Cardiovascular disease is an umbrella term referring to diseases of the heart and blood vessels caused by plaque buildup in the arteries. Plaque buildup is caused by irritation or injury to the inner layer of blood vessels from factors like dyslipidemia (high cholesterol), hypertension (high blood pressure), smoking, and a sedentary lifestyle. Exercise is the most effective way to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by lowering cholesterol and blood pressure, decreasing plaque buildup, and promoting healthy blood flow.