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- 1. AT 19502 –Electric and Hybrid Vehicles - I
- 2. Syllabus Introduction DCMotors AC Motors PMSM and SRM Motors Vehicle Mechanics 21-02-2024 2
- 3. Textbooks and References Tom denton. “ Electric and Hybrid Vehicles” Routledge Publications, 2016 Austin Hughes and Bill Drury. “ Electric Motors and Drives – Fundamentals, Types and Applications, Newnes-Elsevier, 2013. Vinodh kumar, Ranjan Kumar Behera, Dheeraj Joshi “ Power Electronics, Drives and Advanced Applications”, CR press, 2020. Gianfranco Pistoia. “Electric And Hybrid Vehicles Power Sources, Models, Sustainability, Infrastructure and The Market”. Elsevier, 2010. Jack Erjavec. “Hybrid, Electric & Fuel-Cell Vehicles”. Cenage Learning, 2013. Chau. K. T. “Electric Vehicle Machines and Drives – Design, Analysis and Application”, John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd., 2015 21-02-2024 3
- 4. 21-02-2024 4 Introduction – WhyElectric and Hybrid Vehicles?
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- 6. India`s Crude OilBill The fuel import bill totalled about $24.7 billion in the three months ended 30 June, compared with $8.5 billion a year earlier, according to official data. Volume growth was, however, modest at 14.7% in the June quarter at 51.4 million tonnes. The oil import bill has risen sharply although domestic fuel consumption still lags pre-covid levels. With global oil prices unlikely to fall sharply in the near future, and domestic fuel consumption on the rise in line with easing of covid-related curbs and renewed economic activity, the oil import bill is expected to exceed $100 billion this fiscal year through March. India had imported a little over 198 million tonnes of crude worth $62.7 billion in 2020-21, according to the Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell (PPAC), the official data keeper of the petroleum ministry. 21-02-2024 6
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- 10. Global Energy Scenario 21-02-2024 10 Electricitydemand outlook in selected regions/countries in the Stated Policies Scenario, 2019-2030
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- 12. 21-02-2024 12 Change in globalelectricity generation by source in the Stated Policies Scenario, 2000-2040
- 13. 21-02-2024 13 Global energy demandand CO2 emissions trends in the Stated Policies Scenario, 2019-2030
- 14. 21-02-2024 14 Total final energyconsumption in the transport sector, 2010-2030
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- 17. Comparison of theenergy cycles for an electric drive vehicle and a gasoline vehicle 21-02-2024 17
- 18. Common Category ofElectric Drive Vehicles 21-02-2024 18
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- 20. BEV Examples 21-02-2024 20 Nissan LeafRenault Zoe BMW i3 Tesla model 3
- 21. Indian Models 21-02-2024 21 TATA NexonEV Hyundai Kona Electric Mahindra e2o
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- 25. 21-02-2024 25 EV configuration dueto variations in electric propulsion
- 26. 21-02-2024 26 Comparison of Electricwith Gasoline
- 27. 21-02-2024 27 India's roadmap forelectric vehicle: Opportunities and obstacles Challenges: 1.) Range anxiety - Range anxiety is one of the crucial challenges ahead of the growth path for electric vehicles in India. The EV customers are often worried about the vehicles capability to reach point B from point A before the battery runs out. This issue is closely connected to the scarce charging infrastructure in India. The Ev charging infrastructure in India too low compared to the petrol pumps. Also, the available Ev charging stations are concentrated in urban areas only. 2.) Consumer perception - The consumer perception about electric vehicles in India is still weak compared to ICE vehicles. The range anxiety, lack of charging infrastructure, a wide gap between EV and ICE vehicle prices, lack of assurance about satisfactory resale value play key roles in that. Despite the Indian consumers are becoming more open about adopting e-mobility than before the negative perception about EVs is still there.
