Evolution
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A study of 200 volunteers found that eating 20g of cheese within 30 minutes of bedtime may impact dreams. 72% of participants reported sleeping well but 67% remembered their dreams, compared to an unknown baseline. The independent variable is cheese consumption and the dependent variable is dream recall. Issues with the study include a lack of a control group and small sample size.
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Solution
1. Charles Darwin during 1858 had proposed the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection,
where he has said that organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or
behavioral traits. Changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment will help it
survive and have more offspring.
Alfred Wallace who is also called the Father of Biogeography, studied the geographical
distribution of animal species and said the evolution is caused due to environmental pressures on
varieties of species it forces different species to adapt themselves to the local conditions, leading
to different populations in different locations.
Both groups of scientists have said that natural selection is the single most and important factor
in evolutionary changes seen in species.
Scientifically, This concept works due to different phenomenon such as:
a)Mutation- It is the Sudden change in the genetic makeup of an organism.And it is the driving
force of evolution, which influences the population’s gene pool.The change in the genetic
makeup of organism which favors the life of species makes it the fittest to survive!
b)Genetic Drift-It can occur when a small group of individuals leaves a population and
establishes a new one in a geographically isolated region.It occurs in a large population and helps
the population to survive.
c)Natural selection-This happens when populations of organisms are subjected to the
environment. The fittest creatures are more likely to survive and pass their genes to their
offspring, producing a population that is better adapted to the environment.
2.MicroEvolution-Microevolution is defined as changes in gene frequency in a population from
one generation to the next.These small changes in species occur by recombining existing genetic
material within the group of same species.
Micro Evolution is caused due to Mutation, Migration or Gene Flow, Genetic Drift and Selection
(natural and artificial).
Macro Evolution: It refers to major evolutionary changes over time, the origin of new types of
organisms from previously existing, but different, ancestral types.It is an evolution on a larger
scale where we find the descent of many species from one common ancestor over billions of
years.It is very difficult to see the Macro Evolution happening because it takes a longer time to
happen. But Instead, we can reconstruct the history of life using all available evidence like
geology, fossils, and living organisms..
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The document discusses food safety and foodborne illness. It defines food poisoning as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, fever and dehydration. It notes that estimates of the number of cases of foodborne illness per year in the US range widely from under 10 million to over 80 million. The document lists various pathogens, bacteria, viruses and chemicals that can contaminate food and cause foodborne illness, including E. coli, Salmonella, Hepatitis A, and chemicals like heavy metals, PCBs and pesticides.
Environmental Health: Air Pollution
The document discusses various types of air pollutants including ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, lead, mercury, and their sources and human health effects. It notes that mercury comes 40% from coal-fired power plants and can accumulate in fish, posing neurological and cardiovascular risks. The document also describes epidemiological studies that investigate relationships between air pollutant levels and health outcomes in populations under real-world exposure conditions to better understand health impacts.
Environmental Health: Radiation
There are two main types of radiation: electromagnetic waves and accelerated subatomic particles. Radiation can also be categorized as ionizing or non-ionizing, with ionizing radiation including sources like cosmic rays, radioactive minerals, medical technology like X-rays, and nuclear activities. Exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation can cause acute effects like nausea and vomiting, while low levels are associated with increased risks of cancer and genetic mutations.
Environmental Justice
This document summarizes key concepts related to environmental justice. It defines environmental justice as "the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies." It notes that environmental justice stems from the intersection of civil rights and environmentalism and focuses on addressing the disproportionate environmental impacts experienced by marginalized communities. Factors like economic resources, social capital, and structural discrimination can influence exposure to environmental hazards as well as health outcomes.
Intro to Networks for LUCID
Slides for the discussion of networks for LUCID 2013 (Lesley University Core Interdisciplinary Seminar)
Why eat local?
Local food is defined as food grown or produced within a 100-mile radius. Eating locally preserves agriculture land, traditions, and varietal crops while increasing community resilience and quality of life. However, you may not be able to eat certain foods in winter and local agriculture is not always sustainable or healthy. The story of Mr. Eats Local describes his daily habits of eating local and minimally processed foods, shopping at farms and markets, and enjoying fresh and preserved local foods throughout the year. Another story considers shopping at large stores like Whole Foods versus supporting local businesses. A third story profiles a local store owner who sells local products to directly support local farms and businesses.
Basic Neuroanatomy
This document provides an overview of basic neuroanatomy, including:
- Gross anatomy sections on gyri, sulci, fissures, grey and white matter, and fiber tracts.
- Descriptions of the cerebral cortex as the outer wrinkled surface, with neocortex as the outer layer and cortical layers and functional divisions.
- The limbic system participates in emotion, learning, and memory, and includes structures like the cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and amygdala.
- Other areas discussed include the basal ganglia, ventricles, diencephalon, thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem, midbrain, pons
Introduction to Methods in Neuroscience
This document contains images and descriptions of various microscopy, imaging, and experimental techniques used to study cells and neuroscience. These include bright field and fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, patch clamping, gene knockout techniques using reporter genes, creating transgenic animals, electron microscopy, computed tomography, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, functional MRI using the BOLD effect, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and combining fMRI with TMS. The techniques allow visualization and manipulation of cells, genes, and neural activity at various scales from molecules to whole organisms.
