Evolutionary explanation of Aggression
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Here's the question: Discuss the evolutionary explanations of aggressive behaviour. (24 marks) The slideshare is the answer. Got almost full marks. A01, A02 AND A03 is separated to make life easier! You're welcome :)
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Evolutionary explanations of human aggression (2)
1) Two evolutionary explanations for aggression are proposed: mate retention strategies to deter infidelity like mate guarding and violence, and murder solving adaptive problems like preventing harm to oneself and family or protecting resources.
2) Research finds males use more coercive mate retention tactics like threats of violence while females use verbal possession, and mate retention predicts violence against women. However, the link between jealousy and violence is complex.
3) Murder is explained as solving adaptive problems for ancestors like preventing harm, managing reputation, and protecting resources. Research finds males tend to kill males as rivals while females kill abusive partners, and predisposing factors are sexual jealousy, lack of resources, and threats to male status.
Evolutionary psychology - Aggression
The evolutionary explanation of aggression suggests that aggression evolved to increase reproductive success and the passing on of genes to future generations. Specifically, it proposes that:
- Male aggression is driven by sexual jealousy and the desire to prevent being "cuckolded" by investing resources in offspring that are not their own.
- Male-male competition and aggression over access to females increased as males sought to gain status and reproductive opportunities.
- Territorial aggression and xenophobia against outsiders also evolved to protect resources for one's own group.
However, the explanation is reductionist and does not account for individual differences in aggression or cultural differences in behavior. It also raises ethical issues about free will versus determinism.
Group displays
The document discusses evolutionary explanations for different types of human aggression. It describes Lorenz's theory that aggression evolved to increase reproductive success through mate competition and territorial defense. Studies support ideas that sexual jealousy and competition for resources and status drive aggression in males. The document also examines group displays of aggression in sports crowds, lynch mobs, and religious/cultural rituals, applying evolutionary concepts like in-group favoritism, costly signaling of commitment, and the power-threat hypothesis to explain these behaviors. While some evidence supports evolutionary views, alternative factors like culture and individual differences are also acknowledged.
Sexual politics of hip hop (abridged)
Abridged version of the slides of a talk on the intersection of feminism, hip hop and science (sexual selection).
More info about the presentation:
http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/urban-scientist/2012/12/03/intersection-of-culture-and-science-hiphop-feminism-sex-sexual-selection/
and
http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/urban-scientist/2012/11/27/sexual-politics-of-hip-hop-reexamined-as-lessons-in-sexual-selection/
Gendered Violence
This document discusses how childhood exposure to violence can affect adolescent dating violence. It begins by defining dating violence and stating the thesis that boys exposed to violence are more likely to be violent in their own relationships. Possible causes discussed include gender socialization, modeling aggressive behavior witnessed at home, motivation and reinforcement of violence, traditional gender stereotypes, and acceptance of violence in some cultures. The document considers evidence that while girls commit dating violence too, boys are generally more aggressive and prone to violence. It concludes by suggesting solutions like education, counseling, and training professionals.
Final recap
The document discusses several evolutionary explanations for human aggression. It describes Lorenz's view that aggression serves three functions - increasing reproductive success, defending sexual partners from cuckoldry through mate retention strategies, and competing with other males over territory and resources. It also discusses research finding links between mate retention behaviors and violence, age/resources/status and male-male homicide rates, and how female aggression tends to be verbal rather than physical. The document outlines that aggression may have evolved from drives to ensure in-group survival through xenophobia.
THREE KEY EXPLANATIONS FOR GENDER PATTERNS IN CRIME
1. Four key theories are discussed to explain patterns in female crime: functionalist sex role theory, control theory, class and gender deals theory, and the changing women's role or 'liberation thesis'.
2. Functionalist sex role theory argues that differential socialization patterns result in boys being more disposed to violence and crime. Control theory suggests that patriarchal social control mechanisms reduce crime opportunities for women.
3. Class and gender deals theory proposes that working class women commit more serious crimes when rewards for conformity through class and gender deals are unavailable.
4. The liberation thesis argues that as patriarchy weakens and women take on more male roles, female crime rates have risen; however, critics argue this
2013 why is most crime male crime?
This document discusses theories around why most crime is committed by males. It summarizes the work of criminologists Maureen Cain, Bob Connell, and James Messerschmidt who link crime to concepts of masculinity and gender roles. Specifically, they argue that there is a dominant and idealized form of masculinity (hegemonic masculinity) that some males feel pressure to achieve through actions like paid work, subordinating women, and demonstrating an uncontrollable sex drive. For some males, especially those lacking other resources, crime and deviance may be ways to accomplish this ideal form of masculinity and prove themselves as men. The theories are criticized for being circular, overpredicting crime, and potentially overgeneralizing
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Evolutionary explanations of human aggression (2)
1) Two evolutionary explanations for aggression are proposed: mate retention strategies to deter infidelity like mate guarding and violence, and murder solving adaptive problems like preventing harm to oneself and family or protecting resources.