- 28. 28 3.) High price- There is no price parity between electric vehicles and ICE vehicles in India. Electric vehicles are way more expensive than their conventional fuel-powered counterparts. For example, the Tata Nexon price starts from ₹7.19 lakh, while the Tata Nexon EV price starts from ₹13.99 lakh. This huge price difference discourages many interested EV buyers to shy away from making the final decision to buy a BEV. 4.) Scarce battery technology - The lithium-ion battery is the most popular and widely used energy source for EVs. India doesn't produce lithium. The country doesn't produce li-ion batteries either. India relies on import for EV batteries resulting in the sky-high price for these important components and eventually the EVs as well. 5.) Majority of EVs are not covered under FAME scheme - The Indian government took an attempt to promote electric mobility in the country via incentivising and discounts for EVs. The terms and conditions of the FAME scheme doesn't support a majority of the electric vehicles. The low-speed electric two-wheelers, lead-acid battery powered EVs are not covered under FAME. The highly expensive high-speed EVs on the other hand require registration charge, driving licence. This results in many customers shying away from buying EVs. 6.) Lack of products - There are hundreds of options of one wants to buy a conventional fuel powered car or two- wheeler. The case is completely different in EV segment. Only a few options are there and majority among them are not from established trustworthy brands. This drives the customers away from buying EVs.
- 29. 29 Advantages: 1.) Low costof ownership - It is a proven fact by many researches that EVs offer way lower cost of ownership in their lifecycle compared to fossil fuel powered vehicles. At times, the cost of ownership for an EV is as lower as 27% than a fossil fuel vehicle. The incessant rise of petrol and diesel costs are increasing the cost of ownership further for the conventional vehicles. 2.) Easier to maintenance - An internal combustion engine usually contains more than 2,000 moving parts. An electric motor onboard an EV on the other hand contain around 20 moving parts. The only major components in an EV are the battery and the electric motor. This makes the EVs much easier for maintenance, reducing the cost of ownership significantly. 3.) State EV policies - Several state governments across India have already announced their respective EV policies. Some of them promote the supply side, while some promote the demand side. There are EV policies that promote both the supply and demand side through incentives, discounts and other benefits. Delhi Ev policy for example is one such state EV policy. These policies are driving the growth of the electric vehicles in India, in a slow but steady manner. 4.) Cleaner environment - The direct and obvious advantage of adopting electric mobility is the cleaner environment. Electric vehicles don't emit pollutants into the air like their ICE counterparts. The EVs are silent as well unlike their ICE counterparts. This means EVs ensure a cleaner and quieter environment.
- 30. Hybrid Electric Vehicles(HEV) What is HEV? As proposed by Technical Committee 69 (Electric Road Vehicles) of the International Electrotechnical Commission, a HEV is a vehicle in which propulsion energy is available from two or more kinds or types of energy stores, sources or converters, and at least one of them can deliver electrical energy. 21-02-2024 30
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- 34. Classification of HybridElectric Vehicle Series hybrid Parallel hybrid Series-parallel hybrid and Complex hybrid. 21-02-2024 34
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- 37. 21-02-2024 37 Power Flow Controlin Series Hybrid Mode 1, normal driving or acceleration Mode 2, light load Mode 3, braking or deceleration Mode 4, vehicle at stop
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- 40. 21-02-2024 40 Power Flow Controlin Parallel Hybrid Mode 1, start up Mode 2, normal driving Mode 3, braking or deceleration Mode 4, light load
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- 44. 21-02-2024 46 Power split devicein hybrid vehicle
- 45. 21-02-2024 47 Condition 1- Vehicleis Stationary and engine is on idle. 1.The car always starts with the electric motor powering the wheels. 2.But the engine is allowed to idle and run the generator which charges the batteries and warms the engine before both of them are put in to action. 3.For the vehicle to move the Ring Gear must move. Condition 2- Vehicle is Moving forward: 1.The Electric Motor Drive provides power to the driving wheels. 2.Notice that the outer Ring Gear is rotating which proves that power is being transmitted to the wheels. 3.The planetary gear carrier which is connected to the ICE is not moving.
- 46. 21-02-2024 48 Condition 3: AccelerationAbove 60kmph 1.The car accelerates and needs more power. 2.The ECU acknowledges this need for extra power. It starts the generator which in turn starts the engine. 3.The Engine provides driving power to the wheels.
- 47. 21-02-2024 49 COMPLEX HYBRID CONTROL Dual-axle(front-hybrid rear-electric) complex hybrid operating modes.
