1. The document discusses the costs associated with the use and disposal of plastics. It notes that plastics production is tied to the refining of oil byproducts like naphtha. Plastics contain various pollutants like cadmium, antimony, lead, mercury, and chlorine that increase the costs of waste disposal through incineration.
2. Material recycling of plastics has limitations and often just delays final incineration. Incineration is currently the best disposal method for plastic waste but costs are high due to pollution levels. There is also insufficient incineration capacity in Germany to dispose of all plastic waste.
3. In conclusion, the high pollution levels in plastics
The document discusses modern resource management concepts and waste treatment technologies. It provides an overview of AMBRA GmbH, a company that has implemented numerous waste and water projects worldwide since 1992 using its proprietary Faber-Ambra waste treatment system. The system utilizes mechanical biological treatment followed by an extruder press to separate waste into dry recyclables and an organic fraction for production of refuse derived fuel or biogas.
The document provides details on 14 reference projects conducted by Wilhelm Faber GmbH related to waste management. The projects involved implementing mechanical and biological waste treatment systems across various regions and municipalities. Key activities included designing and constructing waste treatment facilities, implementing recycling, composting and landfilling systems, and providing operation support and training to ensure quality standards. The client organizations were municipalities and public utilities across Europe, Latin America, Asia, and the Middle East. Project durations and values ranged from 2002-2013 and 100,000-1,900,000 Euros respectively.
Biogas production from the pulp and paper production processes - Prof. Jörgen...EBAconference
This document discusses establishing biogas production from the effluents of pulp and paper mills in Sweden. It finds that mechanical pulp mill effluent has a biogas production potential of 290 GWh per year, while kraft pulp mill effluent's potential is 650 GWh per year when also using internal substrates like biosolids. Challenges include inhibitory chemicals, but concentrating bleach streams for UASB treatment shows promise. The biogas could be used internally for heat and power or upgraded and sold as vehicle fuel or injected into gas grids.
The document discusses modern resource management concepts and waste treatment technologies. It provides an overview of AMBRA GmbH, a company that has implemented numerous waste and water projects worldwide since 1992 using its proprietary Faber-Ambra waste treatment system. The system utilizes mechanical biological treatment followed by an extruder press to separate waste into dry/solid and wet/organic fractions. The dry fraction can be used as refuse derived fuel for energy production while the wet fraction undergoes further composting.
The LigniMatch project explored using lignin from pulp and paper mills as a precursor for value-added chemicals. Three potential products were identified - activated carbon, carbon fibers, and phenol. Activated carbon production is already established but lignin-based carbon fibers for automotive applications showed the most promise. A roadmap was developed to guide future innovation in the Nordic/Baltic region for lignin-based products to replace fossil fuels. Recommendations include forming a consortium to further develop lignin-based carbon fibers for the automotive industry.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on producing fuel oil from municipal plastic waste. It describes the current methods for plastic waste disposal in India and why generating fuel from plastic waste is beneficial. The process involves basic pyrolysis and catalytic reforming of plastic waste at high temperatures. Research is presented on experiments converting different types of plastic into fuel using various catalysts. The results show the type of plastic and catalyst used affect the yield and properties of the liquid fuel produced. The conclusion is that this process can help dispose of plastic waste while also addressing India's need for fuel.
Lignin is a raw material that is potentially available in large volumes in the Nordic/Baltic region. This document outlines a roadmap for developing lignin into value-added products to replace fossil-derived materials and create new innovation and economic opportunities for the region. The LigniMatch project evaluated potential lignin products and identified carbon fibers, activated carbon, and phenols as the most promising options. A basic system analysis found that carbon fibers offered the best potential due to the growing carbon fiber market, lignin's competitive price as a precursor, and ability to provide a lightweight alternative to fossil-based materials. The roadmap recommends further exploring lignin-based carbon fiber production through an industry consortium.
The document describes a biological solution called AMBRA clean for decontaminating oil-polluted soil. AMBRA clean is injected into the soil where it emulsifies hydrocarbon chains and dissolves the oil into tiny water droplets. This serves to break down the oil using bacteria already present in the soil. The solution provides nutrients that allow bacteria to multiply and degrade the hydrocarbons completely within a few days, leaving no toxic byproducts. AMBRA clean has been successfully used since 1998 to decontaminate oil-polluted soil and groundwater.
The document discusses modern resource management concepts and waste treatment technologies. It provides an overview of AMBRA GmbH, a company that has implemented numerous waste and water projects worldwide since 1992 using its proprietary Faber-Ambra waste treatment system. The system utilizes mechanical biological treatment followed by an extruder press to separate waste into dry recyclables and an organic fraction for production of refuse derived fuel or biogas.
The document provides details on 14 reference projects conducted by Wilhelm Faber GmbH related to waste management. The projects involved implementing mechanical and biological waste treatment systems across various regions and municipalities. Key activities included designing and constructing waste treatment facilities, implementing recycling, composting and landfilling systems, and providing operation support and training to ensure quality standards. The client organizations were municipalities and public utilities across Europe, Latin America, Asia, and the Middle East. Project durations and values ranged from 2002-2013 and 100,000-1,900,000 Euros respectively.
Biogas production from the pulp and paper production processes - Prof. Jörgen...EBAconference
This document discusses establishing biogas production from the effluents of pulp and paper mills in Sweden. It finds that mechanical pulp mill effluent has a biogas production potential of 290 GWh per year, while kraft pulp mill effluent's potential is 650 GWh per year when also using internal substrates like biosolids. Challenges include inhibitory chemicals, but concentrating bleach streams for UASB treatment shows promise. The biogas could be used internally for heat and power or upgraded and sold as vehicle fuel or injected into gas grids.
The document discusses modern resource management concepts and waste treatment technologies. It provides an overview of AMBRA GmbH, a company that has implemented numerous waste and water projects worldwide since 1992 using its proprietary Faber-Ambra waste treatment system. The system utilizes mechanical biological treatment followed by an extruder press to separate waste into dry/solid and wet/organic fractions. The dry fraction can be used as refuse derived fuel for energy production while the wet fraction undergoes further composting.
