimens produced by joint manufacturing with open source code and equipment using PLA type filament was investigated experimentally. Tensile specimens were designed and manufactured according to ASTM IV type tensile test standards. The test design was based on the L9 orthogonal array of the Taguchi Method and experiments was designed according to this plan. According to the results, Parameters of layer thickness and filling scan range parameters were found to provide significant improvement in the tensile strength increase
1018 Steel and PLA Tensile Test and Hardness ReportTobyBarrons
Details findings from 1018 Steel and PLA tensile and hardness testing. Provides detailed theory and experimental procedure. Skip to results for findings.
In the material testing laboratory, Tensile test was done on a mild steel specimen as figure 4 to identify the young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and percentage elongation. The results were as table 1
Examination of Tensile Test Specimens Produced in Three-Dimensional Printer by Fuat Kartal* in Crimson Publishers: Applied mechanical engineering
In this study, the effect of different parameters on tensile test specimens produced by joint manufacturing with open source code and equipment using PLA type filament was investigated experimentally. Tensile specimens were designed and manufactured according to ASTM IV type tensile test standards. The test design was based on the L9 orthogonal array of the Taguchi Method and experiments was designed according to this plan. According to the results, Parameters of layer thickness and filling scan range parameters were found to provide significant improvement in the tensile strength increase
A universal testing machine, also known as a universal tester, materials testing machine or materials test frame, is used to test the tensile stress and compressive strength of materials.
This is my Lab Report of Tensile Test when I was conducting engineering material lab in Sampoerna University. Feel free to download for a reference.
I know it is not a good report, but I hope this share might help you to find something you need.
Thank you.
ENGINEERING SYSTEM DYNAMICS-TAKE HOME ASSIGNMENT 2018musadoto
1. Read Chapter 4 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 4.1 to 4.12 in Matlab.
2. Read Chapter 7 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 7.1 to 7.11 in Matlab.
3. Read Chapter 9 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 9.1 to 9.6 in Matlab.
4. Read Chapter 11 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 11.1 to 11.7 in Matlab.
5. Read Chapter 2 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problem 2.18 (page 63).
6. Read Chapter 3 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problem 3.13 (pp 98 - 100).
7. Read Chapter 4 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problem 4.20 (page 146).
8. Read Chapter 5 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problems 5.15 (page 198), 5.21 (pp 199 - 200) and 5.27 (pp 201 – 202).
A universal testing machine, also known as a universal tester, materials testing machine or materials test frame, is used to test the tensile stress and compressive strength of materials.
This is my Lab Report of Tensile Test when I was conducting engineering material lab in Sampoerna University. Feel free to download for a reference.
I know it is not a good report, but I hope this share might help you to find something you need.
Thank you.
ENGINEERING SYSTEM DYNAMICS-TAKE HOME ASSIGNMENT 2018musadoto
1. Read Chapter 4 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 4.1 to 4.12 in Matlab.
2. Read Chapter 7 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 7.1 to 7.11 in Matlab.
3. Read Chapter 9 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 9.1 to 9.6 in Matlab.
4. Read Chapter 11 – System Dynamics for Mechanical Engineers by Matthew Davies and Tony L. Schmitz and implement Examples 11.1 to 11.7 in Matlab.
5. Read Chapter 2 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problem 2.18 (page 63).
6. Read Chapter 3 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problem 3.13 (pp 98 - 100).
7. Read Chapter 4 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problem 4.20 (page 146).
8. Read Chapter 5 - System Dynamics for Engineering Students: Concepts and Applications by Nicolae Lobontiu and attempt problems 5.15 (page 198), 5.21 (pp 199 - 200) and 5.27 (pp 201 – 202).
Contact Pressure Validation of Steam Turbine Casing for Static Loading ConditionIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Experiment 4 - Testing of Materials in Tension Object .docxSANSKAR20
Experiment 4 - Testing of Materials in Tension
Object: The object of this experiment is to measure the tensile properties of two polymeric
materials, steel and aluminum at a constant strain rate on the Tension testing machine.
Background: For structural applications of materials such as bridges, pressure vessels, ships,
and automobiles, the tensile properties of the metal material set the criteria for a safe design.
Polymeric materials are being used more and more in structural applications, particularly in
automobiles and pressure vessels. New applications emerge as designers become aware of
the differences in the properties of metals and polymers and take full advantage of them. The
analyses of structures using metals or plastics require that the data be available.
Stress-Strain: The tensile properties of a material are obtained by pulling a specimen of
known geometry apart at a fixed rate of straining until it breaks or stretches to the machines
limit. It is useful to define the load per unit area (stress) as a parameter rather than load to
avoid the confusion that would arise from the fact that the load and the change in length are
dependent on the cross-sectional area and original length of the specimen. The stress,
however, changes during the test for two reasons: the load increases and the cross-sectional
area decreases as the specimen gets longer.
