This document summarizes a study that evaluated the wound healing potential of an ointment formulated with 15% Trichodesma zeylanicum methanolic root extract. Albino rats with excision wounds were treated topically daily with either the herbal ointment, Neosporin ointment (control), or an ointment base. Wound closure was slower with the herbal ointment but increased to 76.95% by day 17. Biochemical parameters related to wound healing, such as collagen and mucopolysaccharide content, generally improved more with Neosporin ointment. However, the herbal ointment also showed wound healing effects. The study concluded that T
Membrane Stabilizing And Antimicrobial Activities Of Caladium Bicolor And Che...IOSR Journals
The crude methanol extracts of whole plant of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. and leaf of Chenopodium album L. as well as their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions were evaluated for membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. At concentration 1.0 mg/ml, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of C. bicolor inhibited 43.92±1.63% and 38.08±0.83 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs, respectively. Among the extractives of C. album, the aqueous soluble fraction inhibited 47.11±0.49 % and 36.73±0.76 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.79 % and 42.12 % by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. C. bicolor test samples demonstrated zone of inhibition ranging from 6.0 to 20.0 mm. The chloroform soluble fraction showed the highest zone of inhibition (20.0 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The test samples of C. album displayed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. The highest zone of inhibition (13.0 mm) was showed by the chloroform soluble fraction against Salmonella paratyphi
In vivo study excision of wound healing potential of herbal formulationpharmaindexing
This document describes a study that evaluated the wound healing potential of an herbal formulation containing an ethanol extract of Lygodium flexuosum leaves. The leaves were extracted using successive solvent extraction with non-polar to polar solvents. Microscopic analysis of the leaf powder showed presence of vessels, trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, and starch grains. Three ointments with varying concentrations of the extract (100mg, 200mg, control) were prepared and tested for homogeneity, acute skin irritation, and penetration rate in rats. The results suggest the ointment has wound healing properties and a penetration rate of 0.02 mg, with no skin irritation observed.
Phytochemical investigation, screening of anti-inflammatory activity of Aspar...SriramNagarajan16
This study investigated the phytochemistry and anti-inflammatory activity of Asparagus gonoclados Baker roots. Physiochemical analysis of the roots found 5.07% alcohol soluble ash, 31.96% alcohol soluble extract, and 0.65% moisture content. Qualitative chemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, phytosterols, phenolics, tannins, and fixed oils in the ethanolic extract. The extract significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats in a dose-dependent manner, with 55.96% inhibition at 300 mg/kg. The study suggests the ethanolic extract has anti-inflammatory properties likely due to its phytochemical
This document summarizes the development and evaluation of an in situ gelling system for the treatment of periodontitis using tinidazole as the model drug. Tinidazole was incorporated into gellan gum and poloxamer 407 polymer matrices using a 32 full factorial design to optimize the formulation variables. Nine formulations were developed varying the concentration of gellan gum (0.5-1.5% w/v) and poloxamer 407 (10-20% w/v). The formulations were characterized for appearance, gelling capacity, pH, viscosity, gelation temperature, drug content, syringeability and in vitro drug release. The optimized formulation with maximum desirability contained 0.5% w/
Development, Characterization, and Isolation of Alkaloidal Fraction from Teph...BRNSS Publication Hub
A wound is a break in the skin. Wound is usually caused by cuts or scalps, and symptoms at wound or injury include swelling, stiffness, tenderness, discoloration skin tightness, itching, and scar formation, two types of tissue injury. Wound healing is a complex dynamic process. The main objective of this investigation is to study the development, characterization, and isolation of alkaloidal fraction from Tephrosia purpurea and evaluate its wound healing activity in various wound models such as excision, incision, dead space, and burn wound models. Various evaluation parameters such as wound contraction, epithelization time, tensile strength, wet and dry granuloma weight, and hydroxyproline estimation were performed. The main objective of this investigation is to develop a product, which may give a wound healing property, and enhance wound healing process such as increase the collagen synthesis, fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis, and epithelization because products which are available in market are either antiseptic or antimicrobial.
In Vivo Assay of Analgesic Activity of Methanolic and Petroleum Ether Extract...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes a study on the analgesic (pain-relieving) effects of methanolic and petroleum ether extracts of Vitex negundo (leaves) in mice. The study found that both extracts significantly reduced pain behaviors in mice in a dose-dependent manner in the acetic acid-induced writhing test, indicating that they possess peripheral analgesic properties. The methanolic extract showed stronger analgesic effects than the petroleum ether extract. The results provide support for the traditional use of V. negundo leaves to treat painful conditions and suggest that compounds in the plant like flavonoids may contribute to its analgesic activity.
A homeopathic remedy from arnica, marigold, St. John’s wort and comfrey accel...home
Results of this study showed that the low potency homeopathic remedy (0712–2) exerted in vitro
wound closure potential in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. This effect resulted from stimulation of fibroblasts motility rather
than of their mitosis.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF ANTI- INFLAMMATORY HERBAL FORMULATIONVikram Choudhary
This document summarizes a research article that developed and evaluated an anti-inflammatory herbal gel formulation. The gel was formulated using extracts of Vitex negundo leaves, Boswellia serrata gum resin, Berberis aristata roots, and wintergreen oil. Three gel formulations (F1-F3) were prepared with increasing concentrations of the herbal extracts. The formulations were evaluated for parameters like appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability, and drug content. Formulation F3 was found to be optimal based on evaluation. In vitro drug release studies were also conducted using a Franz diffusion cell to assess drug release from the gel formulations over 6 hours.
Membrane Stabilizing And Antimicrobial Activities Of Caladium Bicolor And Che...IOSR Journals
The crude methanol extracts of whole plant of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. and leaf of Chenopodium album L. as well as their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions were evaluated for membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. At concentration 1.0 mg/ml, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of C. bicolor inhibited 43.92±1.63% and 38.08±0.83 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs, respectively. Among the extractives of C. album, the aqueous soluble fraction inhibited 47.11±0.49 % and 36.73±0.76 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.79 % and 42.12 % by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. C. bicolor test samples demonstrated zone of inhibition ranging from 6.0 to 20.0 mm. The chloroform soluble fraction showed the highest zone of inhibition (20.0 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The test samples of C. album displayed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. The highest zone of inhibition (13.0 mm) was showed by the chloroform soluble fraction against Salmonella paratyphi
In vivo study excision of wound healing potential of herbal formulationpharmaindexing
This document describes a study that evaluated the wound healing potential of an herbal formulation containing an ethanol extract of Lygodium flexuosum leaves. The leaves were extracted using successive solvent extraction with non-polar to polar solvents. Microscopic analysis of the leaf powder showed presence of vessels, trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, and starch grains. Three ointments with varying concentrations of the extract (100mg, 200mg, control) were prepared and tested for homogeneity, acute skin irritation, and penetration rate in rats. The results suggest the ointment has wound healing properties and a penetration rate of 0.02 mg, with no skin irritation observed.
Phytochemical investigation, screening of anti-inflammatory activity of Aspar...SriramNagarajan16
This study investigated the phytochemistry and anti-inflammatory activity of Asparagus gonoclados Baker roots. Physiochemical analysis of the roots found 5.07% alcohol soluble ash, 31.96% alcohol soluble extract, and 0.65% moisture content. Qualitative chemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, phytosterols, phenolics, tannins, and fixed oils in the ethanolic extract. The extract significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats in a dose-dependent manner, with 55.96% inhibition at 300 mg/kg. The study suggests the ethanolic extract has anti-inflammatory properties likely due to its phytochemical
This document summarizes the development and evaluation of an in situ gelling system for the treatment of periodontitis using tinidazole as the model drug. Tinidazole was incorporated into gellan gum and poloxamer 407 polymer matrices using a 32 full factorial design to optimize the formulation variables. Nine formulations were developed varying the concentration of gellan gum (0.5-1.5% w/v) and poloxamer 407 (10-20% w/v). The formulations were characterized for appearance, gelling capacity, pH, viscosity, gelation temperature, drug content, syringeability and in vitro drug release. The optimized formulation with maximum desirability contained 0.5% w/
Development, Characterization, and Isolation of Alkaloidal Fraction from Teph...BRNSS Publication Hub
A wound is a break in the skin. Wound is usually caused by cuts or scalps, and symptoms at wound or injury include swelling, stiffness, tenderness, discoloration skin tightness, itching, and scar formation, two types of tissue injury. Wound healing is a complex dynamic process. The main objective of this investigation is to study the development, characterization, and isolation of alkaloidal fraction from Tephrosia purpurea and evaluate its wound healing activity in various wound models such as excision, incision, dead space, and burn wound models. Various evaluation parameters such as wound contraction, epithelization time, tensile strength, wet and dry granuloma weight, and hydroxyproline estimation were performed. The main objective of this investigation is to develop a product, which may give a wound healing property, and enhance wound healing process such as increase the collagen synthesis, fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis, and epithelization because products which are available in market are either antiseptic or antimicrobial.