The LigniMatch project explored using lignin from pulp and paper mills as a precursor for value-added chemicals. Three potential products were identified - activated carbon, carbon fibers, and phenol. Activated carbon production is already established but lignin-based carbon fibers for automotive applications showed the most promise. A roadmap was developed to guide future innovation in the Nordic/Baltic region for lignin-based products to replace fossil fuels. Recommendations include forming a consortium to further develop lignin-based carbon fibers for the automotive industry.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on producing fuel oil from municipal plastic waste. It describes the current methods for plastic waste disposal in India and why generating fuel from plastic waste is beneficial. The process involves basic pyrolysis and catalytic reforming of plastic waste at high temperatures. Research is presented on experiments converting different types of plastic into fuel using various catalysts. The results show the type of plastic and catalyst used affect the yield and properties of the liquid fuel produced. The conclusion is that this process can help dispose of plastic waste while also addressing India's need for fuel.
Lignin is a raw material that is potentially available in large volumes in the Nordic/Baltic region. This document outlines a roadmap for developing lignin into value-added products to replace fossil-derived materials and create new innovation and economic opportunities for the region. The LigniMatch project evaluated potential lignin products and identified carbon fibers, activated carbon, and phenols as the most promising options. A basic system analysis found that carbon fibers offered the best potential due to the growing carbon fiber market, lignin's competitive price as a precursor, and ability to provide a lightweight alternative to fossil-based materials. The roadmap recommends further exploring lignin-based carbon fiber production through an industry consortium.
The document describes a biological solution called AMBRA clean for decontaminating oil-polluted soil. AMBRA clean is injected into the soil where it emulsifies hydrocarbon chains and dissolves the oil into tiny water droplets. This serves to break down the oil using bacteria already present in the soil. The solution provides nutrients that allow bacteria to multiply and degrade the hydrocarbons completely within a few days, leaving no toxic byproducts. AMBRA clean has been successfully used since 1998 to decontaminate oil-polluted soil and groundwater.
The document summarizes a presentation on pyrolysis for waste plastics recycling. It discusses the advantages of plastics pyrolysis, characteristics of different waste plastics during thermal degradation, and results from lab-scale pyrolysis experiments and product analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the temperature range for plastic degradation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis identified functional groups in volatile and solid pyrolysis products, including aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, esters and carboxylic acids. The optimal temperature range for lab-scale plastic pyrolysis was determined to be 400-500°C.
Conversion of Plastic Wastes into Fuels - Pyrocrat systems reviewSuhas Dixit
This document summarizes the process of converting waste plastics into liquid fuels through pyrolysis. It discusses that pyrolysis involves heating waste plastics in the absence of oxygen to break the long polymer chains into shorter hydrocarbon chains to produce fuels like gasoline and diesel. The process can yield 69.73% liquid product when using a calcium carbide catalyst at 623K. The produced fuel has properties similar to conventional fuels but has slightly higher exhaust temperatures and lower brake thermal efficiency when used in engines. Converting waste plastics to fuel through pyrolysis provides environmental and economic benefits but requires further improvement to increase engine performance.
RECYCLING THE WASTE PLASTIC MATERIAL WITH THE HELP OF HEAT TREARTMENTjaideep kishanpuri
The document is a project report submitted for a degree in mechanical engineering. It discusses recycling waste plastic material through heat treatment. The objectives are to study the effect of sulfuric acid treatment on zeolite catalyst characteristics and its use in waste polypropylene pyrolysis. It aims to optimize the process to produce liquid fuel from different plastics and characterize the fuel properties. The report also examines engine performance and emissions from the waste plastic fuel. It scopes thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of plastics like polypropylene, low density polyethylene, and polystyrene to produce liquid fuels using kaolin activated catalyst. The methodology involves pyrolyzing plastic waste at 200-350°C in a reactor to produce similar diesel-like
Machine Converting Waste Plastics into OilPrasanna Datar
Machine Converting Waste Plastics into Oil
This document discusses a machine that converts waste plastics into oil through a process called homogenization. The machine uses thermal decomposition at temperatures between 350-450°C to break down various types of waste plastics like PP, PE, PS, and Styrofoam into recycled oil. The recycled oil can be used as fuel for boilers, ships, machinery, and more. Testing shows the recycled oil meets regulatory standards while producing much less CO2 emissions than incineration. The machine offers economic and environmental benefits by reducing waste and CO2 while producing a usable fuel from post-consumer plastics.
Latest Developments in biogas cleaning and upgrading technologies - Prof. Dr....EBAconference
The document discusses developments in biogas cleaning and upgrading technologies over time. It notes that from the early 1980s with a few pilot plants, the industry has grown to over 280 units worldwide in 2014. Key drivers have included using local renewable fuels, R&D activities, strategic policies and incentives. Technologies have improved to reduce methane slip, energy consumption and costs. Various technologies are discussed including water scrubbers, membrane separation, organic scrubbers and amine scrubbers. The largest current markets are in Europe, India, Brazil and other parts of Asia and America.
Crude Oil Generation through Pyrolysis of PlasticDevesh Muley
This document summarizes a process for generating crude oil from waste plastics through pyrolysis. It outlines that plastic waste is a major problem in India, with only a small portion being recycled. Pyrolysis is proposed as a solution, which is a thermal cracking process that breaks down plastic polymers into smaller molecules under oxygen-free conditions, producing crude oil. The document provides an overview of the pyrolysis process, samples of output, and comparisons to existing fuels like diesel and gasoline. The goal is to address both environmental pollution from plastics and the need for alternative fuels.
PRODUCTION, CHARACTERIZATION AND FUEL PROPERTIES OF ALTERNATIVE DIESEL FUEL F...Anand Mohan
1. The document describes the production and characterization of an alternative diesel fuel produced from the pyrolysis of plastic grocery bags. Plastic grocery bags made of high-density polyethylene were pyrolyzed in a batch reactor at 420-440°C to produce a plastic crude oil.
