This document summarizes a paper examining crowdsourcing as a tool for policy making. It begins by defining crowdsourcing and distinguishing between three main types: virtual labor markets, tournament crowdsourcing, and open collaboration. It then analyzes how each type of crowdsourcing could potentially be used at different stages of the policy process based on Hood's NATO model of policy tools. While open collaboration has mainly been used for agenda-setting and evaluation, the paper argues all three crowdsourcing types could play a more nuanced role if their characteristics are better understood.
Crowdsourcing: a new tool for policy-making?Araz Taeihagh
Crowdsourcing is rapidly evolving and applied in situations where ideas, labour, opinion or expertise of large groups of people are used. Crowdsourcing is now used in various policy-making initiatives; however, this use has usually focused on open collaboration platforms and specific stages of the policy process, such as agenda-setting and policy evaluations. Other forms of crowdsourcing have been neglected in policymaking, with a few exceptions. This article examines crowdsourcing as a tool for policymaking, and explores the nuances of the technology and its use and implications for different stages of the policy process. The article addresses questions surrounding the role of crowdsourcing and whether it can be considered as a policy tool or as a technological enabler and investigates the current trends and future directions of crowdsourcing.
A Framework for Policy Crowdsourcing - Oxford IPP 2014Araz Taeihagh
Can Crowdsourcing be used for policy? Previous work posits that the three types of Crowdsourcing have different levels of potential usefulness when applied to the various stages of the policy cycle. In this paper, we build upon this exploratory work by categorizing the extant research with respect to Crowdsourcing for the policy cycle. Premised upon our analysis, we thereafter discuss the trends, highlight the gaps, and suggest some approaches to empirically validate the application of Crowdsourcing to the policy cycle.
The Fundamentals of Policy CrowdsourcingAraz Taeihagh
What is the state of the research on crowdsourcing for policymaking? This article begins to answer this question by collecting, categorizing, and situating an extensive body of the extant research investigating policy crowdsourcing, within a new framework built on fundamental typologies from each field. We first define seven universal characteristics of the three general crowdsourcing techniques (virtual labor markets, tournament crowdsourcing, open collaboration), to examine the relative trade-offs of each modality. We then compare these three types of crowdsourcing to the different stages of the policy cycle, in order to situate the literature spanning both domains. We finally discuss research trends in crowdsourcing for public policy and highlight the research gaps and overlaps in the literature.
Crowdsourcing, Sharing Economies and DevelopmentAraz Taeihagh
What are the similarities and differences between crowdsourcing and sharing economy? What factors influence their use in developing countries? In light of recent developments in the use of IT-mediated technologies, such as crowdsourcing and the sharing economy, this manuscript examines their similarities and differences, and the challenges regarding their effective use in developing countries. We first examine each individually and highlight different forms of each IT-mediated technology. Given that crowdsourcing and sharing economy share aspects such as the use of IT, a reliance on crowds, monetary exchange, and the use of reputation systems, we systematically compare the similarities and differences of different types of crowdsourcing with the sharing economy, thus addressing a gap in the current literature. Using this knowledge, we examine the different challenges faced by developing countries when using crowdsourcing and the sharing economy, and highlight the differences in the applicability of these IT-mediated technologies when faced with specific development issues.
Here is the full reference:
Calzada, I. & Cobo, C. (2015), Unplugging: Deconstructing the Smart City, Journal of Urban Technology. DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2014.971535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2014.971535
This is an Author's Original Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in the JOURNAL OF URBAN TECHNOLOGY on March 16, 2015, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10630732.2014.971535#abstract
DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2014.971535
This version will be shared on author’s personal website ONLY.
This article may not exactly replicate the final version published in this journal.
It is not the copy of record.
A Strategy Framework For the Risk Assessment And Mitigation For Large E-Gover...ijmvsc
Globally, e-Government has become an effective tool for civic transformation. In the recent years eGovernment development gained significant momentum despite the financial crisis that crippled the world economy. For most of the governments, the crisis was a wakeup call to become more transparent and efficient. In addition, there is a growing demand for governments to transform from traditional agency/department centric approach to “Citizen-Centric” approach. This transformation is expected to enhance the quality of life of citizens in terms of greater convenience in availing government services. Eventually this would result in higher levels of citizen satisfaction and improved trust in government. However, projects of such scale and complexity, faces numerous roadblocks which eventually hamper its potential to deliver the intended benefits to the citizens. The success of these programmes calls for strategic direction, policy making and greater coordination among multiple agencies, following a uniform approach in achieving the vision. This necessitates a strategic framework comprehensive enough to visualize and enable the leaders in addressing the potential roadblocks or resistance. This report presents the outcome of a research to define a strategic framework that models the opposing and propelling forces dormant during a project time. This would help the strategic decision makers to visualize each project as a whole and take quick decisions in the areas that need additional thrust, to ensure that the initiatives achieve the envisaged goals.
Transforming Election Campaigning in the Digital AgeAdrian Solitander
In our current digital age, political institutions, activities and relationships are increasingly mediated and shaped by digital media and technologies (University of Oxford 2016). This paper examines the impact of digital on election campaigns and considers how the developing use of these technologies might alter traditional campaigning models. It should be of use for any political party or politician in established Western democracies who is planning an election campaign. The paper is partly based on insights from six original case studies.
Crowdsourcing: a new tool for policy-making?Araz Taeihagh
Crowdsourcing is rapidly evolving and applied in situations where ideas, labour, opinion or expertise of large groups of people are used. Crowdsourcing is now used in various policy-making initiatives; however, this use has usually focused on open collaboration platforms and specific stages of the policy process, such as agenda-setting and policy evaluations. Other forms of crowdsourcing have been neglected in policymaking, with a few exceptions. This article examines crowdsourcing as a tool for policymaking, and explores the nuances of the technology and its use and implications for different stages of the policy process. The article addresses questions surrounding the role of crowdsourcing and whether it can be considered as a policy tool or as a technological enabler and investigates the current trends and future directions of crowdsourcing.
A Framework for Policy Crowdsourcing - Oxford IPP 2014Araz Taeihagh
Can Crowdsourcing be used for policy? Previous work posits that the three types of Crowdsourcing have different levels of potential usefulness when applied to the various stages of the policy cycle. In this paper, we build upon this exploratory work by categorizing the extant research with respect to Crowdsourcing for the policy cycle. Premised upon our analysis, we thereafter discuss the trends, highlight the gaps, and suggest some approaches to empirically validate the application of Crowdsourcing to the policy cycle.
The Fundamentals of Policy CrowdsourcingAraz Taeihagh
What is the state of the research on crowdsourcing for policymaking? This article begins to answer this question by collecting, categorizing, and situating an extensive body of the extant research investigating policy crowdsourcing, within a new framework built on fundamental typologies from each field. We first define seven universal characteristics of the three general crowdsourcing techniques (virtual labor markets, tournament crowdsourcing, open collaboration), to examine the relative trade-offs of each modality. We then compare these three types of crowdsourcing to the different stages of the policy cycle, in order to situate the literature spanning both domains. We finally discuss research trends in crowdsourcing for public policy and highlight the research gaps and overlaps in the literature.
Crowdsourcing, Sharing Economies and DevelopmentAraz Taeihagh
What are the similarities and differences between crowdsourcing and sharing economy? What factors influence their use in developing countries? In light of recent developments in the use of IT-mediated technologies, such as crowdsourcing and the sharing economy, this manuscript examines their similarities and differences, and the challenges regarding their effective use in developing countries. We first examine each individually and highlight different forms of each IT-mediated technology. Given that crowdsourcing and sharing economy share aspects such as the use of IT, a reliance on crowds, monetary exchange, and the use of reputation systems, we systematically compare the similarities and differences of different types of crowdsourcing with the sharing economy, thus addressing a gap in the current literature. Using this knowledge, we examine the different challenges faced by developing countries when using crowdsourcing and the sharing economy, and highlight the differences in the applicability of these IT-mediated technologies when faced with specific development issues.
Here is the full reference:
Calzada, I. & Cobo, C. (2015), Unplugging: Deconstructing the Smart City, Journal of Urban Technology. DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2014.971535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2014.971535
This is an Author's Original Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in the JOURNAL OF URBAN TECHNOLOGY on March 16, 2015, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10630732.2014.971535#abstract
DOI: 10.1080/10630732.2014.971535
This version will be shared on author’s personal website ONLY.
This article may not exactly replicate the final version published in this journal.
It is not the copy of record.
A Strategy Framework For the Risk Assessment And Mitigation For Large E-Gover...ijmvsc
Globally, e-Government has become an effective tool for civic transformation. In the recent years eGovernment development gained significant momentum despite the financial crisis that crippled the world economy. For most of the governments, the crisis was a wakeup call to become more transparent and efficient. In addition, there is a growing demand for governments to transform from traditional agency/department centric approach to “Citizen-Centric” approach. This transformation is expected to enhance the quality of life of citizens in terms of greater convenience in availing government services. Eventually this would result in higher levels of citizen satisfaction and improved trust in government. However, projects of such scale and complexity, faces numerous roadblocks which eventually hamper its potential to deliver the intended benefits to the citizens. The success of these programmes calls for strategic direction, policy making and greater coordination among multiple agencies, following a uniform approach in achieving the vision. This necessitates a strategic framework comprehensive enough to visualize and enable the leaders in addressing the potential roadblocks or resistance. This report presents the outcome of a research to define a strategic framework that models the opposing and propelling forces dormant during a project time. This would help the strategic decision makers to visualize each project as a whole and take quick decisions in the areas that need additional thrust, to ensure that the initiatives achieve the envisaged goals.
Transforming Election Campaigning in the Digital AgeAdrian Solitander
In our current digital age, political institutions, activities and relationships are increasingly mediated and shaped by digital media and technologies (University of Oxford 2016). This paper examines the impact of digital on election campaigns and considers how the developing use of these technologies might alter traditional campaigning models. It should be of use for any political party or politician in established Western democracies who is planning an election campaign. The paper is partly based on insights from six original case studies.
IS CROWDFUNDING DOOMED IN SWEDEN? WHEN INSTITUTIONAL LOGICS AND AFFORDANCES C...Robin Teigland
Crowdfunding has been embraced by entrepreneurs across the globe as an alternative, and well-publicized, source of start-up financing. In Sweden, despite the apparent benefits of crowdfunding, high levels of internet
connectivity and a reputation for producing global ICT entrepreneurs, crowdfunding has not (yet) been embraced among ICT entrepreneurs. This paper explores this empirical puzzle in light of technology affordances and
institutional entrepreneurship literatures, as well as their complementarity. After presenting the methodology and preliminary findings of this qualitative case study of the crowdfunding phenomenon in Sweden, it concludes with a few salient findings of this ongoing project. These findings suggest that both the design of the platform and existing institutional logics among entrepreneurs shape perceptions of affordances and thus the adoption of this new form of start-up financing.
Urban Living Labs: learning from practice
Giulia Melis
SiTI Istituto Superiore sui Sistemi Territoriali per l'Innovazione, Torino, Italy
giulia.melis@siti.polito.it
Martijn de Waal
Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
b.g.m.de.waal@hva.nl
ABSTRACT:
During recent years, the fast development of Information Technologies (IT) and digital media has introduced new opportunities for a sustainable and inclusive growth of cities, by produc-ing on the one hand lots of data about urban life, and on the other hand, digital media plat-forms.
The concept of planning itself is undergoing a cultural transformation, from designing the physical urban environment as an efficient, static backdrop for inhabitation, towards the con-cept of “citymaking”, where the spatial decision making process is dealing with cultural as-pects, liveability, community building, social cohesion and design.
Over the last few years a new methodology called ‘Living Lab’ has emerged to involve citizens in the design process. Initially is has mainly been used in the business sector to test commer-cial products, or to involve consumers as co-creators. Recently it has also progressively gained credibility in urban processes, as it facilitates the engagement of stakeholders and their under-standing of the planning problem, as well as the sharing of criteria for vision setting, thus ena-bling a transparent urban planning decision process.
During the STSM, which took place in April 2014, the authors have tried to outline how living labs are used in real cases of collaborative planning in the City of Amsterdam, and what is the role of new technologies in these living labs.
Nine experiments of Living labs -with or without such a label- on urban processes of planning and requalification were explored, with the aim of tracing out the achievements and weak-nesses of the practices undertaken so far. Through data collection, field surveys and inter-views, the authors asked whether technology is really helping non-expert citizens in being part of complex urban process, allowing real co-creation to happen; and, more generally, analyzed how the role of institutions, designers and citizens is changing in this dynamic scenario.
