Since about 1980, a new generation has appeared approximately every decade. Mobile phones started with first-generation (1G), then the successful second generation (2G), and then mixed successful auctions since the launch of 3G. According to business terms, 1G and 2G were providing voice and gradually include data (3G is unsuccessful, 4G is very successful). Today, we are seeing a stir over what 5G will provide. Key expectations currently being discussed include an ultra-high 20 Gb/s bit rate, an ultra-low latency of just 1 millisecond, and a very high capacity. Given the enormous potential of 5G communication networks and their expected evolution, what should 6G include that is not part of 5G or its long-term evolution? 6G communication networks should deliver improved range and data speeds, as well as the ability to connect users from anywhere. This article details possible 6G communication networks. More specifically, the primary influence of this research is to deliver a complete synopsis of the development of wireless communication networks from 1G to 6G.
This presentation takes a look at the technology roadmap for 5G NR millimeter wave (mmWave). Including features such as integrated access and backhaul (IAB), enhancements in beam management, mobility, coverage, and more. For more information, please visit www.qualcomm.com/mmwave
6G Training Course Part 7: 6G Technologies - Introduction3G4G
After our successful launch of '5G for Absolute Beginners' course (http://bit.ly/5Gbegins) in 2020, we decided to create an introductory training course on 6G Mobile Wireless Communications technology. The course is ready and the best way to navigate it is via the Free 6G Training page at: https://bit.ly/6Gintro - this will ensure that you have the latest version of each video and also the most recent version of the 6G technologies videos as and they are added.
In this part we will look at 6G Technologies. As this is a huge topic, we are only going to discuss the technologies at a very high level. Later on we will create more detailed presentations on 6G technologies. In this part we will look at some of the 6G technologies being proposed by other researchers, organisations, vendors and operators and create a summary of the 6G technologies that are being discussed. These technologies each merit their own little presentation that we hope to make in the future
This course is part of #Free6Gtraining initiative (https://www.free6gtraining.com/)
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
6G and Beyond-5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/6G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Free 6G Training Blog: https://www.free6gtraining.com/
5G will give consumers higher smartphones speeds and fiber-like wireless connections to the home, and it will unlock exciting new IoT use case from immersive augmented reality to remote haptic-enabled surgery to connected cars and smarter cities. 5G will impact the entire mobile network and associated ecosystem, from devices to radio access to the mobile core and into the cloud. Ericsson 5G Plug-Ins are designed for the radio access network and leverage the technology innovations enabled by the award-winning Ericsson 5G Radio Test Bed and Ericsson 5G Radio Prototypes already deployed and in operator 5G field trials worldwide.
Learn more: http://www.ericsson.com/spotlight/networks/secure-app-coverage/5g-plug-ins
6G Training Course Part 3: 6G Use Cases & Applications3G4G
After our successful launch of '5G for Absolute Beginners' course (http://bit.ly/5Gbegins) in 2020, we decided to create an introductory training course on 6G Mobile Wireless Communications technology. The course is ready and the best way to navigate it is via the Free 6G Training page at: https://bit.ly/6Gintro - this will ensure that you have the latest version of each video and also the most recent version of the 6G technologies videos as and they are added.
In this part we will look at some of the newer 6G use cases and applications as well as the existing ones that may not be satisfied with 5G. While we discuss some of the use cases in this video / presentation, you have to remember that the final use cases would be dependent on the requirements as well as the evolution of devices and other supporting technologies.
This course is part of #Free6Gtraining initiative (https://www.free6gtraining.com/)
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
6G and Beyond-5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/6G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Free 6G Training Blog: https://www.free6gtraining.com/
This presentation takes a look at the technology roadmap for 5G NR millimeter wave (mmWave). Including features such as integrated access and backhaul (IAB), enhancements in beam management, mobility, coverage, and more. For more information, please visit www.qualcomm.com/mmwave
6G Training Course Part 7: 6G Technologies - Introduction3G4G
After our successful launch of '5G for Absolute Beginners' course (http://bit.ly/5Gbegins) in 2020, we decided to create an introductory training course on 6G Mobile Wireless Communications technology. The course is ready and the best way to navigate it is via the Free 6G Training page at: https://bit.ly/6Gintro - this will ensure that you have the latest version of each video and also the most recent version of the 6G technologies videos as and they are added.
In this part we will look at 6G Technologies. As this is a huge topic, we are only going to discuss the technologies at a very high level. Later on we will create more detailed presentations on 6G technologies. In this part we will look at some of the 6G technologies being proposed by other researchers, organisations, vendors and operators and create a summary of the 6G technologies that are being discussed. These technologies each merit their own little presentation that we hope to make in the future
This course is part of #Free6Gtraining initiative (https://www.free6gtraining.com/)
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
6G and Beyond-5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/6G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Free 6G Training Blog: https://www.free6gtraining.com/
5G will give consumers higher smartphones speeds and fiber-like wireless connections to the home, and it will unlock exciting new IoT use case from immersive augmented reality to remote haptic-enabled surgery to connected cars and smarter cities. 5G will impact the entire mobile network and associated ecosystem, from devices to radio access to the mobile core and into the cloud. Ericsson 5G Plug-Ins are designed for the radio access network and leverage the technology innovations enabled by the award-winning Ericsson 5G Radio Test Bed and Ericsson 5G Radio Prototypes already deployed and in operator 5G field trials worldwide.
Learn more: http://www.ericsson.com/spotlight/networks/secure-app-coverage/5g-plug-ins
6G Training Course Part 3: 6G Use Cases & Applications3G4G
After our successful launch of '5G for Absolute Beginners' course (http://bit.ly/5Gbegins) in 2020, we decided to create an introductory training course on 6G Mobile Wireless Communications technology. The course is ready and the best way to navigate it is via the Free 6G Training page at: https://bit.ly/6Gintro - this will ensure that you have the latest version of each video and also the most recent version of the 6G technologies videos as and they are added.
In this part we will look at some of the newer 6G use cases and applications as well as the existing ones that may not be satisfied with 5G. While we discuss some of the use cases in this video / presentation, you have to remember that the final use cases would be dependent on the requirements as well as the evolution of devices and other supporting technologies.