In Vivo Assay of Analgesic Activity of Methanolic and Petroleum Ether Extract...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes a study on the analgesic (pain-relieving) effects of methanolic and petroleum ether extracts of Vitex negundo (leaves) in mice. The study found that both extracts significantly reduced pain behaviors in mice in a dose-dependent manner in the acetic acid-induced writhing test, indicating that they possess peripheral analgesic properties. The methanolic extract showed stronger analgesic effects than the petroleum ether extract. The results provide support for the traditional use of V. negundo leaves to treat painful conditions and suggest that compounds in the plant like flavonoids may contribute to its analgesic activity.
A homeopathic remedy from arnica, marigold, St. John’s wort and comfrey accel...home
Results of this study showed that the low potency homeopathic remedy (0712–2) exerted in vitro
wound closure potential in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. This effect resulted from stimulation of fibroblasts motility rather
than of their mitosis.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF ANTI- INFLAMMATORY HERBAL FORMULATIONVikram Choudhary
This document summarizes a research article that developed and evaluated an anti-inflammatory herbal gel formulation. The gel was formulated using extracts of Vitex negundo leaves, Boswellia serrata gum resin, Berberis aristata roots, and wintergreen oil. Three gel formulations (F1-F3) were prepared with increasing concentrations of the herbal extracts. The formulations were evaluated for parameters like appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability, and drug content. Formulation F3 was found to be optimal based on evaluation. In vitro drug release studies were also conducted using a Franz diffusion cell to assess drug release from the gel formulations over 6 hours.
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)Aranno Hossain
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)
K. Schum. in Swiss-Albino Mice Model
Md. Al Faruk1, Mohammad Firoz Khan2, Md. Yeunus Mian2, Mohammad Sharifur Rahman3
and Mohammad A. Rashid3
This research article evaluated the antioxidant potential and free radical scavenging activity of Trichodesma zeylanicum roots. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolics, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and tannins in the plant extract. The total flavonoid content was determined to be 6.28 mg/gram of dried extract. Tests showed the extract had reducing power and hydrogen peroxide scavenging abilities, with IC50 values indicating good antioxidant activity compared to ascorbic acid. The results suggest T. zeylanicum has potential as a source of antioxidants for wound treatment.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This document summarizes a study on the pharmacological and phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract of Litsea monopetala leaves. Key findings include:
1. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the crude ethanol extract found the presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, flavonoids and reducing sugars.
2. In vitro antimicrobial assays found the extract showed varying degrees of antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as antifungal activity against several fungi species, with zone of inhibition ranging from 10-14mm.
3. The extract also exhibited mild to strong minimum inhibitory concentration against test microorganisms. In vitro tests found the
The document discusses quality control methods for evaluating drugs of natural origin, including methods of adulteration and detection. It describes:
1. Various techniques used to adulterate crude drugs such as substitution, deterioration, and addition of inferior substances.
2. Methods to evaluate drugs which include morphological, microscopic, chemical and biological analyses to identify drugs, detect adulterants, and ensure quality and purity.
3. Specific evaluation techniques like organoleptic tests, microscopic analysis of histological features, trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, and quantitative microscopy. These allow identification of plant drugs and detection of adulteration.
Qualitative Evaluation and Wound Healing Potential of Selected Medicinal Plan...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document describes a study that evaluated the wound healing potential of three medicinal plants using an excision wound model on rats. Extracts of Artocarpus heterophyllus, Murraya koenigii, and Punica granatum were prepared and used to formulate ointments. The ointments and extracts were tested on excision wounds in rats and their effects on wound contraction and epithelization time were measured. Results found that the ointment containing 10% extracts of all three plants (formulation F3) showed the best wound healing potential compared to the other test groups and controls. Histopathological analysis further supported the wound healing effects.
This study evaluated the cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of bioassay-guided fractions from Malaysian Solanum nigrum leaf and fruit extracts. Fractionation of the methanol leaf extract yielded 13 fractions and the ethanol fruit extract yielded 17 fractions. Some fractions showed high cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines with IC50 values as low as 12-13 μg/mL. The most potent fractions inhibited cancer cells similarly to the positive controls doxorubicin and vinblastine. Additionally, certain fractions exhibited strong radical scavenging activity comparable to ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol in antioxidant assays. Overall, the results suggest that Solanum nigrum leaves and fruits contain cytotoxic and antioxidant compounds warranting further purification and investigation.
Isolation and characterization of triterpenes from petroleumAlexander Decker
Two triterpenes, betulin and betulinic acid, were isolated from Parinari curatellifolia through serial extraction and column chromatography. Betulin was isolated from the petroleum ether extract while betulinic acid was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract. Structural characterization of the compounds was carried out using NMR, IR, and mass spectrometry. Based on the spectroscopic data, the isolated compounds were identified as betulin and betulinic acid. These are the first reports of these triterpenes being constituents of P. curatellifolia.
37.Studies on the chemical and medicinal value of Vitex negundo Linn.Annadurai B
This document summarizes a study on the chemical and medicinal value of Vitex negundo Linn leaves. The study found that the leaves contain phytochemicals like glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, and volatile oils. Extracts of the leaves showed antioxidant properties like superoxide scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects in mice models. Glycosides isolated from the leaves also demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified the phytochemical constituents in the volatile oil. The results support the traditional use of V. negundo for its long-term antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anti-cancer properties.
Formulation of an anti-inflammatory drug as fast dissolving tabletsIOSR Journals
The demand for mouth dissolving tablets has been growing during the last decade especially for elderly and children who have difficulties in swallowing. Ketorolac tromethamine is an effective anti-inflammatory agent that has been extensively used for the prevention of pain and inflammation associated with a wide variety of reasons. This study was aimed to form Ketorolac tromethamine mouth dissolving tablets by direct compression using superdisintegratants as crospovidone (CP) ,crosscarmellose sodium (CCS), and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) at concentrations of 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%. The physical mixtures of the drug and the used excipients were evaluated for their micromeretric properties such as angle of repose, particle size, Hausner's ratio and % compressibility. Also, FTIR spectroscopy and DSC calorimetry were performed to indicate any possible interaction between the drug with the used excipients.All the prepared tablets were evaluated for their weight variation, thickness, hardness, wetting time, and disintegration time. Also in-vitro release study was done for all the prepared tablets using distilled deionized water as dissolution medium at 37.5± 0.5 c˚. Based on in-vitro release study and stability studies, G5 (contained 3% CCS) was found to be the promising formulae and subjected to further studies.
This document discusses adulteration of crude drugs. It describes adulteration as the substitution or addition of inferior substances to crude drugs, either intentionally or unintentionally, to increase profits. Common types of adulteration include deterioration, admixture, sophistication, substitution, inferiority, and spoilage. Adulteration can occur directly through intentional means or indirectly through unintentional factors like improper storage. Common intentional adulteration practices involve substituting authentic drugs with exhausted drugs, substandard varieties, or artificially manufactured substances. Evaluation of crude drugs helps identify authentic drugs and detect nature of adulteration using organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological analyses.
In the present research work, the chewable tablets of ginger were prepared by wet granulation. Compression of chewable tablets was done by Karnavati lab scale tablet compression machine. The pre-compression parameters assessed for the granules produced include angle of repose, bulk and tapped density, Carr’s index, Housner’s ratio. Compressed tablets were evaluated for thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution time.
This document presents a spectro photometric method for determining the amount of Deferasirox, an oral iron chelator, in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The method involves reducing Deferasirox in the presence of ferric chloride under acidic conditions, which produces a purple colored complex absorbing at 530 nm. Beer's law is followed from 10-50 mg/ml concentrations. The method was validated through statistical analysis and recovery studies. It provides a simple, sensitive, and cost-effective way to perform quality control analysis of Deferasirox formulations.
The document discusses various methods for evaluating crude drugs, including morphological evaluation, microscopic/anatomical evaluation, physical evaluation, chemical evaluation, and biological evaluation. Morphological evaluation examines the gross features, sensory characteristics, and microscopic structures of drugs. Physical evaluation determines characteristics like moisture content, viscosity, and melting point. Chemical evaluation uses instrumental methods, chemical tests, and thin layer chromatography to identify active constituents. Biological evaluation is used when drugs cannot be fully evaluated by chemical means.