2) Research finds males use more coercive mate retention tactics like threats of violence while females use verbal possession, and mate retention predicts violence against women. However, the link between jealousy and violence is complex.
3) Murder is explained as solving adaptive problems for ancestors like preventing harm, managing reputation, and protecting resources. Research finds males tend to kill males as rivals while females kill abusive partners, and predisposing factors are sexual jealousy, lack of resources, and threats to male status.
Evolutionary psychology - Aggression
The evolutionary explanation of aggression suggests that aggression evolved to increase reproductive success and the passing on of genes to future generations. Specifically, it proposes that:
- Male aggression is driven by sexual jealousy and the desire to prevent being "cuckolded" by investing resources in offspring that are not their own.
- Male-male competition and aggression over access to females increased as males sought to gain status and reproductive opportunities.
- Territorial aggression and xenophobia against outsiders also evolved to protect resources for one's own group.
However, the explanation is reductionist and does not account for individual differences in aggression or cultural differences in behavior. It also raises ethical issues about free will versus determinism.
Group displays
The document discusses evolutionary explanations for different types of human aggression. It describes Lorenz's theory that aggression evolved to increase reproductive success through mate competition and territorial defense. Studies support ideas that sexual jealousy and competition for resources and status drive aggression in males. The document also examines group displays of aggression in sports crowds, lynch mobs, and religious/cultural rituals, applying evolutionary concepts like in-group favoritism, costly signaling of commitment, and the power-threat hypothesis to explain these behaviors. While some evidence supports evolutionary views, alternative factors like culture and individual differences are also acknowledged.
Sexual politics of hip hop (abridged)
Abridged version of the slides of a talk on the intersection of feminism, hip hop and science (sexual selection).
More info about the presentation:
http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/urban-scientist/2012/12/03/intersection-of-culture-and-science-hiphop-feminism-sex-sexual-selection/
and
http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/urban-scientist/2012/11/27/sexual-politics-of-hip-hop-reexamined-as-lessons-in-sexual-selection/
Gendered Violence
This document discusses how childhood exposure to violence can affect adolescent dating violence. It begins by defining dating violence and stating the thesis that boys exposed to violence are more likely to be violent in their own relationships. Possible causes discussed include gender socialization, modeling aggressive behavior witnessed at home, motivation and reinforcement of violence, traditional gender stereotypes, and acceptance of violence in some cultures. The document considers evidence that while girls commit dating violence too, boys are generally more aggressive and prone to violence. It concludes by suggesting solutions like education, counseling, and training professionals.
Final recap
The document discusses several evolutionary explanations for human aggression. It describes Lorenz's view that aggression serves three functions - increasing reproductive success, defending sexual partners from cuckoldry through mate retention strategies, and competing with other males over territory and resources. It also discusses research finding links between mate retention behaviors and violence, age/resources/status and male-male homicide rates, and how female aggression tends to be verbal rather than physical. The document outlines that aggression may have evolved from drives to ensure in-group survival through xenophobia.
THREE KEY EXPLANATIONS FOR GENDER PATTERNS IN CRIME
1. Four key theories are discussed to explain patterns in female crime: functionalist sex role theory, control theory, class and gender deals theory, and the changing women's role or 'liberation thesis'.
2. Functionalist sex role theory argues that differential socialization patterns result in boys being more disposed to violence and crime. Control theory suggests that patriarchal social control mechanisms reduce crime opportunities for women.
3. Class and gender deals theory proposes that working class women commit more serious crimes when rewards for conformity through class and gender deals are unavailable.
4. The liberation thesis argues that as patriarchy weakens and women take on more male roles, female crime rates have risen; however, critics argue this
2013 why is most crime male crime?
This document discusses theories around why most crime is committed by males. It summarizes the work of criminologists Maureen Cain, Bob Connell, and James Messerschmidt who link crime to concepts of masculinity and gender roles. Specifically, they argue that there is a dominant and idealized form of masculinity (hegemonic masculinity) that some males feel pressure to achieve through actions like paid work, subordinating women, and demonstrating an uncontrollable sex drive. For some males, especially those lacking other resources, crime and deviance may be ways to accomplish this ideal form of masculinity and prove themselves as men. The theories are criticized for being circular, overpredicting crime, and potentially overgeneralizing
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Biological influences on gender, including hormones, evolutionary, and biosocial approach to gender dysphoria
Social influences on gender, including parents, peers, and cultural influences on gender role
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The document discusses the biosocial approach to gender development, which views both biological and social factors as important in determining gender identity and behavior. Specifically:
- Gender is determined by an interaction between innate biological factors (such as sex) and environmental/social influences (like differential treatment based on sex).