Therefore, the stress can be calculated by two formulae which are distinguished as
engineering stress and true stress, respectively.
(1) = P/Ao= Engineering Stress (lbs/in
2 or psi)
P = load (lbs)
Ao= original cross-sectional area (in
2)
(2) T= P/Ai = True Stress
Ai = instantaneous cross-sectional area (in
2)
Likewise, the elongation is normalized per unit length of specimen and is called strain. The
strain may be based on the original length or the instantaneous length such that
(3) =(lf - lo)/ lo = l / lo = Engineering Strain, where
lf= final gage length (in)
lo= original gage length (in)
(4) T= ln ( li / lo ) = ln (1 +) = True Strain, where
li = instantaneous gage length (in)
ln = natural logarithm
For a small elongation the engineering strain is very close to the true strain when l=1.2 lo,
then = 0.2 and T= ln 1.2 = 0.182. The engineering stress is related to the true stress by
(5) T= (1 + )
The true stress would be 20% higher in the case above where the specimen is 20% longer
than the original length. As the relative elongation increases, the true strain will become
significantly less than the engineering strain while the true stress becomes much greater than
the engineering stress. When l= 4.0 lo then = 3.0 but the true strain =ln 4.0 = 1.39.
Therefore, the true strain is less than 1/2 of the engineering strain. The true stress (T) = (1+
3.0) = 4, or the true stress is 4 times the engineering stress.
Tensile Test Nom ...
Tensile testing is one method routinely used to determine the mechanical properties of plastics. This piece presents an example of measuring the mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), Polyoxymethylene (POM), Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polystyrene (PS)
Performance Evaluation of a Low Cost Creep Testing MachineAdib Bin Rashid
Mechanical systems and components like steam generators or boilers, nuclear reactors, turbine rotors
are operated at very high temperature under significant stress. For this reason, the components and structures need to be designed so that excessive creep distortion must not occur within the expected operating life of the system. Creep
is defined as a time-dependent deformation that happens when metals are subjected to constant load at high
temperature over a period of time. Knowledge of the creep behavior of metals is therefore important and for this
reason Creep testing machines are predominantly used to measure how a given material will perform under constant
load, at elevated temperature. This paper aims to study creep properties of various materials being used in high
temperature applications through locally made creep testing machine. The basic design of a creep testing machine is
the support structure, the loading device, the fixture device (grips and pull rods), and the furnace. The specimen
being tested is held in place by the grips and a furnace surrounds the test section and maintains a constant
temperature. Maximum applied load on the specimen can be 15 kg and tests could be carried out at maximum
temperature of 500°C. Creep curves of strain versus time of aluminum alloy were plotted at a different stress level
and temperature. The data are plotted in a simple manner, but analysis easily shows the effect of increased stress due
the reduction in specimen cross-section as strain increases. The creep testing machine developed in this work has proven to be satisfactory, cost effective and good alternative to imported creep testing machine.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Design and Implmentation of Circular Cross Sectional Pressure Vessel Using Pr...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This is a preliminary text for the chapter. The Oslo Group is invited to provide comments on the
general structure and coverage of the chapter (for example, if it covers the relevant aspects related to
measurement units and conversion factors, and if there are additional topics that should be covered in
this chapter), and on the recommendations to be contained in IRES.
The current text presents the recommendations from the UN Manual F.29 as well as some points that
were raised during the last OG meeting. The issue of “harmonization” of standard/default conversion
factors still needs to be addressed. It was suggested that tables be moved to an annex. Please provide
your views on which ones should be retained in the chapter.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water Industry Process Automation and Control Monthly - May 2024.pdf
exp no.0 sample preparation for tensile test
1. Faculty of Engineering Petroleum
Engineering Department
Mechanics of Material Lab.
Exp. (Sample Preparation)
Prepared by: Ahmad Jalal Hasan
Muhammad Fuad Rashid
Muhammad Hasan Aziz
Supervised by: Dr. Dyar
Date of Submit: 01/10/2019
3. 3
1.1. Aim
This International Standard specifies the method for tensile testing of metallic
materials and defines the mechanical properties which can be determined at ambient
temperature.
1.2. Introduction
ASTM's physical and mechanical testing standards provide guides for the proper
procedures employed in the determination of the physical, mechanical, and
metallographic properties of certain materials, particularly metals and alloys. Using
test methods such as scanning electron microscopy, hole-drilling strain-gage
method, semiautomatic and automatic image analysis, and X-ray diffraction,
parameters like elastic moduli, impact strength, ductility, hardness, residual stress,
and grain size are measured. These physical and mechanical testing standards allow
metallurgical laboratories, manufacturers, and other producers and users of metals
and alloys to examine and evaluate such materials for strength and quality to ensure
safety towards their end-use.
The mechanical properties of materials are determined by performing carefully
designed laboratory experiments that replicate as nearly as possible the service
conditions. In the real life, there are many factors involved in the nature in which
loads are applied on a material. The following are some common examples of how
these loads might be applied: tensile, compressive and shear, just to name a few.
