EV_Webinar PPT advantage and disadvantage of EV.pdf

Organised by : Industry-institute cell, Government
polytechnic college, Nasrullaganj, Sehore (Madhya
Pradesh)
• Co-Ordinator: Shubham Dabral
• Co-coordinator: Upendra Pathak
•Introduction to EV &
trending
Automotive
Technologies :
Career Path and
guidance
Welcome all
participants
10/03/2024 Prepared by : Shubham Dabral 2

Purpose of Webinar
•Basic knowledge of the EV history and Indian
market
•EV components and technology behind them
•Update about the direction of EV technologies
•What’s happening in the EV industries
•Career pathway and doubt sessions

Speakers and Webinar Schedule
Time Event Speaker
11:00 to 11:15 AM Welcome Note and
Introduction to EVs
Mr. Shubham Dabral
11:15 AM to 11:45 AM Battery and Charger
Technologies
Mr. Shubham Dabral
11:45 AM to 12:15 PM EV Power Train Mr. Abhishek Shukla
12:15 PM to 12:45 PM Automotive Software
Industry
Mr. Rahul
12:45 PM to 1:00 PM Question & Answers

1
2
5
3
4
Control and
communication
Vehicle Dynamics
Motor Drive
Chargers and
converters
Energy
Storage
System (ESS)

Hang on till Last!
I will talk about Just 3 Topics.!
•About EVs and present Market
Survey
•Energy storage system
•EV Chargers

Part-1: Introduction
•History of EVs
•Why EVs?
•Current EV market in India
•Vehicle category as per ICAT

In 1832, Robert
Anderson develops
first EV.
1890 1st EV in USA by
William Morrison.
1901 Ferdinand
Porsche 1st Hybrid EV.
By 1912 EV accounted
for 40% of all vehicles.
Around 1910 Ford
model T mass
production started.
1920-35, Decline in EV.
In 1828, the Hungarian priest and physicist Ányos Jedlik invented crude EV
Reference: Wikipedia
History of EVs

In 2006, Tesla enters EV race with 200+ miles range
EV.
In 2010, Nissan launches LEAF, zero tailpipe
emissions.
In 2010, GM launches Chevy Volt first PHEV.
By 2013, battery costs drop by 50% in just 4 years
making EV affordables.
Rise of EVs

Reference: www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/greenhouse-gas-emissions and https://fueleconomy.gov
Global
warming
Better
performance
Rising
crude oil
prices
CO2 Emissions from a gallon of gasoline: 8,887 grams CO2/
gallon
CO2 Emissions from a gallon of diesel: 10,180 grams CO2/
gallon
Average passenger vehicle emits about 404 grams of CO2 per
mile
In general passenger vehicle emits about 4.6 metric tons of
co2/yr.
Why EVs ?

IC Engines vs Electric vehicles !!
Reference: www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/greenhouse-gas-emissions
An EV has around 200 moving parts, as opposed to more than 1,400+ moving parts found in
conventional cars with internal combustion engines (ICE).
Tank-to-Wheel Efficiency

Reference:”Annual India EV report card FY2022” by JMK research and analytics
Top states with
maximum cumulative
sales in EV till 2022 are
UP, Delhi, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, and Bihar,
with market share of
27%, 13%, 8%, 7%, and
6.5%.
EV market survey in India
• In low-income states, sales of 3-wheeler e-rickshaws account for more than 85%; for
example, metric is 90% in UP and Bihar.
• Out of the total electric vehicles sold, 80.2% are 2-wheelers and 3-wheelers, while the
rest are 4-wheelers and other EVs.