- Perceptions of a child's biological sex influence how they are treated and socialized by parents and others, meaning gender is partly socially constructed.
- Studies demonstrate that adults respond differently to infants based on perceptions of their biological sex, and this influences the child's environment.
Gender and crime the basics
Women commit less crime than men, but the gap is closing. Women tend to commit different types of crimes like shoplifting, receiving stolen goods, and prostitution, while men more commonly commit violent crimes, sex crimes, and burglary. Statistics show men are far more likely to be convicted of crimes and to be repeat offenders. However, some argue female crimes may be less likely to be reported or prosecuted compared to male crimes. Sociological explanations for differences in male and female criminality include socialization into different gender roles, the effects of patriarchal control over women, and theories that women's crime rates may increase as patriarchal control diminishes.
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This document discusses gender patterns in crime based on official statistics and sociological theories. The key points are:
- Official statistics show males are far more likely to be convicted of crimes than females. However, some argue these statistics underestimate female offending.
- There are three main questions raised: do women really commit fewer crimes; how do we explain female criminality; and why do males commit more crimes?
- Theories to explain gender differences in crime include functionalist sex role theory, patriarchal control theory, and the liberation thesis. Masculinity is also discussed as a factor in male criminality.
Explaining female crime sociologically
1. There are three key sociological explanations for differences in female criminality: functionalist sex role theory, control theory, and the changing women's role or 'liberation thesis'.
2. Functionalist sex role theory argues that women are socialized differently than men and taught to be nurturing rather than aggressive, which makes criminal behavior less likely. Control theory suggests that tighter social controls on women through patriarchal structures reduce opportunities for crime.
3. The changing women's role thesis proposes that as women take on more 'male' roles in society and experience greater liberation, female crime rates have risen as social controls have weakened. However, critics argue that most female criminals are still working class women who are least
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This document discusses gender differences in aggressive behavior. It first establishes that statistics show men are more likely than women to commit violent crimes. It then explores some possible explanations for this difference, including social learning theory, deindividuation, institutionalization, and biological factors like levels of testosterone. The author argues that both environmental and biological factors likely contribute to gender differences in aggression.
Investment model
The Investment Model proposes that commitment to a relationship is predicted by satisfaction, quality of alternatives, and investment. Satisfaction is determined by rewards minus costs. Investment includes resources like shared friends, property, and emotional attachment that would be lost if the relationship ended. Research found students more committed when satisfaction and investments were higher. The model was also applied to abusive relationships, finding highest commitment when investment was high but alternatives were low. However, the model is reductionist in assuming people are purely rational and does not account for differences in expected investments by gender or culture.
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This document discusses theories around gender differences in crime and deviance. It notes that official crime statistics show most recorded crimes are committed by men. Various explanations for this are discussed, including biological theories, socialization/sex role theories, social control theories, and lack of opportunities. More recently, postmodern theories have looked at concepts like transgression. Theories have also examined how masculinity relates to crime, with some men feeling pressure to demonstrate aggression, control, and oppositional behavior to affirm their masculinity.
Gender & Crime Booklet
Sex-role theory and social control theory are two major approaches to explaining gender differences in criminal behavior. According to sex-role theory, boys and girls are socialized differently from a young age, with boys encouraged to take risks and be tough/aggressive, making them more likely to commit crimes. Females face closer social control from a young age, making them less likely to deviate from social norms. Feminist theorists criticize these approaches for failing to consider gender power differences and propose alternative theories like transgression theory, which examines activities that harm women and how gender roles are socially constructed to limit women's opportunities and freedom.
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The document discusses evidence for and against the "chivalry thesis" which asserts that women are treated more leniently than men by the criminal justice system. Evidence for it includes self-report studies showing smaller differences in admitted crimes between men and women than official statistics. Evidence against includes arguments that the criminal justice system is biased against women, for example by scrutinizing female victims of crimes like rape more than male perpetrators. Overall, the document suggests the criminal justice system may treat men and women differently based on societal gender norms and expectations.