2. The plastic crude oil was distilled into fractions equivalent to gasoline and diesel fuels, which were then characterized through GC-MS, simulated distillation, SEC, NMR and FT-IR analysis. The analyses showed that the fractions consisted of mixtures of hydrocarbons similar to petroleum fuels.
3. Properties of the diesel fractions like cloud point, pour point and cetane number were comparable or better than conventional ultra-low sulfur diesel
Best practice projects and future challenges in biogas production - Frank StumpfEBAconference
The document discusses Schmack Biogas, a member of the Viessmann Group. It summarizes Schmack's expertise in biogas project development and operation, including their experience with wet and dry anaerobic digestion technologies. The document also outlines Schmack's comprehensive services for technical support, biological support, and monitoring and optimization of biogas plants. Future challenges mentioned include efficient plant operation, knowledge transfer, and combining biogas and power-to-gas technologies.
fuel from plastic wastes( conversion of waste plastic into useful fuels)sourabh nagarkar
This document discusses converting plastic waste into fuels using pyrolysis. It begins with an introduction to plastic-to-fuel conversion and why it is needed given the large amounts of plastic waste. The document then discusses the pyrolysis process, how plastic is selected for conversion, and the methodology used. Test results are presented showing the fuel properties and engine performance when using fuels derived from plastic waste. While conversion to fuel solves the plastic waste problem and fuel shortage issues, there are also some disadvantages like lower engine efficiency and higher exhaust temperatures. The document concludes that plastic-to-fuel conversion provides an effective way to address both the plastic debris in oceans and future fuel needs.
Plastic and Tire Pyrolysis Plant Manufacturers - Pyrocrat Systems LLPPyrolysis Plant
Pyrolysis plant is an industry that converts waste plastic & tires into Pyrolysis Oil, Carbon Black & Hydrocarbon Gas. End products are used as industrial fuels for producing heat, steam or electricity. Pyrolysis plant is also known as: pyrolysis unit, plastic to fuel industry, tire to fuel industry, plastic and tire recycling unit etc.
More info at http://www.pyrolysisplant.com/
PRODUCTION OF FUEL THROUGH WASTE PLASTIC AND POLYTHENE AND USED IN FOUR STROK...IAEME Publication
In this waste material of high density polythene and low density polythene is converted into recycled fuel by pouring in the close combustion chamber, then by heating the close combustion chamber in temperature range of 110 to 300 degree celsius for approximately 30 minute to 1 hour. Afterwards we observed that waste material is converted into fuel. Then this fuel is used in four stroke petrol engine and we observed that 8ml fuel run bike of 110 cc bajaj caliver for approx 2 minute. Also we calculate different properties of this fuel namely viscosity, density, specific gravity, flash point, fire point, cloud point, or pour point .then we compare these properties of this fuel with petrol fuel. It give similar properties like petrol fuel.
Due to the fossil fuel crisis in past decade, mankind has to focus on developing the alternate energy sources such as biomass, hydropower, geothermal energy, wind energy, solar energy, and nuclear energy. The developing of alternative-fuel technologies are investigated to deliver the replacement of fossil fuel.
This document summarizes a student project to convert waste plastics into fuel. The project aims to address both environmental pollution from plastics and the need for alternative fuels. The students designed an apparatus consisting of various components like reactors, condensers, and storage vessels. Waste plastics are cleaned, shredded, and cracked at high temperatures in the presence of a catalyst to produce a crude oil. Tests on the crude oil found properties similar to conventional fuels. The project aims to provide an environmentally friendly way of reusing waste plastics.
Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic substances by heating the word is originally from the Greek-word elements pyro means "fire" and lysis means "decomposition".
Pyrolysis is usually the first chemical reaction that occurs in the burning of many solid organic fuels, cloth, like wood, and paper, and also of some kinds of plastic. Anhydrous Pyrolysis process can also be used to produce liquid fuel similar to diesel from plastic waste. Pyrolysis technology is thermal degradation process in the absence of oxygen.Plastic waste is treated in a cylindrical reactor at temperature of 300°C - 350°C. Now a day's plastics waste is very harmful to our nature also for human beings. Plastic is not easily decomposable its affect in fertilization, atmosphere, mainly effect on ozone layer so it is necessary to recycle these waste plastic into useful things. So we recycle this waste plastic into a useful fuel.
This document summarizes a presentation on flame treatment technology and its applications. It discusses esseCI, an Italian company that has been developing flame treatment systems since 1969. The presentation covers flame chemistry mechanisms, how flame treatment oxidizes polypropylene surfaces, and comparisons to corona treatment. It also reviews components of flame treatment systems and recent developments, including differentiated burner systems and integrated processes. The presentation concludes that flame treatment can improve film quality and adhesion compared to corona treatment.
Plastic waste to energy opportunities - PyrolysisPlant.comPyrolysis Plant
Pyrolysis plant is an industry that converts waste plastic & tires into Pyrolysis Oil, Carbon Black & Hydrocarbon Gas. End products are used as industrial fuels for producing heat, steam or electricity. Pyrolysis plant is also known as: pyrolysis unit, plastic to fuel industry, tire to fuel industry, plastic and tire recycling unit etc.
More info at http://www.pyrolysisplant.com/
The INNOBITE project’s “Advances in wood based composites” Workshop disseminates the potential of wood based thermoplastic biocomposites in the construction sector, focusing on existing and emerging materials, markets and exploitation possibilities. The whole INNOBTE project (www.innobite.eu) is framed under the European initiative to build up sustainable production and consumption patterns where the efficiency of
natural resources is taken to its maximum.
Biomass Gasification Overview - Ilkka HannulaEBAconference
The document discusses biomass gasification technology. It provides an overview of biomass and waste gasification applications for boilers, kilns, and fuels/chemicals production. Examples are given of existing biomass gasification plants in Europe and research and development needs to improve process efficiency and syngas cleaning. Cost estimates are provided for potential large-scale production of methanol, DME, and other fuels via fluidized-bed gasification of lignocellulosic biomass.
Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion. Production of Oil from Waste Plastics and Polythene using Pyrolysis Process. Waste Plastic Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic substances by heating the word is originally coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and lysys "decomposition". Pyrolysis is usually the first chemical reaction that occurs in the burning of many solid organic fuels, cloth, like wood, and paper, and also of some kinds of plastic. Anhydrous Pyrolysis process can also be used to produce liquid fuel similar to diesel from plastic waste. Pyrolysis technology is thermal degradation process in the absence of oxygen. Plastic waste is treated in a cylindrical reactor at temperature of 300ºC – 350ºC. Now a day’s plastics waste is very harmful to our nature also for human beings. Plastic is not easily decomposable its affect in fertilization, atmosphere, mainly effect on ozone layer so it is necessary to recycle these waste plastic into useful things. So we recycle this waste plastic into a useful fuel.
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IRJET- Replacement of Solvent in Paint by Plastic Waste using Pyrolysis MethodIRJET Journal
- Plastic waste is increasingly becoming an environmental problem as plastic does not degrade quickly in landfills. Pyrolysis is a process that breaks down plastic waste into useful products like oil through heating in the absence of oxygen.
- In this study, plastic waste was subjected to pyrolysis to produce an oil that can replace solvents used in paint manufacturing. Low density polyethylene plastic waste was used.
- The pyrolysis process involved heating the plastic waste in a reactor to about 500°C to break it down into oil, gas, and carbon black products. The oil produced has properties suitable for use as a paint solvent. Using waste plastic oil replaces the need for other solvents and provides a way to manage plastic waste
IRJET- Replacement of Solvent in Paint by Plastic Waste using Pyrolysis MethodIRJET Journal
- Plastic waste is increasingly becoming an environmental problem as plastic does not degrade quickly in landfills. Pyrolysis is a process that breaks down plastic waste into useful products like oil through heating in the absence of oxygen.
- In this study, plastic waste was subjected to pyrolysis to produce an oil that can replace solvents used in paint manufacturing. Low density polyethylene plastic waste was used.
- The pyrolysis process was carried out in a reactor that was heated in a furnace to about 500°C. Vapors produced were condensed to obtain an oil that has properties suitable for use as a paint solvent. Using oil from recycled plastic waste helps address the problems of plastic pollution while providing an alternative to existing solvent
This document discusses converting plastic waste into fuel through thermal-chemical recycling processes like pyrolysis. It begins by outlining the large and growing amounts of plastic waste, and need to find alternatives to landfilling. Pyrolysis is then described as a process that uses heat to break down plastic polymers into hydrocarbon fuels and chemicals. The document provides details on different types of pyrolysis and products obtained. It notes advantages like reducing waste and pollution while providing industrial and automotive fuels. Examples of companies implementing pyrolysis technology are also listed.
The document summarizes a presentation on pyrolysis for waste plastics recycling. It discusses the advantages of plastics pyrolysis, characteristics of different waste plastics during thermal degradation, and results from lab-scale pyrolysis experiments and product analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the temperature range for plastic degradation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis identified functional groups in volatile and solid pyrolysis products, including aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, esters and carboxylic acids. The optimal temperature range for lab-scale plastic pyrolysis was determined to be 400-500°C.
Conversion of Plastic Wastes into Fuels - Pyrocrat systems reviewSuhas Dixit
This document summarizes the process of converting waste plastics into liquid fuels through pyrolysis. It discusses that pyrolysis involves heating waste plastics in the absence of oxygen to break the long polymer chains into shorter hydrocarbon chains to produce fuels like gasoline and diesel. The process can yield 69.73% liquid product when using a calcium carbide catalyst at 623K. The produced fuel has properties similar to conventional fuels but has slightly higher exhaust temperatures and lower brake thermal efficiency when used in engines. Converting waste plastics to fuel through pyrolysis provides environmental and economic benefits but requires further improvement to increase engine performance.
RECYCLING THE WASTE PLASTIC MATERIAL WITH THE HELP OF HEAT TREARTMENTjaideep kishanpuri
The document is a project report submitted for a degree in mechanical engineering. It discusses recycling waste plastic material through heat treatment. The objectives are to study the effect of sulfuric acid treatment on zeolite catalyst characteristics and its use in waste polypropylene pyrolysis. It aims to optimize the process to produce liquid fuel from different plastics and characterize the fuel properties. The report also examines engine performance and emissions from the waste plastic fuel. It scopes thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of plastics like polypropylene, low density polyethylene, and polystyrene to produce liquid fuels using kaolin activated catalyst. The methodology involves pyrolyzing plastic waste at 200-350°C in a reactor to produce similar diesel-like
Machine Converting Waste Plastics into OilPrasanna Datar
Machine Converting Waste Plastics into Oil
This document discusses a machine that converts waste plastics into oil through a process called homogenization. The machine uses thermal decomposition at temperatures between 350-450°C to break down various types of waste plastics like PP, PE, PS, and Styrofoam into recycled oil. The recycled oil can be used as fuel for boilers, ships, machinery, and more. Testing shows the recycled oil meets regulatory standards while producing much less CO2 emissions than incineration. The machine offers economic and environmental benefits by reducing waste and CO2 while producing a usable fuel from post-consumer plastics.
Latest Developments in biogas cleaning and upgrading technologies - Prof. Dr....EBAconference
The document discusses developments in biogas cleaning and upgrading technologies over time. It notes that from the early 1980s with a few pilot plants, the industry has grown to over 280 units worldwide in 2014. Key drivers have included using local renewable fuels, R&D activities, strategic policies and incentives. Technologies have improved to reduce methane slip, energy consumption and costs. Various technologies are discussed including water scrubbers, membrane separation, organic scrubbers and amine scrubbers. The largest current markets are in Europe, India, Brazil and other parts of Asia and America.
Crude Oil Generation through Pyrolysis of PlasticDevesh Muley
This document summarizes a process for generating crude oil from waste plastics through pyrolysis. It outlines that plastic waste is a major problem in India, with only a small portion being recycled. Pyrolysis is proposed as a solution, which is a thermal cracking process that breaks down plastic polymers into smaller molecules under oxygen-free conditions, producing crude oil. The document provides an overview of the pyrolysis process, samples of output, and comparisons to existing fuels like diesel and gasoline. The goal is to address both environmental pollution from plastics and the need for alternative fuels.