The document summarizes the design and development of itraconazole loaded nanosponges for topical drug delivery. It discusses the introduction to nanosponges, review of literature, aim and objectives of formulating itraconazole nanosponges, plan of work including materials and methods, formulation of nanosponges using the emulsion solvent diffusion method, evaluation studies of the nanosponges including production yield, entrapment efficiency, FT-IR spectroscopy, particle morphology by SEM, particle size analysis, and solubility study. The optimized nanosponge formulation F4 showed the highest production yield of 75.48%, entrapment efficiency of 73.10%, and solubility of 28 μg/
Formulation, characterization and Evaluation of Transdermal Film Containing N...SriramNagarajan15
Transdermal drug delivery system has numerous advantages over the more traditional drug delivery systems. This includes high bioavailability, steady drug plasma concentration, absence of first pass hepatic metabolism effect. Transdermal film is an adhesive film that has a coating of a drug that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of the drug into the bloodstream over a period. The aim of present study an attempt was made to design the transdermal drug delivery system of naproxen with Ethyl Cellulose polymer in various concentrations. Transdermal films were prepared by solvent casting method by using Dibutylpthalate as plasticizer. The prepared films were characterized in physical appearance, thickness, drug content, weightvaration, Folding endurance, percentage moisture uptake and in-vitro release study.
This is an Engg Biotechnology project based on medicinal plant i.e singapore cherry or jamaican cherry tree (scientific name Muntingia calabure ), we did in 2013 in GMIT college Davangere, karanataka, India. i have complete project detail what we did..,
Phytochemical, cytotoxic, in-vitro antioxidant and anti-microbial investigati...IOSR Journals
Zizyphus rugosa Lam. (Family: Rhamnaceae), locally known as “Bon Boroi” or as “Jongli Boroi” in Bangladesh generally found as a herb on the hills in bunches on thorny branches of the Zizyphus rugosa trees. Its bark and wood are used medicinally for dysentery in China, India, Laos, Burma, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. Phytochemical screening of the Leaf extract of Zizyphus rugosa Lam showed different phytoconstituents including carbohydrates (monosaccharides, reducing and mixed-reducing sugars), alkaloid, glycosides, steroids, tannins and saponin. No flavonoid was detected. In DPPH and NO radical scavenging methods, IC50 was moderately satisfactory. IC50 was found 179.713μg/ml and 769.909μg/ml respectively compare with the reference ascorbic acid (15.707μg/ml and 82.642μg/ml respectively). In LPO (Lipid peroxidation) assay the Leaf fraction extract showed moderate inhibition potentiality (IC50 402.835μg/ml) in comparison to standard drug BHT (IC50 32.94μg/ml). In CUPRAC assays, the fraction was found to possess low Total antioxidant content, good flavonoid, and moderate amounts of phenolics, tannin and alkaloid content. The Leaf fraction extract was found to show good toxicity to Brine Shrimp nauplii, (LC50 212.402μg/ml & LC90 10715.91μg/ml) compare with the reference anticancer drug vincristine sulphate (LC50 2.47μg/ml & LC90 42μg/ml). In the antimicrobial study the fraction showed moderate activity against only one bacterium (Shiggla sonni) while the standard drug Chloramphenicol showed very good zone of inhibition against all five types (Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Shiggla sonni, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella grb) of bacteria. These findings provide scientific basis for the use of Zizyphus rugosa Lam. leaf ethanolic extract in traditional medicine in the treatment of aforementioned diseases. The plant also possesses moderate antimicrobial activity, good cytotoxic and good to moderate antioxidant activity.
The document summarizes research investigating the anti-fungal properties of Moringa oleifera extracts. Ethanol extracts of M. oleifera seeds and leaves showed inhibitory effects against common fungal skin pathogens like Trichophyton rubrum in in vitro tests. Chemical analysis of the essential oil from M. oleifera leaves identified 44 compounds, with (E)-phytol and pentacosane as major constituents. Certain extracts, like the ethyl acetate fraction of seeds, exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations below 10 mg/ml against the test fungi. The results suggest M. oleifera extracts could potentially be developed into anti-fungal agents for skin diseases.
Compendial methods for evalution of crude drug and herbal formulationYachita Rajwadwala
1. The document discusses various parameters for evaluating crude drugs and herbal formulations, including physical, chemical, biological, and toxicological parameters.
2. Key physical parameters include viscosity, moisture content, density, and ash value. Chemical parameters involve detecting compounds like alkaloids, carbohydrates, fixed oils, and phenolic compounds.
3. Biological/toxicological parameters include determining pesticide residues, arsenic, heavy metals, and radioactive contamination using techniques like gas chromatography and colorimetric analysis.
Gotu kola is a small herb native to parts of Asia, Australia, and Africa that grows in swampy areas. It is considered a spiritual herb in some cultures. Medicinally, it has mild adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcerogenic, and circulatory stimulating properties. It can benefit memory, treat skin issues, reduce blood pressure, and help the body remove toxins. Gotu kola should be used cautiously by pregnant/breastfeeding women and those with liver disease or diabetes. It can be consumed as a tea or applied topically as a balm or oil.
Taller práctico 10 claves para la implementación de tendencias y enfoques inn...Luz Angela Parra Mendez
Este documento presenta un taller práctico sobre 10 claves para la implementación de tendencias y enfoques innovadores en la enseñanza. El taller busca que los docentes identifiquen el cambio necesario para incorporar las TIC al aula y currículo, y desarrollen habilidades para el nuevo paradigma educativo. Incluye ejercicios para analizar tendencias pedagógicas como el aprendizaje basado en proyectos, vivencial, invertido y flexible. También examina políticas públicas y principios para adaptar la educación al siglo XXI,
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)Aranno Hossain
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)
K. Schum. in Swiss-Albino Mice Model
Md. Al Faruk1, Mohammad Firoz Khan2, Md. Yeunus Mian2, Mohammad Sharifur Rahman3
and Mohammad A. Rashid3
This research article evaluated the antioxidant potential and free radical scavenging activity of Trichodesma zeylanicum roots. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolics, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and tannins in the plant extract. The total flavonoid content was determined to be 6.28 mg/gram of dried extract. Tests showed the extract had reducing power and hydrogen peroxide scavenging abilities, with IC50 values indicating good antioxidant activity compared to ascorbic acid. The results suggest T. zeylanicum has potential as a source of antioxidants for wound treatment.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This document summarizes a study on the pharmacological and phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract of Litsea monopetala leaves. Key findings include:
1. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the crude ethanol extract found the presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, flavonoids and reducing sugars.
2. In vitro antimicrobial assays found the extract showed varying degrees of antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as antifungal activity against several fungi species, with zone of inhibition ranging from 10-14mm.
3. The extract also exhibited mild to strong minimum inhibitory concentration against test microorganisms. In vitro tests found the
The document discusses quality control methods for evaluating drugs of natural origin, including methods of adulteration and detection. It describes:
1. Various techniques used to adulterate crude drugs such as substitution, deterioration, and addition of inferior substances.
2. Methods to evaluate drugs which include morphological, microscopic, chemical and biological analyses to identify drugs, detect adulterants, and ensure quality and purity.
3. Specific evaluation techniques like organoleptic tests, microscopic analysis of histological features, trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, and quantitative microscopy. These allow identification of plant drugs and detection of adulteration.
Qualitative Evaluation and Wound Healing Potential of Selected Medicinal Plan...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document describes a study that evaluated the wound healing potential of three medicinal plants using an excision wound model on rats. Extracts of Artocarpus heterophyllus, Murraya koenigii, and Punica granatum were prepared and used to formulate ointments. The ointments and extracts were tested on excision wounds in rats and their effects on wound contraction and epithelization time were measured. Results found that the ointment containing 10% extracts of all three plants (formulation F3) showed the best wound healing potential compared to the other test groups and controls. Histopathological analysis further supported the wound healing effects.
This study evaluated the cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of bioassay-guided fractions from Malaysian Solanum nigrum leaf and fruit extracts. Fractionation of the methanol leaf extract yielded 13 fractions and the ethanol fruit extract yielded 17 fractions. Some fractions showed high cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines with IC50 values as low as 12-13 μg/mL. The most potent fractions inhibited cancer cells similarly to the positive controls doxorubicin and vinblastine. Additionally, certain fractions exhibited strong radical scavenging activity comparable to ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol in antioxidant assays. Overall, the results suggest that Solanum nigrum leaves and fruits contain cytotoxic and antioxidant compounds warranting further purification and investigation.
Isolation and characterization of triterpenes from petroleumAlexander Decker
Two triterpenes, betulin and betulinic acid, were isolated from Parinari curatellifolia through serial extraction and column chromatography. Betulin was isolated from the petroleum ether extract while betulinic acid was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract. Structural characterization of the compounds was carried out using NMR, IR, and mass spectrometry. Based on the spectroscopic data, the isolated compounds were identified as betulin and betulinic acid. These are the first reports of these triterpenes being constituents of P. curatellifolia.