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The document discusses rape culture in the U.S. It argues that preferential treatment given to men, especially white men resembling hegemonic masculinity, leads to a sense of entitlement that is a major factor in rape culture. Media like music videos teach that objectifying women is acceptable and that women exist only to serve men. Sports culture, exemplified by hockey, promotes misogynistic views where sexual aggression towards women is routine. Religions are also androcentric, viewing women as inferior and meant to obey men, contributing to the belief that women's bodies naturally belong to men. Changing this socialization will require eliminating the gender role hierarchy and paradigm of masculinity as domination.
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This document discusses definitions related to gender identity, gender expression, sex, and sexual orientation. It notes that gender identity refers to one's internal sense of gender, which may differ from their sex assigned at birth. Sexual orientation refers to romantic or sexual attraction toward other people and exists on a spectrum. The document emphasizes that major medical and mental health professional organizations do not consider homosexuality a mental disorder and that efforts to change sexual orientation through conversion or reparative therapy have been found ineffective and potentially harmful.
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1) Males commit significantly more crimes than females according to official crime statistics. Males are more likely to reoffend, have longer criminal careers, and commit more serious offenses.
2) The chivalry theory proposes that the criminal justice system treats females more leniently due to protective attitudes towards women, but some studies have found no evidence of leniency in sentencing.
3) Explanations for gender differences in crime include sex role theory, which links it to traditional gender roles, and patriarchal control theory, which argues that patriarchal control over women reduces their opportunities and freedom to offend.
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The document discusses several sociological theories about gender differences in criminal behavior. It notes that early theorists like Adler and Heidenschins argued that women had less opportunity to commit crimes because they were typically confined to the home. However, as women have taken on more roles outside the home, there are now new opportunities for female criminal behavior. It also discusses gender role theory and how societies encourage more risk-taking and aggressive behaviors in boys that may expose them to criminal acts. Theories about masculinity and how crime allows males to demonstrate masculinity are also covered. Different views are presented on whether female offenders are treated more leniently or harshly by the criminal justice system compared to men.
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The document discusses several topics related to discrimination and marginalized groups:
1) It describes how school discipline policies disproportionately affect students of color and can funnel them into the criminal justice system through the school-to-prison pipeline.
2) It discusses how disability diagnoses are sometimes used to label and track students of color, exacerbating racial disparities.
3) It outlines the fear and stress experienced by immigrant families under recent immigration policies, which negatively impacts their health, well-being, and daily lives.
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This document discusses theories and risk factors related to intimate partner violence (IPV). It summarizes that IPV is a problem among teens and young adults, and can stem from issues of power, control, and masculinity threats. Key risk factors include witnessing domestic violence as a child, experiencing relationship insecurity, hostility towards women, and psychological problems like anger and substance abuse. The document also evaluates programs like the Duluth Model and Men of Strength Club that aim to reduce IPV by addressing attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
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Psychological explanations of gender development: Cognitive development theory, inc. Kohlberg and Gender schema theory.
Biological influences on gender, including hormones, evolutionary, and biosocial approach to gender dysphoria
Social influences on gender, including parents, peers, and cultural influences on gender role
A2 Gender biosocial approach
The document discusses the biosocial approach to gender development, which views both biological and social factors as important in determining gender identity and behavior. Specifically:
- Gender is determined by an interaction between innate biological factors (such as sex) and environmental/social influences (like differential treatment based on sex).
- Perceptions of a child's biological sex influence how they are treated and socialized by parents and others, meaning gender is partly socially constructed.
- Studies demonstrate that adults respond differently to infants based on perceptions of their biological sex, and this influences the child's environment.
Gender and crime the basics
Women commit less crime than men, but the gap is closing. Women tend to commit different types of crimes like shoplifting, receiving stolen goods, and prostitution, while men more commonly commit violent crimes, sex crimes, and burglary. Statistics show men are far more likely to be convicted of crimes and to be repeat offenders. However, some argue female crimes may be less likely to be reported or prosecuted compared to male crimes. Sociological explanations for differences in male and female criminality include socialization into different gender roles, the effects of patriarchal control over women, and theories that women's crime rates may increase as patriarchal control diminishes.
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This document discusses gender patterns in crime based on official statistics and sociological theories. The key points are:
- Official statistics show males are far more likely to be convicted of crimes than females. However, some argue these statistics underestimate female offending.
- There are three main questions raised: do women really commit fewer crimes; how do we explain female criminality; and why do males commit more crimes?
- Theories to explain gender differences in crime include functionalist sex role theory, patriarchal control theory, and the liberation thesis. Masculinity is also discussed as a factor in male criminality.
Explaining female crime sociologically
1. There are three key sociological explanations for differences in female criminality: functionalist sex role theory, control theory, and the changing women's role or 'liberation thesis'.