Amsterdam can be recognized as one of the most active cities in the European scenario in promoting innovative initiatives, by the use of open data and the development of smart pro-jects emerging from groups of citizen led proposals; participatory planning experiences are grounded on a solid tradition, and experimentation with numerous opportunities offered by new technologies. The city has recognized this potential and is investing on such projects, mainly by providing the conditions for a smart environment where open applications and initi-atives can be developed. There are several platforms that are already in place: these exhibit not only a high stage of development within the city itself, but also the role of cata
Dobson presentation nys geo summit for slidesharemdob
Presentation by Dr. Mike Dobson of TeleMapics LLC on Crowdsourcing and Map Compilation. This invited presentation was delivered at the New York Geospatial Summit on June 16, 2011 in Skaneateles, New York.
Experiments on Crowdsourcing Policy Assessment - Oxford IPP 2014Araz Taeihagh
Can non-experts Crowds perform as well as experts in the assessment of policy measures? To what degree does geographical location relevant to the policy context alter the performance of non-experts in the assessment of policy measures? This research in progress seeks to answer these questions by outlining experiments designed to replicate expert policy assessments with non-expert Crowds. We use a set of ninety-eight policy measures previously evaluated by experts, as our control condition, and conduct the experiments using two discrete sets of non-expert Crowds recruited from a Virtual Labor Market (VLM). We vary the composition of our non-expert Crowds along two conditions; participants recruited from a geographical location relevant to the policy context, and participants recruited at-large. In each case we recruit a sample of 100 participants for each Crowd. Each experiment is then repeated at the VLM with completely new participants in each group to assess the reliability of our results. We will present results on the performance of all four groups of non-experts jointly and severally in comparison to the expert assessments, and discuss the ramifications of our findings for the use of non-expert Crowds and VLM’s for policy design. Our experimental design applies climate change adaptation policy measures.
Crowdsourcing the Policy Cycle - Collective Intelligence 2014 Araz Taeihagh ...Araz Taeihagh
Crowdsourcing is beginning to be used for policymaking. The “wisdom of crowds” [Surowiecki 2005], and crowdsourcing [Brabham 2008], are seen as new avenues that can shape all kinds of policy, from transportation policy [Nash 2009] to urban planning [Seltzer and Mahmoudi 2013], to climate policy. In general, many have high expectations for positive outcomes with crowdsourcing, and based on both anecdotal and empirical evidence, some of these expectations seem justified [Majchrzak and Malhotra 2013]. Yet, to our knowledge, research has yet to emerge that unpacks the different forms of crowdsourcing in light of each stage of the well-established policy cycle. This work addresses this research gap, and in doing so brings increased nuance to the application of crowdsourcing techniques for policymaking.
Call for papers - ICPP6 T13P05 - PLATFORM GOVERNANCE IN TURBULENT TIMES.docxAraz Taeihagh
CALL FOR PAPERS
T13P05 - PLATFORM GOVERNANCE IN TURBULENT TIMES
https://www.ippapublicpolicy.org/conference/icpp6-toronto-2023/panel-list/17/panel/platform-governance-in-turbulent-times/1428
Abstract submission deadline: 31 January 2023
GENERAL OBJECTIVES, RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND SCIENTIFIC RELEVANCE
Platforms significantly increase the ease of interactions and transactions in our societies. Crowdsourcing and sharing economy platforms, for instance, enable interactions between various groups ranging from casual exchanges among friends and colleagues to the provision of goods, services, and employment opportunities (Taeihagh 2017a). Platforms can also facilitate civic engagements and allow public agencies to derive insights from a critical mass of citizens (Prpić et al. 2015; Taeihagh 2017b). More recently, governments have experimented with blockchain-enabled platforms in areas such as e-voting, digital identity and storing public records (Kshetri and Voas, 2018; Taş & Tanrıöver, 2020; Sullivan and Burger, 2019; Das et al., 2022).
How platforms are implemented and managed can introduce various risks. Platforms can diminish accountability, reduce individual job security, widen the digital divide and inequality, undermine privacy, and be manipulated (Taeihagh 2017a; Loukis et al. 2017; Hautamäki & Oksanen 2018; Ng and Taeihagh 2021). Data collected by platforms, how platforms conduct themselves, and the level of oversight they provide on the activities conducted within them by users, service providers, producers, employers, and advertisers have significant consequences ranging from privacy and ethical concerns to affecting outcomes of elections. Fake news on social media platforms has become a contentious public issue as social media platforms offer third parties various digital tools and strategies that allow them to spread disinformation to achieve self-serving economic and political interests and distort and polarise public opinion (Ng and Taeihagh 2021). The risks and threats of AI-curated and generated content, such as a Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (GPT-3) (Brown et al., 2020) and generative adversarial networks (GANs) are also on the rise (Goodfellow et al., 2014) while there are new emerging risks due to the adoption of blockchain technology such as security vulnerabilities, privacy concerns (Trump et al. 2018; Mattila & Seppälä 2018; Das et al. 2022).
The adoption of platforms was further accelerated by COVID-19, highlighting their governance challenges.
FirstReview these assigned readings; they will serve as your .docxclydes2
First:
Review these assigned readings; they will serve as your scientific sources of accurate information:
http://www.closerlookatstemcells.org/Top_10_Stem_Cell_Treatment_Facts.html
http://www.closerlookatstemcells.org/How_Science_Becomes_Medicine.html
http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/649266-fighting-ageing-using-stem-cell-therapy.html
http://www.nature.com/news/stem-cells-in-texas-cowboy-culture-1.12404
http://www.cbc.ca/radio/whitecoat/blog/stem-cell-hype-and-risk-1.3654515
http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/7/278/278ps4.full
Next:
Use a standard Google search for this phrase: “stem cell therapy.” Do not go to Google Scholar. Select one of the websites, blogs, or other locations that offer stem cell therapies.
Save the link for your selected site.
Read the materials provided on your selected site and find out who the authors and sponsors of the site are by going to their “home” or “about us” pages.
Finally, submit your responses to the following in an essay of 500-750 words (2-3 pages of text—use a separate page for a title and for your references):
You are going to prepare a critique of the site you located and compare it to the scientific information available on this therapy.
Give the full title of the website, web blog, or other site that you selected, along with the link.
Describe the therapy that is being offered and what conditions it is designed to treat.
Who are the authors and sponsors of the site you selected?
Compare the claims about the therapy offered to what is said in the assigned readings about this type of therapy. You may have to use our library, as well, to determine what scientists and researchers have to say about the use of stem cells to treat this condition.
Would you say that the therapy you found is a well-established, proven technique for humans, or more of an experimental, unproven approach?
What about the type of language discussed in the Goldman article? Is the therapy you found using sensationalist claims and terminology that are not supported by the scientific research?
Would you recommend that a patient with this condition go ahead and participate in this treatment? Why or why not?
Literature review on how Information Technology has impacted governing bodies’ ability to align public policy with stakeholder needs
Nowadays, the governing bodies both in public and private sectors are dealing with complex systems on a day to day operations. These systems are made up of different components which present varying interactions and interrelationships with and/or among each other; therefore, making their management to be difficult or challenging. Indeed, Ruiz, Zabaleta & Elorza (2016), highlighted that public policymakers have to deal with complex systems which involve heterogeneous agents that act in non-linear behaviors making their management difficult. Neziraj & Shaqiri (2018) also stated that the policymakers are faced with problems which are complex and non-uniform due to a lot of uncertainties and risk situ.
Crowdfunding has become an important topic for last years in startups and enterprises. The understanding of the concept has been mainly depicted from a practioner’s viewpoint. However, more and more authors have researched it in order to make it a managerial strategy option for business. The objective of this paper is to bring an overview of the literature and a general description of it.
Computational Modelling of Public PolicyReflections on Prac.docxmccormicknadine86
Computational Modelling of Public Policy:
Reflections on Practice
Nigel Gilbert1, Petra Ahrweiler2, Pete Barbrook-Johnson1, Kavin
Preethi Narasimhan1, Helen Wilkinson3
1Department of Sociology, University of Surrey Guildford, GU2 7XH United Kingdom
2Institute of Sociology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Jakob-Welder-Weg 20, 55128 Mainz, Germany
3Risk
Solution
s, Dallam Court, Dallam Lane, Warrington, Cheshire, WA2 7LT, United Kingdom
Correspondence should be addressed to [email protected]
Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 21(1) 14, 2018
Doi: 10.18564/jasss.3669 Url: http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/21/1/14.html
Received: 11-01-2018 Accepted: 11-01-2018 Published: 31-01-2018
Abstract: Computational models are increasingly being used to assist in developing, implementing and evalu-
ating public policy. This paper reports on the experience of the authors in designing and using computational
models of public policy (‘policy models’, for short). The paper considers the role of computational models in
policy making, and some of the challenges that need to be overcome if policy models are to make an e�ec-
tive contribution. It suggests that policy models can have an important place in the policy process because
they could allow policy makers to experiment in a virtual world, and have many advantages compared with
randomised control trials and policy pilots. The paper then summarises some general lessons that can be ex-
tracted from the authors’ experiencewith policymodelling. These general lessons include the observation that
o�en themain benefit of designing andusing amodel is that it provides anunderstanding of the policy domain,
rather than the numbers it generates; that care needs to be taken that models are designed at an appropriate
level of abstraction; that although appropriate data for calibration and validation may sometimes be in short
supply, modelling is o�en still valuable; that modelling collaboratively and involving a range of stakeholders
from the outset increases the likelihood that the model will be used and will be fit for purpose; that attention
needs to be paid to e�ective communication betweenmodellers and stakeholders; and thatmodelling for pub-
lic policy involves ethical issues that need careful consideration. The paper concludes that policy modelling
will continue to grow in importance as a component of public policy making processes, but if its potential is to
be fully realised, there will need to be amelding of the cultures of computationalmodelling and policymaking.
Keywords: Policy Modelling, Policy Evaluation, Policy Appraisal, Modelling Guidelines, Collaboration, Ethics
Introduction
1.1 Computationalmodels have been used to assist in developing, implementing and evaluating public policies for
at least three decades, but their potential remains to be fully exploited (Johnston & Desouza 2015; Anzola et al.
2017; Barbrook-Johnson et al. 2017). In this paper, using a selection of examples of ...
In this paper, a conceptual framework is proposed, supported in
the literature review, derived by identifying the main concepts
related to crowdsourcing, as well as ways of improving group
participation. We also propose a software solution that may be
used to support the crowdsourcing process. This software solution is inspired by the conceptual framework.
The objective of this study is to determine the impact of Information and Communication
Technology on the efficiency of Human Resource Management in the Cameroon mobile
Telecommunication Sector. It specifically seeks to investigate how the use of ICT affects
the following human resources management practices; Human resource planning,
training and development, selection and recruitment, human resource evaluation
and compensation. An exploratory research design was employed in the study. A
sample of 120 management, senior, junior and contract staffs of the 03 (three)
main mobile telephone operators responded to a structured questionnaire. The
data collected was coded and entered into SPSS version 17. Pearson correlation
coefficient was used to establish the relationship between the variables in the
study, regression analysis was used to establish the combined effect of study
variables on the dependent variable. The results show a significant positive
relationship between the use of ICT in selection and recruitment, training and
development, Human resource planning, evaluation and compensation and human
resource management efficiency. This highlights the use of ICT as an efficient tool
in Human resource management of enterprises. The use of ICT assures Human
resource management efficiency, we therefore suggest that regular Information
and Communication Technology training and development should be enhanced
so as to allow proper interactions between Human Resource Management and the
different departments which could lead to the organizational efficiency.
Keywords: ICT, HRM, HR functions, HRM efficiency, ANOVA test, Telecommunication sector
IS CROWDFUNDING DOOMED IN SWEDEN? WHEN INSTITUTIONAL LOGICS AND AFFORDANCES C...Robin Teigland
Crowdfunding has been embraced by entrepreneurs across the globe as an alternative, and well-publicized, source of start-up financing. In Sweden, despite the apparent benefits of crowdfunding, high levels of internet
connectivity and a reputation for producing global ICT entrepreneurs, crowdfunding has not (yet) been embraced among ICT entrepreneurs. This paper explores this empirical puzzle in light of technology affordances and
institutional entrepreneurship literatures, as well as their complementarity. After presenting the methodology and preliminary findings of this qualitative case study of the crowdfunding phenomenon in Sweden, it concludes with a few salient findings of this ongoing project. These findings suggest that both the design of the platform and existing institutional logics among entrepreneurs shape perceptions of affordances and thus the adoption of this new form of start-up financing.
Urban Living Labs: learning from practice
Giulia Melis
SiTI Istituto Superiore sui Sistemi Territoriali per l'Innovazione, Torino, Italy
giulia.melis@siti.polito.it
Martijn de Waal
Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
b.g.m.de.waal@hva.nl
ABSTRACT:
During recent years, the fast development of Information Technologies (IT) and digital media has introduced new opportunities for a sustainable and inclusive growth of cities, by produc-ing on the one hand lots of data about urban life, and on the other hand, digital media plat-forms.