These properties are important in materials selections for mechanical design.
Other factors that often complicate the design process include temperature and
time factors.
1.3. tensile test experiment
The topic of this lab is confined to the tensile property of polymers. Figure 6.1
shows a tensile testing machine, which looks similar to the one used in this lab. This
test is a destructive method, in which a specimen of a standard shape and dimensions
(prepared according to ASTM D 638: standard test method for tensile properties of
plastics) is subjected to an axial load. As shown in Figure 6.1, during a typical
4. 4
tensile experiment, a dog-bone shaped specimen is gripped at
its two ends and is pulled to elongate at a determined rate
to its breakpoint; a highly ductile polymer may not reach its
breakpoint. The tensile tester used in this lab is
manufactured by Shimadzu Corporations (model AJS-
It has a maximum load of 100 kN and a variable
pulling rate. The setup of the experiment could be
changed to accommodate different types of mechanical
testing, according to the ASTM standard (e.g.
compression test, etc).
1.4. Sample Preparation
The polymer specimens are dog-bone shaped. They were injection molded, and
its dimensions were determined according to the ASTMD 638, mentioned
earlier in the introduction.
Measure the thickness, width and gage length of polymer samples using a pair
Vernier calipers. These dimensions should be approximately the same for each
sample.
Figure 1 A photograph of a tensile
machine (Shimadzu, Autograph AG-
10TC).
5. 5
1.5. Tensile Specimens and Testing Machines
Tensile Specimens. Consider the typical tensile specimen shown in Fig. 2. It has
enlarged ends or shoulders for
gripping. The important part of the specimen is the gage section. The cross-sectional
area of the gage section is reduced relative to that of the remainder of the specimen so
that deformation and failure will be
localized
Figure 2 Typical tensile specimen, showing a reduced gage section and enlarged shoulders. To avoid end effects from the shoulders, the length of the
transition region should be at least as great as the diameter, and the total length of the reduced section
6. 6
in this region. The gage length is the region over which measurements are made and
is centered within the reduced section. The distances between the ends of the gage
section and the shoulders should be great enough so that the larger ends do not
constrain deformation within the gage section, and the gage length should be great
relative to its diameter. Otherwise, the stress state will be more complex than simple
tension. There are various ways of gripping the specimen. The end may be screwed
into a threaded grip, or it may be pinned; butt ends may be used, or the grip section
may be held between wedges. There are still other methods. The most important
concern in the selection of a gripping method is to ensure that the specimen can be
held at the maximum load without slippage or failure in the grip section. Bending
should be minimized.
Testing Machines. The most common testing machines are universal testers. terials in
tension, compression, or bending. Their primary function is to create the stress-
strain curve described in the following section in this chapter.
Testing machines are either electromechanical or hydraulic. The principal difference
is the method by which the load is applied.
Electromechanical machines are based on a variable-speed electric motor; a gear
reduction system; and one, two, or four screws that move the crosshead up or down.
This motion loads the specimen in tension or compression. Crosshead speeds can be
changed by changing the speed of the motor. A microprocessor-based closed-loop
servo system can be implemented to accurately control the speed of the crosshead.
Hydraulic testing machines are based on either a single or dual-acting piston that
moves the crosshead up or down. However, most static hydraulic testing machines
have a single acting piston or ram. In a manually operated machine, the operator
adjusts the orifice of a pressure-compensated needle valve to control the rate of
loading. In a closed-loop hydraulic servo
system, the needle valve is
replaced by an electrically
operated servo valve for
precise control.
7. 7
0
Figure 3 Systems for gripping tensile specimens. For round specimens, these include threaded grips (a), serrated
wedges (b), and, for butt end specimens, split collars constrained by a solid collar (c). Sheet specimens may be gripped
with pins (d) or serr
1.6. discussion
the dimension for a lab testing exactly for this experiment should
match the standard to test a materials properties according to
ASTM (American standard testing materials ) that means the
sample should have a specification of some properties for example
length and height and thickness and dimeter also the sample must a
homogeneous sample and so on , also by observing the
experiments test for example test it noted that was a successful
experiment and dissipating from bias and errors to the graphs and
test results, this due to the sample had a uniforming of properties
as mentioned high above.
8. 8
1.7. Conclusion
Finally, I would say the process of preparing a sample for
specimen’s physical properties should be done carefully and
preparing its dimensions due to standards precisely to get the right
values for their properties in graph results.
1.8. References
Matweb.com. (2015). MatWeb - The Online Materials
Information Resource.
ASTM Standard C33, 2003
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
(NCRP)
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM)
Radiological and Environmental Sciences Laboratory
(RESL), Idaho Falls, Idaho
(Operated by the DOE)
DOE Technical Measurements Center, Grand Junction, CO
Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML); formerly
the Health and Safety
Laboratory of the DOE