37.Studies on the chemical and medicinal value of Vitex negundo Linn.Annadurai B
This document summarizes a study on the chemical and medicinal value of Vitex negundo Linn leaves. The study found that the leaves contain phytochemicals like glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, and volatile oils. Extracts of the leaves showed antioxidant properties like superoxide scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects in mice models. Glycosides isolated from the leaves also demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified the phytochemical constituents in the volatile oil. The results support the traditional use of V. negundo for its long-term antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anti-cancer properties.
Formulation of an anti-inflammatory drug as fast dissolving tabletsIOSR Journals
The demand for mouth dissolving tablets has been growing during the last decade especially for elderly and children who have difficulties in swallowing. Ketorolac tromethamine is an effective anti-inflammatory agent that has been extensively used for the prevention of pain and inflammation associated with a wide variety of reasons. This study was aimed to form Ketorolac tromethamine mouth dissolving tablets by direct compression using superdisintegratants as crospovidone (CP) ,crosscarmellose sodium (CCS), and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) at concentrations of 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%. The physical mixtures of the drug and the used excipients were evaluated for their micromeretric properties such as angle of repose, particle size, Hausner's ratio and % compressibility. Also, FTIR spectroscopy and DSC calorimetry were performed to indicate any possible interaction between the drug with the used excipients.All the prepared tablets were evaluated for their weight variation, thickness, hardness, wetting time, and disintegration time. Also in-vitro release study was done for all the prepared tablets using distilled deionized water as dissolution medium at 37.5± 0.5 c˚. Based on in-vitro release study and stability studies, G5 (contained 3% CCS) was found to be the promising formulae and subjected to further studies.
This document discusses adulteration of crude drugs. It describes adulteration as the substitution or addition of inferior substances to crude drugs, either intentionally or unintentionally, to increase profits. Common types of adulteration include deterioration, admixture, sophistication, substitution, inferiority, and spoilage. Adulteration can occur directly through intentional means or indirectly through unintentional factors like improper storage. Common intentional adulteration practices involve substituting authentic drugs with exhausted drugs, substandard varieties, or artificially manufactured substances. Evaluation of crude drugs helps identify authentic drugs and detect nature of adulteration using organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological analyses.
In the present research work, the chewable tablets of ginger were prepared by wet granulation. Compression of chewable tablets was done by Karnavati lab scale tablet compression machine. The pre-compression parameters assessed for the granules produced include angle of repose, bulk and tapped density, Carr’s index, Housner’s ratio. Compressed tablets were evaluated for thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution time.
This document presents a spectro photometric method for determining the amount of Deferasirox, an oral iron chelator, in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The method involves reducing Deferasirox in the presence of ferric chloride under acidic conditions, which produces a purple colored complex absorbing at 530 nm. Beer's law is followed from 10-50 mg/ml concentrations. The method was validated through statistical analysis and recovery studies. It provides a simple, sensitive, and cost-effective way to perform quality control analysis of Deferasirox formulations.
The document discusses various methods for evaluating crude drugs, including morphological evaluation, microscopic/anatomical evaluation, physical evaluation, chemical evaluation, and biological evaluation. Morphological evaluation examines the gross features, sensory characteristics, and microscopic structures of drugs. Physical evaluation determines characteristics like moisture content, viscosity, and melting point. Chemical evaluation uses instrumental methods, chemical tests, and thin layer chromatography to identify active constituents. Biological evaluation is used when drugs cannot be fully evaluated by chemical means.
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Formulation, characterization and Evaluation of Transdermal Film Containing N...SriramNagarajan15
Transdermal drug delivery system has numerous advantages over the more traditional drug delivery systems. This includes high bioavailability, steady drug plasma concentration, absence of first pass hepatic metabolism effect. Transdermal film is an adhesive film that has a coating of a drug that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of the drug into the bloodstream over a period. The aim of present study an attempt was made to design the transdermal drug delivery system of naproxen with Ethyl Cellulose polymer in various concentrations. Transdermal films were prepared by solvent casting method by using Dibutylpthalate as plasticizer. The prepared films were characterized in physical appearance, thickness, drug content, weightvaration, Folding endurance, percentage moisture uptake and in-vitro release study.
This is an Engg Biotechnology project based on medicinal plant i.e singapore cherry or jamaican cherry tree (scientific name Muntingia calabure ), we did in 2013 in GMIT college Davangere, karanataka, India. i have complete project detail what we did..,
Phytochemical, cytotoxic, in-vitro antioxidant and anti-microbial investigati...IOSR Journals
Zizyphus rugosa Lam. (Family: Rhamnaceae), locally known as “Bon Boroi” or as “Jongli Boroi” in Bangladesh generally found as a herb on the hills in bunches on thorny branches of the Zizyphus rugosa trees. Its bark and wood are used medicinally for dysentery in China, India, Laos, Burma, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. Phytochemical screening of the Leaf extract of Zizyphus rugosa Lam showed different phytoconstituents including carbohydrates (monosaccharides, reducing and mixed-reducing sugars), alkaloid, glycosides, steroids, tannins and saponin. No flavonoid was detected. In DPPH and NO radical scavenging methods, IC50 was moderately satisfactory. IC50 was found 179.713μg/ml and 769.909μg/ml respectively compare with the reference ascorbic acid (15.707μg/ml and 82.642μg/ml respectively). In LPO (Lipid peroxidation) assay the Leaf fraction extract showed moderate inhibition potentiality (IC50 402.835μg/ml) in comparison to standard drug BHT (IC50 32.94μg/ml). In CUPRAC assays, the fraction was found to possess low Total antioxidant content, good flavonoid, and moderate amounts of phenolics, tannin and alkaloid content. The Leaf fraction extract was found to show good toxicity to Brine Shrimp nauplii, (LC50 212.402μg/ml & LC90 10715.91μg/ml) compare with the reference anticancer drug vincristine sulphate (LC50 2.47μg/ml & LC90 42μg/ml). In the antimicrobial study the fraction showed moderate activity against only one bacterium (Shiggla sonni) while the standard drug Chloramphenicol showed very good zone of inhibition against all five types (Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Shiggla sonni, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella grb) of bacteria. These findings provide scientific basis for the use of Zizyphus rugosa Lam. leaf ethanolic extract in traditional medicine in the treatment of aforementioned diseases. The plant also possesses moderate antimicrobial activity, good cytotoxic and good to moderate antioxidant activity.
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Compendial methods for evalution of crude drug and herbal formulationYachita Rajwadwala
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3. Biological/toxicological parameters include determining pesticide residues, arsenic, heavy metals, and radioactive contamination using techniques like gas chromatography and colorimetric analysis.
Gotu kola is a small herb native to parts of Asia, Australia, and Africa that grows in swampy areas. It is considered a spiritual herb in some cultures. Medicinally, it has mild adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcerogenic, and circulatory stimulating properties. It can benefit memory, treat skin issues, reduce blood pressure, and help the body remove toxins. Gotu kola should be used cautiously by pregnant/breastfeeding women and those with liver disease or diabetes. It can be consumed as a tea or applied topically as a balm or oil.
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The document provides information on an individual's military experience and training history from 1998 to 2016. It details their occupations in the Army including as a Telecommunications Operations Chief, Network Switching Systems Operator-Maintainer, and Infantryman. It also lists additional training and qualifications in areas like battle staff operations and parachuting.
Steven Jackson is seeking an entry-level position as a small engine technician with over 30 years of experience maintaining industrial diesel engines and over 5 years experience with small engines. He has multiple vocational certificates in small engine repair and diesel technology. His work history includes positions maintaining equipment such as lawnmowers, chainsaws, and marine vessels. He has extensive licensing and safety training.
Restrictions-on-a-Woman-s-Reproductive-ChoiceLucinda Lee
Restricting access to reproductive healthcare and factual information leads to negative outcomes. It increases rates of preventable sexually transmitted diseases like HIV and HPV by limiting condom access and sex education. It also increases unintended pregnancy by promoting ineffective abstinence-only programs instead of contraception education and access. This damages individuals' health and economic opportunities, as well as increasing healthcare and social costs to society. Evidence shows that providing open access to factual information and medical services through education and contraception improves public health outcomes.
V.VENUGOPAL is a Dy.Manager with over 6 years of experience in testing and commissioning electrical systems up to 220KV. He has tested and commissioned many substations and power plants in India for companies like Greenko Group, BHEL, Reliance and NCC. He holds a B.Tech in Electrical and Electronics Engineering and is proficient in testing protection relays, transformers, circuit breakers and electrical panels.
