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Evaluation of the SEA for the Dhaka Metropolitan Plan
- 1. Evaluation of the Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan Mat Cashmore, University of East Anglia Anna Axelsson, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
- 3. Introduction: Key concepts and project goals.
- 9. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Overview of environmental, social and governance contexts.
- 17. Evaluation results: What did the SEA achieve?
- 18. The outcomes of SEA in Dhaka. Negligible/Some. 4. Promote social/policy learning. Negligible. 3. Improve social accountability. Negligible. 2. Strengthen environmental constituencies. Negligible. 1. Environmental and social policy integration in urban development. Contribution in practice SEA goal
- 19. Interpreting the results: What factors explain the results?
- 22. Conclusions: What have we learned?
Editor's Notes
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- February 25, 2010 Location! Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, is the ninth largest megacity in the world with an estimated population of approximately 13.5 million (United Nations, 2007). Its population has increased dramatically in recent decades: from about 0.3 million at the end of British colonial rule in 1947, to 1.8 million in 1974 three years after the liberation war with Pakistan, and to 10.7 million at the start of the millennium (Islam, 2005). Here, Dhaka is equated to the Dhaka Statistical Metropolitan Area (also known as Dhaka megacity) which covers an area of 1,353 km 2 and includes Dhaka City Corporation (essentially the central 276 km 2 of the city) and five adjacent municipalities: Savar, Narayanganj, Gazipur, Kadamrasul and Tongi.
- Bangladesh is one of the poorest countries in the world in terms of GDP (Gross Domestic Product), with the third highest number of people classified as poor after China and India (Government of Bangladesh and United Nations, 2005). Economic opportunities are scarce in rural areas, which pushes people to migrate from their rural homes in search of improved livelihoods. Dhaka also attracts migrants because a considerable proportion of the country’s industry, commerce and administrative infrastructure is located there (Islam, 2005; Dewan and Yamaguchi, 2009). Projections indicate that population growth in Dhaka will continue apace, with a predicted population of 22 million in 2025 expected to make it the f Despite significant progress on the macro economic level and in relation to several of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Bangladesh remains a poor country, ranked 174 out of 201 countries in terms of per capita income (World Bank as cited in DfID and Foreign and Commonwealth Office 2008). In combination with the misuse of funds and power indicated above, many government organisations are severely under resourced. The country is thus heavily reliant on international aid, which makes development cooperation agencies influential actors in domestic politics. Poverty rate (Under USD 1 /day) (World Bank poverty assessment) Informal settlements (State of the Environment report 2005) POVERTY and SOCIAL South Low- Bangladesh Asia income 2007 Population, mid-year (millions) 158.6 1,520 1,296 GNI per capita (Atlas method, US$) 470 880 578 GNI (Atlas method, US$ billions) 75.0 1,339 749 Average annual growth, 2001-07 Population (%) 1.8 1.6 2.2 Labor force (%) 2.1 2.1 2.7 Most recent estimate (latest year available, 2001-07) Poverty (% of population below national poverty line) .. .. .. Urban population (% of total population) 27 29 32 Life expectancy at birth (years) 64 64 57 Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 52 62 85 Child malnutrition (% of children under 5) 39 41 29 Access to an improved water source (% of population) 80 87 68 Literacy (% of population age 15+) 47 58 61 Gross primary enrollment (% of school-age population) 103 108 94 Male 101 111 100 Female 105 104 89 February 25, 2010
- Slums (Dhaka state of the environment report
- Highly politicised governance context, characterised by inertia and corrupt practices that have historical and cultural roots. One expression of this is that systems of checks and balances within the administration have, counter to its original purposes, led to abuse of power (Sissener 2007). An explanation for this can be sought in the historically ingrained patron-client behaviour (which has rural origins in Bangladesh) that characterises much of the relationship between superiors and subordinates within government departments (Blair 2005). Politics as well as the bureaucracy is dominated by a small elite (Lewis and Hossain 2008). The legacy of colonial rule from the mid-18 th century until 1947, and subsequent marginalisation as the province of East Pakistan (1947-71), seriously affected local governance systems and governance capacity. Following the Liberation War in 1971, freedom fighters were rewarded with government jobs in the newly emerged nation state of Bangladesh, and this system of quotas and patronage based on political allegiances remains in place today (Sissener 2007; DfID and Foreign and Commonwealth Office 2008). February 25, 2010
- Urban governance faces similar challenges as the country in general. The population of Dhaka has increased at an extraordinary rate in recent decades due to immigration from poverty stricken rural areas and this trend is expected to continue for the foreseeable future. Thus, it is predicted that by 2015 Dhaka will have a population of over 21 million (SENES 2007c). Rapid population growth, in the absence of a comprehensive or enforced planning system, has resulted in deteriorating physical, economic and social conditions for a significant component of the urban population. This is manifest in such phenomena as unregulated development, informal settlements, inadequate infrastructure and service provision, and gross pollution of the environment. Within this context of poverty, corruption, and uncontrolled urban development, an increasingly vociferous civil society has emerged. The media has boosted accountability of the state and NGOs have worked to strengthen the ‘voice’ of poor people and put pressure on the state to protect the rights of the poor and vulnerable (DfID and Foreign and Commonwealth Office 2008). Fragmented responsiblity: RAJUK, DCC, DWASA, transport, etc Highly politicised: refer to previous slide on historical context February 25, 2010
- These are a few examples. Drivers of change first Resulting environmental problems that have serious health implications. February 25, 2010
- Partly summarises what we have already talked about. It is about in-migration, lack of planning framework, lack of coordination and functioning governance; corruption. Knowing these things: what can SEA do about it? handing over to Mat. February 25, 2010
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