Registered
(2,69,138 units)
• Hero electric- 28%
• Okinawa Autotech -17.5%
• Ampere Vehicles - 14%
• Ather Energy - 8.20%
• Pure Energy - 7.20%
• Ola - 6.3%
• Others
Un-registered
(1,67,172 units)
• Tunwal- 33.7%
• Joy E-Bikers -18.83%
• Hero Electric - 15%
• Batt-RE – 13.16%
• Ampere – 8.36%
• Cosbike – 5.91%
• Others
In the 2-wheeler market (2022), major players with their market shares are

• YC Electric- 9.49%
• Mahindra Electric -7.45%
• Saera Electric – 4.72%
• Champion polyplast – 4.19
• Others
3-wheeler
(1,79,706 units)
Major players with their market shares are
• Tata motors – 86%
• MG Motors-11.3%
• Mahindra– 0.7%
• Hyundai – 0.6%
• Others
4-wheeler
(21,596 units)
E-Bus (1,186 units)
PMI Electro
Motors –
33.47%
Tata motors –
23.6%
JBM Auto-
20.83%
Olectra Green
Tech–
018.72%
Ashok Leyland
– 3.37
Tata Nexon
EV

CATEGORY OF VEHICLES BY INTERNATIONAL CENTRE
FOR AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY (ICAT)
Categories
Two-Wheeler L1 Category - A motor cycle without gear or
a light two wheeled powered vehicle with
maximum speed < 70 kmph
motor power < 4.0 kilowatts
L2 Category -A motorcycle or a light two wheeled
powered vehicle with engine capacity exceeding 50cc if
fitted with a thermic engine.
Motor power more than 4.0 kilowatts
Three-
Wheeler
L5 - A three-wheeled motor vehicle with a
Maximum speed exceeding 25 kmph
Motor power exceeding 250 Watt.
E-rickshaw (L3) :
Speed ≤25 km/hr
Motor Power ≤2000 W
Four-Wheeler M1 = D + 8(max
passenger)
Speed=N.A
Power =N.A
M2 = D+9(min.
passenger) &GVW < 5
Ton
M3 =
D+9(min.
passenger) &
GVW > 5
Ton
Quadricycles (L7)
kerb weight < 450 kg. and
less than 4 passenger
90% falls
Here!

Part-2: ESS and BMS
•Energy Sources
•Why Li-ion cells?
•Future batteries
•Battery management system

Source of energy and vehicle types

Battery
and its
types
Figure Source: R. Ranjith Kumar et al.: Advances in Batteries, Battery Modeling, Battery Management System, IEEE Access 2023

Batteries in use:
Table-II. Batteries used in popular EVs around the world
TATA Nexon EV uses LFP Batteries

Why
Li-ion ?
Source: Miao Y. et. al, Energies, 2019

Lithium-ion family: Why they are popular
• [1] S. Thangavel et al. “Comprehensive Review on EV: Battery Management System, Charging Station, Traction Motors” IEEE Access 2023.
• [2]: Miao Y. et. al, Energies, 2019
These include:
• Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO)
• Lithium Manganese Oxide
(LMO)
• Lithium Iron Phosphate
(LFP)
• Lithium Nickel Manganese
Cobalt Oxide (NMC)
• Lithium Nickel Cobalt
Aluminium Oxide (NCA)
• Lithium Titanate (LTO).
LFP has more ability for thermal stress than nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) cells

Battery Technologies Beyond Lithium-ion
1. Metal-Air Battery
Reference : ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2, 6, 1370–1377 Publication Date : May 5, 2017
Figure From: Deepti Ahuja et al 2021 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
1913 012065

Battery Technologies Beyond Lithium-ion
2. SODIUM-BETA BATTERIES 3. SODIUM/METAL CHLORIDE
(NA/MCL2) BATTERY
These batteries
must function at
high
temperatures
between 270 and
350 ◦C to achieve
the
necessary ionic
conductivity.
Mexis, I.; Todeschini, G. Battery Energy Storage Systems in the United Kingdom: A Review of Current State-of-the-Art and Future Applications. Energies 2020,
Fig. NAS® batteries by BASF

Battery Management System
The
functionality
of a BMS
can be
categorized
as follows:
Protection: This entails preventing the battery from being
damaged by high temperatures, overcharging, overcurrent, and
short circuits.
Diagnostics: The SOL estimate, SOH estimation, and abuse
detection functions of the BMS are used to assess the battery
overall health and condition.
Performance Management: This encompasses tasks such as
power-limit computation, cell balancing or equalization, and SOC
estimation, which is crucial for optimizing battery performance.
Interface: The BMS facilitates data recording, reporting,
communications, and range estimation, allowing for effective
communication and integration with other vehicle systems.