Este documento establece normas para el manejo de la historia clínica en Colombia. Define la historia clínica y sus componentes, y establece directrices sobre su diligenciamiento, organización, custodia y archivo. Además, determina los requisitos mínimos de información que debe contener y los tiempos de retención de acuerdo con el archivo de gestión, central e histórico.
The document advertises dance troupes for hire in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. It provides the same contact information across multiple repetitions, including the phone numbers 0932 687477 and 0903 967477. The dance troupes offered are described as professional.
This document describes a study that aimed to develop, characterize, and isolate the alkaloidal fraction from Tephrosia purpurea, and evaluate its wound healing activity. Various wound models were used, including excision, incision, dead space, and burn wound models. Parameters like wound contraction, epithelization time, tensile strength, granuloma weight, and hydroxyproline levels were measured to evaluate wound healing. The alkaloidal fraction was isolated using extraction and column chromatography. Ointments and suspensions were prepared for topical and oral administration in the different wound models. The results suggest the alkaloidal fraction from T. purpurea may enhance wound healing through effects like increased collagen synthesis, fibroblast
This document describes a study that aimed to develop, characterize, and isolate the alkaloidal fraction from Tephrosia purpurea, and evaluate its wound healing activity. Various wound models were used, including excision, incision, dead space, and burn wound models. Parameters like wound contraction, epithelization time, tensile strength, granuloma weight, and hydroxyproline content were measured to evaluate wound healing. The alkaloidal fraction was isolated using extraction and column chromatography. Ointments and suspensions were prepared for topical and oral administration. Results showed the alkaloidal fraction promoted wound healing in the different models compared to control.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
This study investigated the wound healing properties of a herbal ointment containing extracts of Jatropha curcas leaf. Rats were inflicted with excision wounds and treated topically with ointments containing different concentrations of J. curcas extract. Wound closure was assessed by wound area measurements. Ointments containing J. curcas extracts significantly accelerated wound healing in a dose-dependent manner compared to controls. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and glycosides in J. curcas extracts which may contribute to wound healing effects. The results suggest J. curcas has potential for use in commercial wound healing ointments.
This study investigated the wound healing properties of a herbal ointment containing extracts of Jatropha curcas leaf. Rats were inflicted with excision wounds and treated topically with ointments containing different concentrations of J. curcas extract. Wound closure was assessed by wound area measurements. Ointments containing J. curcas extracts significantly accelerated wound healing in a dose-dependent manner compared to controls. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and glycosides in J. curcas extracts which may contribute to wound healing properties. The results suggest J. curcas extracts have potential for use in commercial wound healing ointments.
This study investigated the wound healing properties of a herbal ointment containing extracts of Jatropha curcas leaf. Rats were inflicted with excision wounds and treated topically with ointments containing different concentrations of J. curcas extract. Wound closure was assessed by wound area measurements. Ointments containing J. curcas extracts significantly accelerated wound healing in a dose-dependent manner compared to controls. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and glycosides in J. curcas extracts which may contribute to wound healing properties. The results suggest J. curcas extracts have potential for use in commercial wound healing ointments.
Wound Healing activity of Leaves & roots of Pavetta Indica Linn of by using d...BRNSS Publication Hub
Pavetta indica, which is known as kankara in Hindi, is widely distributed in the greater part of India. P. indica is a traditional medicinal plant having for various diseases. Objective: The aim of the present study to evaluate the wound healing activity on different extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol) of leaves and roots of P. indica Linn. in albino rats using excision and incision wound models. Materials and Methods: The excision and incision wounds were inflicted on eight groups, each group having six albino rates and divided one group for control, six groups for test, and one group for standard treated with povidone iodine ointment. The parameter in excision observed was wound contraction and incision model was tensile strength. Result: It was noted that the effect produced by the methanolic extract of P. indica ointment showed a significant healing in both wound models. The studies indicate that the root extracts of plant have more potent healing as compared to leaf extracts. Conclusion: The results further suggest that P. indica facilitates healing by increasing the rate and extent of wound closure and increased tensile strength in wounds subject to healing.
This document describes a study that evaluated the wound healing properties of leaves and roots of the plant Pavetta indica using excision and incision wound models in rats. In the excision wound model, groups treated with chloroform and methanol extracts of both leaves and roots showed the highest percentage of wound contraction compared to the control group. In the incision wound model, leaf and root extract treatments also improved tensile strength more than the control. Overall, the results suggest that P. indica extracts, particularly root extracts, facilitate wound healing in both models.
This document describes a study that evaluated the wound healing properties of leaves and roots of the plant Pavetta indica using excision and incision wound models in rats. In the excision wound model, treatment with chloroform and methanol extracts of both leaves and roots significantly accelerated wound closure compared to the control group. In the incision wound model, leaf and root extracts increased tensile strength more than the control. The root extracts appeared to have more potent wound healing effects than leaf extracts. Overall, the results suggest that P. indica facilitates wound healing by promoting wound closure and increasing strength.
Formulation development, optimization and evaluation of aloe vera gel for wou...German Carle
The document describes the development and evaluation of an aloe vera gel formulation for wound healing. Aloe vera extract was formulated into a gel using Carbopol 934 as the gelling agent. Different concentrations of Carbopol 934 were tested to optimize the consistency and spreadability of the gel. The optimized gel was then evaluated for various physicochemical properties and wound healing effects using a rat excision wound model. Application of the aloe vera gel resulted in faster wound healing compared to the untreated control group.
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF AQUEOUS AND PETROLEUM ETHER LEAF EXTRACTS OF JATRO...IJSIT Editor
The experiment was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial property of aqueous and Petroleum
ether leaf extracts of Jatrophacurcas against some gram positive micro-organisms: Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis and some gram negative micro-organisms: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi using
antibiotics; Gentamycin as control. The phytochemical screening of aqueous and petroleum ether extracts
showed the presences of cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenes, tannins, phlobatannins, anthraguinones
and saponins. The disc diffusion techniques was used to test the sensitivity of the micro-organism to the
extracts of Jatrophacurcas the results obtained show mean zones of inhibition between (19 + 0.6mm) to (30 +
0.3mm) for aqueous extract and (24 + 0.5mm) to (35 + 0.8mm) for petroleum ether extract. Micro-organisms
showed sensitivity in the following order: E.coli;(17 + 0.3mm) and (25 + 0.8mm), S.aureus; (26 + 0.2mm) and
(28 + 0.6mm), B.subtilis; (16 + 0.1mm) and (20 + 0.7mm), and S.typhi (25 + 0.2mm) and (27 + 0.6mm) for
aqueous and petroleum ether extracts respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for both
extracts show that the extracts inhibited the growth of the entire test organism at concentration 0.6mg/ml.
This result thus suggests the potency of Jatrophacurcas as an antimicrobial agent especially at the
concentration employed.
Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Nigella Sativa L. Oil Seed C...inventionjournals
This document analyzes the chemical composition and antifungal activity of Nigella sativa L. oil seeds cultivated in Morocco. Gas chromatography analysis found the main fatty acids to be linoleic acid (58.5%) and oleic acid (23.7%), while the main sterols were β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. Testing showed the seed oil had strong antifungal activity against Candida species, with minimum inhibitory concentrations lower than common antifungal drugs. The findings suggest Nigella seed oil could be a potential natural antifungal agent for foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products.
11.protective effect of phyllanthus niruri on dmba croton oil mediated carcin...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the protective effects of Phyllanthus niruri extract (PNE) on skin carcinogenesis and oxidative damage in mice induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and croton oil.
2) PNE significantly reduced tumor incidence, burden, volume and weight compared to the carcinogen control group. It also prolonged the latent period of tumor occurrence.
3) PNE protected against losses in antioxidant levels like glutathione, vitamin C and activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase in the liver and skin caused by DMBA/croton oil. It also reduced lipid peroxidation levels.
4) PNE administration
Protective effect of phyllanthus niruri on dmba croton oil mediated carcinoge...Alexander Decker
1. The study investigated the protective effects of Phyllanthus niruri extract (PNE) on skin carcinogenesis induced by DMBA/croton oil in mice.
2. PNE significantly reduced tumor incidence, burden, volume and weight compared to the carcinogen control group. It also prolonged the latent period of tumor occurrence.
3. PNE administration protected against losses in antioxidant levels like glutathione, Vitamin C and activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase caused by DMBA/croton oil. It also reduced lipid peroxidation levels. PNE reverted pathological changes in skin and liver.
1) The document reports on a study that analyzed the phytochemicals, antioxidant activity, and anticancer potential of Wrightia tinctoria leaf extracts.
2) Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like flavonoids, carbohydrates, and proteins in the extracts. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH method.
3) Anticancer activity was evaluated using MTT assay on liver cancer cells (HepG-2), with the methanol extract showing 76.54% toxicity at 1000μg, similar to the anticancer drug Cyclo-90.
This document describes a study that aimed to identify a fungal strain that can degrade the pesticide chlorpyrifos and optimize the concentration for degradation. The fungal strain was identified as Fusarium sp. based on morphological analysis under a microscope. The strain was grown in media containing different concentrations of chlorpyrifos and it was found to grow best at a 1.2% concentration, demonstrating this is the optimum level for degradation. The study concludes Fusarium sp. has potential for bioremediation of chlorpyrifos contamination.
1) Researchers formulated a new 1% clotrimazole eye ointment (Formula A) and tested its effectiveness against fungal pathogens in vitro compared to a commercially available 1% clotrimazole ointment (Formula B).
2) Results showed that Formula A and B inhibited the growth of Candida species equally well. Formula A inhibited the growth of Aspergillus species at all concentrations tested, while Formula B only inhibited at higher concentrations.
3) Formula A inhibited the growth of Fusarium species only at higher concentrations, similar to Formula B. The study concludes that Formula A is effective against fungal pathogens that cause keratomycosis, and further in vivo testing is needed
The results of the study show a promising role of Acacia Honey, a natural product with proven therapeutic effects on skin wound healing. It accelerated the initial stage of corneal wound healing without the side effects found when using conventional treatments which contain preservatives. Corneal keratocytes cultured in media supplemented with 0.025% Acacia Honey showed an increase in proliferative capacity while retaining their morphology, gene and protein expressions with normal cell cycle.
Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Antibacterial Activity of Mangifera indi...iosrphr_editor
This document reports on a study that investigated the phytochemical composition and in-vitro antibacterial activity of Mangifera indica (mango) kernel against Aeromonas caviae. Phytochemical screening of the mango kernel methanol extract revealed the presence of various compounds including carbohydrates, triterpenes, and flavonoids. Testing of aqueous and methanol extracts of the kernel showed that the methanol extract inhibited the growth of A. caviae at concentrations ranging from 16±2.41 mm to 24 ± 0.58 mm, while the aqueous extract was only slightly active at lower concentrations. The study concludes that mango kernel extracts possess antibacterial properties against A. caviae likely due to their phytoc
The document presents the formulation and development of a thymol loaded gum acacia and carbopol crosslinked hydrogel wound dressing. It discusses the need for natural antimicrobial agents for resistant microorganisms and the objective to incorporate thymol in a novel self-adhesive wound dressing that retains wound healing properties. The plan of work includes literature review, selection of excipients, preformulation studies, formulation development, and evaluation of the antimicrobial activity, in vitro studies, in vivo studies and mechanical properties of the developed dressing. Various characterization techniques were used such as NMR, SEM, drug release studies and texture analysis to analyze the crosslinking of the polymers in the hydrogel and the properties of the final formulation.
A B S T R A C T
The main objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a poly herbal ointment with antiseptic activity.
Ointments were formulated using methanolic extracts of Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica and Achyranthes
aspera which were evaluated for its physicochemical property, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ointments were
prepared using different concentrations of the extracts such as 2%, 4%, 6% w/w by fusion method using emulsifying
ointment as base. Formulations were then tested for its physicochemical properties which gave satisfactory results. The
prepared formulations were also stable at 4ºC, 25ºC and 37ºC. Further, Polyherbal formulations were evaluated for its antibacterial
activity against Betadine (5%w/w) as the standard. All the formulations showed Predominant activity against
selected species. Formulations were also evaluated for anti-oxidant activity through reducing power assay, nitric oxide and
hydrogen peroxide scavenging method. The results showed that the scavenging activity of the formulations increased with
increase in concentration and this is due to the presence of flavanoids and tannins. The presence of both antibacterial and
antioxidant activity reveals that the prepared ointment can also be used for wound healing. Hence an attempt was made to
formulate a Polyherbal ointment, and to evaluate for its physical parameter, in-vitro anti-oxidant activity and to compare its
antibacterial activity with a marketed formulation (5% w/w Betadine).Overall result of this study reveals that this is an
effective Polyherbal antiseptic ointment.
Keywords: Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum, Azadiracta indica, Achyranthes aspera Formulations, Spread ability,
Extrudability
Similar to Evaluation_of_the_Wound_Healing_Potentia (20)
Preparation and Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Polyh...
Evaluation_of_the_Wound_Healing_Potentia
1. ____________________________________________________________________________________________
*Corresponding author: Email: ngondafb@yahoo.com;
Annual Research & Review in Biology
4(6): 828-839, 2014
SCIENCEDOMAIN international
www.sciencedomain.org
Evaluation of the Wound Healing Potential of
Trichodesma zeylanicum (Burm. f.) Formulation
in Excision Wounds in Albino Rats
Frank Ngonda1*
1
Department of Biological Sciences, Chancellor College, University of Malawi, P.O. Box 280,
Zomba, Malawi.
Author’s contribution
This work was carried out by the author FN.
Received 4
th
September 2013
Accepted 10
th
October 2013
Published 3
rd
December 2013
ABSTRACT
Aim: The study aimed at evaluating in vivo wound healing effect of herbal ointment
formulated with 15% w/w Trichodesma zeylanicumm methanolic root extract, plant
commonly used as traditional medicine.
Methodology: The wound healing potential of T. zeylanicumm was assessed using
excision wound model and various biochemical parameters; L-hydroxyl, Hexose amine,
Malondialdehyde and Ascorbic acid. Treatments were administered daily topically to three
groups of albino rats: Ointment base only, 15% w/w T. zeylanicumm methanolic ointment
and Neosporin ointment for 20 days.
Results: The results showed wound closure was slow in albino rats treated with 15% w/w
T. zeylanicumm methanolic extract ointment but increased gradually to 76.95% on day 17,
while there was steady increase for Neosporin ointment treated group (from 36.01% on day
5 to 92.89% on day 17). Wound contraction ability of the herbal ointment was significantly
greater p<0.01 on 13
th
day. The Neosporin ointment treated group had short
epithelialization time (19.33±1.53) compared to herbal ointment treated group (21.33±3.06).
The levels of mucopolysacharide content in the herbal ointment treated group were
significantly decreasing P<0.05(from 2.03±0.11 to 1.17±0.13 on 4
th
to 12
th
day
respectively), while collagen content levels were significantly increasing P˂0.05 in the
herbal ointment treated group (2.59±0.10 and 2.63±0.1 on 8
th
and 12
th
day). However, the
levels of mucopolysacharide and collagen contents were significantly higher in the
Original Research Article
2. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(6): 828-839, 2014
829
Neosporin ointment than in the herbal ointment treated group. For the blood plasma
samples, the malondialdehyde levels were significantly much higher in the herbal ointment
treated group (1.74±0.13) compared to Neosporin ointment treated group (1.55±0.08). The
ascorbic content levels were significantly higher in the Neosporin ointment sample
(0.92±0.26) compared to herbal ointment treated group (0.64±0.14).
Conclusion: The results showed that T. zeylanicumm methanolic root extract has wound
healing potential; however, further clinical and toxicological experimentation is needed to
scientifically validate its use as a topical ointment.
Keywords: 15% w/w T. zeylanicumm methanolic ointment; excision wound model;
Neosporin ointment; wound closure; biochemical parameters.
ABBREVIATIONS
ANOVA: Analysis of variance; PDAB: Para Dimethyl Amino Benzaldehyde; DTC:
dithiocarbamate, TCA: Trichloroacetic acid.
1. INTRODUCTION
Wound is an injury, especially one in which the skin or another external surface is torn,
pierced, cut or otherwise broken with disruption of normal continuity of structure [1]. Wound
healing is an important biological process involving tissue repair and regeneration. Wound
healing can be classified into any of the three types – healing by first intention, healing by
second intention, healing by third intention, depending on the nature of the edges of the
healed wounds [2,3].
There are four distinct stages involved in wound healing namely: inflammatory stage,
debridement stage, proliferation stage and maturation/remodelling stage. When injury
occurs, the vascular integrity of the injured area is disrupted leading to extravasations of
blood into the surrounding tissue or plasma when the damage is minor. The inflammatory
stage is directed at preventing further loss of blood by platelet adhesion/accumulation at the
site leading to coagulation that results to the formation of thrombus. The debridement stage
occurs from the third to the sixth day after injury and involves the appearance of neutrophils
to clear contaminating organisms. The proliferation or repair stage is characterized by
endothelial budding in the nearby blood vessels forming new capillaries that penetrate and
nourish the injured tissue. The maturation stage commences from the tenth day to several
months depending on wound severity during which the number of capillaries decreases and
wound changes from pink to white [3,4].