2. Functionalist sex role theory argues that women are socialized differently than men and taught to be nurturing rather than aggressive, which makes criminal behavior less likely. Control theory suggests that tighter social controls on women through patriarchal structures reduce opportunities for crime.
3. The changing women's role thesis proposes that as women take on more 'male' roles in society and experience greater liberation, female crime rates have risen as social controls have weakened. However, critics argue that most female criminals are still working class women who are least
Presentation1
This document discusses heterosexual society's negative views of bisexuality. It identifies three primary reasons for discrimination against bisexuals: seeing them as promiscuous, feeling threatened by open sexuality, and assuming sexuality is dichotomous rather than a continuum. Negative attitudes were exacerbated by the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s and 90s. Men tend to be more biphobic than women as a way to affirm their masculinity by rejecting what is seen as unmanly. While some bisexual activity arises from desire, others engage in it due to comfort, necessity, or opportunity without intimacy. Overall, resentment toward bisexuals stems from cultural influences, beliefs, and ignorance of stereotypes.
Psychology gender essay
This document discusses gender differences in aggressive behavior. It first establishes that statistics show men are more likely than women to commit violent crimes. It then explores some possible explanations for this difference, including social learning theory, deindividuation, institutionalization, and biological factors like levels of testosterone. The author argues that both environmental and biological factors likely contribute to gender differences in aggression.
Investment model
The Investment Model proposes that commitment to a relationship is predicted by satisfaction, quality of alternatives, and investment. Satisfaction is determined by rewards minus costs. Investment includes resources like shared friends, property, and emotional attachment that would be lost if the relationship ended. Research found students more committed when satisfaction and investments were higher. The model was also applied to abusive relationships, finding highest commitment when investment was high but alternatives were low. However, the model is reductionist in assuming people are purely rational and does not account for differences in expected investments by gender or culture.
Gender and crime SOCIOLOGY
This document discusses theories around gender differences in crime and deviance. It notes that official crime statistics show most recorded crimes are committed by men. Various explanations for this are discussed, including biological theories, socialization/sex role theories, social control theories, and lack of opportunities. More recently, postmodern theories have looked at concepts like transgression. Theories have also examined how masculinity relates to crime, with some men feeling pressure to demonstrate aggression, control, and oppositional behavior to affirm their masculinity.
Gender & Crime Booklet
Sex-role theory and social control theory are two major approaches to explaining gender differences in criminal behavior. According to sex-role theory, boys and girls are socialized differently from a young age, with boys encouraged to take risks and be tough/aggressive, making them more likely to commit crimes. Females face closer social control from a young age, making them less likely to deviate from social norms. Feminist theorists criticize these approaches for failing to consider gender power differences and propose alternative theories like transgression theory, which examines activities that harm women and how gender roles are socially constructed to limit women's opportunities and freedom.
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During a UN-sponsored seminar on sexual violence against men and boys in conflict Prof. Lara Stemple of UCLA discussed some of the research gaps that exist in the are of male-directed sexual violence. Is the Criminal Justice System biased towards or against women?
The document discusses evidence for and against the "chivalry thesis" which asserts that women are treated more leniently than men by the criminal justice system. Evidence for it includes self-report studies showing smaller differences in admitted crimes between men and women than official statistics. Evidence against includes arguments that the criminal justice system is biased against women, for example by scrutinizing female victims of crimes like rape more than male perpetrators. Overall, the document suggests the criminal justice system may treat men and women differently based on societal gender norms and expectations.
a_a_a_mary_vanorskie
The document discusses rape culture in the U.S. It argues that preferential treatment given to men, especially white men resembling hegemonic masculinity, leads to a sense of entitlement that is a major factor in rape culture. Media like music videos teach that objectifying women is acceptable and that women exist only to serve men. Sports culture, exemplified by hockey, promotes misogynistic views where sexual aggression towards women is routine. Religions are also androcentric, viewing women as inferior and meant to obey men, contributing to the belief that women's bodies naturally belong to men. Changing this socialization will require eliminating the gender role hierarchy and paradigm of masculinity as domination.
Sexual Orientation
This document discusses definitions related to gender identity, gender expression, sex, and sexual orientation. It notes that gender identity refers to one's internal sense of gender, which may differ from their sex assigned at birth. Sexual orientation refers to romantic or sexual attraction toward other people and exists on a spectrum. The document emphasizes that major medical and mental health professional organizations do not consider homosexuality a mental disorder and that efforts to change sexual orientation through conversion or reparative therapy have been found ineffective and potentially harmful.