Battery management system
Software parts
• Battey Modelling
• State estimation (SoC, SoH etc.)
• Fault Detection
• Data Storage
Hardware Parts
•Sensors (V, I & Temp.)
•Charge/Discharge Circuit
•Safety Circuit
•Data Acquisition

Battery management system functional block
Reference: R. Ranjith Kumar et al.: Advances in Batteries, Battery Modeling, Battery Management System, IEEE Access

Part-3: Charger and Charging
infrastructure
•Charger power level and Standards
•Type of Chargers
•Future Charging Methods
•Future Challenges of effect on Grid

EV Charging Standards Overview
SAE J1772 Standards
•AC Level 1: 1.9 kW
•AC Level 2: 19.2 kW
•DC Level 1: 80kW
•DC Level 2: 400kW
IEC 61851 Standards
• Mode 1: Basic socket
• Mode 2 : IC-CPD
• Mode 3: 3.7 to 43 kW
• Mode 4: DC Charging
• GB/T Standards are applied in China

Charger power level
Power level Charger
location
Typical use Typical power Charging
time
(50 kWh)
Connector
Level 1
(230 V)
On-board
1-phase
Home 1.9 kW
(20 A)
11-36 h SAE J1772
Level 2
(400 V)
On-board
1 or 3-phase
Public or
Home
19.2 kW (80A) 2–3 h SAE J1772
Level 3
(208-600 V
AC or DC)
Off-board
3-phase
DC Fast
(Stations)
100 kW < 30 min CHAdeMO/
CCS or
COMBO 2
• As per SAEJ1772 and IEC 62196-2

Reference: https://indiaesa.info/resources/ev-101/3915-charging-of-electric-vehicles
Charging
Plugs
There are 2 charging plugs as per SAE/IEC: Type 1 (5-pin) & Type 2(7-pins)

Future of Charging Plugs
Chaoji charging protocol
and plugs:
900kW, 1500V @600A DC

Unidirectional
& Bi-directional
Chargers
Reference : https://www.ampeco.com/guides/ smart-charging
Only for Level 2

Reference : Jain, A.; Gupta, K.K.; Jain, S.K.; Bhatnagar, P.; Vahedi, H. A V2G Enabled Bidirectional Single/Three-Phase EV Charging Interface Using
Modular Multilevel Buck PFC Rectifier. Electronics 2022, 11, 1891.
On-Board & Off-Board Chargers
DC Charging
or
Level 3
Level-1 & 2

Advance Chargers Technologies
Integrated Charger Wireless Charger

Challenges
Uncoordinated charging: Mostly at Level 1, Where Uncoordinated charging operations
tend to increase the load at peak hours and can cause local distribution grid problems such as
extra power losses and voltage deviations that affect power quality.
Coordinated charging: A coordinated charging system is more suitable for high-power
levels (Levels 2 and 3). While the coordination approach is beneficial in overall system load
leveling and peak shaving, high EV penetrations (e.g., 63%) may still result in significant
increases in individual transformer loads that may exceed their ratings.
Future Problems: The demand for charging infrastructure is driven by three main factors:
penetration rates, degree of charging, and range anxiety. There is considerable uncertainty
regarding the impact of the smart grid on EV batteries and EV charging infrastructure.

Thank You
QnA session after lectures

EV_Webinar PPT advantage and disadvantage of EV.pdf

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