The concept of planning itself is undergoing a cultural transformation, from designing the physical urban environment as an efficient, static backdrop for inhabitation, towards the con-cept of “citymaking”, where the spatial decision making process is dealing with cultural as-pects, liveability, community building, social cohesion and design.
Over the last few years a new methodology called ‘Living Lab’ has emerged to involve citizens in the design process. Initially is has mainly been used in the business sector to test commer-cial products, or to involve consumers as co-creators. Recently it has also progressively gained credibility in urban processes, as it facilitates the engagement of stakeholders and their under-standing of the planning problem, as well as the sharing of criteria for vision setting, thus ena-bling a transparent urban planning decision process.
During the STSM, which took place in April 2014, the authors have tried to outline how living labs are used in real cases of collaborative planning in the City of Amsterdam, and what is the role of new technologies in these living labs.
Nine experiments of Living labs -with or without such a label- on urban processes of planning and requalification were explored, with the aim of tracing out the achievements and weak-nesses of the practices undertaken so far. Through data collection, field surveys and inter-views, the authors asked whether technology is really helping non-expert citizens in being part of complex urban process, allowing real co-creation to happen; and, more generally, analyzed how the role of institutions, designers and citizens is changing in this dynamic scenario.
Amsterdam can be recognized as one of the most active cities in the European scenario in promoting innovative initiatives, by the use of open data and the development of smart pro-jects emerging from groups of citizen led proposals; participatory planning experiences are grounded on a solid tradition, and experimentation with numerous opportunities offered by new technologies. The city has recognized this potential and is investing on such projects, mainly by providing the conditions for a smart environment where open applications and initi-atives can be developed. There are several platforms that are already in place: these exhibit not only a high stage of development within the city itself, but also the role of cata
Dobson presentation nys geo summit for slidesharemdob
Presentation by Dr. Mike Dobson of TeleMapics LLC on Crowdsourcing and Map Compilation. This invited presentation was delivered at the New York Geospatial Summit on June 16, 2011 in Skaneateles, New York.
Experiments on Crowdsourcing Policy Assessment - Oxford IPP 2014Araz Taeihagh
Can non-experts Crowds perform as well as experts in the assessment of policy measures? To what degree does geographical location relevant to the policy context alter the performance of non-experts in the assessment of policy measures? This research in progress seeks to answer these questions by outlining experiments designed to replicate expert policy assessments with non-expert Crowds. We use a set of ninety-eight policy measures previously evaluated by experts, as our control condition, and conduct the experiments using two discrete sets of non-expert Crowds recruited from a Virtual Labor Market (VLM). We vary the composition of our non-expert Crowds along two conditions; participants recruited from a geographical location relevant to the policy context, and participants recruited at-large. In each case we recruit a sample of 100 participants for each Crowd. Each experiment is then repeated at the VLM with completely new participants in each group to assess the reliability of our results. We will present results on the performance of all four groups of non-experts jointly and severally in comparison to the expert assessments, and discuss the ramifications of our findings for the use of non-expert Crowds and VLM’s for policy design. Our experimental design applies climate change adaptation policy measures.
Crowdsourcing the Policy Cycle - Collective Intelligence 2014 Araz Taeihagh ...Araz Taeihagh
Crowdsourcing is beginning to be used for policymaking. The “wisdom of crowds” [Surowiecki 2005], and crowdsourcing [Brabham 2008], are seen as new avenues that can shape all kinds of policy, from transportation policy [Nash 2009] to urban planning [Seltzer and Mahmoudi 2013], to climate policy. In general, many have high expectations for positive outcomes with crowdsourcing, and based on both anecdotal and empirical evidence, some of these expectations seem justified [Majchrzak and Malhotra 2013]. Yet, to our knowledge, research has yet to emerge that unpacks the different forms of crowdsourcing in light of each stage of the well-established policy cycle. This work addresses this research gap, and in doing so brings increased nuance to the application of crowdsourcing techniques for policymaking.
Call for papers - ICPP6 T13P05 - PLATFORM GOVERNANCE IN TURBULENT TIMES.docxAraz Taeihagh
CALL FOR PAPERS
T13P05 - PLATFORM GOVERNANCE IN TURBULENT TIMES
https://www.ippapublicpolicy.org/conference/icpp6-toronto-2023/panel-list/17/panel/platform-governance-in-turbulent-times/1428
Abstract submission deadline: 31 January 2023
GENERAL OBJECTIVES, RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND SCIENTIFIC RELEVANCE
Platforms significantly increase the ease of interactions and transactions in our societies. Crowdsourcing and sharing economy platforms, for instance, enable interactions between various groups ranging from casual exchanges among friends and colleagues to the provision of goods, services, and employment opportunities (Taeihagh 2017a). Platforms can also facilitate civic engagements and allow public agencies to derive insights from a critical mass of citizens (Prpić et al. 2015; Taeihagh 2017b). More recently, governments have experimented with blockchain-enabled platforms in areas such as e-voting, digital identity and storing public records (Kshetri and Voas, 2018; Taş & Tanrıöver, 2020; Sullivan and Burger, 2019; Das et al., 2022).
How platforms are implemented and managed can introduce various risks. Platforms can diminish accountability, reduce individual job security, widen the digital divide and inequality, undermine privacy, and be manipulated (Taeihagh 2017a; Loukis et al. 2017; Hautamäki & Oksanen 2018; Ng and Taeihagh 2021). Data collected by platforms, how platforms conduct themselves, and the level of oversight they provide on the activities conducted within them by users, service providers, producers, employers, and advertisers have significant consequences ranging from privacy and ethical concerns to affecting outcomes of elections. Fake news on social media platforms has become a contentious public issue as social media platforms offer third parties various digital tools and strategies that allow them to spread disinformation to achieve self-serving economic and political interests and distort and polarise public opinion (Ng and Taeihagh 2021). The risks and threats of AI-curated and generated content, such as a Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (GPT-3) (Brown et al., 2020) and generative adversarial networks (GANs) are also on the rise (Goodfellow et al., 2014) while there are new emerging risks due to the adoption of blockchain technology such as security vulnerabilities, privacy concerns (Trump et al. 2018; Mattila & Seppälä 2018; Das et al. 2022).
The adoption of platforms was further accelerated by COVID-19, highlighting their governance challenges.
FirstReview these assigned readings; they will serve as your .docxclydes2
First:
Review these assigned readings; they will serve as your scientific sources of accurate information:
http://www.closerlookatstemcells.org/Top_10_Stem_Cell_Treatment_Facts.html
http://www.closerlookatstemcells.org/How_Science_Becomes_Medicine.html
http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/649266-fighting-ageing-using-stem-cell-therapy.html
http://www.nature.com/news/stem-cells-in-texas-cowboy-culture-1.12404
http://www.cbc.ca/radio/whitecoat/blog/stem-cell-hype-and-risk-1.3654515
http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/7/278/278ps4.full
Next:
Use a standard Google search for this phrase: “stem cell therapy.” Do not go to Google Scholar. Select one of the websites, blogs, or other locations that offer stem cell therapies.
Save the link for your selected site.
Read the materials provided on your selected site and find out who the authors and sponsors of the site are by going to their “home” or “about us” pages.
Finally, submit your responses to the following in an essay of 500-750 words (2-3 pages of text—use a separate page for a title and for your references):
You are going to prepare a critique of the site you located and compare it to the scientific information available on this therapy.
Give the full title of the website, web blog, or other site that you selected, along with the link.
Describe the therapy that is being offered and what conditions it is designed to treat.
Who are the authors and sponsors of the site you selected?
Compare the claims about the therapy offered to what is said in the assigned readings about this type of therapy. You may have to use our library, as well, to determine what scientists and researchers have to say about the use of stem cells to treat this condition.
Would you say that the therapy you found is a well-established, proven technique for humans, or more of an experimental, unproven approach?
What about the type of language discussed in the Goldman article? Is the therapy you found using sensationalist claims and terminology that are not supported by the scientific research?
Would you recommend that a patient with this condition go ahead and participate in this treatment? Why or why not?
Literature review on how Information Technology has impacted governing bodies’ ability to align public policy with stakeholder needs
Nowadays, the governing bodies both in public and private sectors are dealing with complex systems on a day to day operations. These systems are made up of different components which present varying interactions and interrelationships with and/or among each other; therefore, making their management to be difficult or challenging. Indeed, Ruiz, Zabaleta & Elorza (2016), highlighted that public policymakers have to deal with complex systems which involve heterogeneous agents that act in non-linear behaviors making their management difficult. Neziraj & Shaqiri (2018) also stated that the policymakers are faced with problems which are complex and non-uniform due to a lot of uncertainties and risk situ.
Crowdfunding has become an important topic for last years in startups and enterprises. The understanding of the concept has been mainly depicted from a practioner’s viewpoint. However, more and more authors have researched it in order to make it a managerial strategy option for business. The objective of this paper is to bring an overview of the literature and a general description of it.
Computational Modelling of Public PolicyReflections on Prac.docxmccormicknadine86
Computational Modelling of Public Policy:
Reflections on Practice
Nigel Gilbert1, Petra Ahrweiler2, Pete Barbrook-Johnson1, Kavin
Preethi Narasimhan1, Helen Wilkinson3
1Department of Sociology, University of Surrey Guildford, GU2 7XH United Kingdom
2Institute of Sociology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Jakob-Welder-Weg 20, 55128 Mainz, Germany
3Risk
Solution
s, Dallam Court, Dallam Lane, Warrington, Cheshire, WA2 7LT, United Kingdom
Correspondence should be addressed to [email protected]
Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 21(1) 14, 2018
Doi: 10.18564/jasss.3669 Url: http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/21/1/14.html
Received: 11-01-2018 Accepted: 11-01-2018 Published: 31-01-2018
Abstract: Computational models are increasingly being used to assist in developing, implementing and evalu-
ating public policy. This paper reports on the experience of the authors in designing and using computational
models of public policy (‘policy models’, for short). The paper considers the role of computational models in
policy making, and some of the challenges that need to be overcome if policy models are to make an e�ec-
tive contribution. It suggests that policy models can have an important place in the policy process because
they could allow policy makers to experiment in a virtual world, and have many advantages compared with
randomised control trials and policy pilots. The paper then summarises some general lessons that can be ex-
tracted from the authors’ experiencewith policymodelling. These general lessons include the observation that
o�en themain benefit of designing andusing amodel is that it provides anunderstanding of the policy domain,
rather than the numbers it generates; that care needs to be taken that models are designed at an appropriate
level of abstraction; that although appropriate data for calibration and validation may sometimes be in short
supply, modelling is o�en still valuable; that modelling collaboratively and involving a range of stakeholders
from the outset increases the likelihood that the model will be used and will be fit for purpose; that attention
needs to be paid to e�ective communication betweenmodellers and stakeholders; and thatmodelling for pub-
lic policy involves ethical issues that need careful consideration. The paper concludes that policy modelling
will continue to grow in importance as a component of public policy making processes, but if its potential is to
be fully realised, there will need to be amelding of the cultures of computationalmodelling and policymaking.
Keywords: Policy Modelling, Policy Evaluation, Policy Appraisal, Modelling Guidelines, Collaboration, Ethics
Introduction
1.1 Computationalmodels have been used to assist in developing, implementing and evaluating public policies for
at least three decades, but their potential remains to be fully exploited (Johnston & Desouza 2015; Anzola et al.
2017; Barbrook-Johnson et al. 2017). In this paper, using a selection of examples of ...
In this paper, a conceptual framework is proposed, supported in
the literature review, derived by identifying the main concepts
related to crowdsourcing, as well as ways of improving group
participation. We also propose a software solution that may be
used to support the crowdsourcing process. This software solution is inspired by the conceptual framework.
The objective of this study is to determine the impact of Information and Communication
Technology on the efficiency of Human Resource Management in the Cameroon mobile
Telecommunication Sector. It specifically seeks to investigate how the use of ICT affects
the following human resources management practices; Human resource planning,
training and development, selection and recruitment, human resource evaluation
and compensation. An exploratory research design was employed in the study. A
sample of 120 management, senior, junior and contract staffs of the 03 (three)
main mobile telephone operators responded to a structured questionnaire. The
data collected was coded and entered into SPSS version 17. Pearson correlation
coefficient was used to establish the relationship between the variables in the
study, regression analysis was used to establish the combined effect of study
variables on the dependent variable. The results show a significant positive
relationship between the use of ICT in selection and recruitment, training and
development, Human resource planning, evaluation and compensation and human
resource management efficiency. This highlights the use of ICT as an efficient tool
in Human resource management of enterprises. The use of ICT assures Human
resource management efficiency, we therefore suggest that regular Information
and Communication Technology training and development should be enhanced
so as to allow proper interactions between Human Resource Management and the
different departments which could lead to the organizational efficiency.