PRODUCTION, CHARACTERIZATION AND FUEL PROPERTIES OF ALTERNATIVE DIESEL FUEL F...Anand Mohan
1. The document describes the production and characterization of an alternative diesel fuel produced from the pyrolysis of plastic grocery bags. Plastic grocery bags made of high-density polyethylene were pyrolyzed in a batch reactor at 420-440°C to produce a plastic crude oil.
2. The plastic crude oil was distilled into fractions equivalent to gasoline and diesel fuels, which were then characterized through GC-MS, simulated distillation, SEC, NMR and FT-IR analysis. The analyses showed that the fractions consisted of mixtures of hydrocarbons similar to petroleum fuels.
3. Properties of the diesel fractions like cloud point, pour point and cetane number were comparable or better than conventional ultra-low sulfur diesel
Best practice projects and future challenges in biogas production - Frank StumpfEBAconference
The document discusses Schmack Biogas, a member of the Viessmann Group. It summarizes Schmack's expertise in biogas project development and operation, including their experience with wet and dry anaerobic digestion technologies. The document also outlines Schmack's comprehensive services for technical support, biological support, and monitoring and optimization of biogas plants. Future challenges mentioned include efficient plant operation, knowledge transfer, and combining biogas and power-to-gas technologies.
fuel from plastic wastes( conversion of waste plastic into useful fuels)sourabh nagarkar
This document discusses converting plastic waste into fuels using pyrolysis. It begins with an introduction to plastic-to-fuel conversion and why it is needed given the large amounts of plastic waste. The document then discusses the pyrolysis process, how plastic is selected for conversion, and the methodology used. Test results are presented showing the fuel properties and engine performance when using fuels derived from plastic waste. While conversion to fuel solves the plastic waste problem and fuel shortage issues, there are also some disadvantages like lower engine efficiency and higher exhaust temperatures. The document concludes that plastic-to-fuel conversion provides an effective way to address both the plastic debris in oceans and future fuel needs.
Plastic and Tire Pyrolysis Plant Manufacturers - Pyrocrat Systems LLPPyrolysis Plant
Pyrolysis plant is an industry that converts waste plastic & tires into Pyrolysis Oil, Carbon Black & Hydrocarbon Gas. End products are used as industrial fuels for producing heat, steam or electricity. Pyrolysis plant is also known as: pyrolysis unit, plastic to fuel industry, tire to fuel industry, plastic and tire recycling unit etc.
More info at http://www.pyrolysisplant.com/
PRODUCTION OF FUEL THROUGH WASTE PLASTIC AND POLYTHENE AND USED IN FOUR STROK...IAEME Publication
In this waste material of high density polythene and low density polythene is converted into recycled fuel by pouring in the close combustion chamber, then by heating the close combustion chamber in temperature range of 110 to 300 degree celsius for approximately 30 minute to 1 hour. Afterwards we observed that waste material is converted into fuel. Then this fuel is used in four stroke petrol engine and we observed that 8ml fuel run bike of 110 cc bajaj caliver for approx 2 minute. Also we calculate different properties of this fuel namely viscosity, density, specific gravity, flash point, fire point, cloud point, or pour point .then we compare these properties of this fuel with petrol fuel. It give similar properties like petrol fuel.
Due to the fossil fuel crisis in past decade, mankind has to focus on developing the alternate energy sources such as biomass, hydropower, geothermal energy, wind energy, solar energy, and nuclear energy. The developing of alternative-fuel technologies are investigated to deliver the replacement of fossil fuel.
This document summarizes a student project to convert waste plastics into fuel. The project aims to address both environmental pollution from plastics and the need for alternative fuels. The students designed an apparatus consisting of various components like reactors, condensers, and storage vessels. Waste plastics are cleaned, shredded, and cracked at high temperatures in the presence of a catalyst to produce a crude oil. Tests on the crude oil found properties similar to conventional fuels. The project aims to provide an environmentally friendly way of reusing waste plastics.
Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic substances by heating the word is originally from the Greek-word elements pyro means "fire" and lysis means "decomposition".
Pyrolysis is usually the first chemical reaction that occurs in the burning of many solid organic fuels, cloth, like wood, and paper, and also of some kinds of plastic. Anhydrous Pyrolysis process can also be used to produce liquid fuel similar to diesel from plastic waste. Pyrolysis technology is thermal degradation process in the absence of oxygen.Plastic waste is treated in a cylindrical reactor at temperature of 300°C - 350°C. Now a day's plastics waste is very harmful to our nature also for human beings. Plastic is not easily decomposable its affect in fertilization, atmosphere, mainly effect on ozone layer so it is necessary to recycle these waste plastic into useful things. So we recycle this waste plastic into a useful fuel.
This document summarizes a presentation on flame treatment technology and its applications. It discusses esseCI, an Italian company that has been developing flame treatment systems since 1969. The presentation covers flame chemistry mechanisms, how flame treatment oxidizes polypropylene surfaces, and comparisons to corona treatment. It also reviews components of flame treatment systems and recent developments, including differentiated burner systems and integrated processes. The presentation concludes that flame treatment can improve film quality and adhesion compared to corona treatment.
Plastic waste to energy opportunities - PyrolysisPlant.comPyrolysis Plant
Pyrolysis plant is an industry that converts waste plastic & tires into Pyrolysis Oil, Carbon Black & Hydrocarbon Gas. End products are used as industrial fuels for producing heat, steam or electricity. Pyrolysis plant is also known as: pyrolysis unit, plastic to fuel industry, tire to fuel industry, plastic and tire recycling unit etc.
More info at http://www.pyrolysisplant.com/
The INNOBITE project’s “Advances in wood based composites” Workshop disseminates the potential of wood based thermoplastic biocomposites in the construction sector, focusing on existing and emerging materials, markets and exploitation possibilities. The whole INNOBTE project (www.innobite.eu) is framed under the European initiative to build up sustainable production and consumption patterns where the efficiency of
natural resources is taken to its maximum.