This course is part of #Free6Gtraining initiative (https://www.free6gtraining.com/)
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
6G and Beyond-5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/6G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Free 6G Training Blog: https://www.free6gtraining.com/
After our successful launch of '5G for Absolute Beginners' course (http://bit.ly/5Gbegins) in 2020, we decided to create an introductory training course on 6G Mobile Wireless Communications technology. The course is ready and the best way to navigate it is via the Free 6G Training page at: https://bit.ly/6Gintro - this will ensure that you have the latest version of each video and also the most recent version of the 6G technologies videos as and they are added.
In this part we will look at the 6G Groups. Many different countries and regions have setup groups to ensure leadership in the next generation of technology. In addition to these, some universities are starting their own groups and initiatives to ensure 6G leadership. This video will look at some of the main ones. Please feel free to let us know the ones we missed. This will help us include them in future updates.
This course is part of #Free6Gtraining initiative (https://www.free6gtraining.com/)
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
6G and Beyond-5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/6G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Free 6G Training Blog: https://www.free6gtraining.com/
LTE Basic Parameters, Data Rates, Duplexing & Accessing, Modulation, Coding & MIMO, Explanation of different nodes and Advantage & Disadvantages of different nodes.
Part 6: Standalone and Non-Standalone 5G - 5G for Absolute Beginners3G4G
An introductory training on 5G for newbies available on Udemy - http://bit.ly/udemy5G
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
This presentation describes 5G new mobile generation and some new proposed technologies and new proposed services which planned to become in reality in 2020.
Presentation @ MoMo Hyderabad in Decemeber. Discusses about wimax, alternatives to wimax, evolution of wimax.
This needs a In Person Presentation Support.
While 6G is as yet 10 years away, organizations that keep themselves up to date with what this next networking architecture has to bring to the table will have a decisive advantage over their competitors.
While 5G commercialization is still in its initial stage, it's never too soon to begin planning for 6G on the grounds that it regularly takes around 10 years from the beginning of exploration to commercialization of new generation of communications technology.
Most tech insiders trust 6G would need to hit two or three benchmarks first beginning with a hyper-quick information rate that beats 5G, with download paces of at any rate 1,000Gbps (multiple times the speed of 5G) and record-breaking all-time low latency, or “air latency” of under 100 μs, start to finish (E2E) inertness under 1 ms, and amazingly low delay jitter in order of microseconds.
Technology doesn't rest.
Despite the fact that the 5G Technology is still in the beginning of its arrangement, the tech world is now bantering around thoughts on what the next generation – 6G – might resemble.
This isn't startling on the grounds that the technology that goes into 5G's replacement will set aside some effort to create.
Tonex offers 6G Introduction, IMT-2030, a one-day course covering the planning inspiration and basic technology of 6G engineering, just like the new 6G terminology. Members are familiar with the comparison between 5G and 6G, and understand how 6G achieves its goals by understanding the functions of 6G.
Introduction to 6G Course by Tonex
IMT-2030 is an introduction to 6G, a one-day overview of 6G technology consistent with ITU-T IMT-2030. Learn about 6G wireless systems, use cases, applications, trends, technologies and protocols.
6G or IMT-2030 is the future of mobile networks promised by ITU-T network 2030. Tonex now offers training courses to help develop the next generation of 6G skills.
Who Should Attend
This one-day training course covers the design motivation and basic technology of 6G architecture, as well as new 6G vocabulary. You will also understand the difference between 5G and 6G, and understand how 6G will achieve its goals by observing how 6G works.
An advanced 6G technical overview for anyone involved in 6G product development, product management, analysis, planning, design and engineering.
Learning Objectives
Describe the 6G vision and business case Explain the key technologies and basic components of 6G networks
Draw end-to-end 6G network architecture, including new radio types, core networks and applications
Gradually complete the evolution from 5G to 6G
Course outline
Overview of 6G Wireless Networks
6G Vision, Architecture, and Key Technologies
Hologram Type Communications
Learn More
Introduction to 6G, Prepare Now Training
https://www.tonex.com/introduction-to-6g-prepare-now-training/
1: Direct sequence and frequency hopped spread spectrum, spreading sequence and their correlation functions, Acquisition and tracking of spread spectrum signals.
2: Error probability for DS-CDMA, on AWGN channels, DS-CDMA on frequency selective fading, channels, Performance analysis of cellular CDMA.
3: Capacity estimation, Power control, effect of imperfect power control on DS CDMA performance, Soft Handoffs.
4: Spreading /coding tradeoffs, multi-carrier CDMA, IS-95 CDMA system, third generation CDMA systems, multi-user detection.
The following presentation gives a brief idea about the handover process in mobile communication. It also highlights the various types of Handover and their cell structure diagram
This presentation outlines the synergistic nature of 5G and AI -- two disruptive areas of innovations that can change the world. It illustrates the benefits of adopting AI for the advancements of 5G, as well as showcases the latest progress made by Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
SPECIAL SECTION ON RECENT ADVANCES IN SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKING FOR 5G NETW...Rakesh Jha
In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to
be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service.
To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper
presents the results of a detailed survey on the fth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some
of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of
users. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple
input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the
emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing
with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios,
millimeter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks
and software dened networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed,
which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of
5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being
conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies.
5G Technology: An Assessment of the Opportunities and Challenges in an Emergi...josephjonse
No country wants to be left behind in the tech war as there may be far-reaching consequences in military, health, and well-being, industrial applications, technology, banking, financial services, urbanization, and other facets of private and national life. For an emergent country like Nigeria, the cost of being left behind is enormous and may mean the continuous peril of underdevelopment wrought by over-dependence on other nations for essential services. This paper provides perspectives on sectors where the deployment of the 5G telecommunication network could be a swift driver of an emergent Nigeria. It also highlights the particular challenges facing the deployment of the 5G technology in Nigeria. The study adopted the use of secondary sources to obtain relevant preexisting data to facilitate the research objectives. Restrictions in movement necessitated this approach to curtail the spread of the Coronavirus. The research findings revealed the enormous multi-sectorial benefits of deploying the 5G technology in an emergent Nigeria and the inherent challenges. It is envisaged that the ideas highlighted in the study findings would provide useful guidance for policy directors in the quest for a better emergent Nigeria.
After our successful launch of '5G for Absolute Beginners' course (http://bit.ly/5Gbegins) in 2020, we decided to create an introductory training course on 6G Mobile Wireless Communications technology. The course is ready and the best way to navigate it is via the Free 6G Training page at: https://bit.ly/6Gintro - this will ensure that you have the latest version of each video and also the most recent version of the 6G technologies videos as and they are added.