Keywords: ICT, HRM, HR functions, HRM efficiency, ANOVA test, Telecommunication sector
Trigger.eu: Cocteau game for policy making - introduction and demoMarco Brambilla
COCTEAU stands for "Co-Creating the European Union".
It's a project supported by the European Union whose objective is to involve citizens to cooperate alongside policy makers, contributing to build a better future.
Workshop II on a Roadmap to Future GovernmentSamos2019Summit
In this session we proceed to presentations and discussion concerning the the development of the new roadmap for digital government. Two projects (Gov3.0 roadmap and Big Policy Canvas) will join forces in this exciting endeavor.
Organizers: Maria Wimmer, Professor, Koblentz University, Germany; Francesco Mureddu, Associate Directorr, Lisbon Council, Belgium; Juliane Schmeling Fraunhofer Institut FOKUS, Researcher, Germany; Shoumaya Ben Dhaou, Researcher, United Nations University, PT
Crowdsourcing is an online, distributed problem solving and production model that revolutionized the internet and mobile market at present. It turns the customers into designer and marketers. The practice of Crowdsourcing is transforming the web and giving rise to a new field. Today the leading enterprises are embracing the next paradigm shift in the distribution of work by outsourcing to the crowd in the cloud. Everyday millions of people make all kind of voluntary online contribution. With the number of people online approaching 3 billion by 2016 and projected to reach 5 billion by 2020, new workforce has emerged that are now used for different purposes. Available on-demand this workforce has abundant capacity and the expertise knowledge to perform work from simple to complex and solve problems and grand challenges. This paper gives an introduction to Crowdsourcing, its theoretical grounding, model and examples with case study. In this paper we show that Crowdsourcing can be applied to wide variety of problems and that it raises numerous interesting technical and social challenges. Finally this paper proposes an agenda for using Crowdsourcing in NLP.
Unmasking deepfakes: A systematic review of deepfake detection and generation...Araz Taeihagh
Due to the fast spread of data through digital media, individuals and societies must assess the reliability of information. Deepfakes are not a novel idea but they are now a widespread phenomenon. The impact of deepfakes and disinformation can range from infuriating individuals to affecting and misleading entire societies and even nations. There are several ways to detect and generate deepfakes online. By conducting a systematic literature analysis, in this study we explore automatic key detection and generation methods, frameworks, algorithms, and tools for identifying deepfakes (audio, images, and videos), and how these approaches can be employed within different situations to counter the spread of deepfakes and the generation of disinformation. Moreover, we explore state-of-the-art frameworks related to deepfakes to understand how emerging machine learning and deep learning approaches affect online disinformation. We also highlight practical challenges and trends in implementing policies to counter deepfakes. Finally, we provide policy recommendations based on analyzing how emerging artificial intelligence (AI) techniques can be employed to detect and generate deepfakes online. This study benefits the community and readers by providing a better understanding of recent developments in deepfake detection and generation frameworks. The study also sheds a light on the potential of AI in relation to deepfakes.
A governance perspective on user acceptance of autonomous systems in SingaporeAraz Taeihagh
Autonomous systems that operate without human intervention by utilising artificial intelligence are a significant feature of the fourth industrial revolution. Various autonomous systems, such as driverless cars, unmanned drones and robots, are being tested in ongoing trials and have even been adopted in some countries. While there has been a discussion of the benefits and risks of specific autonomous systems, more needs to be known about user acceptance of these systems. The reactions of the public, especially regarding novel technologies, can help policymakers better understand people's perspectives and needs, and involve them in decision-making for governance and regulation of autonomous systems. This study has examined the factors that influence the acceptance of autonomous systems by the public in Singapore, which is a forerunner in the adoption of autonomous systems. The Unified Technology Adoption and Use Theory (UTAUT) is modified by introducing the role of government and perceived risk in using the systems. Using structural equation modelling to analyse data from an online survey (n = 500) in Singapore, we find that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and trust in government to govern autonomous systems significantly and positively impact the behavioural intention to use autonomous systems. Perceived risk has a negative relationship with user acceptance of autonomous systems. This study contributes to the literature by identifying latent variables that affect behavioural intention to use autonomous systems, especially by introducing the factor of trust in government to manage risks from the use of these systems and filling the gap by studying the entire domain of autonomous systems instead of a narrow focus on one application. The findings will enable policymakers to understand the perceptions of the public in regard to adoption and regulation, and designers and manufacturers to improve user experience.
The soft underbelly of complexity science adoption in policymakingAraz Taeihagh
The deepening integration of social-technical systems creates immensely complex environments, creating increasingly uncertain and unpredictable circumstances. Given this context, policymakers have been encouraged to draw on complexity science-informed approaches in policymaking to help grapple with and manage the mounting complexity of the world. For nearly eighty years, complexity-informed approaches have been promising to change how our complex systems are understood and managed, ultimately assisting in better policymaking. Despite the potential of complexity science, in practice, its use often remains limited to a few specialised domains and has not become part and parcel of the mainstream policy debate. To understand why this might be the case, we question why complexity science remains nascent and not integrated into the core of policymaking. Specifically, we ask what the non-technical challenges and barriers are preventing the adoption of complexity science into policymaking. To address this question, we conducted an extensive literature review. We collected the scattered fragments of text that discussed the non-technical challenges related to the use of complexity science in policymaking and stitched these fragments into a structured framework by synthesising our findings. Our framework consists of three thematic groupings of the non-technical challenges: (a) management, cost, and adoption challenges; (b) limited trust, communication, and acceptance; and (c) ethical barriers. For each broad challenge identified, we propose a mitigation strategy to facilitate the adoption of complexity science into policymaking. We conclude with a call for action to integrate complexity science into policymaking further.
Development of New Generation of Artificial Intelligence in ChinaAraz Taeihagh
How did China become one of the leaders in AI development, and will China prevail in the ongoing AI race with the US? Existing studies have focused on the Chinese central government’s role in promoting AI. Notwithstanding the importance of the central government, a significant portion of the responsibility for AI development falls on local governments’ shoulders. Local governments have diverging interests, capacities and, therefore, approaches to promoting AI. This poses an important question: How do local governments respond to the central government’s policies on emerging technologies, such as AI? This article answers this question by examining the convergence or divergence of central and local priorities related to AI development by analysing the central and local AI policy documents and the provincial variations by focusing on the diffusion of the New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan (NGAIDP) in China. Using a unique dataset of China’s provincial AI-related policies that cite the NGAIDP, the nature of diffusion of the NGAIDP is examined by conducting content analysis and fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). This study highlights the important role of local governments in China’s AI development and emphasises examining policy diffusion as a political process.
Governing disruptive technologies for inclusive development in citiesAraz Taeihagh
Abstract
Cities are increasingly adopting advanced technologies to address complex challenges. Applying technologies such as information and communication technology, artificial intelligence, big data analytics, and autonomous systems in cities' design, planning, and management can cause disruptive changes in their social, economic, and environmental composition. Through a systematic literature review, this research develops a conceptual model linking (1) the dominant city labels relating to tech-driven urban development, (2) the characteristics and applications of disruptive technologies, and (3) the current understanding of inclusive urban development. We extend the discussion by identifying and incorporating the motivations behind adopting disruptive technologies and the challenges they present to inclusive development. We find that inclusive development in tech-driven cities can be realised if governments develop suitable adaptive regulatory frameworks for involving technology companies, build policy capacity, and adopt more adaptive models of governance. We also stress the importance of acknowledging the influence of digital literacy and smart citizenship, and exploring other dimensions of inclusivity, for governing disruptive technologies in inclusive smart cities.
Why and how is the power of big teach increasing?Araz Taeihagh
Abstract: The growing digitalization of our society has led to a meteoric rise of large technology companies (Big Tech), which have amassed tremendous wealth and influence through their ownership of digital infrastructure and platforms. The recent launch of ChatGPT and the rapid popularization of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) act as a focusing event to further accelerate the concentration of power in the hands of the Big Tech. By using Kingdon’s multiple streams framework, this article investigates how Big Tech utilize their technological monopoly and political influence to reshape the policy landscape and establish themselves as key actors in the policy process. It explores the implications of the rise of Big Tech for policy theory in two ways. First, it develops the Big Tech-centric technology stream, highlighting the differing motivations and activities from the traditional innovation-centric technology stream. Second, it underscores the universality of Big Tech exerting ubiquitous influence within and across streams, to primarily serve their self-interests rather than promote innovation. Our findings emphasize the need for a more critical exploration of policy role of Big Tech to ensure balanced and effective policy outcomes in the age of AI.
Keywords: generative AI, governance, artificial intelligence, big tech, multiple streams framework
Sustainable energy adoption in poor rural areasAraz Taeihagh
Abstract
A growing body of literature recognises the role of local participation by end users in the successful implementation of sustainable development projects. Such community-based initiatives are widely assumed to be beneficial in providing additional savings, increasing knowledge and skills, and improving social cohesion. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence regarding the success (or failure) of such projects, as well as a lack of formal impact assessment methodologies that can be used to assess their effectiveness in meeting the needs of communities. Using a case study approach, we investigate the effectiveness of community-based energy projects in regard to achieving long-term renewable energy technology (RET) adoption in energy-poor island communities in the Philippines. This paper provides an alternative analytical framework for assessing the impact of community-based energy projects by defining RET adoption as a continuous and relational process that co-evolves and co-produces over time, highlighting the role of social capital in the long-term RET adoption process. In addition, by using the Social Impact Assessment methodology, we study off-grid, disaster-vulnerable and energy-poor communities in the Philippines and we assess community renewable energy (RE) projects implemented in those communities. We analyse the nature of participation in the RET adoption process, the social relations and interactions formed between and among the different stakeholders, and the characteristics, patterns and challenges of the adoption process.
Highlights
• Community-based approaches aid state-led renewable energy in off-grid areas.
• Social capital in communities addresses immediate energy needs in affected areas.
• Change Mapping in Social Impact Assessment shows community-based RE project impacts.
• Long-term renewable energy adoption involves co-evolving hardware, software, orgware.
• Successful adoption relies on communal mechanisms to sustain renewable energy systems.
Smart cities as spatial manifestations of 21st century capitalismAraz Taeihagh
Globally, smart cities attract billions of dollars in investment annually, with related market opportunities forecast to grow year-on-year. The enormous resources poured into their development consist of financial capital, but also natural, human and social resources converted into infrastructure and real estate. The latter act as physical capital storage and sites for the creation of digital products and services expected to generate the highest value added. Smart cities serve as temporary spatial fixes until new and better investments opportunities emerge. Drawing from a comprehensive range of publications on capitalism, this article analyzes smart city developments as typifier of 21st century capital accumulation where the financialization of various capitals is the overarching driver and ecological overshoot and socio-economic undershoot are the main negative consequences. It closely examines six spatial manifestations of the smart city – science parks and smart campuses; innovation districts; smart neighborhoods; city-wide and city-regional smart initiatives; urban platforms; and alternative smart city spaces – as receptacles for the conversion of various capitals. It also considers the influence of different national regimes and institutional contexts on smart city developments. This is used, in the final part, to open a discussion about opportunities to temper the excesses of 21st century capitalism.
Highlights
• Recent academic literature on modern capitalism and smart city development are brought together
• Different interpretations and denominations of 21th century capitalism are mapped and synthesized into an overview box
• Six spatial manifestations of the smart city are identified and thoroughly described, with their major institutions, actors and resources
• Five different types of capital (natural, human, social, physical and financial) are mapped, along with an analysis of how further financialization affects conversion processes between them
• Options to mitigate exclusionary tendencies of capitalism in the digital age are explored, based on the varieties of capitalism literature
Digital Ethics for Biometric Applications in a Smart CityAraz Taeihagh
From border control using fingerprints to law enforcement with video surveillance to self-activating devices via voice identification, biometric data is used in many applications in the contemporary context of a Smart City. Biometric data consists of human characteristics that can identify one person from others. Given the advent of big data and the ability to collect large amounts of data about people, data sources ranging from fingerprints to typing patterns can build an identifying profile of a person. In this article, we examine different types of biometric data used in a smart city based on a framework that differentiates between profile initialization and identification processes. Then, we discuss digital ethics within the usage of biometric data along the lines of data permissibility and renewability. Finally, we provide suggestions for improving biometric data collection and processing in the modern smart city.