Women, Crime and Criminal Justice
Professor Loraine Gelsthorpe, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge
Women, Crime and Criminal Justice
--
11. 4. 2012
Sociology crime and gender
1) Males commit significantly more crimes than females according to official crime statistics. Males are more likely to reoffend, have longer criminal careers, and commit more serious offenses.
2) The chivalry theory proposes that the criminal justice system treats females more leniently due to protective attitudes towards women, but some studies have found no evidence of leniency in sentencing.
3) Explanations for gender differences in crime include sex role theory, which links it to traditional gender roles, and patriarchal control theory, which argues that patriarchal control over women reduces their opportunities and freedom to offend.
Gender and crime revision crime and deviance A2- Lay out for an essay
The document discusses several sociological theories about gender differences in criminal behavior. It notes that early theorists like Adler and Heidenschins argued that women had less opportunity to commit crimes because they were typically confined to the home. However, as women have taken on more roles outside the home, there are now new opportunities for female criminal behavior. It also discusses gender role theory and how societies encourage more risk-taking and aggressive behaviors in boys that may expose them to criminal acts. Theories about masculinity and how crime allows males to demonstrate masculinity are also covered. Different views are presented on whether female offenders are treated more leniently or harshly by the criminal justice system compared to men.
Part IV continued - Discrimination in Everyday LIfe
The document discusses several topics related to discrimination and marginalized groups:
1) It describes how school discipline policies disproportionately affect students of color and can funnel them into the criminal justice system through the school-to-prison pipeline.
2) It discusses how disability diagnoses are sometimes used to label and track students of color, exacerbating racial disparities.
3) It outlines the fear and stress experienced by immigrant families under recent immigration policies, which negatively impacts their health, well-being, and daily lives.
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Revision lesson on AQA's IDA concepts for A2
Here is an example of a reasonable response using IDA for this question:
Attachment theory proposes that early relationships with caregivers shape expectations in future romantic relationships. This theory is relevant to the debate around the nature versus nurture influences on relationships. Attachment theory suggests that relationship behaviors are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors (nature and nurture).
Early experiences with caregivers lead to the development of internal working models which influence how people behave in close relationships. Secure attachment stemming from warm, responsive caregiving is linked to healthy relationships whereas insecure attachments are linked to relationship difficulties. However, the theory has been criticized for being culturally insensitive as the concepts of secure base and attachment were developed based on Western ideas of independence. Research also finds cultural differences
RESPOND TO Several studies have explored the issues that.docx
This document discusses several issues faced by people with disabilities in relation to their sexuality. First, their sexual expression is often seen as inappropriate due to beliefs about passing on cognitive limitations or an inability to handle sexuality responsibly as adults. Second, they are frequently treated like children without consideration for their desires. Finally, people with disabilities often struggle to develop a sexual identity and find partners or learn about sexuality safely due to low knowledge and barriers like abuse, making responsible sexual behavior difficult.
Media
The document discusses several explanations for media influences on pro-social and anti-social behaviour. It summarizes research on how viewing pro-social models on TV can increase helpful behaviours in children. It also discusses how viewing violent media can lead to increased aggression through excitation transfer and emotional desensitization. The document also reviews theories of persuasion, celebrity attraction, and extreme fan behaviour.
Running head CHILDHOOD BULLYING .docx
Running head: CHILDHOOD BULLYING 1
CHILDHOOD BULLYING 5
Childhood Bullying
GEN 499 General Education
Introduction
As crime rates increase and violence against humanity continues to permeate society, it seems nearly impossible to escape both the short-term and long-lasting effects of aggressive and violent behavior. With more money being spent on the building of prisons and less on the education, it is not surprising that violence and aggression are not only prevalent problems in adulthood but also significant problems in childhood (Cheryl, 2004). For instance, when looking at many school systems throughout the world, violence and aggression between students has commonly been regard as one of the most concerning problems for teachers for teachers, administrators and policy makers.
Thesis
The aforesaid research is aimed at evaluating how bullying behaviors are influenced by a variety of environmental and genetic factors. However, so as to understand the relations between bullying and various factors, it is important to also review literature examining relationship between aggression and these factors since bullying is a subtype of assault and there is much already known regarding aggression. Therefore, the research is meant to bring out the relationships between aggression and a variety of factors followed by relations between intimidation and these factors.
