An analysis of how international intervention strategies in environmental governances influence and limits community-based tourism in Cambodia and policy strategies that may be employed to resolved the limitation.

1. By Sam Ol RITH
2010

2. Research Background and Rationale
 The significance of
CBET development.
 Address social capital
gap in the theory of
CBET development.

3. Research Purpose
 Identify type of policy
intervention strategies that
nurture positive social
capital development.

4. Research Questions and Objectives
 How specific policy strategies facilitate or constrain the
construction of positive social capital in a CBET context?
1. Examine CBET development policies
2. Identify CBET implementation processes
3. Identify type of existing social capital
4. Investigate the connections between social capital and
CBET development outcomes
5. Determine the effective policy intervention strategies

5. Research Methods
Sustainable
Development
Community
Development
Sustainable
Tourism
CBET
Approaches
& Impacts
Collaborative
Planning & Co-
management
Social capital
theory and
practices
Literature
Review
 Multiple-method
Triangulated Approach

6. CBET IMPLEMENTATION
Global/Regional/National Resources & Structures
RESOURCES
♦ Economic Facilities
(access to land, natural resource, fund, and
market mechanisms)
♦ Social Opportunities
(skills: tourism operation & management,
conservation and administration)
(Basic education and health care facilities)
OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURES
♦ Protective Security
(Risk management mechanisms)
♦ Transparency Guarantee
(Communication system, accountability)
♦ Political Liberties
(Civil right to group formation, dialogue and
participation in decision making, social learning
and interaction mechanisms)
EXTERNAL SOCIO-POLITICAL FACTORS
♦ Economic Development ♦ Social Development ♦ Biodiversity Conservation
▫ Global-local nexus ▫ Good governance ▫ CBNRM Strategies
▫ Community economic development ▫ Democratization ▫ Resource Decentralization
SOCIAL CAPITAL
♦ Structural Dimension
▫ Bonding:
CBET Group organization
▫ Bridging: Between CBET Groups
and Local Stakeholders
▫ Linking: Between CBET Groups
and Resource Providers
♦ Cognitive Dimension
▫ CBET development policies
▫ Trust
▫ Reciprocity/Sharing
▫ Connectedness/Cooperation
COLLABORATION STRUCTURE
Civil Society
Groups
Market
Actors
Government
Agencies
COMMUNITY CAPABILITIES
♦ Conservation ♦ Economic Development
♦ Human Resource Development ♦ Community Health
♦ Community Empowerment
EQUAL PARTNER IN CBET PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT

7. Research Methods
Cambodian Socio-
Political Environment
CBNRM/CBET
Policies
Implementation
at Local Level
 Document Analysis
 Identify the context, factors and
actors influencing CBET development
and shaping the resource availability for
social capital construction.

8. Research Methods
 Case Study Field Research
 Select the case study site
 Identify CBET participants
 Determine CBET participants’
perceptions of and attitudes
toward CBET & social capital
construction.

9. Research Methods: Case Study Site
Source: Mlup Baitong, 2004

10. Research Methods
 Data Collection Stages
Key informant
Interviews
Survey
Interviews
Community
Workshops
PRA
Methods
 Quantitative & Qualitative Analysis Methods
 Content analysis
 SPSS frequency tabulations

11. Objective 1 Findings: Policy Directives
 Natural resource decentralization policy and
CBNRM approach.
 Aim: co-management structure
 Developers: MoE & NGO
 Resources: government & international donors
 Critical lesson: The co-management model in Cambodian
context posits in the middle of the spectrum between
government-based and community-based model.

12. Objective 2 Findings: CBET Development Process
 CBET Intervention at Chambok (2002-2009)
Project
establishment
(2002-2003)
Project
implementation
(2003-2006)
Project
Graduation
(2007-2009)
 Critical Lesson: Promotion of participation & collaboration
based on co-management strategies.

13. Objective 3 Findings: Social Capital Assessment
 Cognitive Dimension
 CBET policies
 Social norms
 Structural Dimension
 Bonding, bridging and linking levels
 Critical lesson: The capacity of implementing agencies and
community characters shape the functions of social capital.

14. MC
WA
GG
HS
OXC
C&P NLC
DG
Legend: The thicker the arrow, the stronger the perceived character of the relationship.
Bonding and Intra-Bridging Social Capital

15. Inter-Bridging Social Capital
COMMUNE COUNCIL
NRMC
CPA
CF
RI
CBET

16. Linking Social Capital: Conservation Network
CBET MC MB
PDoE
NP Authority
DM PM
MoE (GDANC)
Legend: The thicker the arrow, the stronger the perceived
relationship

17. Linking Social Capital: Development Network
Legend: The thicker the arrow, the stronger the perceived
relationship.
CBET MB
PDoT/
MoT
DM PM
TO
Market
Academia
Media
Donors

18. Objective 4 Findings: Social Capital Building &
Sustainable Community Development
1. Community health
2. Natural resource conservation
3. Community empowerment
4. Human resource development
5. Economic development
 Critical lesson: Despite limitations, the current
achievements may better position the community to
overcome the challenges in their jurisdictions.

19. Objective 5 Findings: Suitability of Policy
Directives
 Policy directives: systemic bias
 Other factors:
 Socio-political environment
 Capacity of implementing agencies
 Characteristics of the local community
 Critical lesson: Development of multiple agenda CBET needs
multiple sets of policy directives, a deep understanding of the
community and a diversity of stakeholder collaboration
throughout the intervention process.

20. Concluding Thoughts
 Theoretical Contribution:
 how policy directives affect social capital development.
 Applied Contribution:
 how to maintain & enhance positive impacts of CBET.
 Methodological Contribution:
 usage of triangulated methods to assess social capital.

21. Areas for Further Research
 Contemporary socio-political context
 The framework’s applicability
 Indigenous community context
 Suitability of CBET and social capital development
 Implementing agents and local community
 Qualifications and impacts of capable agents
 Supportive characters of the local communities

22. Acknowledgement
Sources: SFU and Brock University Homepages
 Parents, families, friends & respected supervisors and examiners