In this part we will look at the 6G Groups. Many different countries and regions have setup groups to ensure leadership in the next generation of technology. In addition to these, some universities are starting their own groups and initiatives to ensure 6G leadership. This video will look at some of the main ones. Please feel free to let us know the ones we missed. This will help us include them in future updates.
This course is part of #Free6Gtraining initiative (https://www.free6gtraining.com/)
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
6G and Beyond-5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/6G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Free 6G Training Blog: https://www.free6gtraining.com/
LTE Basic Parameters, Data Rates, Duplexing & Accessing, Modulation, Coding & MIMO, Explanation of different nodes and Advantage & Disadvantages of different nodes.
Part 6: Standalone and Non-Standalone 5G - 5G for Absolute Beginners3G4G
An introductory training on 5G for newbies available on Udemy - http://bit.ly/udemy5G
All our #3G4G5G slides and videos are available at:
Videos: https://www.youtube.com/3G4G5G
Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
5G Page: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/
Free Training Videos: https://www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
This presentation describes 5G new mobile generation and some new proposed technologies and new proposed services which planned to become in reality in 2020.
Presentation @ MoMo Hyderabad in Decemeber. Discusses about wimax, alternatives to wimax, evolution of wimax.
This needs a In Person Presentation Support.
While 6G is as yet 10 years away, organizations that keep themselves up to date with what this next networking architecture has to bring to the table will have a decisive advantage over their competitors.
While 5G commercialization is still in its initial stage, it's never too soon to begin planning for 6G on the grounds that it regularly takes around 10 years from the beginning of exploration to commercialization of new generation of communications technology.
Most tech insiders trust 6G would need to hit two or three benchmarks first beginning with a hyper-quick information rate that beats 5G, with download paces of at any rate 1,000Gbps (multiple times the speed of 5G) and record-breaking all-time low latency, or “air latency” of under 100 μs, start to finish (E2E) inertness under 1 ms, and amazingly low delay jitter in order of microseconds.
Technology doesn't rest.
Despite the fact that the 5G Technology is still in the beginning of its arrangement, the tech world is now bantering around thoughts on what the next generation – 6G – might resemble.
This isn't startling on the grounds that the technology that goes into 5G's replacement will set aside some effort to create.
Tonex offers 6G Introduction, IMT-2030, a one-day course covering the planning inspiration and basic technology of 6G engineering, just like the new 6G terminology. Members are familiar with the comparison between 5G and 6G, and understand how 6G achieves its goals by understanding the functions of 6G.
Introduction to 6G Course by Tonex
IMT-2030 is an introduction to 6G, a one-day overview of 6G technology consistent with ITU-T IMT-2030. Learn about 6G wireless systems, use cases, applications, trends, technologies and protocols.
6G or IMT-2030 is the future of mobile networks promised by ITU-T network 2030. Tonex now offers training courses to help develop the next generation of 6G skills.
Who Should Attend
This one-day training course covers the design motivation and basic technology of 6G architecture, as well as new 6G vocabulary. You will also understand the difference between 5G and 6G, and understand how 6G will achieve its goals by observing how 6G works.
An advanced 6G technical overview for anyone involved in 6G product development, product management, analysis, planning, design and engineering.
Learning Objectives
Describe the 6G vision and business case Explain the key technologies and basic components of 6G networks
Draw end-to-end 6G network architecture, including new radio types, core networks and applications
Gradually complete the evolution from 5G to 6G
Course outline
Overview of 6G Wireless Networks
6G Vision, Architecture, and Key Technologies
Hologram Type Communications
Learn More
Introduction to 6G, Prepare Now Training
https://www.tonex.com/introduction-to-6g-prepare-now-training/
1: Direct sequence and frequency hopped spread spectrum, spreading sequence and their correlation functions, Acquisition and tracking of spread spectrum signals.
2: Error probability for DS-CDMA, on AWGN channels, DS-CDMA on frequency selective fading, channels, Performance analysis of cellular CDMA.
3: Capacity estimation, Power control, effect of imperfect power control on DS CDMA performance, Soft Handoffs.
4: Spreading /coding tradeoffs, multi-carrier CDMA, IS-95 CDMA system, third generation CDMA systems, multi-user detection.
The following presentation gives a brief idea about the handover process in mobile communication. It also highlights the various types of Handover and their cell structure diagram
This presentation outlines the synergistic nature of 5G and AI -- two disruptive areas of innovations that can change the world. It illustrates the benefits of adopting AI for the advancements of 5G, as well as showcases the latest progress made by Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
SPECIAL SECTION ON RECENT ADVANCES IN SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKING FOR 5G NETW...Rakesh Jha
In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to
be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service.
To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper
presents the results of a detailed survey on the fth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some
of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of
users. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple
input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the
emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing
with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios,
millimeter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks
and software dened networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed,
which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of
5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being
conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies.
5G Technology: An Assessment of the Opportunities and Challenges in an Emergi...josephjonse
No country wants to be left behind in the tech war as there may be far-reaching consequences in military, health, and well-being, industrial applications, technology, banking, financial services, urbanization, and other facets of private and national life. For an emergent country like Nigeria, the cost of being left behind is enormous and may mean the continuous peril of underdevelopment wrought by over-dependence on other nations for essential services. This paper provides perspectives on sectors where the deployment of the 5G telecommunication network could be a swift driver of an emergent Nigeria. It also highlights the particular challenges facing the deployment of the 5G technology in Nigeria. The study adopted the use of secondary sources to obtain relevant preexisting data to facilitate the research objectives. Restrictions in movement necessitated this approach to curtail the spread of the Coronavirus. The research findings revealed the enormous multi-sectorial benefits of deploying the 5G technology in an emergent Nigeria and the inherent challenges. It is envisaged that the ideas highlighted in the study findings would provide useful guidance for policy directors in the quest for a better emergent Nigeria.
5G Technology: An Assessment of the Opportunities and Challenges in an Emergi...josephjonse
No country wants to be left behind in the tech war as there may be far-reaching consequences in military, health, and well-being, industrial applications, technology, banking, financial services, urbanization, and other facets of private and national life. For an emergent country like Nigeria, the cost of being left behind is enormous and may mean the continuous peril of underdevelopment wrought by over-dependence on other nations for essential services. This paper provides perspectives on sectors where the deployment of the 5G telecommunication network could be a swift driver of an emergent Nigeria. It also highlights the particular challenges facing the deployment of the 5G technology in Nigeria. The study adopted the use of secondary sources to obtain relevant preexisting data to facilitate the research objectives. Restrictions in movement necessitated this approach to curtail the spread of the Coronavirus. The research findings revealed the enormous multi-sectorial benefits of deploying the 5G technology in an emergent Nigeria and the inherent challenges. It is envisaged that the ideas highlighted in the study findings would provide useful guidance for policy directors in the quest for a better emergent Nigeria.