A realist synthesis to develop an explanatory model of how policy instruments...Araz Taeihagh
Abstract
Background
Child and maternal health, a key marker of overall health system performance, is a policy priority area by the World Health Organization and the United Nations, including the Sustainable Development Goals. Previous realist work has linked child and maternal health outcomes to globalization, political tradition, and the welfare state. It is important to explore the role of other key policy-related factors. This paper presents a realist synthesis, categorising policy instruments according to the established NATO model, to develop an explanatory model of how policy instruments impact child and maternal health outcomes.
Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted to identify studies assessing the relationships between policy instruments and child and maternal health outcomes. Data were analysed using a realist framework. The first stage of the realist analysis process was to generate micro-theoretical initial programme theories for use in the theory adjudication process. Proposed theories were then adjudicated iteratively to produce a set of final programme theories.
Findings
From a total of 43,415 unique records, 632 records proceeded to full-text screening and 138 papers were included in the review. Evidence from 132 studies was available to address this research question. Studies were published from 1995 to 2021; 76% assessed a single country, and 81% analysed data at the ecological level. Eighty-eight initial candidate programme theories were generated. Following theory adjudication, five final programme theories were supported. According to the NATO model, these were related to treasure, organisation, authority-treasure, and treasure-organisation instrument types.
Conclusions
This paper presents a realist synthesis to develop an explanatory model of how policy instruments impact child and maternal health outcomes from a large, systematically identified international body of evidence. Five final programme theories were supported, showing how policy instruments play an important yet context-dependent role in influencing child and maternal health outcomes.
Addressing Policy Challenges of Disruptive TechnologiesAraz Taeihagh
This special issue examines the policy challenges and government responses to disruptive technologies. It explores the risks, benefits, and trade-offs of deploying disruptive technologies, and examines the efficacy of traditional governance approaches and the need for new regulatory and governance frameworks. Key themes include the need for government stewardship, taking adaptive and proactive approaches, developing comprehensive policies accounting for technical, social, economic, and political dimensions, conducting interdisciplinary research, and addressing data management and privacy challenges. The findings enhance understanding of how governments can navigate the complexities of disruptive technologies and develop policies to maximize benefits and mitigate risks.
Navigating the governance challenges of disruptive technologies insights from...Araz Taeihagh
The proliferation of autonomous systems like unmanned aerial vehicles, autonomous vehicles and AI-powered industrial and social robots can benefit society significantly, but these systems also present significant governance challenges in operational, legal, economic, social, and ethical dimensions. Singapore’s role as a front-runner in the trial of autonomous systems presents an insightful case to study whether the current provisional regulations address the challenges. With multiple stakeholder involvement in setting provisional regulations, government stewardship is essential for coordinating robust regulation and helping to address complex issues such as ethical dilemmas and social connectedness in governing autonomous systems.
A scoping review of the impacts of COVID-19 physical distancing measures on v...Araz Taeihagh
Most governments have enacted physical or social distancing measures to control COVID-19 transmission. Yet little is known about the socio-economic trade-offs of these measures, especially for vulnerable populations, who are exposed to increased risks and are susceptible to adverse health outcomes. To examine the impacts of physical distancing measures on the most vulnerable in society, this scoping review screened 39,816 records and synthesised results from 265 studies worldwide documenting the negative impacts of physical distancing on older people, children/students, low-income populations, migrant workers, people in prison, people with disabilities, sex workers, victims of domestic violence, refugees, ethnic minorities, and people from sexual and gender minorities. We show that prolonged loneliness, mental distress, unemployment, income loss, food insecurity, widened inequality and disruption of access to social support and health services were unintended consequences of physical distancing that impacted these vulnerable groups and highlight that physical distancing measures exacerbated the vulnerabilities of different vulnerable populations.
Data Sharing in Disruptive Technologies Lessons from Adoption of Autonomous S...Araz Taeihagh
Autonomous systems have been a key segment of disruptive technologies for which data are constantly collected, processed, and shared to enable their operations. The internet of things facilitates the storage and transmission of data and data sharing is vital to power their development. However, privacy, cybersecurity, and trust issues have ramifications that form distinct and unforeseen barriers to sharing data. This paper identifies six types of barriers to data sharing (technical, motivational, economic, political, legal, and ethical), examines strategies to overcome these barriers in different autonomous systems, and proposes recommendations to address them. We traced the steps the Singapore government has taken through regulations and frameworks for autonomous systems to overcome barriers to data sharing. The results suggest specific strategies for autonomous systems as well as generic strategies that apply to a broader set of disruptive technologies. To address technical barriers, data sharing within regulatory sandboxes should be promoted. Promoting public-private collaborations will help in overcoming motivational barriers. Resources and analytical capacity must be ramped up to overcome economic barriers. Advancing comprehensive data sharing guidelines and discretionary privacy laws will help overcome political and legal barriers. Further, enforcement of ethical analysis is necessary for overcoming ethical barriers in data sharing. Insights gained from this study will have implications for other jurisdictions keen to maximize data sharing to increase the potential of disruptive technologies such as autonomous systems in solving urban problems.
Call for papers - ICPP6 T13P03 - GOVERNANCE AND POLICY DESIGN LESSONS FOR TRU...Araz Taeihagh
CALL FOR PAPERS
T13P03 - GOVERNANCE AND POLICY DESIGN LESSONS FOR TRUST BUILDING AND RESPONSIBLE USE OF AI, AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS AND ROBOTICS
https://www.ippapublicpolicy.org/conference/icpp6-toronto-2023/panel-list/17/panel/governance-and-policy-design-lessons-for-trust-building-and-responsible-use-of-ai-autonomous-systems-and-robotics/1390
Abstract submission deadline: 31 January 2023
GENERAL OBJECTIVES, RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND SCIENTIFIC RELEVANCE
Artificial intelligence (AI), Autonomous Systems (AS) and Robotics are key features of the fourth industrial revolution, and their applications are supposed to add $15 trillion to the global economy by 2030 and improve the efficiency and quality of public service delivery (Miller & Sterling, 2019). A McKinsey global survey found that over half of the organisations surveyed use AI in at least one function (McKinsey, 2020). The societal benefits of AI, AS, and Robotics have been widely acknowledged (Buchanan 2005; Taeihagh & Lim 2019; Ramchurn et al. 2012), and the acceleration of their deployment is a disruptive change impacting jobs, the economic and military power of countries, and wealth concentration in the hands of corporations (Pettigrew et al., 2018; Perry & Uuk, 2019).
However, the rapid adoption of these technologies threatens to outpace the regulatory responses of governments around the world, which must grapple with the increasing magnitude and speed of these transformations (Taeihagh 2021). Furthermore, concerns about these systems' deployment risks and unintended consequences are significant for citizens and policymakers. Potential risks include malfunctioning, malicious attacks, and objective mismatch due to software or hardware failures (Page et al., 2018; Lim and Taeihagh, 2019; Tan et al., 2022). There are also safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industry risks that are difficult to address (Taeihagh & Lim, 2019) and The opacity in AI operations has also manifested in potential bias against certain groups of individuals that lead to unfair outcomes (Lim and Taeihagh 2019; Chesterman, 2021).
These risks require appropriate governance mechanisms to be mitigated, and traditional policy instruments may be ineffective due to insufficient information on industry developments, technological and regulatory uncertainties, coordination challenges between multiple regulatory bodies and the opacity of the underlying technology (Scherer 2016; Guihot et al. 2017; Taeihagh et al. 2021), which necessitate the use of more nuanced approaches to govern these systems. Subsequently, the demand for the governance of these systems has been increasing (Danks & London, 2017; Taeihagh, 2021).
Call for papers - ICPP6 T07P01 - EXPLORING TECHNOLOGIES FOR POLICY ADVICE.docxAraz Taeihagh
CALL FOR PAPERS
T07P01 - EXPLORING TECHNOLOGIES FOR POLICY ADVICE
https://www.ippapublicpolicy.org/conference/icpp6-toronto-2023/panel-list/17/panel/exploring-technologies-for-policy-advice/1295
Abstract submission deadline: 31 January 2023
GENERAL OBJECTIVES, RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND SCIENTIFIC RELEVANCE
Knowledge and expertise are key components of policy-making and policy design, and many institutions and processes exist – universities, professional policy analysts, think tanks, policy labs, etc. – to generate and mobilize knowledge for effective policies and policy-making. Despite many years of research, however. many critical ssues remain unexplored, including the nature of knowledge and non-knowledge, how policy advice is organized into advisory systems or regimes, and when and how specific types of knowledge or evidence are transmitted and influence policy development and implementation. These long-standing issues have been joined recently by use of Artificial Intelligence and Big data, and other kinds of technological developments – such as crowdsourcing through open collaboration platforms, virtual labour markets, and tournaments – which hold out the promise of automating, enhancing. or expanding policy advisory activities in government. This panel seeks to explore all aspects of the application of current and future technologies to policy advice, including case studies of its deployment as well as theoretical and conceptual studies dealing with moral, epistemological and other issues surrounding its use.
What factors drive policy transfer in smart city developmentAraz Taeihagh
Abstract
Smart city initiatives are viewed as an input to existing urban systems to solve various problems faced by modern cities. Making cities smarter implies not only technological innovation and deployment, but also having smart people and effective policies. Cities can acquire knowledge and incorporate governance lessons from other jurisdictions to develop smart city initiatives that are unique to the local contexts. We conducted two rounds of surveys involving 23 experts on an e-Delphi platform to consolidate their opinion on factors that facilitate policy transfer among smart cities. Findings show a consensus on the importance of six factors: having a policy entrepreneur; financial instruments; cities’ enthusiasm for policy learning; capacity building; explicit regulatory mechanisms; and policy adaptation to local contexts. Correspondingly, three policy recommendations were drawn. Formalizing collaborative mechanisms and joint partnerships between cities, setting up regional or international networks of smart cities, and establishing smart city repositories to collect useful case studies for urban planning and governance lessons will accelerate policy transfer for smart city development. This study sheds light on effective ways policymakers can foster policy learning and transfer, especially when a jurisdiction's capacity is insufficient to deal with the uncertainties and challenges ahead.
Perspective on research–policy interface as a partnership: The study of best ...Araz Taeihagh
This article serves as a blueprint and proof-of-concept of Singapore’s Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) programmes in establishing effective collaborations with governmental partners. CREATE is a research consortium between Singapore’s public universities and international research institutions. The effective partnership of CREATE partners with government stakeholders is part of its mission to help government agencies solve complex issues in areas that reflect Singapore’s national interest. Projects are developed in consultation with stakeholders, and challenges are addressed on a scale that enables significant impact and provides solutions for Singapore and internationally. The article discusses the lessons learnt, highlighting that while research–policy partnerships are widespread, they are seldom documented. Moreover, effective communication proved to be a foundation for an effective partnership where policy and research partners were more likely to provide formal and informal feedback. Engaging policy partners early in the research co-development process was beneficial in establishing effective partnerships.
Whither policy innovation? Mapping conceptual engagement with public policy i...Araz Taeihagh
Abstract
A transition to sustainable energy will require not only technological diffusion and behavioral change, but also policy innovation. While research on energy transitions has generated an extensive literature, the extent to which it has used the policy innovation perspective – entailing policy entrepreneurship or invention, policy diffusion, and policy success – remains unclear. This study analyzes over 8000 publications on energy transitions through a bibliometric review and computational text analysis to create an overview of the scholarship, map conceptual engagement with public policy, and identify the use of the policy innovation lens in the literature. We find that: (i) though the importance of public policy is frequently highlighted in the research, the public policy itself is analyzed only occasionally; (ii) studies focusing on public policy have primarily engaged with the concepts of policy mixes, policy change, and policy process; and (iii) the notions of policy entrepreneurship or invention, policy diffusion, and policy success are hardly employed to understand the sources, speed, spread, or successes of energy transitions. We conclude that the value of the policy innovation lens for energy transitions research remains untapped and propose avenues for scholars to harness this potential.
The rapid developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the intensification in the adoption of AI in domains such as autonomous vehicles, lethal weapon systems, robotics and alike pose serious challenges to governments as they must manage the scale and speed of socio-technical transitions occurring. While there is considerable literature emerging on various aspects of AI, governance of AI is a significantly underdeveloped area. The new applications of AI offer opportunities for increasing economic efficiency and quality of life, but they also generate unexpected and unintended consequences and pose new forms of risks that need to be addressed. To enhance the benefits from AI while minimising the adverse risks, governments worldwide need to understand better the scope and depth of the risks posed and develop regulatory and governance processes and structures to address these challenges. This introductory article unpacks AI and describes why the Governance of AI should be gaining far more attention given the myriad of challenges it presents. It then summarises the special issue articles and highlights their key contributions. This special issue introduces the multifaceted challenges of governance of AI, including emerging governance approaches to AI, policy capacity building, exploring legal and regulatory challenges of AI and Robotics, and outstanding issues and gaps that need attention. The special issue showcases the state-of-the-art in the governance of AI, aiming to enable researchers and practitioners to appreciate the challenges and complexities of AI governance and highlight future avenues for exploration.