Biomass Gasification Overview - Ilkka HannulaEBAconference
The document discusses biomass gasification technology. It provides an overview of biomass and waste gasification applications for boilers, kilns, and fuels/chemicals production. Examples are given of existing biomass gasification plants in Europe and research and development needs to improve process efficiency and syngas cleaning. Cost estimates are provided for potential large-scale production of methanol, DME, and other fuels via fluidized-bed gasification of lignocellulosic biomass.
Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion. Production of Oil from Waste Plastics and Polythene using Pyrolysis Process. Waste Plastic Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic substances by heating the word is originally coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and lysys "decomposition". Pyrolysis is usually the first chemical reaction that occurs in the burning of many solid organic fuels, cloth, like wood, and paper, and also of some kinds of plastic. Anhydrous Pyrolysis process can also be used to produce liquid fuel similar to diesel from plastic waste. Pyrolysis technology is thermal degradation process in the absence of oxygen. Plastic waste is treated in a cylindrical reactor at temperature of 300ºC – 350ºC. Now a day’s plastics waste is very harmful to our nature also for human beings. Plastic is not easily decomposable its affect in fertilization, atmosphere, mainly effect on ozone layer so it is necessary to recycle these waste plastic into useful things. So we recycle this waste plastic into a useful fuel.
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IRJET- Replacement of Solvent in Paint by Plastic Waste using Pyrolysis MethodIRJET Journal
- Plastic waste is increasingly becoming an environmental problem as plastic does not degrade quickly in landfills. Pyrolysis is a process that breaks down plastic waste into useful products like oil through heating in the absence of oxygen.
- In this study, plastic waste was subjected to pyrolysis to produce an oil that can replace solvents used in paint manufacturing. Low density polyethylene plastic waste was used.
- The pyrolysis process involved heating the plastic waste in a reactor to about 500°C to break it down into oil, gas, and carbon black products. The oil produced has properties suitable for use as a paint solvent. Using waste plastic oil replaces the need for other solvents and provides a way to manage plastic waste
IRJET- Replacement of Solvent in Paint by Plastic Waste using Pyrolysis MethodIRJET Journal
- Plastic waste is increasingly becoming an environmental problem as plastic does not degrade quickly in landfills. Pyrolysis is a process that breaks down plastic waste into useful products like oil through heating in the absence of oxygen.
- In this study, plastic waste was subjected to pyrolysis to produce an oil that can replace solvents used in paint manufacturing. Low density polyethylene plastic waste was used.
- The pyrolysis process was carried out in a reactor that was heated in a furnace to about 500°C. Vapors produced were condensed to obtain an oil that has properties suitable for use as a paint solvent. Using oil from recycled plastic waste helps address the problems of plastic pollution while providing an alternative to existing solvent
This document discusses converting plastic waste into fuel through thermal-chemical recycling processes like pyrolysis. It begins by outlining the large and growing amounts of plastic waste, and need to find alternatives to landfilling. Pyrolysis is then described as a process that uses heat to break down plastic polymers into hydrocarbon fuels and chemicals. The document provides details on different types of pyrolysis and products obtained. It notes advantages like reducing waste and pollution while providing industrial and automotive fuels. Examples of companies implementing pyrolysis technology are also listed.
IRJET- Production of Plasto – Gas Fuel from Roadwaste Plastics and Utilising ...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses a process for producing "plasto-gas" fuel from road waste plastics through controlled incineration. Plastics are heated to 270-300°C in the presence of a catalyst to produce a combustible gas and liquid fuel.
2. The gas produced can be used as an energy source for domestic and industrial purposes as an alternative to traditional fuels. However, the process also produces hazardous byproducts like dioxins if materials like PVC are included, so careful monitoring and controls are needed.
3. Further research is still required to optimize the process and fully utilize all waste plastic types, but initial results suggest it may be a way to both reduce plastic pollution and develop
Fra konferencen: 'Kemisk genanvendelse af plast - en vej til en cirkulær fremtid?' Presentation ved Christian Lach, Product Management & Marketing Europe: 'From plastic waste to chemically recycled products'.
Use of waste derived fuels in Cement industry.pdfMuhammad565043
This document reviews the use of waste-derived fuels in the cement industry. It discusses how cement production is energy intensive and accounts for a significant portion of global CO2 emissions. Using alternative fuels derived from waste materials provides benefits by reducing fossil fuel usage and emissions. Common alternative fuels used in cement kilns include refuse derived fuel from municipal solid waste, tire derived fuel from scrap tires, and sewage sludge. These fuels can partially or fully replace traditional fossil fuels like coal and petroleum coke. The cement production process is well-suited for alternative fuels and some plants have achieved up to 100% substitution of traditional fuels.
IRJET- Pilot Study on Treatment of Plastic by Pyrolysis Process for Productio...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a pilot study on treating plastic waste through pyrolysis to produce oil. Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures in an oxygen-free environment. In this study, low-density polyethylene plastic waste was pyrolyzed in a stainless steel reactor heated to 500°C to produce an oil with properties similar to aviation fuel. The pyrolysis process breaks the long polymer chains in plastics into smaller molecules of oil, gas and char. If optimized, pyrolysis has the potential to reduce plastic waste in landfills and produce a renewable alternative fuel from recycled plastics.
IRJET- Pilot Study on Treatment of Plastic by Pyrolysis Process for Produ...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses a pilot study on treating plastic waste through pyrolysis to produce oil. Plastic waste like polyethylene was pyrolyzed without a catalyst to produce fuel oil with properties similar to aviation fuel.
2. Pyrolysis is presented as a way to reduce plastic waste pollution while increasing fuel availability. The process converts waste plastic into useful oil through thermal decomposition.
3. Common plastics suitable for pyrolysis include high density polyethylene, which was used in this study. The pyrolysis of plastics typically yields 45-50% oil, 35-40% gases, and 10-20% tar.