One particular type of aggression that has received increased attention in school systems over the past few decided is bullying. Frequently identified as a subtype of proactive aggression, bullying has often been defined as repeated, negative actions to deliberately harm individuals who are weaker than oneself. When comparing the defining components of bullying to aggression, reviews of the bullying literature suggest that there are five characteristics that differentiate bullying behaviors from aggressive behaviors. As per Green (2000), bullying occurs when the bully intends to inflict harm upon his victim, when aggression occurs repeatedly, when the victim does not provoke bullying behavior, when the attack occurs within a familiar social group, and when the bully is more powerful than the victim. Thus, bullying behaviors are different than aggressive behaviors in that bullying specifically focuses on roles of power, frequency and duration of aggression, and the setting in which the aggressive acts occur.
Many individuals encounter acts of violence and aggression throughout their daily lives. From the high number of violent television shows on national networks to the increased rates of school violence and school shootings, it is not surprisingly that even though we appear to be growing and evolving in our knowledge and human behavi ...
Aggression AQA A2 Psychology Paper 3
The document discusses several potential mechanisms by which media violence could lead to real-life aggression. It describes research supporting the ideas that repeated exposure to violent media can cause desensitization, weaken social constraints through disinhibition, and prime aggressive cognitive scripts. Studies show people feel less arousal after violent media, act more aggressively when justified, and are more likely to perceive situations as aggressive. However, the effects of media are complex with many variables.
Review Paper Splitting
The document discusses the psychological phenomenon of "splitting" where a person is unable to integrate their perception of themselves and others as both good and bad. It summarizes research finding that splitting can result from insecure attachment as a child due to neglect, abuse, or trauma. This causes extreme shame and prevents normal ego development, leading the individual to use splitting as a defense mechanism to avoid reality and create an idealized sense of self. The document reviews several studies that found emotional abuse in particular predicted higher rates of depersonalization, a symptom of splitting.
Why Bullies Bully?
Bullying is defined as aggressive behavior that is intentional, repeated over time, and involves an imbalance of power. Bullies bully for several reasons related to their early childhood experiences and family relationships. Children who experience insecure attachments as infants or who have dysfunctional family lives with abusive parents are more likely to bully others. Low socioeconomic status and having siblings who bully at home can also contribute to a child becoming a bully. Witnessing the success of sibling bullying sets an example, and stress from financial problems can reduce parental support and warmth.
Review Portfolio A Life Of War And Death
This document summarizes research on the effects of childhood sexual abuse on mental health and behaviors in adulthood. It discusses how childhood sexual abuse can lead to mental health issues like depression, anxiety, and PTSD. It also explores how abuse survivors are more likely to engage in risky behaviors like substance abuse, unprotected sex, and prostitution. The document examines several studies that found links between childhood abuse and poor physical health and obesity in adulthood. It suggests that early intervention and counseling for abuse survivors could help alleviate medical issues stemming from their trauma.
AQA Psychology A Level Revision Cards - Aggression Topic
revision cards for aqa psych paper 3 aggression topic. please excuse spelling or grammar mistakes! made entirely by me using the standard year 2 textbook, for reference i achieved an a* :)
IVS Final Paper
This paper examines theories of intimate partner violence and how same-sex battering threatens these theories. It analyzes the biological theory of male aggression, the feminist theory of patriarchal gender roles, and the social-psychological model. Studies on aggression support male biological predisposition to violence. Gender role studies found domestic violence with female victims seen as most serious, consistent with feminist views. However, rates of violence are similar between same-sex and heterosexual couples, challenging feminist and biological theories. The social-psychological model best explains same-sex battering by integrating psychological and social factors beyond gender alone. More research is needed on same-sex intimate partner violence.
A Conceptual Analysis of Correlates of Domestic Violence and Adolescent Risky...
ABSTRACT: The study explores domestic violence and how it influences adolescent risky behavior.
Domestic violence is a devastating social problem resulting in significant and enduring effects on children,
threatening both their health and emotional well-being. The study aimed at examining the relationships between
domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem, psychological
Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem and Selfregulation, Self-Regulation and Adolescent Risky Behavior and identify the stronger predictor of self-regulation
between psychological empowerment and Self-esteem. Adolescent respondents who experienced domestic
violence were purposely selected and guided by teachers and administrators who had provided support to these
children.The questionnaire had six sections namely; personal information, the Child Exposure to Domestic
Violence Scale, the Psychological empowerment scale, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory, and the Brief
Self-Control Scale. Data analysis employed Pearson's product-moment correlation (r) to test hypotheses 1,
2,3,4,5, and 6. Regression analysis was used for hypothesis 7.The results show a significant relationship
between domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem,
psychological Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem
and Self-regulation, Self-Regulation, and Adolescent Risky Behavior. The study documents that Psychological
empowerment is a stronger predictor of self-regulation than Self-esteem.