- 48. 21-02-2024 50 Tokyo―TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION (TMC),riding on the success of its hot- selling hybrid Prius sedan, leaped two more steps ahead of the competition today when it unveiled its new minivan- minded Toyota Hybrid System-CVT (THS- C) and the world's first hybrid 4-wheel- drive powertrain, the "E-Four." https://global.toyota/en/detail/8097499 Toyota Introduces New Hybrid System New Technology Leads to World's First 4WD Hybrid Powertrain
- 49. 21-02-2024 51 Dual-axle (front-electric rear-hybrid)complex hybrid operating modes
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- 51. Mild Hybrids Ahybrid electric vehicle can perform at least one or more of the following functions: • engine idle stop/start • electric torque assistance (fill and boost) • energy recuperation (regenerative braking) • electric driving • battery charging (during driving) • battery charging (from the grid) 21-02-2024 54
- 52. Idle stop/start function When the vehicle is stationary, the stop/start (S&S) function switches off the internal combustion engine, without the intervention of the driver (through the ignition key). This function reduces the overall fuel consumption of the vehicle. When the driver shows the intention to drive (clutch pedal pressed or brake pedal released) the engine is restarted automatically. Most of the vehicles with idle stop/start function have also some sort of energy management function, which optimizes the consumption of the low voltage (12 V) battery energy. In a conventional ICE vehicle, without any energy management, the primary function of the low voltage battery is to generate the electrical energy required for the engine to start. After the engine is running, the electrical energy for all the electrical consumers is supplied by the alternator (generator), which is putting a load torque on the engine. 21-02-2024 55
- 53. 21-02-2024 56 If thevehicle has an energy management function, even if the engine is running, the battery supplies electrical energy to the consumers. In this way, the alternator doesn’t have to produce electrical energy, the load torque of the alternator is nearly zero, and the fuel consumption is reduces. Further, the battery is recharged when the engine is working in the most fuel efficient points or when the vehicle is braking (through energy recuperation). Renault 1.6 dCi engine (Micro Hybrid) It comes with an Energy Smart Management (ESM) function which allows energy created under braking and deceleration to be stored in the low voltage battery, helping to further reduce fuel consumption.
- 54. 21-02-2024 57 (a) Micro hybridHEVs 12 V configuration (b) Micro hybrid HEVs 48 V configuration.
- 55. Mahindra Micro Hybrid 21-02-2024 58 Vehiclesthat have idle stop/start and energy management functions are called Micro Hybrids. Scorpio Micro Hybrid version which comes equipped with a start-stop system. This system can detect when the engine is idling in neutral gear and would automatically turn off the engine after 2-3 seconds. To start the engine again, all that the driver has to do is engage the clutch pedal.
- 56. Mild Hybrid -Electric torque assistance The electric motor can provide additional torque to the wheel, improving the overall torque response of the powertrain. There are two types of torque assistance: • torque fill • torque boost When the drive is pressing the accelerator pedal, it requests more torque from the powertrain. An internal combustion engine (especially diesel) has a certain delay in delivering the requested torque. The torque response delay of the internal combustion engine has several causes: • the inertia of the air in the intake manifold • the mechanical inertia of the moving parts • the torque limitation (to prevent smoke in the exhaust) In these situations, called torque transients (engine is changing the operating point), the electric motor can assist, providing additional torque, which compensates for the engine torque response delay. This function is called torque filling. 21-02-2024 59
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- 59. 21-02-2024 62 An internalcombustion engine has a maximum torque capability, which depends on the engine speed. By adding the electric motor torque, additional to the engine torque, the maximum overall torque of the powertrain is increased (positive offset). This function is called torque boost and can be supplied only for a short duration of time (order of seconds) due to battery depletion. The function of electric torque assistance is usually provided by mild hybrid electric vehicles (MHEV), full hybrid electric vehicles (FHEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). Honda IMA powertrain (MHEV)
- 60. Mahindra Intelli-Hybrid MahindraScorpio 2.2-litre mHawk with Intelli-Hybrid technology. Intelli-Hybrid technology reduces fuel consumption by around seven per cent. It achieves this by assisting the diesel engine with electric power during acceleration. The mild hybrid technology also automatically switches off the engine within 3 seconds of the vehicle being stationary. Mahindra's Intelli-Hybrid technology utilises brake energy to charge the battery. 21-02-2024 63
- 61. 21-02-2024 64 Just likethe Micro Hybrid, the Intelli- Hybrid technology also gets start-stop technology. Additionally, it offers power assist and regenerative braking function. To accommodate the Intelli-Hybrid technology, Mahindra utilises a more powerful 14V battery. The conventional alternator has been replaced by an electric motor which is also mounted on the engine. Mahindra calls it the 'Belt Driven Starter Generator' or BSG and says that it performs a power assist as well as energy re- generation function. This is what Mahindra calls the 'Belt Driven Starter Generator' or BSG
- 62. 21-02-2024 65 • The BSGacts like a generator by recovering the kinetic energy which usually gets lost during braking and converts it to electricity. • This is in turn utilised to charge the battery. • The sensors and controllers can detect when the vehicle is braking and switches into generator mode. It then harnesses the braking energy by working as a generator. • This technology is effective while the vehicle is being driven in typical rush hour stop-and-go traffic.