This document discusses co-processing of industrial waste in cement kilns in India. It begins with background on waste management issues and opportunities for using industrial waste as alternative fuels in cement production. It then summarizes three case studies of co-processing industrial waste in Indian cement plants. The findings show co-processing can be an effective waste disposal technique for India by generating zero ash, reducing emissions, and requiring less auxiliary technology and setup costs compared to other disposal methods. Co-processing also provides economic and environmental benefits through energy and material recovery. However, the document notes effective implementation of co-processing in India remains a challenge.
This document summarizes a study on producing conventional fuel from polypropylene (PP) waste plastic.
The process involves thermally degrading and distilling PP waste plastic in a stainless steel reactor at 100-400°C without a catalyst. This produces multiple fuel fractions, with the target third fraction being jet fuel/kerosene that is collected between 180-210°C. Analysis found this fuel fraction contains hydrocarbons from C8-C19 that could potentially be used as aviation fuel or refined further. The process yielded 30.40% third fraction fuel and took 6-6.30 hours to complete.
IRJET- Design and Extraction of Biofuel from Plastic WasteIRJET Journal
This document describes a process for extracting biofuel from plastic waste through pyrolysis. Plastic waste like polyethylene is placed in a reactor and heated to temperatures between 350-550 degrees Celsius without oxygen. This pyrolysis process breaks down the large plastic molecules into smaller liquid, gas, and solid products. The liquid product, called pyrolysis oil, has properties similar to conventional fuels and can be used as an alternative fuel. The goal is to reduce plastic waste and pollution while increasing alternative fuel availability through this plastic to fuel conversion method.
The document discusses utilizing plastic waste as an alternative fuel. It describes how plastic waste is produced in large quantities and poses environmental issues. The document then summarizes previous research that has shown plastic oils produced from pyrolyzing plastic waste have properties similar to diesel and gasoline. The paper also outlines the methodology used, including types of plastics studied, production of oil through pyrolysis, and testing of the plastic oil as a fuel in diesel engines. Performance, emissions and fuel properties were found to be comparable to conventional fuels. The document concludes that plastic waste oils can be a viable alternative transportation fuel.
#1 INTRODUCTION-The term “plastics” includes materials composed of various elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, and sulphur.
Plastics are macromolecules, formed by polymerization and having the ability to be shaped by the application of reasonable amount of heat and pressure or any other form of forces.
It is one of the few new chemical materials which pose environmental problem.
Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene is largely used in the manufacturing of plastics.
##2Rapid population growth, urbanization and industrial growth have led to severe problem of waste generation in urban centres.
The waste quantities increased from 46 million tones in 2001 to 65 million tones in 2010.
Report says that per capita per day production will increase to 0.7 kg in 2050.
The characteristics of waste depends on various factors such as food habits, traditions, lifestyle, climate etc.
for more contect
IMPORTANCE OF BIO-POLYMERS AND POLYMERS Lini Cleetus
This document discusses polymers and biopolymers. It defines polymers as large molecules composed of repeated subunits and explains that polymerization combines monomers into covalently bonded chains. It outlines various applications of polymers in automotive, medical, and aerospace fields. Both positives like strength and weight and negatives like improper disposal are noted. Solutions proposed include reuse, recycling like Levi's jeans containing recycled PET bottles, plastic roads in India containing waste plastic, and converting plastics to fuels. Biopolymers derived from renewable resources are highlighted as alternatives that are biodegradable, carbon neutral, and help reduce fossil fuel dependence.
The document discusses trends in the increasing use of biocomposites and natural fibers in automotive applications. It notes that crude oil prices are expected to rise significantly in the coming decades, increasing the motivation for alternative materials. Automakers have begun incorporating bioplastics, natural fibers, and biocomposites into various interior and exterior car parts to reduce weight and emissions. Examples include Mercedes-Benz using coconut fiber and natural rubber in headrests from 1991 onward. Many automakers now use natural fibers and bioplastics in seats, door panels, and other components. Research is also exploring nano-cellulose fibers as potentially stronger and more sustainable reinforcements for biocomposites.
This document discusses technologies for converting plastic waste into liquid fuels. It describes two main processes: 1) gasification of granulated plastic waste, which converts the plastic into a gas at high temperatures that can be used to power boilers, and 2) catalytic pyrolysis, which uses lower temperatures to break carbon bonds and melt plastic into liquid hydrocarbons, coke and gas. The document provides examples of facilities around the world using these technologies and producing various amounts of fuel per day from plastic waste. Converting plastic waste into fuel is beneficial as it reduces emissions, saves landfill space, and produces a high-quality ultra-low sulfur fuel.
Compositi e economia circolare – aggiornamenti attività europee e Tavolo di l...Compositi
The document provides an overview of European activities related to circular economy and composites sustainability. It discusses the work of EuCIA to develop an eco-calculator for composite life cycle assessment and monitor recycling in Europe. It also summarizes initiatives by the European Commission like the Circular Plastics Alliance and the Green Deal agenda. For composites, it notes a focus on plastic recycling with no specific strategies due to lower volumes. The document proposes creating an Italian working group to mirror EuCIA's Sustainability Committee and promote national initiatives to support regulatory and technical development for composites sustainability.
I Ciclo de Conferencias “Hacia una economía circular. Oportunidades económicas en el marco de la transición energética” organizado por Funseam y Fundación Repsol.
Sesión: Oportunidades del C02 como recurso y no como residuo. 20/10/2020
Dña. Adriana Orejas, directora industrial & Deep Tech del Repsol Technology Lab
IRJET- Synthesis of Energy Fuel from Plastic Waste and its EfficiencyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on synthesizing an energy fuel from plastic waste through catalytic pyrolysis. Polypropylene plastic waste was pyrolyzed in a fixed-bed batch reactor at 500°C for 1 hour in the presence of natural zeolite powder as a catalyst. The natural zeolite was modified through thermal activation and acid leaching to improve its catalytic properties. Analysis of the pyrolysis oil produced showed it contained compounds similar to conventional fuels and had a high calorific value of 11,000 cal/kg. The study demonstrated that catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste can effectively produce a liquid fuel and provide an alternative solution for plastic waste disposal while recovering energy.