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
Understanding the Challenges of Street ChildrenSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
A process server is a authorized person for delivering legal documents, such as summons, complaints, subpoenas, and other court papers, to peoples involved in legal proceedings.
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
Russian anarchist and anti-war movement in the third year of full-scale warAntti Rautiainen
Anarchist group ANA Regensburg hosted my online-presentation on 16th of May 2024, in which I discussed tactics of anti-war activism in Russia, and reasons why the anti-war movement has not been able to make an impact to change the course of events yet. Cases of anarchists repressed for anti-war activities are presented, as well as strategies of support for political prisoners, and modest successes in supporting their struggles.
Thumbnail picture is by MediaZona, you may read their report on anti-war arson attacks in Russia here: https://en.zona.media/article/2022/10/13/burn-map
Links:
Autonomous Action
http://Avtonom.org
Anarchist Black Cross Moscow
http://Avtonom.org/abc
Solidarity Zone
https://t.me/solidarity_zone
Memorial
https://memopzk.org/, https://t.me/pzk_memorial
OVD-Info
https://en.ovdinfo.org/antiwar-ovd-info-guide
RosUznik
https://rosuznik.org/
Uznik Online
http://uznikonline.tilda.ws/
Russian Reader
https://therussianreader.com/
ABC Irkutsk
https://abc38.noblogs.org/
Send mail to prisoners from abroad:
http://Prisonmail.online
YouTube: https://youtu.be/c5nSOdU48O8
Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/libertarianlifecoach/episodes/Russian-anarchist-and-anti-war-movement-in-the-third-year-of-full-scale-war-e2k8ai4
ZGB - The Role of Generative AI in Government transformation.pdfSaeed Al Dhaheri
This keynote was presented during the the 7th edition of the UAE Hackathon 2024. It highlights the role of AI and Generative AI in addressing government transformation to achieve zero government bureaucracy
ZGB - The Role of Generative AI in Government transformation.pdf
Examination of crowdsourcing as a tool for policy making
1. 3rd
International Conference
on Public Policy (ICPP3)
June 28-30, 2017 – Singapore
Panel T01P08 Session 1
Crowdsourcing as a Policy Tool: Co-Production in the Digital Era
Title of the paper:
Examination of crowdsourcing as a tool for policy making
Author
Araz Taeihagh, Singapore Management University, Singapore
Friday, June 30th 10:30 to 12:30 (Block B 2 - 1)
2. 2
Examination of crowdsourcing as a tool for policy making
Araz Taeihagh1
Singapore Management University
Abstract – Crowdsourcing is rapidly evolving and applied in situations where ideas,
labour, opinion or expertise of large groups of people are used. Crowdsourcing is now
used in various policy making initiatives; however, this use has usually been focused on
open collaboration platforms and specific stages of the policy process such as agenda-
setting and policy evaluations. Moreover, other forms of crowdsourcing have been
neglected in policy making with a few exceptions. This article examines crowdsourcing
as a tool for policy making and explores the nuances of the technology and its use and
implications for different stages of the policy process. The article addresses questions
around the role of crowdsourcing and whether it can be considered as a policy tool or a
technology enabler.
Keywords: Crowdsourcing, Public Policy, Policy Process, Policy cycle, Policy
Instrument, Policy Tool, Open Collaboration, Virtual Labour Markets, Tournaments,
Competition,
1
School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, 90 Stamford Road, Level 4, Singapore
178903, Singapore. E-mail: araz.taeihagh@new.oxon.org
3. 3
Introduction
Crowdsourcing is becoming ubiquitous! And in the words of Lehdonvirta and Bright
(2015, p. 263) "If elections were invented today, they would be called Crowdsourcing
the Government". Crowdsourcing (Howe 2006, 2008; Brabham 2008) is rapidly
evolving and now is loosely applied to instances where a relatively large number of
individuals are engaged for their ideas, expertise, opinions, or labour (Lehdonvirta and
Bright 2015; Prpić and Shukla 2016). Crowdsourcing has now expanded from focusing
on engaging consumers and businesses to non-commercial domains. Furthermore,
application of crowdsourcing can increase citizen engagement in policy-making and
foster citizen empowerment (Aitamurto 2012, 2016b). Crowdsourcing has now been
employed in the policy making in areas such as urban planning (Seltzer and Mahmoudi
2013), transportation (Nash 2009), law reforms (Aitamurto 2016a) and global
governance (Gellers 2016). Furthermore, as demonstrated by Prpić, Taeihagh and
Melton (2014a), crowdsourcing has the potential to aid in addressing some of the
prevailing challenges in data and judgments acquisition for policy design and analysis
(Taeihagh 2017b).
Despite the recent advancements in the use of crowdsourcing in the public sector, only a
handful of studies methodologically examine the use of crowdsourcing in the policy
cycle. Prpić, Taeihagh and Melton (2014b,c; 2015) demonstrated that although the use of
crowdsourcing in the policy cycle is increasing, it is still limited and not all of its
potentials has been realised. Scholars have mainly used Open Collaboration (OC)
platforms in agenda-setting, problem definition and policy evaluation stages and other
approaches such as Tournament Crowdsourcing (TC) or Virtual Labour Markets (VLM)
have been neglected with a few exceptions.
In the next section, we briefly introduce the concept of crowdsourcing and distinguish
between different general types of crowdsourcing. Then we will systematically examine
different roles of crowdsourcing in the policy cycle and highlight the nuances of the
different types of crowdsourcing and illustrate their similarities and differences and
develop a taxonomy of the major types of crowdsourcing to facilitate future studies by
distinguishing between procedural or substantive policy tools and front-end or back-end
4. 4
policy tools and take steps to develop more empirical studies to better understand the
efficacy of their use in the policy cycle. This will allow us to distinguish different
applications of principal types of crowdsourcing as policy tools.
Crowdsourcing
Crowdsourcing is an umbrella term, and the definition and scope of the term vary among
scholars. Crowdsourcing is used for when dispersed knowledge of individuals and groups
are leveraged to take advantage of bottom-up crowd-derived inputs and processes with
efficient top-down engagement from organisations through IT, to solve problems,
complete tasks, or generate ideas (Howe 2006; 2008; Brabham 2008; 2013a).
Crowdsourcing can be done in a closed environment in which “propriety crowds” are
utilised through in-house platforms by an organisation, or carried out using third-party
platforms crowdsourcing that provides the IT infrastructure and their crowd of
participants to the potential pool for organizations to tap into as a paid service (Bayus
2013, Prpić, Taeihagh and Melton, 2015).
In this article we focus on the main three types of crowdsourcing identified in the
literature and try to develop a more nuanced understanding of the crowdsourcing concept
and how it applies to the policy cycle (Estellés-Arolas & González-Ladrón-de-Guevara
2012; de Vreede, et al, 2013; Prpić, Taeihagh and Melton 2015)2
. These three general
forms of crowdsourcing focus on:
a) microtasking in VLMs (Prpić, Taeihagh & Melton 2014a; Luz, Silva & Novais
2015; De Winter et al. 2015),
b) TC competition (Schweitzer et al. 2012; Zhang et al. 2015; Glaeser et al. 2016)
and,
c) OC over the web and social media (Budhathoki and Haythornthwaite 2013;
Michel, Gil and Hauder, 2015; Mergel 2015).
2
These categorizations are not exclusive or exhaustive but useful for considering different roles
crowdsourcing can take in the policy cycle, for a review of the state-of-the-art in crowdsourcing see Prpić
(2016).
5. 5
Virtual Labour Marketplaces (VLMs)
A Virtual Labour Marketplaces (VLM) is an IT-mediated market that enables individuals
to engage in spot labour, through conducting microtasks that are offered by organisations,
exemplifying the production model of crowdsourcing in exchange for money (Brabham
2008; Horton & Chilton 2010; Paolacci, Chandler, & Ipeirotis 2010; Prpić, Taeihagh &
Melton 2014a; Luz, Silva & Novais 2015; De Winter et al. 2015).
Microtasks is best known to be offered by Amazon Mechanical Turk (Mturk.com), and
Crowdflower (crowdflower.com) include tasks such as document translation, content
moderation, transcription, sentiment analysis, photo and video tagging, and
categorization (Narula et al. 2011, Crowdflower 2016). Such tasks can be broken down
into different steps (microtasks) that can be carried out at scale and in parallel by
individuals through human computational power.
At the moment, these microtasks are better performed by human computation and through
collective intelligence rather than by using computational approaches and reliance on
artificial intelligence (Taeihagh 2017b). Moreover, the majority of the micro-tasks
offered on these platforms are repetitive and require low to medium levels of skill, and
thus the compensations per task are low, and the labourers involved in the VLM platforms
are employed anonymously.3
In VLM platforms often labourers cannot form teams or
groups, and there is only an episodic engagement among them and the platform. This is
purely a function of the design of the VLM platforms and can (and will probably) change
in future which will enable completion of more sophisticated tasks and more complex
interactions among crowds.
Tournament Crowdsourcing (TC)
3
With respect to their offline identities. However, researchers such as Lease et al. (2013) have previously
demonstrated that significant amount of information can be exposed about the workers through the VLM
websites.
6. 6
In Tournament Crowdsourcing (TC) or Idea Competition (Piller & Walcher 2006;
Jeppesen & Lakhani 2010; Schweitzer et al. 2012; Glaeser et al. 2016) organisations post
their problems to specialised IT-mediated platforms (Eyreka or Kaggle) or in-house
platforms (Challenge.gov - Brabham 2013b). Here organisers form a competition through
the It-mediated platform and set conditions and rules for the competition, and winner(s)
prize. Individuals or groups (depending on the capabilities of the IT platform and rules of
the contest) post their solutions to the posted problems using the platform to be considered
for the prize which can range from a few hundred dollars to hundred thousands of dollars
or more.4
TC platforms mainly aim to attract and maintain more specialised crowds that are
interested in a particular area which is the focus of the platform that can range from open
government and innovation (The White House 2010) to computer or data science
(Lakhani et al. 2010; Taieb and Hyndman 2014). Tc platforms attract smaller and more
specialised crowds that are capable of solving more complex tasks, and at times choose
not to be anonymous to gain reputational benefits from their successful participations
(Prpić, Taeihagh and Melton, 2015).
Open Collaboration (OCs)
In the Open Collaboration (OC) crowdsourcing, crowds voluntarily engage with the
problems /opportunities posted by organisations through IT platforms without
expectation of monetary compensation (Crump 2011; Michel, Gil and Hauder, 2015).
Starting wikis, and employing online communities and social media to amass
contributions, are examples of OCs (Jackson & Klobas 2013; Crowley et al. 2014;
Rogstadius et al. 2013; Budhathoki and Haythornthwaite 2013; Mergel, 2015).
The level of engagements from the crowds depends on many factors such the
effectiveness of the ‘open call' as well as the reach and level of engagement of the IT-
mediation platform used by the organisation and the crowd capital of the organisation
(Prpić Taeihagh Melton 2015; Prpić and Shukla 2013). As an example, as of June 30,
4
https://www.kaggle.com/competitions
7. 7
2016, Twitter has more than 313 million monthly active users.5
However, this does not
necessarily translate to significant engagement from the active users of a platform.
There are numerous factors influencing the level of traction, diffusion and ultimately
success of an open call in an OC platform, a small number of these factors include the
level of prior engagement and popularity of the organisation on the platform, number of
followers and shares of the content/calls made by the organisation, as well as the
popularity and stature of the crowds they engage (e.g. attention from celebrities, Nobel
laureates) alongside the quality of the content posted (Cha et al. 2010; Taeihagh 2017a).
Furthermore, any number of these individuals engaging in the open call can alter, hijack
or amplify the agenda of the organisation with their networks (Prpić and Shukla 2013;
Prpić, Taeihagh and Melton 2015).
The three crowdsourcing principal types crowdsourcing described above have different
levels of accessibility, crowd magnitude, crowd specialisations, anonymity, and IT
structure, as well as Platform framework and interactions (Prpić, Taeihagh and Melton
2015; Taeihagh 2017a - see Table 1). Table 1 demonstrates that different types of
crowdsourcing each have unique sets of characteristics while sharing similarities with
other types.
5
https://about.twitter.com/company
8. 8
Crowdsourcing as a Policy Tool
Given the brief description of principal types of crowdsourcing, we now examine
crowdsourcing as a policy tool using Hood’s NATO model (Hood 1986; 2007; Hood and
Margetts 2007). In NATO model, by using the following four types of resources
governments can address policy problems (see Table 2):
• Informational advantage through centrality in various networks (nodality),
• legal power to command, regulate, or delegate (authority),
• financial means such as the ability to fund or demand taxes (treasure), and,
• deploying resources to form organisations and markets, provide goods and
services (organisation).