A study of 5 g network structural design, challenges and promising technologi...IJARIIT
In the near prospect, beyond 4G has the major objectives or difficulty that need to be addressed are improved
capacity, better data rate, decreased latency, and enhanced quality of service. To meet these demands, radical improvements
need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper presents the consequences of a detailed study on the fifth
generation (5G) cellular network structural design, challenges and some of the solution for promising technologies that are
supportive in improving the structural design and gathering the demands of users. In this comprehensive review focuses 5G
cellular network architecture, huge various input many output technologies, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Next,
to with this, some of the promising technologies that are addressed in this paper include intrusion supervision, variety sharing
with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology organization, full duplex radios, and millimeter wave
solutions for 5G cellular networks. In this paper, a universal possible 5G cellular set of connections architecture is proposed,
which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of 5G cellular network
architecture. A comprehensive study is integrated concerning present research projects being conducted in different countries
by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies. Finally, this paper describes cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks and software defined networks.
Today wireless services are the most preferred services of the world. The rapid increase in
the service is due to the advancement of technology consecutively. As a subscriber becomes more
aware of the mobile phone technology, he/she will seek for an appropriate package all together, and
including all the advanced features of a cellular phone can have. Hence, the search for new
technology is always the main intention of the prime cell phone giants to out innovate their
competitors. In addition, the main purpose of the fifth generation wireless networks (5G Wireless
networks) is planned to design the best wireless world that is free from limitations and hindrance of
the previous generations. 5G technologies will change the way most high bandwidth users access
their Mobile Radio Communication (MRC). So, this paper represents, great evolution of 1G (First
Generation) to 4G yield 5G, introduction to 5G technologies, why there is a need for 5G, advantages
of 5G networks technology, exceptional applications, Quality of Service (QoS), 5G network
architecture.
A survey on multiple access technologies beyond fourth generation wireless co...ijceronline
The future of mobile wireless communication networks will include existing 3rd generation, 4th generation 5th generation,6th generation (with very high data rates Quality of Service (QoS) and service applications) and 7th generation (with space roaming). Mobile and wireless networks have made tremendous growth in the last fifteen years. The rapid improvement of the mobile generations was for the purpose of supporting as many mobile devices as possible that could benefit the users at anytime and anywhere in terms of common practical applications such as internet access, video-ondemand, video conferencing system and many more applications. This paper is focused on the specifications of future generations and latest technologies to be used in future wireless mobile communication networks like MIMO, OFDM, OFDMA, Massive MIMO, LTE, LTE-A.
An Overview of 5G Wireless Cellular TechnologiesEditor IJCATR
5G technology stands for fifth Generation Mobile technology. From generation 1G to 2G and from 3G to 5G this
world has revolutionized by improvements of wireless network. This revolution brought up some drastic changes in our social
life .This paper also focuses on all preceding generations of mobile communication along with fifth generation technology. Fifth
generation network provide cost-effective broadband wireless connectivity (very high speed), which will be probably 1gigbit per
second Speed. The paper throws light on network architecture of fifth generation technology. Currently 5G term is not
officially used. Fifth generation negotiate on (Voice over IP) VOIP-enabled devices that user will get a high level of call volume
and data transmission. Fifth generation technology will be done all the requirements of customers who always want advanced
features in cellular phones. The main features in 5G mobile network is that user connect to the multiple wireless technologies at
the same time and can switch between them. This forthcoming mobile technology will support IPv6 and flat IP. Fifth generation
technology will offer the services like Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions) etc. Index
Terms— 5G, 5G Architecture, Evolution from 1G to 5G, Comparison of all Generations.
A Survey on new generation of wireless networksEditor IJMTER
If you think that 4G and LTE is the best thing and it's in the process of solving every
communication needs we have today, think again! Yes, LTE is good, but it can be a lot better. In fact,
get ready for this: the wireless industry is already starting to think 5G (5th generation) wireless
technology.
5 G SYSTEMS IS THE FUTURE WILL BE FAST WITH UNIMAGINABLE SPEED AND WITH LOTS OF SERVICES.Though 5G is still in development stage it has lots of promising features that will definitely change our future. For this data hungry and speed loving generation 5G will definitely be the hottest technology and it will certainly make our future really exciting. In this article we will see how the mobile networks have evolved and what will be the future of mobile network and of course about 5G network.
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Evolution of wireless communication networks: from 1G to 6G and future perspective
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 12, No. 4, August 2022, pp. 3943~3950
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v12i4.pp3943-3950 3943
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Evolution of wireless communication networks: from 1G to 6G
and future perspective
Ahmed Amin Ahmed Solyman1
, Khalid Yahya2
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Nişantaşı University,
Istanbul, Turkey
2
Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Aug 17, 2020
Revised Jan 27, 2022
Accepted Feb 25, 2022
Since about 1980, a new generation has appeared approximately every
decade. Mobile phones started with first-generation (1G), then the successful
second generation (2G), and then mixed successful auctions since the launch
of 3G. According to business terms, 1G and 2G were providing voice and
gradually include data (3G is unsuccessful, 4G is very successful). Today,
we are seeing a stir over what 5G will provide. Key expectations currently
being discussed include an ultra-high 20 Gb/s bit rate, an ultra-low latency
of just 1 millisecond, and a very high capacity. Given the enormous potential
of 5G communication networks and their expected evolution, what should
6G include that is not part of 5G or its long-term evolution? 6G
communication networks should deliver improved range and data speeds, as
well as the ability to connect users from anywhere. This article details
possible 6G communication networks. More specifically, the primary
influence of this research is to deliver a complete synopsis of the
development of wireless communication networks from 1G to 6G.
