This presentation will enlighten you on various law of the sea. You will be able to learn about the basic term of Ocean laws. you will also understand the critical points of boundary delimitation among many countries around the world.

1. Law of the Sea
Aminul Islam
1

2. UNCLOS
 The United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS) is the int agreement
 The third United Nations Conference on the
Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III)
 It took place between 1973 and 1982
 As of June 2016, 167 countries and the EU
have joined in the Convention
 BD signed 10 Dec 1982
2

3.  The rights and responsibilities of nations with
respect to their use of the world's oceans
 Establishing guidelines for businesses, the
environment
 The management of marine natural resources
3
UNCLOS

4. BASELINE
 Methods of determining Baselines:
 Normal Baseline
 Straight Baseline
 Archipelagic Baseline
MARITIME BASELINES
2

5. The Normal Baseline
 The low-water line along the coast
 Marked on large-scale charts
 Officially recognized by the coastal State
NORMAL BASELINE
3

6. The low-water line along the coast as marked on
large-scale charts officially recognized by the
coastal State
LOW WATER LINE
4

7. Large Scale chart
7

8. 8
 In localities where the coastline is deeply
indented and cut into, or if there is a fringe of
islands along the coast in its immediate vicinity
 Where because of the presence of a delta and
other natural conditions the coastline is highly
unstable
STRAIGHT BASELINE

9. 9
Indented Coastline
STRAIGHT BASELINE

10. 10
 The drawing of straight baselines must not depart
to any appreciable extent from the general
direction of the coast
 Straight baselines shall not be drawn to and from
low-tide elevations, unless lighthouses or similar
installations which are permanently above sea
level have been built on them
STRAIGHT BASELINE

11. 11
 The system of straight baselines may not be
applied by a State in such a manner as to cut off
the territorial sea of another State from the high
seas or an exclusive economic zone
STRAIGHT BASELINE

12. 12
2 4 7 4 9 10 12
1 2 4 6 7 8 10
2 6 8 10
2 3 4 7 8 9 10 12
7 6 6 7 8 9 10
3 6 6 6 6 7 8 10
8 6 6 8 10 11 12
Port
Low Tide Elevation
INDENTED UNSTABLE
COAST
 Follow the General Direction of the Coastline
 Not to be Drawn, to and from, Low Tide Elevations

13. A low-tide elevation is a naturally formed area of land
which is surrounded by and above water at low tide
but submerged at high tide.
LOW TIDE ELEVATION
9

14. 14
AT LOW TIDE
LOW TIDE
LEVATION
AT HIGH TIDE

15. Presence of delta
If a river flows directly into the sea, the baseline
shall be a straight line across the mouth of the
river between points on the low-water line of its
banks
152
STRAIGHT BASELINE

16. 16
Aerial photo of Copper River DeltaAerial photo of Mekong River Delta
STRAIGHT BASELINE

17. 17
LANDBAN LAND
Straight Baseline

18. 18
A bay is a well-marked indentation. It shall not be
regarded as a bay unless its area is larger than that of
the semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across
the mouth of that indentation.
BAY

19. 19
B
Juridical BayNOT Juridical
Bay
A Water Area of
Semi-circle

20. 20
If the distance between the low-water marks of the
natural entrance points of a bay does not exceed 24
nautical miles, a closing line may be drawn between
these two low-water marks and the waters enclosed
thereby shall be considered as internal waters.
BAY

21. 21
2 5 7 8 6 3
4 8 10 6
2 3 4 3
3 4 10 11 12 3
2 3 4 3
3 3 2 5 9 10 13 11 10 9 3 5
4 3
5 5 6 7 9 10 13 11 9 8
6 8 10 11 14 13 10 9
7 9 11 14 18 15 9
M O N T E N E G R O
MONTENEGRO
BAY
If length of mouth is
less then 24 nm

22. 22
Where the distance exceeds 24 nautical miles, a
straight baseline of 24 nautical miles shall be drawn
within the bay in such a manner as to enclose the
maximum area of water that is possible with a line of
that length.
BAY

23. 23
HISTORIC BAYS

24.  A reef is a bar of rock, sand, coral or similar
material, lying beneath or above the surface of
water.
 In the case of reefs, the baseline is the seaward
low-water line
REEF
21

25. REEF
25
REEF

26. ARCHIPELAGIC BASELINE
Archipelagic State
A state constituted wholly by one or more
archipelagos and may include other islands
24

27. Archipelagic Straight Baselines
 Joining the outermost points of the outermost islands
 Ratio between enclosed water and land area is 1:1 to 9:1
 Length of individual baseline shall not exceed 100 nm
 Max 3% of total number of baseline may be extended up
to 125 nm
 Baselines may not cut off high seas, EEZ or TTW of
another state
25
ARCHIPELAGIC BASELINE

30. 30
Archipelagic Waters
Internal Water
TS
CZ
EEZ
CS
ARCHIPELAGIC BASELINE

31. A limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from
baselines
 Other States
 Enjoy innocent passage
 Submarine navigate on the surface
 Show flag
TERRITORIAL SEA
29

32. ISLANDS AND ROCKS
 An island is a naturally formed area of land,
surrounded by water, which is above water at
high tide.
 Rocks are islands which cannot sustain human
habitation or economic life of their own.
30

33. LOW TIDE ELEVATION
 A low-tide elevation is a naturally formed area of
land which is surrounded by and above water at
low tide but submerged at high tide.
 Where a low-tide elevation is not exceeding 12
NM, the low-water line on that elevation may be
used as the baseline.
31

34. 34
BAN LAND
Port
2 4 7 4 9 10 12
1 2 4 6 7 8 10
2 6 8 10
2 3 4 7 8 9 10 12
7 6 6 7 8 9 10
6 6 6 7 8 10
8 6 6 8 10 11 12
12 nm

35. 35
CONTIGUOUS ZONE
The contiguous zone may not extend beyond 24
nautical miles from the baselines from which the
breadth of the territorial sea is measured.