The NATO Model does not demand a strict singular dependence of an instrument on one
of the four resources. Instead, instruments are categorised according to the primary means
Table 1 Comparison of different types of crowdsourcing (based on Prpić, Taeihagh, Melton 2015 and
Taeihagh 2017a)
Accessibility Crowd
Magnitude
Nature of
the Crowd
Anonymity Platform
Architectural
Framework
IT-
Structure
Platform Interactions
Virtual Labour
Markets
(e.g. Amazon
MTurk)
Private Millions General High Community building
and Infrastructure
Provision
Episodic Information, currency,
and virtual services
Tournament
Crowdsourcing
(e.g. Kaggle)
Private Hundreds of
Thousands
Specialized Medium Community building Episodic Information, currency,
and virtual services
Open
Collaboration
(e.g. Twitter)
Public Hundreds of
Millions
General Variable Community building Collaborative Information
Asset Hubs
(e.g. Zipcar,
car2go)
Private Hundreds of
Thousands to a
Few Millions
Specialized Low Community building
and Infrastructure
Provision
Episodic Information and
currency
Peer-to-Peer
Sharing
Networks
(e.g. Uberx)
Mostly
Public
Hundreds of
Thousands to
Millions
General or
Specialized
Low Community building,
Infrastructure
provision and Data
layer
Collaborative Information and
currency, in some
instances
goods/services as
well..
9. 9
they require for successfully addressing their goals. A second distinction used by Hood
in characterising various tools was whether they were used for detecting changes in the
environment (detector) or for effecting the outside world (effector). Similar to the
effector/detector distinction, Howlett (2000) introduced the positive/negative distinction
between policy instruments based on whether they encourage or discourage actor
participation in the policy process. Another relevant distinction here is consideration of
whether these policy instruments are substantive (directly providing or altering aspects
of provision, distribution or delivery of goods and services to members of the public or
governments) or procedural (rather than directly affecting the delivery of goods and
services, their principal intent is to modify or alter the nature of policy processes at work
and indirectly altering behaviour of actors involved in policy making) Howlett (2000;
2010).
Given distinct functions and characteristics of OC, VLM and TC crowdsourcing, they
can play different roles as policy tools. Moreover, arguably each of the principal types of
crowdsourcing can also play various roles. For instance, OC crowdsourcing can be used
for surveys, information collection and release, and advertising, thus considered as an
information/Nodality based tool that can act as an effector and a defector, or be used for
community and voluntary organization of crowds and be considered an organization
based tool that can be used as an effector for community support or suppression or
detector for statistics. However, Prpić, Taeihagh and Melton (2014c; 2015) have
demonstrated that the use of crowdsourcing in the policy cycle (although increasing) thus
far has been limited. Scholars have mainly used OC platforms in agenda-setting, problem
definition and policy evaluation stages and other approaches such as TC or VLMs have
been neglected with a few exceptions.
10. 10
It has been suggested in the literature that Hood’s mode (1986) is no longer applicable
to 21st
-century tools such as crowdsourcing. However, as Lendonvirta and Bright
(2015) point out the use of these tools is not replacing participatory approaches already
in place but augmenting them given the enabling power of the new digital technology.
This is because the speed and ease with which these participations are happening have
increased significantly which in turn has resulted in orders of magnitude increase in the
number of participations.
Using Hood's and Howlett's taxonomies at first glance, it appears that all of the
principal types are substantive in nature and, OC relates to Nodality and Organization
because of dominant thinking about social media (Twitter, Facebook, etc.) and
community organisation through voluntary OC platforms (e.g. Enterprise Wikis).
Similarly, TC because of the requirement of relatively larger sums of money relates to
Treasure and VLMs relate to Organization primarily.
However, a closer look reveals that the picture is much more nuanced. In Table 3 and 4
we highlight the potential for applications of Substantive (Table 3) and Procedural
Table 2 Example of Policy Instruments by Principal Governing Resources (Howlett, Ramesh and
Perl (1995) based on Hood (1986).
11. 11
(Table 4) use of VLM, OC, and TC Crowdsourcing as policy tools based on the NATO
model.
Table 3 and 4 highlight that the principal types of crowdsourcing can almost be used as
every type of policy tool based on NATO model (1986). Although surprisingly different
from current documented application of crowdsourcing in the literature by Prpić,
Taeihagh and Melton (2015), we speculate this is because fundamentally IT-mediated
crowdsourcing platforms act as technological enablers and catalysts for the participation
of crowds in the policy cycle and as such can have almost limitless applications in the
policy processes.
Table 3 Potential Examples of Substantive applications of VLM, OC, and TC
Crowdsourcing as policy tools based on Howlett (2010) (D= Detector)
Nodality Authority Treasure Organization
Commissions and
inquiries (OC) (D)
Census-taking
consultants (Local
VLM) (D)
Consultants (VLM)
(D)
Market Creation
(VLM)
Information
collection (OC,
VLM) (D)
Committees and
consultations (OC)
(D)
Grants, Loans, and
Tax Expenditure
(OC, VLM, TC)
Statistics (OC, VLM)
(D)
Surveys (OC, VLM)
(D)
Standard setting and
regulation (OC)
Polling Policing
(Local VLM) (D)
Use of community
and voluntary
organisations (OC,
VLM, TC)
Taxes (VLM, OC)
Source: Author
Table 4 Potential Examples of Procedural applications of VLM, OC, and TC
Crowdsourcing as policy tools based on Howlett (2010) (N= Negative, D= Detector)
Nodality Authority Treasure Organization
Information campaigns
And advertising (OC,
VLM)
Advisory group
creation (OC, VLM) D
Interest group creation
and funding (VLM,
OC)
Evaluations (VLM,
TC, OC) (D)
Information release
and notification (OC)
Banning groups and
associations (VLM,
OC) (N)
Research funding
(VLM, TC) (D)
Hearings (OC) (D)
Misleading,
information
propaganda and
Agreements and
Treaties (OC)
Eliminating funding
(VLM, OC) (N)
Information
suppression (OC,
VLM) (N)
12. 12
censorship (N) (OC,
VLM)
Source: Author
Table 5 examines these potential roles in different stages of the policy cycle6
. Here we
use the Front-end (agenda-setting, problem formulation and policy formulation) and
back-end (policy implementation, enforcement, and evaluations) terminology
introduced by Howlett (2009).
The most commonly observed use of crowdsourcing as a policy tool in the literature is
the use of OC as substantive front-end nodal tool focused on agenda-setting and policy
design stages so far, followed by back-end nodal OC used for policy evaluations and
front-end Treasure use of TC (Prpić, Taeihagh and Melton 2015). However, principal
types of crowdsourcing as summarised in Table 5 can be used as enablers of almost
every application of policy tools according to NATO model.
These examples show that although there are convergences around specific themes in
terms of the means used, goals for the use of the principal crowdsourcing types can be
completely different. A potential worrying development in case of massive adoption of
crowdsourcing such as in the examples highlighted in Table 5 is the difficulty of
upholding oversight and keeping organizations accountable in future especially if block-
chain technology is used as the level of anonymity increases7
.
Table 5 Categorization of potential applications of principal types of crowdsourcing
(VLM/TC/OC) as policy tools in the policy cycle
F= Front-end ((agenda-setting, problem definition and policy formulation)
B =Back-end (Policy implementation, enforcement and evaluation)
D/E= Detector/Effector; S/P Substantive/Procedural; N/P= Negative/Positive
6
Various classification attempts, and corresponding models of the policy processes exist of which perhaps
the most popular is the use of sequential interrelated stages as a policy cycle. In this article, based on the
efforts of Stone (1988), and Howlett Ramesh and Perl (1995), the policy cycle is seen as a sequence of
steps in which agenda setting, problem definition, policy design, policy implementation, policy
enforcement, and policy evaluations are carried out in an iterative manner (Taeihagh et al., 2009).
7
Block-chain technology such as bitcoin is not anonymous however relative to traditional means of
monetary exchange (in the hands of expert individuals) it has higher level of anonymity as it does not
require sending and receiving personally identifiable information https://bitcoin.org/en/protect-your-
privacy
13. 13
Application/Type
VL
M
TC OC
D/
E
S/
P
N/
P
NAT
O
type
(Potential) Examples
Advisory group creation B B P A
VLM or OC participation
in advisory groups
Agreements and Treaties F P A
Use of Ocs for treaty
verification
Banning Groups and
Associations
B B P N A
Identification and banning
groups online or locally
using volunteers or paid
workers
Census-taking consultants F D S A
Hiring local VLM
participants for conducting
census
Committees and
consultations
F D S A
Use of Ocs for forming
online committees or
receiving submissions for
white papers etc.
Standard setting and
delegated regulation
F S A e.g. the Finish experiment
Commissions and inquiries B D S N
submissions to
parliamentary inquiries
Information Campaigns and
Advertising
B B P N
advertising using social
media, hiring individuals
through VLMS to
participate in the online (or
local campaign)
Information Collection and
Surveys
F F F D S N
Conducting surveys using
social media or VLM
platforms and small TC
competitions
Information release and
notification
B P N
Release of information
using social media
Misleading, information
propaganda and censorship
B B P N N
Use of VLM and OC for
identification and
censorship of what is
deemed as inappropriate.
Community and Voluntary
organisations
F, B F, B F, B S O
Supporting formation and
participation in Nonprofit
groups using monetary and
nonmonetary means -
receiving solutions or
evaluations
Evaluations B B B D P O
Use of social media for in
OC for receiving crowd
feedback, use of VLMS for
evaluation of programmes,
development of
tournaments for evaluation
of particular programmes
Hearings B P O
Use of social media for
collection of evidence and
participation of crowds in
hearings
Information Suppression B B P N O
Voluntary or paid use of
crowds for suppressing
information using
information obfuscation
14. 14
Market Creation B S O
Formation of particular
forms of online markets
that can also have offline
functionality
Statistics B B D S O
Collection of statistical
data by encouraging
voluntary participation of
crowds in OC or paid
participation of targeted
crowds using VLMS
Consultants F D S T
Hiring consultants from
experts workers (e.g.
platforms such as odesk,
upwork and topcoder)
Eliminating funding B B P N T
Eliminating previously
funded research through
TC and VLM platforms
Grants, loans and Tax-
expenditure
B B B S T
Tax expenditure for
funding individuals directly
through markets or
competitions (e.g. research
groups) or indirectly by
providing support for
creating of OC platforms
Interest group creation and
funding
F F P T
Funding for creating
websites for participation
around specific topics or
hiring individuals to
participate in activities
relevant to special interests
Poll Policing B D S T
Hiring individuals to
monitor polls (local VLM
(also categorised as sharing
economy)
Research funding B B D P T
Funding research for large
endeavours through TC
platforms or use of expert
crowds for conducting
research using VLMS (e.g.
upwork)
Taxes B B S T
Use of volunteers of paid
workers for identifying tax
evasion (e.g. identifying
pools using aerial photos
for water consumption
usage or appropriate
property tax)
Source: Author
Crowdsourcing in Policy Design
Given the rapid developments in crowdsourcing, and the potential it offers in scale up of
the number of individuals involved and rapid acquisition of data and judgements,
particularly if expert crowds are involved, which is significant for addressing
uncertainties surrounding the policy design and analysis (Taeihagh, 2017b).
Furthermore, crowdsourcing can increase the level of citizen engagement in policy-
15. 15
making which has particularly been limited in the policy formulation phase (Prpić,
Taeihagh and Melton, 2015; Aitamurto 2012, 2016b).
Prpić, Taeihagh and Melton (2014a) examined the viability of non-experts using VLMs
in assisting in policy design. Using the results from an assessment of climate change
adaptation policy instruments as a benchmark, they created experiments with different
crowds; One local to the policy context and the other an at-large crowd with no
familiarity with the local context. The experiments showed that a non-expert crowd
recruited using VLMs could quickly the and cost-effectively sift through a large set of
policy measures related to a complicated climate change policy scenario. The results
demonstrated that the geographic context mattered and altered the performance of non-
expert crowds and the assessments of the at-large crowds of non-experts aligned more
closely with the expert assessments.