- 63. 21-02-2024 66 This diagram representsthe power flow when the BSG is performing a power assist function • The sensors and controllers in the Intelli- Hybrid system can also detect if the driver has started to accelerate hard depending on the accelerator pedal input. • It then goes into power assist mode, and the BSG begins to function like a typical electric motor. • It takes power from the re-generated energy stored in the battery and augments the engine torque. • It assists the diesel engine during overtaking manoeuvre by providing additional power. • Mahindra says that by playing this dual role and enabling better power optimisation, the Intelli-Hybrid system improves the engines efficiency.
- 64. 21-02-2024 67 • The entirebattery management system has been developed completely in-house. • The electric motor has been sourced from Valeo while Bosch has developed the software which controls its interaction with the diesel engine. This is a schematic diagram of the Mahindra Intelli-Hybrid technology • Compared to the Micro Hybrid system, the Intelli-Hybrid offers a bit more technology on paper. • The powertrain has been modified to accommodate the BSG, and the front-end auxiliary drive is revamped. • The Scorpio Intelli-Hybrid is more fuel-efficient than the Scorpio Micro Hybrid. • Also, as per standard MIDC test cycles, the Scorpio Intelli- Hybrid is around 7 per cent more efficient than the regular version.
- 65. 21-02-2024 68 The ratio ofpower developed by an electric motor in a hybrid vehicle to the total power consumed by the vehicle is known as degree of hybridization.
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- 67. Power flow control Dueto the variations in HEV configurations, different power control strategies are necessary to regulate the power flow to or from different components. All the control strategies aim satisfy the following goals: maximum fuel efficiency minimum emissions minimum system costs good driving performance 21-02-2024 70
- 68. Power flow control The design of power control strategies for HEVs involves different considerations such as: Optimal ICE operating point Optimal ICE operating line Safe battery voltage 21-02-2024 71
- 69. 21-02-2024 72 Function of theControl System in HEVs and EVs The major functions of the control system are: i. to maximize the fuel efficiency ii. to minimize the exhaust emissions. The minor functions of the control system are component monitoring and protection such as: i. Battery state of charge (SOC) monitoring ii. Battery temperature monitoring iii.EM overheating iv.ICE overheating
- 70. 21-02-2024 73 Schematics of ahybrid drivetrain The modes of operation of drive train
- 71. 21-02-2024 74 Basic control system Basiccontrol system for ICE speed control
- 72. 21-02-2024 75 Control system forvehicle speed control
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- 74. Plug-in Hybrid ElectricVehicle Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) use batteries to power an electric motor and another fuel, such as gasoline, to power an internal combustion engine (ICE). PHEV batteries can be charged using a wall outlet or charging equipment, by the ICE, or through regenerative braking. 21-02-2024 77
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- 76. 21-02-2024 79 Possible energy managementmodes that are relevant to PHEVs include: • Charge-sustaining mode—A mode where the battery state-of-charge is controlled to remain within a narrow operating band. This is the mode that conventional HEVs operate in for most of the time . Because the battery state-of-charge does not change with time, liquid fuel is the net source of energy for the vehicle. • Charge-depleting mode—A mode where the battery state-of-charge is controlled so as to decrease during vehicle operation. In this mode, the engine may be on or off, but some of the energy for propelling the vehicle is provided by the electrochemical energy storage system, causing the state-of-charge to decrease with time. • Electric vehicle (EV) mode—A mode where operation of the fuel converting engine is prohibited. In this mode, the PHEV drives as an electric vehicle. Because the electrochemical energy storage system is the only sources of tractive energy, the state of charge decreases with time. • Engine only mode—A mode where operation of the electric traction system is very limited. In this mode, the electric traction system does not provide tractive power to the vehicle.
- 77. 21-02-2024 80 The Lohner-Porsche Mixte Hybridwas the first gasoline- electric plug-in hybrid automobile
- 78. 21-02-2024 81 Mitsubishi Outlander PHEVis the world's all-time best- selling plug-in hybrid
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