36. 36
CONTIGUOUS ZONE

37. Rights in Contiguous Zone
 Prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal,
immigration or sanitary laws and regulations
within its territory or territorial sea
 Punish infringement of the above laws and
regulations committed within its territory or
territorial sea
37
CONTIGUOUS ZONE

38. 38
EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE
The exclusive economic zone shall not extend
beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines
from which the breadth of the territorial sea is
measured.

39. 39
EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE

40. RIGHTS OF EEZ
 Exploring and exploiting natural resources
 Living or non-living resources
 Production of energy from water, current and winds
 Can establish artificial island, installations and
structure
 Marine scientific research
 Protection and preservation of marine environment
40

41. 41
30 50 70 80 90 110
10 45 50 70 80 120
30 70 90 110 145
35 50 80 125 155
10 50 70 80 90 110 145
15 35 90 110 165
25 70 110 160
200 nm
E E Z
Installation of
Artificial Island
Protection of Maritime Environment
Marin Scientific
Research

42. CONTINENTAL SHELF
The continental shelf of a coastal State comprises
the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that:
 Extend beyond its territorial sea throughout the
natural prolongation of its land territory
 To the outer edge of the continental margin
42

43. 43
Rise
Abyssal
Plain
FOS
CONTINENTAL SHELF

44. A distance of 200 nautical miles from the
baselines where the outer edge of the
continental margin does not extend up to that
distance
44
CONTINENTAL SHELF

45. 45
Extended Continental Shelf
 (T) = > 1% of (D)
Rise
Abyssal
Plain
FOS
Extended
Point P
T
D
Extend up to that point,
where the thickness of the
sedimentary rock is at
least 1% of the shortest
distance between FOS &
extended point.
F No. 1
CONTINENTAL SHELF

46. 46
Rise
Abyssal
Plain
FOS
Extended Continental Shelf
F No. 2
Extend up to 60 nm from FOS
Extended Point
60
..nm
CONTINENTAL SHELF

47. 47
Rise
Abyssal
Plain
FOS
Max length shall not exceed 350nm
from baseline
Baseline
Max 350 nm
F No. 3
CONTINENTAL SHELF

48. 48
Rise
Abyssal
Plain
Shall not exceed 100nm from
2500m contour
2500m Contour
Line
D = < 100nm
F No. 4
CONTINENTAL SHELF

49. RIGHTS OF COASTAL STATE
 Sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and
exploiting its natural resources
 If the coastal State does not explore or exploit its
natural resources, no one may undertake these
activities without the express consent of the
coastal State
49

50.  All states are entitled to lay submarine cables
and pipelines
 May install artificial islands or structure
 Rights for drilling
50
RIGHTS OF OTHER STATE

51. SAFETY ZONES
 The coastal State may declare safety zones
around artificial islands, installations and structures
 Shall not exceed a distance of 500 m
51

52. 52
500m
Safety Zone

53. HIGH SEA
All parts not included
EEZ
Territorial sea
Internal waters of a state or
In the archipelagic waters of an archipelagic
state
53

54. Freedom of:
Navigation
Over flight
Laying submarine cables and pipelines
Construction of artificial islands and other
installations
Fishing
Scientific research
54
HIGH SEA

55. PASSAGE
Passage means navigation through the territorial sea
for the purpose of:
 Traversing that sea without entering internal
waters or calling at a roadstead or port facility
outside internal waters
 Proceeding to or from internal waters or a call at
such roadstead or port facility.
55

56. PASSAGE
Passage shall be continuous and expeditious.
However, passage includes stopping and
anchoring, but only in so far as the same are
incidental to ordinary navigation or are rendered
necessary by force majeure or distress or for the
purpose of rendering assistance to persons,
ships or aircraft in danger or distress.
56

57. INNOCENT PASSAGE
57

58. INNOCENT PASSAGE
Passage of a foreign ship engages in any of the
following activities:
Any threat or use of force against the
sovereignty territorial
Integrity or political independence of the
coastal State
 Any exercise or practice with weapons of
any kind
58

59.  Any act aimed at collecting information to the
prejudice of the defence or security of the coastal
State
 Any act of propaganda aimed at affecting the
defence or security of the coastal State
 The launching, landing or taking on board of any
aircraft
59
INNOCENT PASSAGE

60. The launching, landing or taking on board of
any military device
 The loading or unloading of any commodity,
currency or person contrary to the customs,
fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and
regulations of the coastal State
Any act of wilful and serious pollution contrary
to this Convention
60
INNOCENT PASSAGE

61. 61
INNOCENT PASSAGE

62. Any fishing activities
The carrying out of research or survey activities
Any act aimed at interfering with any systems of
communication or any other facilities or installations
of the coastal State
Any other activity not having a direct bearing on
passage.
62
INNOCENT PASSAGE

63. LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
COASTAL STATE RELATING TO
INNOCENT PASSAGE
63

64. LAWS OF THE COASTAL STATE
The coastal State may adopt laws and regulations
for all or any of the following:
 The safety of navigation and the regulation of
maritime traffic
 The protection of navigational aids and
facilities and other facilities or installations
 The protection of cables and pipelines
64

65.  The conservation of the living resources of the
sea
 The prevention of infringement of the fisheries
laws and regulations of the coastal State
 The preservation of the environment
 The prevention, reduction and control of
pollution
65
LAWS OF THE COASTAL STATE

66.  Marine scientific research and hydrographic
surveys
 The prevention of infringement of the customs,
fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations
of the coastal State
66
LAWS OF THE COASTAL STATE

67. 67