Keywords:
6G communications
Key performance indicators
Wireless networks
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Ahmed Amin Ahmed Solyman
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture,
Nişantaşı University
Maslak Mahallesi, Taşyoncası Sokak, No: 1V ve No:1Y Bina Kodu: 34481742, 34398 Sarıyer,
İstanbul, Turkey
Email: ahmed.solyman@nisantasi.edu.tr
1. INTRODUCTION
One of the most successful technology advancements in contemporary history has always been
mobile communication. To date, five wireless communication networks have been adopted. Since about
1980, a new generation has appeared about every decade. Mobile devices started with a monopoly (1G),
followed by a successful attractiveness spectacle (2G), followed by the success of 3G. Regarding services,
1G and 2G delivered voice service only and gradually contain data which increased gradually (unsuccessful
on 3G, successful on 4G). Cellular networks have advanced dramatically in the last five years, enabling
data-driven applications such as multimedia, multiplayer services, and high-definition streaming media.
Consequently, the number of mobile users’ number, besides the amount of data traffic, has skyrocketed [1].
The number of smartphone subscribers reached 7.75 billion in January 2020, with each subscriber requesting
an average of 10 GB of data per year. Data traffic will climb to 82 GB per user per year, accounting for over
half of worldwide mobile data traffic, due to record requests for streaming video data. Moreover, the rise of
the internet of things (IoT) concept will cause a massive increase in network traffic. This extraordinary surge
in traffic causes a noteworthy expansion of wireless network capability. These issues are important
motivators for the development of 5G mobile wireless networks.
2. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 4, August 2022: 3943-3950
3944
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defines the vision and standards; 5G ought
to meet three common scenarios and eight key performance indicators (KPI) [2]. Millions of
connections/kilometer square (1 M/km2
) huge machine challenge technology in three scenarios enhanced
mobile broadband (eMBB) Gb/s data rate, ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) milliseconds
(ms) air interface delay, massive machine challenge technology in three scenarios Indicator type
communication (mMTC). Many enabling technologies have been developed, considered in standardization,
and implemented in technical trials in order to achieve these KPIs [3]. Massive multiple input multiple output
(MIMO), sophisticated coding and modulation, millimeter-wave communications, ultra-dense networks
(UDN), non-orthogonal multiple access, flexible frame structure, dual connectivity architecture, and other
wireless technologies are only a few examples [4], [5]. However, the exponential growth of data traffic is
because of the substantial growth in the number of connected devices, which can grow to hundreds of devices
/m3
; Aside from the growing number of innovative applications, like virtual reality/augmented reality
(VR/AR), self-driving cars, integrated 3D communications, and new applications that have not yet been
conceived [4], [6] will require data to provide higher and lower latency than 5G networks. These problems
are regarded as the primary motivators for the development of 6G communication technologies; they are
expected to be deployed in 2030 [7], [8].
Depending on the revelation and expansion of 5G, 6G will be improved and extended further to
accomplish up to 100 times the throughput, higher system capacity, greater spectrum efficiency, lower latency,
and coverage that is both wider and deeper to support the increased speed of movement. Serving the internet of
things and completely supporting the smart life expansion and industrial ubiquitous smart mobile society. The
following paragraphs will provide a detailed description of the expected requirements related to the vision.
This article aims to discuss the substantive issues of the evolution of wireless communication
networks and to cover the latest developments in the industry in the context of the main application areas and
challenges. For this reason, this research attempts to merge as many addresses as possible. Due to space
limitations, this article investigates disputed research subjects in depth based on their various sub-fields in
order to obtain proper, precise, and succinct recommendations. For researchers, this article will support the
exploration of the realization of 6G networks by providing some new reference materials, thereby opening up
new possibilities for future research avenues.
The remaining of this article is structured in the following manner: section 2 looks at the evolution
of wireless communication networks from 1G to 5G. Section 3 looks at the prospects for 6G wireless
communication networks. Section 4 summarizes the work.
2. WIRELESS NETWORKS EVOLUTION: 1G TO 6G
Starting from 1980, every 10 years a new wireless communication network generation appears [9],
[10] to date they are 5 generations. Figure 1 reviews the main signposts of the five generations (1G to 5G)
wireless communication networks. Moreover, here's a quick rundown of how wireless technologies are
growing.
2.1. First-generation mobile communication 1G
In the 1970s, 1G mobile communications were declared. North America's advanced mobile phone
system (AMPS), Scandinavia's Nordic mobile telephone (NMT), the United Kingdom's total access
communications system (TACS), and Japan's total access communications system (JTACS) are the principal
users. 1G technology is a simple analog system with data speeds of up to 2.4 kbps optimized for voice
conversations. It has a 30 kHz bandwidth and uses frequency modulation (FM) and frequency division
multiple access (FDMA) communication technologies (BW). But 1G has many shortcomings, such as i) due
to the use of analog modulation, no encryption, poor quality, and security; ii) limited users because of the use
of FDMA technology; iii) insecure base station power radiation, lack of transfer procedures; iv) supports
voice services only; and v) divergent systems because of inadequate of consistent international standards
[11]–[13].
2.2. Second-generation mobile communication (2G)
The global mobile communications (GSM), which was introduced in the 1990s, was the first
second-generation system. GSM is a straightforward digital cellular system that uses Gaussian minimum
frequency shift keying (GMSK) modulation, time division multiple access (TDMA) transmission technology,
with bandwidth=200 kHz for voice communications. The characteristics of this generation are i) formulated a
unified international mobile communication standard, promoted the development of global mobile
communication technology; ii) improved services; iii) improved network security through encrypted
numbers; and iv) improved the capacity of the system; and v) the mobile phone battery life is longer because
3. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Evolution of wireless communication networks: from 1G to 6G and future … (Ahmed Amin Ahmed Solyman)
3945
the radio signal uses less power. However, the lower data rate of GSM has prompted improvements in
cellular systems that use general packet radio service (GPRS) technology [11]–[13].
GPRS is classified as 2.5G. It employs GSM's packet switching and circuit switching technologies.
Its data rate can be raised by up to 50 kbps, and it uses transmission and modulation that is similar to GSM.
Fundamentally, GPRS is the first phase on the way to the GSM environment that supports enhanced data
(EDGE). EDGE is a radio technology that predates 3G. Users can transmit and receive data at a rate of up to
200 kbps. The EDGE technology is based on the previous GSM standard, and it employs an identical
transmission mechanism and BW as GSM, but it employs eight phase-shift keying (8PSK) and GMSK
modulation instead of GSM. 8PSK has a higher data rate but a narrower coverage area, whereas GMSK is a
reliable model for wide coverage. It was developed to enhance packet switching services and to enable future
applications for high-speed data like multimedia [12], [13].