Currently, research on wound healing agents is one of the developing areas in modern
biomedical science and many traditional health practitioners across the world have valuable
information of many lesser known wild plants for treating wounds and burns [5].
In Malawi, many plants are used in the treatment of wounds, and Trichodesma zeylanicumm
leaves and roots have extensively been reported by the local communities to treat wounds.
The roots are also used for treating diarrhoea while leaves are also eaten as vegetables.
Ngonda, [6] reported that T. zeylanicumm powdered roots have anti-oxidant and free radical
scavenging properties. According to Gurib-Fakim et al. [7], T. zeylanicumm powdered roots
are applied externally on wounds and skin as analgesic. And in 1984, Msonthi isolated
3. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(6): 828-839, 2014
830
squalene and other known phytosterols compounds from the leaves and recommended the
plant as a good source of steroidal hormone precursors because of the high yield. The plant
has also been reported to contain the low toxic alkaloids supinine [8].
Trichodesma zeylanicumm belongs to the family Boraginaceae, and it is a densely bristly-
hairy annual herbal plant that can grow up to 1 metre. Leaves are narrowly elliptic, while
flowers becomes nodding, in terminal 1-sided bracteates inflorescences. Sepals are bristly
hairy enlarging in fruit. Corrolla (7-9mm), are scarcely exserted from the sepals, lobes pale
blue to lilac or pinkish [9].
This study was aimed at investigating the wound healing effect of methanolic extract of T.
zeylanicumm powdered roots in albino rats in order to understand the usefulness of the plant
in the treatment of wound infections.
2. METHODS
2.1 Collection and Identification of Plant Material
The fresh plants were collected and authenticated by Mr. Patel of National Herbariums and
Botanical Gardens of Malawi with voucher number 18930. The root parts were washed with
water, shade dried powdered in a mechanical grinder and kept in air tight polythene bag until
use.
2.2 Preparation of the Plant Extract
The powder (50g) of the root parts was initially be de-fatted with petroleum ether (60-80⁰C),
followed by 250ml methanol by Soxhlet extraction method for 72hrs. Solvent elimination
under reduced pressure afforded the petroleum ether and methanol extract of which
methanol extract was further be used for the study. The extract was dried in vacuum
desiccators to obtained constant weight. The extracts were then kept in sterile bottles, under
refrigerated conditions at appropriate temperature, until further use. The dry weight of the
plant extracts was obtained by the solvent evaporation and determines the concentration in
mg/ml.
2.3 Ointment Preparation for Topical Application
Alcohol free extract was used for the preparation of the ointment for topical application. A
15% w/w T. zeylanicumm methanolic extract ointment was formulated using soft white
paraffin base. Neosporin® ointment (neomycin and polymyxin B sulfates and bacitracin zinc
ointment, USP Antibiotic, DIN 00666122, GlaxoSmithKline Inc.) was used as control
formulation.
2.4 Experimental Animals
Albino rats of either sex, weighing about 220±40g were used in the study. The albino rats
were housed in cages maintained under standard housing conditions (12 hours light-dark
cycle; 25±3°C; 60-65% humidity).
4. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(6): 828-839, 2014
831
2.5 Wound Models
The study was carried out using ether-anesthetized rats and their back shaved.
2.5.1 Excision wounds
A circular skin piece of full thickness was removed from the predetermined dorsal area. The
wound traced on 1 - mm² graph paper on the day of wounding and subsequently on
alternative days until healing is completed. Rats were left undressed to the open
environment- to monitor wound contraction and epithelisation time [10]. Standard drugs
(Neosporin® ointment), simple ointment base, 15% w/w T. zeylanicumm methanolic extract
ointment were applied every day till the wound was completely healed.
2.5.1.1 Chemicals and reagents
All the chemicals and reagents were obtained from Merck Chemicals (PTY) LTD, Germany,
Associated Chemical Enterprises, SAARCHEM (PTY) LTD and British Drug House (BDH). A
standard drug (Neosporin® ointment, neomycin and polymyxin B sulphates and bacitracin
zinc ointment, USP. DIN 00666122) was purchased from GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Montreal
(Quebec).
2.5.1.2 Measurement of wound area
The progressive changes in wound area were measured planimetrically by tracing the
wound margin on a graph paper every alternative day. Changes in healing of wound i.e. the
measurement of wound on the graph paper were expressed as unit (mm²). The wound
contraction expressed as percentage reduction of original wound size.
%wound contraction = Δhealed area/Total area x 100
2.5.1.3 Methods
18 albino rats used for excision wound model and the ointment applied topically. Animals will
be divided into the following groups:
Group 1: Ointment base applied and served as vehicle control
Group 2: 15% w/w T. zeylanicumm methanolic ointment will be applied once daily
Group 3: Neosporin ointment will be applied once daily
Six animals will be in each group. Treatment started on the day of operation and continued
till the 20
th
day of healing. On 2, 5, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, and 20
th
day. The wound area of each rat
traced on a graph paper and measured with the help of planimeter.
2.5.1.4 Biochemical analysis of wound tissue
The animals were anaesthetized on 4, 8, and 12 day after treatment.
5. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(6): 828-839, 2014
832
2.5.2 Collection of granulation tissue
Granulation tissues from both control and treated rats were collected, washed well in cold
saline (0.9% NaCl) to remove blood tissues and stored for analysis of various parameters.
Granulation tissues were lyophilized for collagen and hexose amine analysis.
2.5.3 Collection of blood sample
Blood sample collected by cervical decapitation and sterile syringe rinsed with EDTA were
used to collect blood. Plasma was separated for malondialdehyde and ascorbic acid
estimation.
2.6 Biochemical Parameters
2.6.1 L-Hydroxy Proline
Samples of varying concentrations were used for analysis. Hydroxyl proline was oxidized by
adding 1ml of chloramines T to each tube. The contents mixed thoroughly by shaking and
allowed to stand for 20min at room temperature. 1ml of 70% perchloric acid was added to
each test tube then destroyed the Chloramine T. The contents mixed and allowed to stand
for 5min and finally, 1ml of PDAB (Para Dimethyl Amino Benzaldehyde) solution was added
and the mixture shaken well. The color developed was read spectrophotometrically at
557nm. The collagen content was calculated by multiplying the hydroxyl proline content by
the factor 7.46 and expressed as mg/100mg of dry weight of the sample [11].
2.6.2 Hexose Amine
Samples of varying concentrations were used for analysis. The solution treated with 1ml of
freshly prepared 2% acetylacetone in 0.5M Na₂CO₃ in capped tubes and kept in boiling
water bath for 15min. After cooling in tap water, 5ml of 95% ethanol and 1ml Ehrlin’s reagent
(dissolving 2.0g of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in 50ml of 95% ethanol and 50ml of
concentrated hydrochloric acid) was added and mixed thoroughly. The purple red color
developed read after 30min at 530nm [12].
2.6.3 Malondialdehyde
2ml of 0.67% thiobarbituric acid reagent was mixed with 0.1ml sample and 0.9ml of 10%
TCA and kept in boiling water bath for 20min. The tubes cooled after centrifugation and the
absorbance of the supernatant read at 532nm [13].
2.6.4 Ascorbic acid
0.5ml of plasma was added to 0.5ml of ice cold 10% TCA and mixed thoroughly and
centrifuged for 20min. 3500g supernatant (0.5ml) mixed with 0.1ml of DTC (dithiocarbamate)
reagent and incubated at 37°C for 3hrs. Then 0.75ml of ice cold 65% H₂SO₄ added and
allowed to stand at room temperature for 30min. The yellow color developed read at 520nm.
Ascorbic acid was used as standard [14].
6. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(6): 828-839, 2014
833
2.7 Statistical Analysis
The Microsoft Excel was used in the analysis and all experimental measurements were
carried out in triplicate. The value expressed as mean±standard deviations and The Dunnett
one way analysis (ANOVA) was used to determine the significant differences among all
columns against control and the p-value <0.05 was considered as significant.
3. RESULTS
During the initial stages of the study, the wound closure from Day 0 [Fig. 4(a,b)] was slow in
Albino rats treated with 15% w/w T. zeylanicumm methanolic (methanol was used as solvent
because it has greater extraction power for natural substance with low molecular weight)
extract ointment but increased considerable to 15.35% on day 5 [Fig. 5(a,b)], 22.56% on day
7, 64% on day 13 and 76.95% on day 17 [Fig. 6(a,b)]. Similarly, the negative control, base
ointment, increased to 12.85% on day 5 and 7, 36.01% on day 9 and 46.21% on day 17 (Fig.