Neurons, the Action Potential, etc.
This document summarizes key aspects of neurons and neurotransmission. It describes the basic anatomy of neurons including the cell body, dendrites, and axon. It explains how electrical signals called action potentials are conducted down axons and transmitted across synapses to other neurons. The roles of ion channels and neurotransmitters in generating and transmitting these signals are also outlined. Finally, it provides an overview of supporting glial cells in the brain and peripheral nervous system.
Anatomy of Metaphor
The document discusses conceptual metaphors and how they shape our understanding of abstract concepts. It provides examples of common metaphors like TIME IS A RESOURCE and ACCEPTING AN IDEA IS BUYING GOODS. It explains how metaphors are understood via frames that define roles, relations and scenarios. Conceptual metaphors allow us to reason about abstract target domains like time, emotions and ideas using more concrete source domains like resources, journeys and commerce.
Sticky Ideas Discussion
Slides for discussing concepts from the book Made to Stick by Dan and Chip Heath. Some of these slides were used for humans+the environment, Fall 2012 and the Urban Ecology Institute 2012 Summer Institute.
MCB: Enzymatic Pathways and Regulation
This document summarizes key concepts about enzyme and protein regulation from chapters 3 and 4, including turnover number, enzyme kinetics, inhibitors, feedback inhibition, allosteric regulation, protein phosphorylation, and GTP binding. Figures are referenced from Essential Cell Biology to illustrate competitive and noncompetitive inhibition, negative regulation, and the reversible addition of phosphate groups to proteins.
H+E, Understanding Impact Project Guidelines, 2013
1. The document provides guidelines for a class project to analyze an entity making a positive impact. It instructs students to identify an organization and apply Kevin Starr's framework of lasting impact, behavioral change strategies from Switch, and systems thinking perspectives.
2. Students are asked to consider the entity's mission and measurements of impact, whether their strategies could effectively change behaviors, and the systems involved in their work.
3. A 5-minute presentation to the class is required to share the information about the identified entity.
H+E 2012, Last assignment
The document discusses learning new things and how it can lead to changing the world. It then provides prompts for a last assignment, asking students to either pour their heart out by writing a love letter connected to the course, share where they have found hope, or discuss what the future looks like.
Experimental Techniques
The document discusses various experimental techniques used to study genes and cells, including gene cloning, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), mutagenesis, gene knockouts, reporter genes, transgenesis, RNA interference (RNAi), nucleic acid hybridization, DNA microarrays, blotting, gel electrophoresis, immunostaining, and fusion proteins. Numerous figures from the text are referenced to illustrate these techniques.
H+E, Water 2011
The document discusses water usage statistics and sustainability. It notes that less than 1% of Earth's water is fresh and available, with 97% in oceans and 2% in ice caps. Water usage is 70% for agriculture, 20% for industry, and 10% for cities. The average US resident uses 1,800 gallons per day, twice the global average. Making water systems more decentralized, efficient, and resilient could help address issues of scarcity and sustainability.
H+E, Waste/Stuff 2011
The document discusses various types and amounts of food, industrial, municipal, medical, and electronic waste produced in the United States each year. It notes that in the US, approximately 96 billion pounds of food is wasted annually, while industrial waste amounts to over 7 billion tons per year. For municipal solid waste, over 250 million tons are generated annually, with food scraps, packaging, and other products making up the majority. The document also outlines various methods for dealing with different forms of waste, such as landfilling, incineration, and recycling, along with their environmental impacts.
Developmental Biology, Assignment 1
1) Zulori conducted an experiment where he separated the blastomeres of an organism called deseshrilior at the 8-cell stage and found that each cell could develop into a full organism, indicating the cells were totipotent.
2) In another experiment, Zulori removed cells near the blastocoel of deseshrilior and found they became neural stem cells, showing the cells were specified but not determined.
3) By finding deseshrilior somatic cells have 24 chromosomes, Zulori deduced the gametes should have half that number, or 12 chromosomes.
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9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Evolution
- 1. Review
- 2. Eating cheese before bed gives you nightmares.
- 3. Study: Eating Cheese Can Alter Your Dreams http://www.npr.org/templates/story/ story.php?storyId=4851485
- 4. 200 volunteers 20 g of cheese 30 min before bed 72% slept well 67% remembered dreams
- 5. What are the independent and dependent variables?
- 6. What are the problems with this study?
- 9. Evolution
- 10. 14.1 - 14.5
- 11. 2.1 - 2.5
- 12. Deep Time
- 20. If one billion years is represented as one meter, what is the corresponding length for how long modern humans have been around (100,000 years)?
- 25. Darwin’s Voyage
- 29. Evolution
- 30. “the change that occurs in organisms’ characteristics through time.”
- 34. Selection
- 38. “The phenomenon by which a cluster of species change as they occupy a series of different habitats within a region...”
- 40. Niche
- 49. Dog breeding
- 50. Agriculture
- 51. 90% livestock production based on 15 mammal and bird species 75%12 plant species food supply based on The Post Carbon Reader
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