The results from a recent literature review demonstrate that at present the use of
crowdsourcing in policy design is extremely limited (Prpić, Taeihagh and Melton
(2014c; 2015). As such further development of new theoretical frameworks and
experiments for exploring and exploiting the potentials that crowdsourcing offers in
addressing policy issues are important. Taeihagh (2017b) proposes the examination of
new roles for both expert and non-expert crowds in different stages of the policy cycle
and an integrated use of crowdsourcing with decision support systems. As at present
collection, characterization and examination of the interactions among a large number
of policy measures are apparent. Using underutilised types of crowdsourcing namely
VLMS and TCs potentially can address some of these challenges. For policy design, in
particular, crowdsourcing can potentially be used for collection and characterisation of
different policy measures, examination of the policy measure interactions as well as
evaluation of the proposed and implemented policies Taeihagh (2017b).
Crowdsourcing provides the ability to scale up the level of engagement (by increasing the
number of expert or non-expert participant) and as a result increase the speed of
conducting these activities when compared with approaches such as organising
workshops or conducting offline surveys as the popularity of crowdsourcing in its
16. 16
different forms increases over time.8,9
Furthermore, as TCs become more popular and
engage more specialised crowds that are able to address complex tasks and as platforms
are further developed more can be accomplished using crowdsourcing. Increasing the
ease of use and accessibility of these crowdsourcing platforms will further facilitate their
direct integration with decision support system through Application Programming
Interfaces (API).
Conclusion
In this article, we first briefly introduced the literature on crowdsourcing and considered
the three principal types of crowdsourcing and examined their characteristics. We then
presented the notion of a generic policy tool using Hood's NATO model (1986) and
Howlett's distinction between substantive and procedural Instruments (Howlett 2000,
2010). Using these models, we examined the potential applicability of principal types of
crowdsourcing first as different substantive and procedural policy tools and then
systematically explored their applications in the policy cycle tools highlight the
discrepancy between their current documented use and potentials for future use. We
then focused on the potential new roles for crowdsourcing in policy design stage.
We hope that this study illustrates the new potential use of crowdsourcing to scholars
and practitioners and facilitates the development of more empirical studies (VLMs and
TCs in particular) to better understand the efficacy and various potentials for their use in
the policy cycle.
8
Even in the case of online surveys, the speed at which a worker can carry out a micro-task is much faster
than an online survey, as demonstrated by Prpić, Taeihagh and Melton (2014a).
9
Expert crowdsourcing mainly through competition-based platforms (and in future high skilled VLMs
sites once their use becomes more mainstream) and non-expert crowdsourcing through the use of VLMs.
OC platforms provide access to both expert and non-expert crowds but require a more sustained effort in
attracting and maintaining crowds.
17. 17
References
Aitamurto, T. (2012). Crowdsourcing for Democracy: New Era in Policy-Making.
Publications of the Committee for the Future, Parliament of Finland. 1/2012.
Helsinki, Finland.
Aitamurto, T. (2016a). Collective Intelligence in Law Reforms: When the Logic of the
Crowds and the Logic of Policymaking Collide. In 2016 49th Hawaii International
Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) (pp. 2780-2789). IEEE.
Aitamurto, T., & Landemore, H. (2016b). Crowdsourced Deliberation: The Case of the
Law on Off- Road Traffic in Finland. Policy & Internet, 8(2), 174-196.
Bayus, B. L. (2013). Crowdsourcing new product ideas over time: An analysis of the
Dell IdeaStorm community. Management Science, 59(1), 226-244.
Bicquelet, A., and Weale, A. (2011). Coping with the Cornucopia: Can Text Mining
Help Handle the Data Deluge in Public Policy Analysis? Policy & Internet, 3(4), 1-
21.
Brabham, D. C. (2008). Crowdsourcing as a model for problem-solving an introduction
and cases. Convergence. 14(1), 75-90.
Brabham, D.C. (2013a). Crowdsourcing. The MIT Press.
Brabham, D.C. (2013b). Using Crowdsourcing in Government. IBM Center for The
Business of Government.
http://www.businessofgovernment.org/sites/default/files/Using%20Crowdsourcing
%20In%20Government.pdf
Budhathoki, N. R. and Haythornthwaite, C. (2013). Motivation for open collaboration
crowd and community models and the case of OpenStreetMap. American
Behavioral Scientist, 57(5), 548–575.
Crowdflower (2016). Crowdflower Inc. Retrieved 20 May 2016 www.clowdflower.com
Crowley, C., Daniels, W., Bachiller, R., Joosen, W. and Hughes, D. (2014). “Increasing
user participation: An exploratory study of querying on the Facebook and Twitter
platforms,” First Monday, V(19), N(8).
Crump, J. (2011). What are the police doing on Twitter? Social media, the police and the
public. Policy & Internet, 3(4), 1-27.
De Vreede, T., Nguyen, C., De Vreede, G. J., Boughzala, I., Oh, O. and Reiter-Palmon,
R. (2013). A Theoretical Model of User Engagement in Crowdsourcing.
18. 18
Collaboration and Technology Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume 8224
(94–109). Springer.
De Winter, J. C. F., Kyriakidis, M., Dodou, D. and Happee, R. (2015). Using
CrowdFlower to study the relationship between self-reported violations and traffic
accidents. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Applied Human
Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE). Las Vegas, NV. Available at
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2592903
Estrelles-Arolas, E. and Gonzalez-Ladron-De-Guevara, F. (2012). Towards an integrated
crowdsourcing definition. Journal of Information Science. 38(2), 189–200.
Gellers, J. C. (2016). Crowdsourcing global governance: sustainable development goals,
civil society, and the pursuit of democratic legitimacy. International Environmental
Agreements:
Glaeser, E. L., Hillis, A., Kominers, S. D. and Luca, M. (2016). Crowdsourcing City
Government: Using Tournaments to Improve Inspection Accuracy. The American
Economic Review, 106(5), 114–118.
Hood, C. (1986). The Tools of Government. Chatham, Chatham House Publishers.
Hood, C. (2007). "Intellectual Obsolescence and Intellectual Makeovers: Reflections on
the Tools of Government After Two Decades." Governance 20(1): 127-144.
Hood, C. and H. Margetts (2007). The Tools of Government in the Digital Age. London,
Palgrave Macmillan.
Horton, J. J. and Chilton, L. B. (2010). The labour economics of paid crowdsourcing. In
Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce (209–218).
ACM.
Howe, J. (2006). Crowdsourcing: Crowdsourcing: A Definition. Crowdsourcing.com.
http://crowdsourcing.typepad.com/cs/2006/06/crowdsourcing_a.html
Howe, J. (2008). Crowdsourcing: Why the Power of the Crowd Is Driving the Future of
Business. Crown Business. http://www.bizbriefings.com/Samples/IntInst%20---
%20Crowdsourcing.PDF
Howlett, M. (2009). Government communication as a policy tool: A framework for
analysis. Canadian Political Science Review, 3(2), 23-37.
Howlett, M. (2010). Designing Public Policies: Principles and Instruments. Taylor &
Francis.
19. 19
Howlett, M., (2000). Managing the hollow state: Procedural Policy Instruments and
Modern Governance. Canadian Public Administration 43, no. 4: 412-31.
Howlett, M., Ramesh, M., & Perl, A. (1995). Studying public policy: Policy cycles and
policy subsystems. Toronto: Oxford University Press.
Jackson, P., & Klobas, J. (2013). Deciding to use an enterprise wiki: the role of social
institutions and scripts. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 11(4), 323-
333.
Jeppesen, L. B., & Lakhani, K. R. (2010). Marginality and problem-solving
effectiveness in broadcast search. Organisation Science, 21(5), 1016-1033.
Kao A. and Poteet S.R. (2007). Overview. In: A. Kao and S.R. Poteet (eds.), Natural
Language Processing and Text Mining. Springer, London. 1-7.
Krishen, A. S., Raschke, R. L., Kachroo, P., Mejza, M., and Khan, A. (2014).
Interpretation of public feedback to transportation policy: a qualitative perspective.
Transportation Journal, 53(1), 26-43.
Lakhani, K., Garvin, D. A. and Lonstein, E. (2010). Topcoder (a): Developing software
through crowdsourcing. Harvard Business School General Management Unit Case
(610–032).
Lehdonvirta, V., & Bright, J. (2015). Crowdsourcing for public policy and government.
Policy & Internet, 7(3), 263-267.
Luz, N., Silva, N. and Novais, P. (2015). A survey of task-oriented crowdsourcing.
Artificial Intelligence Review, 44(2), 187–213.
Mergel, I. (2015). Open collaboration in the public sector: The case of social coding on
GitHub. Government Information Quarterly, 32(4), 464–472.
Michel, F., Gil, Y. and Hauder, M. (2015). A virtual crowdsourcing community for open
collaboration in science processes. Americas Conference on Information Systems
(AMCIS).
Narula, P., Gutheim P., Rolnitzky, D., Kulkarni, A. and Hartmann, B. (2011).
MobileWorks: A Mobile Crowdsourcing Platform for Workers at the Bottom of the
Pyramid. Proceedings of HCOMP.
Nash, A. (2009). Web 2.0 Applications for Improving Public Participation in Transport
Planning. In Transportation Research Board 89th Annual Meeting.
Paolacci, G., Chandler, J. and Ipeirotis, P. G. (2010). Running experiments on Amazon
20. 20
Mechanical Turk. Judgment and Decision Making, 5(5), 411–419.
Piller, F. T. and Walcher, D. (2006). Toolkits for idea competitions: a novel method to
integrate users in new product development. R&D Management, 36(3), 307–318
Politics, Law and Economics, 16(3), 415-432.
Prpić, J. (2016). Next Generation Crowdsourcing for Collective Intelligence. Collective
Intelligence.
Prpić, J., & Shukla, P. (2016). Crowd Science: Measurements, Models, and Methods. In
2016 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) (pp. 4365-
4374). IEEE.
Prpić, J., Taeihagh, A., and Melton, J. (2014a). Experiments on Crowdsourcing Policy
Assessment, Oxford Internet Policy and Politics Conference (IPP 2014), University
of Oxford, 26–28 September 2014.
http://ipp.oii.ox.ac.uk/sites/ipp/files/documents/IPP2014_Taeihagh.pdf.
Prpić, J., Taeihagh, A., and Melton, J. (2014b). Crowdsourcing the Policy Cycle,
Collective Intelligence 2014, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 10-12,
2014 http://ssrn.com/abstract=2398191.
Prpić, J., Taeihagh, A., and Melton, J. (2014c). A Framework for Policy Crowdsourcing,
Oxford Internet Policy and Politics Conference (IPP 2014), University of Oxford,
26–28 September 2014.
http://ipp.oii.ox.ac.uk/sites/ipp/files/documents/IPP2014_Taeihagh%20%282%29.p
df.
Prpić, J., Taeihagh, A., and Melton, J. (2015). The fundamentals of policy
crowdsourcing. Policy & Internet, 7(3), 340-361.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poi3.102.
Rogstadius, J., Vukovic, M., Teixeira, C. A., Kostakos, V., Karapanos, E. and Laredo, J.A.
(2013). CrisisTracker: Crowdsourced social media curation for disaster awareness.
IBM Journal of Research and Development, 57(5), 1–4.
Schweitzer, F. M., Buchinger, W., Gassmann, O. and Obrist, M. (2012). Crowdsourcing:
Leveraging innovation through online idea competitions. Research-Technology
Management, 55(3), 32–38
21. 21
Seltzer, E. & Mahmoudi, D. (2013). Citizen Participation, Open Innovation, and
Crowdsourcing Challenges and Opportunities for Planning. Journal of Planning
Literature. 28(1), 3-18.
Stone, D. A. (1988). Policy Paradox and Political Reason. Harper Collins.
Taeihagh, A. (2017a). Crowdsourcing, Sharing Economy and Development, Journal of
Developing Societies, Vol 33(2): 1–32. DOI: 10.1177/0169796X17710072
Taeihagh, A. (2017b). Network Centric Policy Design, Policy Sciences Journal. 50(2):
317-338 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11077-016-9270-0
Taeihagh, A., Bañares-Alcántara, R., & Millican, C. (2009). Development of a novel
framework for the design of transport policies to achieve environmental targets.
Computers & Chemical Engineering, 33(10), 1531-1545.
Taieb, S. B. and Hyndman, R. J. (2014). A gradient boosting approach to the Kaggle
load forecasting competition. International Journal of Forecasting, 30(2), 382–394.
The White House (2010). Guidance on the Use of Challenges and Prizes to Promote
Open Government.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/memoranda_2010/m10-
11.pdf
Uschold, M., & Gruninger, M. (1996). Ontologies: Principles, Methods and
Applications. The knowledge engineering review, 11(02), 93-136.
Zhang, Y., Gu, Y., Song, L., Pan, M., Dawy, Z. and Han, Z. (2015). Tournament-Based
Incentive Mechanism Designs for Mobile Crowdsourcing. 2015 IEEE Global
Communications Conference (GLOBECOM) (1–6). IEEE.