Figure 1. Leading communication achievements for several generations (1G to 5G)
2.3. Third-generation mobile communication (3G)
The 3G system employs wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) and high-speed packet
access (HSPA) technology to deliver fast Internet access, as well as significantly improved video and audio
transmission capabilities. HSPA combines two mobile phone protocols, high-speed downlink packet access
(HSDPA) and high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), to enhance and improve the 3G mobile telephony
networks performance using the WCDMA protocol. Developed HSPA (commonly known as HSPA+) is an
upgraded 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) standard that was launched at the end of 2008 and was
used internationally in 2010. 3.9G long term evolution (LTE), on the other hand, contains characteristics that
go beyond those found in ordinary 3G mobile communications [12], [13]. However, the ITU and the 3GPP
eventually concluded that the LTE can be called the 4G technology [14].
2.4. Fourth generation mobile communication (4G)
LTE is a wireless access technology based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM),
which allows for sophisticated multi-antenna transmission as well as expandable transmission bandwidths of
4. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 4, August 2022: 3943-3950
3946
up to 20 MHz. MIMO is a critical system technology that allows for higher data rates and multi-stream
transmission to achieve great spectral efficiency, improve connection quality, and alter radiation patterns for
signal gain and mitigation. The antenna's adaptive beamforming is used to create the interference array. The
LTE technology boosts data speeds through mobile to 100 megabits per second (Mbps). The wireless
technology roadmap has been extended to LTE advanced (LTEA) [14], which can theoretically reach a peak
throughput rate of more than 1 gigabit per second, in response to the tremendous increase in demand for
mobile broadband communication capacity year after year (Gbps).
By delivering a comprehensive and consistent solution based on the Internet protocol IP, the 4G
system improves the current communication network. The wireless community has investigated three
primary research topics in-depth to satisfy 4G mobile network capabilities:
− Densification of the network: This technology is used in situations where there are a lot of people, such as
stadiums, concerts, public places, and retail malls. By deploying compact, low-power, and low-cost cells,
this technique intends to shorten the distance between mobile terminals and base stations (BS), hence
increasing spectrum reuse and boosting network coverage. Due to the use of low-loss routing, the small
base station has a coverage radius of 50-150 m and transmits at low power (0.110 W), which improves
energy efficiency and signal interference plus noise ratio (SINR). Furthermore, operators are working to
make small base stations plug-and-play, meaning they can configure all the essential parameters
themselves and don't need to be maintained regularly [15], [16].
− Improved spectral efficiency: Coordinated transmit/receive methods and solutions to reduce inter-cell
interference use modern signal processing and spatial diversity to reduce co-channel interference and
improve spectrum efficiency [17], [18].
− Carrier aggregation is used in LTEA to syndicate separate component carriers, which can be of diverse
sizes and are in a non-contiguous spectrum, to facilitate bandwidth increase (up to 100 MHz). Although
the combined execution of these technologies can theoretically provide fixed customers with data rates
exceeding 1 Gbps, further expansion is limited because of the limited number of frequencies accessible
[14], [19].
2.5. Fifth-generation mobile communication (5G)
The 5G communication standardization process is now complete, and it is being implemented on a
global basis [20]. The ITU defines the vision and specifications; 5G should meet eight KPI and three
common scenarios [21]. Millions of connections/square kilometer (1 M/km2
) massive machine challenge
technology in three scenarios eMBB Gb/s data rate, URLLC milliseconds (ms) air interface delay, and
massive machine challenge technology in three scenarios Indicator type communication (mMTC). Many
enabling technologies have been developed, considered in standardization, and implemented in technical
trials in order to achieve these KPIs [2]. Dual connectivity architecture, massive MIMO, UDN, sophisticated
coding and modulation, millimeter-wave communications, flexible frame structure, non-orthogonal multiple
access, and other wireless technologies are only a few examples [4]. As shown in Figure 2, the main
backbone in the 5G network includes several elements widely fitted all over the network, like multi-access
edge computing (MEC) data center, next generation core (NGC), and active antenna system (AAS) (with 5G
NR support) Source antenna system) [22].
The organization employed for the 5G AAS, that is, the radio access network (RAN) Fronthaul
network of mobile networks, requires the common use of multiple technologies, such as the next generation
passive optical network (NGPON), lengthy division of thick wave multiplexing (CWDM), dense wavelength
division multiplexing (DWDM), and enhanced common public radio interface (eCPRI). All of these
techniques necessitate a fiber optic infrastructure that is compatible. Because 5G mobile networks require a
lot of bandwidth and speed [23], the infrastructure needs fiber optic cable to be installed to the antenna. As a
result, in addition to boosting the capacity of the backbone fibers [24], it is also required to deploy the 5G
mobile network as close to the fiber infrastructure antennas as feasible, as well as to install new fiber optic
cable infrastructure for extra antennas when capacity is insufficient.
However, due to the substantial growth in the number of associated things, the data traffic has
increased exponentially, which can grow to hundreds (s) of devices per m3
; in addition to the rapid increase
in new applications, like virtual reality/augmented reality (VR/AR), self-driving cars, integrated three
dimensional communications, and new applications that have yet to be imagined [6], they will still need data
rates. Will provide higher and lower latency than 5G networks. These challenges are thought to be the key
driving factors for the realization of 6G communication systems. Given the huge potential of 5G networks
and their foreseeable evolution, what features of 6G should be included that are not present in 5G? Research,
Academia, and industry have worked on describing and determining the main qualifying technologies that
can define 6G; it is expected to be deployed by 2030 [7].
5. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Evolution of wireless communication networks: from 1G to 6G and future … (Ahmed Amin Ahmed Solyman)
3947
Figure 2. 5G-infrastructure-fronthault-midhaul-backhaul
3. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF 6G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
6G will be updated and enlarged based on the visualization and expansion of 5G to reach up to
100 times the data throughput, higher system capacity, reduced latency, higher spectrum efficiency, and
wider and deeper coverage. To enable faster movement, to serve the internet of everything (IoE), and to
completely promote the evolution of intelligent life and the industrial omnipresent intelligent mobile society.
Figure 3 summarizes the top 6G wireless network milestones in terms of technology, applications, and KPIs.
Figure 3 Major milestones of 6G wireless networks in terms of technologies, KPIs, and applications
The following paragraphs describe in detail the foreseeable requirements related to vision:
− 6G should be a comprehensive network with broader and wider coverage, including terrestrial, satellite,
and short-distance device-to-device communication. Thanks to sophisticated mobile management
technologies, 6G can service a wide range of situations, including airspace, land, and sea, resulting in the
world's first ubiquitous mobile broadband communication system [25].