KEYWORDS:Domestic violence, psychological empowerment, self-regulation, and Adolescent risky behavior
Presentation On Child Abuse
1) A study of 912 female college students found that those with histories of child abuse experienced greater difficulties regulating emotions and higher rates of posttraumatic stress compared to those without abuse histories.
2) The study suggested that interventions aimed at improving emotion regulation strategies could help reduce posttraumatic stress in abuse survivors.
3) Another finding was that 25-50% of children experience some form of abuse, with 1 in 3 girls experiencing sexual abuse and 1 in 5-7 boys experiencing sexual abuse by age 18.
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RESPOND TO Several studies have explored the issues that.docx
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AQA Psychology A Level Revision Cards - Aggression Topic
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原版制作贝德福特大学毕业证（bedfordhire毕业证）硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【贝德福特大学毕业证（bedfordhire毕业证）硕士文凭】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
怎么办理(lincoln学位证书)英国林肯大学毕业证文凭学位证书原版一模一样
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三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
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1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
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Evolutionary explanation of Aggression
- 1. Discuss the evolutionary explanations of aggressive behaviour. (24 marks)
- 2. AO1 • P - Cuckoldry is when a man has to financially support a child that may not be his. This risk may lead to sexual jealousy as financially providing for this child would reduce the chance of him successfully reproducing himself with his partner due to the time and effort he’d invest into raising the child. As a result, the male partner may force his partner to terminate the pregnancy by aggressive force to reduce this risk. • E - Wilson et al (1975) studied women who described their husbands as jealous. He found that these women were more likely to be a victim of violence and 72% of them needed medical attention following male assault. • E – Jealousy in a man arises when he feels insecure about his chances of reproducing and as the research shows men may resort to violence in order to diminish the probability of this threat coming about. • L – This suggests that aggression in men is an evolutionary response that occurs in order to successfully pass on his genes. This reflects ancestral and animal behaviour whereby males fight for their chance to mate and appear more resourceful to other females.
- 3. A02 • There is inconsistent evidence from Shackleford et al (2000) who found that in a sample of 13,670 uxorocides, younger women are more at risk. This contradicts evolutionary logic that men should regard women as ‘prized property’ because when the wife is younger she is more reproductively valuable and killing her defies evolutionary logic. This suggests that maybe it’s another factor that results in sexual jealousy rather than evolutionary responses. However… • Duntley and Buss (2005) explained these findings in terms of the facts that infidelity carries a double loss for a man (esp. when the female is at a reproductive age) because he loses a partner and another man gains his partner and increases his own fitness; uxorocide prevents a competitor from gaining in the reproductive stakes. This study supports the evolutionary explanation as it suggests that ultimately, killing of a partner occurs when a man wants to protect his chances of reproduction.
- 4. AO3 • The explanation is deterministic as it concludes that jealousy will definitely lead to aggression towards the female partner, it clearly ignores the human characteristic of free-will. This will cause complications for the legal system when finding people liable for violence because the evolutionary explanation says we are not ac countable for our behaviour therefore should not be held responsible. • It also does not take into consideration other factors such as the cognitive thought processes that lead to aggressive behaviour and it could be an accumulation of multiple factors rather than solely jealousy.
- 5. AO1 • P - Mate retention is the act of guarding against mate poaching and maintaining a partner’s interest. This includes direct guarding and negative inducements. Direct guarding is when the male restricts his partner’s sexual autonomy. Coming home early from work, for example, to check on his partner is an act of direct guarding. Negative Inducements are used to prevent a partner from straying. • E - Shackleford (2005) found men who used mate retention are more aggressive. • E - This suggests that mate retention is the main reason for aggression towards a partner. • L - Vigilance is an adaptation that has evolved specifically to deal with the threat of paternal uncertainty and this indicates that these strategies have occurred as a result of evolution.
- 6. AO2 • There is supporting empirical evidence from Daly and Wilson who claim that men have evolved mate retention strategies to deter their mate from leaving because without a mate their chances of reproduction are reduced. So these strategies enhance reproductive fitness (surviving and passing on genes). • A criticism of the evolutionary theory is that it is post-hoc, there is never any direct evidence to support that our behaviour occurs as a result of evolution.
- 7. A03 • The explanation is reductionist as it doesn’t take into account psychodynamic factors that may lead to over protective behaviour (like checking up on partners) which could be a result of previous control-related experiences in an individual’s early childhood. • Gender bias is also a criticism of this study as Archer (2000) found equal rates of assault in men and women and those women also engaged in mate retention. The evolutionary explanation overstates the effect of ancestral history on men but doesn’t explain it properly in terms of women; generalizability is also an issue as a result because it is limited to men mostly.