1). However, there was significant increase for the Neosporin ointment treated sample in
wound closure percentage from 36.01% on day 5, 46.21% on day 9, 55.55% on day 13 and
92.89% on day 17 (Fig. 1). Wound contraction ability of the ointment containing 15% w/w T.
zeylanicumm methanolic extract was significantly greater P<0.001 on 13
th
day compared to
the control, Neosporin ointment, and showed some significant wound healing potential from
the fifth day onwards comparable to the standard control. However, the Neosporin ointment
treated rats had the short epithelialization time (19.33±1.53) compared to 15% w/w T.
zeylanicumm methanolic extract (21.33±3.06) and negative control of base ointment
(25.66±2.08) [Table 1]. The results shows that percentage closure of wound area was
significantly increasing by the curative effect.
Fig. 1. Graph of percentage of wound contraction against post-wound days
7. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(6): 828-839, 2014
834
Table 1. Percentage of wound contraction against post-wound days
Post wound
days
Wound area (mm²) and percentage of wound contraction
Ointment base
only
Neosporin ointment 15% w/w
T. zeylanicumm
methanolic extract
0 353.2±3.14 353.2±3.14 490.6±2.543
5 307.8±0.785
(12.85%) ***
226.0±2.543 (36.01%) 415(15.35%) ***
7 307.8±2.543
(12.85%) ***
226.0±6.154 (36.01%) 379.9±2.543 (22.56%)
***
9 265.4±6.154
(24.86%) ***
190.0±2.543 (46.21%) 379.9±0.785 (22.56%)
***
13 226.0±4.521
(36.01%) ***
157.0±3.14 (55.55%) 176.6±6.154 (64%) ***
17 189.98±3.14
(46.21%) ***
25.126%±2.543
(92.89%)
113.04±2.543
(76.95%) ***
Epithelization
period (Days)
25.66±2.08 19.33±1.53 21.33±3.06
***P˂0.01 compared to control. Values are mean±SEM (n=6)
Fig. 2. Graph of effect of Trichodesma zeylanicum methanolic extract and Neosporin
ointments on mucopolysaccharide content of granulation tissue
8. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(6): 828-839, 2014
835
It was observed from the study that the levels of mucopolysacharide content in the albino rat
topical treated with 15% w/w T. zeylanicumm methanolic extract and base ointment were
significantly decreasing P<0.05 (from 2.03±0.11 to 1.17±0.13 and from1.53±0.34 to 1.2±0.12
on 4
th
to 12
th
day respectively) [Table 2]. However, comparatively, the levels of
mucopolysacharide content were significantly higher in the Neosporin ointment than in the
sample topical treated with 15% w/w T. zeylanicumm methanolic extract and base ointment
only (Fig. 2).
Table 2. Effect of Trichodesma zeylanicum methanolic extract and Neosporin
ointments on mucopolysaccharide content of granulation tissue
Treatment Mucopolysaccharides content in granulation tissue on
post wound day(Mean±SEM)
4
TH
8
TH
12
TH
15% w/w T. zeylanicumm
methanolic extract
2.03±0.11*** 1.36±0.29 1.17±0.13***
Ointment base only 1.53±0.34*** 1.8±0.21*** 1.2±0.12***
Neosporin ointment 2.61±0.16 1.57±0.26 1.51±0.03
***P˂0.05 compared to control. Values are mean±SEM (n=6)
Fig. 3. Graph of effect of Trichodesma zeylanicum methanolic extract and Neosporin
ointments on collagen content of granulation tissue
9. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(6): 828-839, 2014
836
The levels of collagen content were significantly increasing p˂0.05 for topical treatment
group of 15% w/w T. zeylanicumm methanolic extract (2.59±0.10 and 2.63±0.1 on 8
th
and
12
th
day) [Table 3]. However, the levels of collagen was slightly higher in the Neosporin
ointment sample compared to the sample treated with 15% w/w T. zeylanicumm methanolic
extract and base ointment only( Fig. 3).
Table 3. Effect of Trichodesma zeylanicum methanolic extract and Neosporin
ointments on collagen content of granulation tissue
Treatment Collagen content in granulation tissue on post wound
day(Mean±SEM)
4
TH
8
TH
12
TH
15% w/w T. zeylanicumm
methanolic extract
0.16±0.12*** 2.59±0.10*** 2.63±0.14***
Ointment base only 0.33±0.13 2.3±0.16 2.37±0.12
Neosporin ointment 0.35±0.21 2.52±0.12 2.66±0.21
***P˂0.05 compared to control. Values are mean±SEM (n=6)
For the blood samples, it was observed that malondialdehyde levels were significantly much
higher in the sample of topical treatment group of 15% w/w T. zeylanicumm methanolic
extract (1.74±0.13) compared to control, Neosporin ointment sample (1.55±0.08). However,
ascorbic content levels were significantly higher in the Neosporin ointment sample
(0.92±0.26) compared to sample of topical treatment group of 15% w/w T. zeylanicumm
methanolic extract (0.64±0.14) [Table 4].
Table 4. Estimation of malondialdehyde and ascorbic acid from blood samples
Treatment Estimation of Malondialdehyde and Ascorbic acid
from blood samples (Mean±SEM)
Malondialdehyde Ascorbic acid
15% w/w T. zeylanicumm
methanolic extract
1.74±0.13*** 0.64±0.14***
Ointment base only 1.41±0.14*** 0.56±0.12***
Neosporin ointment 1.55±0.08 0.92±0.26
***P˂0.05 compared to control. Values are mean±SEM (n=6)
Fig. 4a. Fig. 4b.
Figs. 4a & 4b shows excision wound at the back of the rat on day 0 of the experiments
10. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(6): 828-839, 2014
837
Fig. 5a. Fig. 5b.
Figs. 5a & 5b shows the wound healing in albino rats after treatment
Fig. 6a. Fig. 6b.
Figs. 6a & 6b shows the wound that have almost healed
5. DISCUSSIONS
The results showed that decrease in levels of mucopolysacharide content is associated with
an instant increase in the levels of collagen. The mucopolysacharides are made up of
repeated disaccharides containing uronic acid and hexosamine. And they are the first
components of the extracellular matrix to be synthesized during wound healing and form the
template for collagen and elastin deposition. Therefore, increase in mucopolysacharide
contents levels of the treated wound might have contributed in matrix synthesis, formation of
new tissues which lead to acceleration of wound healing.
The study also found out that there were high levels of malondialdehyde in blood plasma
compared to ascorbic acid levels. Malondialdehyde is one of the most frequently used
indicators of lipid peroxide. Malondialdehyde is a highly reactive three carbon dialdehyde
produced as by product of polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation and arachidonic acid
metabolism. Lipid peroxidation is a well established mechanism of cellular injury in both
plants and animals and is usually used as an indicator of oxidative stress in cell and tissues
[15]. Therefore, measurement of malondialdehyde is widely used as an indication of lipid
peroxide.
11. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(6): 828-839, 2014
838
The cytokine cascades are activated after an injury with stimulation of phygocytic cells that
result in the formation of oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxidation. Production of free
radicals at or around the wound bed may contribute to delay in wound healing through the
destruction of lipids, proteins collagen, proteoglycan and hyaluronic acid. Agents that
demonstrate a significant anti-oxidant activity may therefore, preserve viable tissue and
facilitate wound healing [16]. The topical treatment group of 15% w/w T. zeylanicumm
methanolic extract showed an elevation in lipid peroxidation level which indicates the
decrease scavenging capacity of the wounded tissues.
Ascorbic acid is also reported to have free radical scavenging activities and inhibition of lipid
peroxidation. Ascorbic acid has been reported to have an unparalleled stimulatory effect on
collagen type synthesis and is an important modulator of collagen product and also act as a
co-factor in hydroxylation of proline and lysine residue in procollagen [17, 18, 19], therefore it
increases collagen deposition. In this study it was observed that ascorbic acid levels were
significantly lower in the topical treatment group of 15% w/w T. zeylanicumm methanolic
extract compared to the Neosporin ointment topical treated group, indicating an increase in
lipid peroxidation.
6. CONCLUSION
The results showed that T. zeylanicumm methanolic root extract has wound healing
potential; however, it can be suggested that further clinical and toxicological experimentation
is needed to scientifically evaluate the 15% w/w T. zeylanicumm methanolic ointment for
possible bioactive effect and assess the potential accumulation of low toxic alkaloid supinine
in wound healing.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author is grateful to Mr. Raphael Kondwani, Mr. Charles Mkukumira, Mr. Frazer
Kasonya and members of staff and laboratory technicians in the Biology and Chemistry
Departments for providing all the facilities and support to conduct this work.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Author has declared that no competing interests exist.
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