− In order to attain a broader bandwidth, 6G is planned to operate at higher frequencies, such as millimeter-
wave, terahertz [26], and visible light. In comparison to 5G, data rates can be enhanced in 6G by up to
one hundred times, allowing for the greatest data rate of Tb/s and a user experience data rate of 10 Gb/s.
Furthermore, 6G can take advantage of flexible frequency sharing technologies to boost frequency reuse
efficiency even more [27].
− 6G is a smart grid that may be customized. When combined with artificial intelligence technology, 6G
will enable the virtualization of mobile communication [28], the network will transfer from a classic
6. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 4, August 2022: 3943-3950
3948
centralized network type to a new type 3 centralized network, which is user-centric, data-centric, and
entirely centralized content.
− An endogenous security solution or an integrated functional security design will be used in the 6G
network. 6G has self-perception capabilities, real-time dynamic analysis capabilities, risk adaptation
capabilities, and confidence assessment capabilities. You will help achieve cyberspace security by
introducing trust and security mechanisms.
− Computing, navigation, and detection are all combined in 6G. 6G will, for example, comprise satellite
communication systems as well as positioning systems and satellite navigation, as well as radar detection
systems. more open architecture will be used in 6G, with a core network using software-defined
algorithms, and a wireless access network; it will be able to achieve rapid autonomous intelligent
development as well as rapid and dynamic deployment of network capabilities.
− The internet of things can generate vast volumes of data, and 6G can be integrated with new technologies
like edge computing, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and blockchain [29]. 6G has the ability to
actualize multiple intelligences as well as group intelligence. 6G may finally support the ubiquitous smart
mobile society.
Table 1 summarize the technologies, features, and challenges of 6G wireless networks. 6G
communication accesses various forms of data through unconventional communication networks and sends it
over traditional and upgraded radio frequency networks, resulting in a new communication experience of
virtual presence and involvement at any time and from any location. Holographic calls, flying nets, remote
control driving, and tactile Internet are among the future communication scenarios predicted for 2030 [6],
[25]. Furthermore, future wireless communications are expected to deliver the same level of reliability as
traditional communications. However, terahertz (THz) communications [30], artificial intelligence (AI), and
reconfigurable smart surfaces offer the most promise of all the technical efforts connected to 6G [31].
Table 1. Technologies, features, and challenges of 6G wireless networks
Enabling Technology Features Challenges
Spectrum − Terahertz (THz).
− Visible light
communication (VLC).
− High bandwidth,
− Small antenna size and focused
beams.
− Low-cost hardware, and low
interference.
− Circuit design, high propagation loss.
− Restricted coverage, need for radio
frequency (RF) uplink.
− Path loss model.
Intelligence − Learning for the value of
informal assessment.
− User-centric network
architecture.
− Autonomous selection and
intelligent information
transmission.
− Intelligent distribution to network
endpoints.
− Complexity, unsupervised learning.
− Real-time and energy-efficient
processing.
PHY − Full-duplex Out-of-band
channel estimation sensing
and localization
− Continuous relaying and
transmitter (TX)/received (RX).
− Flexible multi-spectrum
communications.
− Innovative services and context-
based control.
− Management of interference and
scheduling.
− Reliable frequency mapping is needed.
− Efficient communication and location
multiplexing.
Network
architectures
− Cell-less architecture and
multi-connectivity.
− 3D architecture for the
network.
− Virtualization.
− Advanced access-backhaul
integration.
− Energy-harvesting and
low-power operations.
− Smooth movement and integration
of different types of links.
− Omnipresent 3D coverage, unified
service.
− Economy costs for operators for
tremendously dense deployments.
− Flexible deployment options,
outdoor-to-indoor relaying.
− Energy-saving grid operation,
flexibility.
− Scheduling, need for new network
design.
− Energy efficiency, modelling, and
topology optimization.
− High performance for medium access
control (MAC) processing and physical
(PHY).
− Scalability, interference, and scheduling.
− The characteristics of the power supply
need to be integrated into the protocol.
4. CONCLUSION
We analyzed the major triumphs and difficulties from 1G to 5G in this article. This is accomplished
by discussing all areas of legislation, services, innovation, and other themes relevant to each generation. In
terms of innovation, analog systems (1G) gave way to fully digital systems based on TDMA (2G), followed
by code division multiple access (CDMA) (3G), and finally, the successful 4G and wireless local area
network (WLAN) that employed OFDM. Today, there is a lot of buzzes about what 5G will bring. When it
comes to 6G, we see optical communication in open spaces, energy harvesting, wireless charging, and
machine learning to promote novel services as the primary innovative offerings.
7. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Evolution of wireless communication networks: from 1G to 6G and future … (Ahmed Amin Ahmed Solyman)
3949
REFERENCES
[1] M. H. Alsharif and R. Nordin, “Evolution towards fifth generation (5G) wireless networks: Current trends and challenges in the
deployment of millimetre wave, massive MIMO, and small cells,” Telecommunication Systems, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 617–637, Apr.
2017, doi: 10.1007/s11235-016-0195-x.
[2] H. Benn, Vision and key features for 5th generation (5G) Cellular. Samsung R&D Institute UK, 2014.
[3] Z. Zhang et al., “6G wireless networks: vision, requirements, architecture, and key technologies,” IEEE Vehicular Technology
Magazine, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 28–41, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.1109/MVT.2019.2921208.
[4] S. Chen, Y.-C. Liang, S. Sun, S. Kang, W. Cheng, and M. Peng, “Vision, requirements, and technology trend of 6G: how to tackle
the challenges of system coverage, capacity, user data-rate and movement speed,” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 27, no. 2,
pp. 218–228, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.1109/MWC.001.1900333.
[5] M. Agiwal, A. Roy, and N. Saxena, “Next generation 5G wireless networks: A comprehensive survey,” IEEE Communications
Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 1617–1655, 2016, doi: 10.1109/COMST.2016.2532458.
[6] S. Dang, O. Amin, B. Shihada, and M.-S. Alouini, “What should 6G be?,” Nature Electronics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 20–29, Jan. 2020,
doi: 10.1038/s41928-019-0355-6.
[7] E. C. Strinati et al., “6G: The next frontier: from holographic messaging to artificial intelligence using subterahertz and visible
light communication,” IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 42–58, Sep. 2019, doi:
10.1109/MVT.2019.2921162.
[8] M. Latva-aho and K. Leppänen, Key drivers and research challenges for 6G ubiquitous wireless intelligence. University of Oulu,
While Paper, 2019.
[9] J. A. del Peral-Rosado, R. Raulefs, J. A. López-Salcedo, and G. Seco-Granados, “Survey of cellular mobile radio localization
methods: from 1G to 5G,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 1124–1148, 2017, doi:
10.1109/COMST.2017.2785181.
[10] S. Onoe, “1.3 evolution of 5G mobile technology toward 1 2020 and beyond,” in 2016 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits
Conference (ISSCC), Jan. 2016, pp. 23–28, doi: 10.1109/ISSCC.2016.7417891.
[11] T. S. Rappaport et al., “Millimeter wave mobile communications for 5G cellular: it will work!,” IEEE Access, vol. 1,
pp. 335–349, 2013, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2013.2260813.
[12] A. Abrol and R. K. Jha, “Power optimization in 5G networks: A step towards GrEEn communication,” IEEE Access, vol. 4,
pp. 1355–1374, 2016, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2549641.
[13] A. Gupta and R. K. Jha, “A survey of 5G network: architecture and emerging technologies,” IEEE Access, vol. 3, pp. 1206–1232,
2015, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2461602.
[14] I. F. Akyildiz, D. M. Gutierrez-Estevez, and E. C. Reyes, “The evolution to 4G cellular systems: LTE-Advanced,” Physical
Communication, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 217–244, Dec. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.phycom.2010.08.001.
[15] J. Hoydis and M. Debbah, “Green, cost-effective, flexible, small cell networks,” IEEE Communications Society MMTC, vol. 5,
no. 5, pp. 23–26, 2010.
[16] J. Xu et al., “Cooperative distributed optimization for the hyper-dense small cell deployment,” IEEE Communications Magazine,
vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 61–67, May 2014, doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2014.6815894.
[17] S. Xu, J. Han, and T. Chen, “Enhanced inter-cell interference coordination in heterogeneous networks for LTE-advanced,” in
2012 IEEE 75th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), May 2012, pp. 1–5, doi: 10.1109/VETECS.2012.6240203.
[18] L. Lindbom, R. Love, S. Krishnamurthy, C. Yao, N. Miki, and V. Chandrasekhar, “Enhanced inter-cell interference coordination
for heterogeneous networks in LTE-advanced: A survey,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1112.1344, Dec. 2011.
[19] H. Lee, S. Vahid, and K. Moessner, “A survey of radio resource management for spectrum aggregation in LTE-advanced,” IEEE
Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 745–760, 2014, doi: 10.1109/SURV.2013.101813.00275.
[20] M. H. Alsharif, A. H. Kelechi, M. A. Albreem, S. A. Chaudhry, M. S. Zia, and S. Kim, “Sixth generation (6G) wireless networks:
vision, research activities, challenges and potential solutions,” Symmetry, vol. 12, no. 4, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.3390/sym12040676.
[21] K. David and H. Berndt, “6G vision and requirements: Is there any need for beyond 5G?,” IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine,
vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 72–80, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1109/MVT.2018.2848498.
[22] R.-J. Essiambre and R. W. Tkach, “Capacity trends and limits of optical communication networks,” Proceedings of the IEEE,
vol. 100, no. 5, pp. 1035–1055, May 2012, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2012.2182970.
[23] D. Semrau et al., “Achievable information rates estimates in optically amplified transmission systems using nonlinearity
compensation and probabilistic shaping,” Optics Letters, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 121–124, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1364/OL.42.000121.
[24] T. Xu et al., “Modulation format dependence of digital nonlinearity compensation performance in optical fibre communication
systems,” Optics Express, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 3311–3326, Feb. 2017, doi: 10.1364/OE.25.003311.
[25] K. B. Letaief, W. Chen, Y. Shi, J. Zhang, and Y.-J. A. Zhang, “The roadmap to 6G: AI empowered wireless networks,” IEEE
Communications Magazine, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 84–90, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2019.1900271.
[26] M. H. Alsharif, M. A. M. Albreem, A. A. A. Solyman, and S. Kim, “Toward 6G communication networks: terahertz frequency
challenges and open research issues,” Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 2831–2842, 2021, doi:
10.32604/cmc.2021.013176.
[27] H. Elayan, O. Amin, B. Shihada, R. M. Shubair, and M.-S. Alouini, “Terahertz band: the last piece of RF spectrum puzzle for
communication systems,” IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, vol. 1, pp. 1–32, 2020, doi:
10.1109/OJCOMS.2019.2953633.
[28] P. Yang, Y. Xiao, M. Xiao, and S. Li, “6G wireless communications: vision and potential techniques,” IEEE Network, vol. 33,
no. 4, pp. 70–75, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1109/MNET.2019.1800418.
[29] T. S. Rappaport et al., “Wireless communications and applications above 100 GHz: opportunities and challenges for 6G and
beyond,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 78729–78757, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2921522.
[30] A. A. A. Solyman and I. A. Elhaty, “Potential key challenges for terahertz communication systems,” International Journal of
Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 3403–3409, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp3403-
3409.
[31] H. H. Attar, A. A. A. Solyman, M. R. Khosravi, L. Qi, M. Alhihi, and P. Tavallali, “Bit and packet error rate evaluations for half-
cycle stage cooperation on 6G wireless networks,” Physical Communication, vol. 44, Feb. 2021, doi:
10.1016/j.phycom.2020.101249.
8. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 4, August 2022: 3943-3950
3950
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Ahmed Amin Ahmed Solyman received the B.Eng. and the M.S degree in
electrical and electronics engineering from MTC, Egypt, in 1999 and 2006 respectively, and
a Ph.D. degree in electric and electronics engineering from the University of Strathclyde,
U.K., in 2013. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Nişantaşı University. His
research interests include wireless communication networks, digital signal processing, IoT,
bioinformatics, smart grid, and artificial intelligence. He can contact at email:
ahmed.solyman@nisantasi.edu.tr.
Khalid Yahya received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Kocaeli
University, Kocaeli, Turkey, in 2018. He is currently working as an Assistant Professor of
mechatronics engineering with Istanbul Gelisim University, Turkey. He has published over a
dozen articles in prestigious journals and conferences. He is an active reviewer of many
conferences and journals. His current research interests include microelectronic circuit
analysis and design, renewable energy resources, power electronics, and MPPT designs for
energy harvesting systems and information security. He can contact at email:
khalid.omy@gmail.com.