This document summarizes a seminar on converting plastic waste into fuel. It discusses that 4-5% of municipal solid waste in India is plastic waste. Plastic waste is non-biodegradable and accumulates in landfills. Converting plastic waste into fuel protects the environment, utilizes a natural resource, saves energy, and prevents plastic waste accumulation. The quality of the converted fuel depends on smooth and effective processing while controlling combustion and emissions. Various types of fuel can be produced from plastic waste including refuse derived fuel, liquid fuels like diesel and gasoline, and gaseous fuels. This process provides environmental and economic benefits but also potential disadvantages like flue gas pollution. Converted plastic waste fuels can be used in generators
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Evaluation of system costs for the use of plastics with regard to disposal costs
1. 1 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
Evaluation of system costs
for the use of plastics
with regard to disposal costs
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
III International Symposium MBT & MRF
12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Author Team:
Dipl.- Ing. Reinhard Schu
Dipl.-Ing. Jens Niestroj
Dipl.-Biol. Kirsten Schu
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
EcoEnergy Gesellschaft für
Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
Bei dem Gerichte 8
37445 Walkenried am Harz
2. 2 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
1. Clean Biomass, polluted Plastics?
EcoEnergy has been operating the demonstration plant for the SCHUBIO®-Process
for wet mechanical separation of waste since 2005. In the process, biogenic,
organic matter is separated from the fossil organics, the plastics.
Chemical analysis of these fractions shows decreased pollution in the native
organics fraction and increased pollution in the fractions, containing plastics.
2. RDF for Coal-Fired-Power-Plant is Biomass?
Another clue for the pollution of plastics came up, when we investigated possible
RDF fuels for co-combustion in a coal fired power plant. We established suitable
input criteria not only for plant emissions but also for the quality of gypsum and fly
ash.
In the end, only material blends with little or no plastics could meet the input
criteria.
These findings let us to investigate further and analyze the system costs for
the use of plastics with regard to disposal costs.
1. Introduction
3. 3 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
2. Production of Plastics
Naphtha is produced from crude oil and is the raw material for production of
plastics.
Until the Fifties, nahptha was used directly as fuel. The development of higher
compression for combustion engines caused the need for more knock-proof fuel
with higher octane number. Naphtha became a by-product from crude oil
distillation.
Tube furnance
Crude oil
Tank
Atmospheric
Destillation
Residue Bitumen
Residue
Heavy Fuel Oil
Diesel, Fuel Oil
Naphtha
Light lubricant
Aviation Fuel
Gases
Bubble tray
Mediumheavy lubricant
Heavy lubricant
Naphtha
Ethene
Propene
Butylene
Aromatic
etc.
Steam-
Cracker
Vacuum destillation
PlasticsPolymerization
Polycondensation
Polyaddition
Heavy Fuel Oil
Benzine
Super
Normal
4. 4 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
The percentage distribution of fractions from crude oil depends on the oil
properties. Precursors for plastics production are therefore not being
produced on demand from the market for plastics, but depending on crude
oil quality and on the technical conditions of the refinery.
Consequently, refineries can only run when the produced naphtha is
processed further to plastics.
Demand for plastics dropped recently by 20 % to 70 %, depending on the
sort. Logistics of the by-products are important for operating a refinery,
since these, like f. ex. naphtha, are generated in huge amounts.
For this reason, the steamcracker of BASF in Ludwigshafen, Germany, was
shut down in March 2009.
To ensure the demand for the produced plastics, the price can be adapted
until they are cheaper than the corresponding natural material.
Production for Users - or Use for Production
5. 5 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
Another example is PVC, already much discussed in waste industry.
PVC contains 57 % chlorine and is produced from chlorine gas and
hydrochloric acid (HCl).
Formerly, there has been a surplus of chlorine gas from sodium
electrolysis in the chemical industry because sodium hydroxide was
needed for production processes.
PVC production needs chlorine gas as well as naphtha and provided a
way out of a disposal problem.
Today, the situation is reversed because of the increased demand and
acceptance for PVC.
Polyvinylchloride – Residue from Soda Production
6. 6 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
Costs of raw plastics production
Many refineries worldwide are still burning off naphtha without using it.
Naphtha is difficult to combust, because it is a very heterogeneous
material. Gas turbines for naphtha need external combustion chambers
and have to be equipped with explosion protection. In addition, they have
a short lifetime and need to be replaced after 3 to 5 years. Naphtha is
easily inflammable and transportation is a logistic challenge.
Consequently, plastics production plants are often installed near a
refinery.
The use of naphtha for plastics production is more profitable than using
naphtha for power generation. During the last few years naphtha prices
have been between 150 €/t and 400 €/t.
The naphtha price is lower than benzene, diesel and light fuel. For
processing naphtha to plastics precursors, the energy content of naphtha
is needed once again.
7. 7 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
Cotton fights against Plastics
The material use of renewables, for example cotton, is not supported by the
government in any way. Textile sellers like IKEA, OTTO, C&A and H&M
have taken the initiative and support cotton farmers in Africa, whose
survival on the market is threatened by cheap synthetic textiles, partly
produced from PET-recycling material.
EEG supports Plastics
The German Renewable Energy Sources Act benefits energy recovery
from wood as a renewable energy source. Consequently, the wood price is
rising, also for material use of wood, which is not supported in any way.
Therefore, plastics have a good chance to replace wood in many
applications, for example thick-walled products like garden benches, fences
or terrace paving.
Replacement of renewable resources by plastics
8. 8 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
Today, plastic waste is mostly seen as recyclables, even though about
50% of plastic waste is burned in waste incineration plants and recycling
of mixed industrial waste is questionable too. The separate collection of
plastic waste from households is seen critically.
Disposal of plastic waste
Energy Recovery from Plastic Waste
Pure polyethylene and polypropylene production waste with a low
pollution level can be used for energy recovery in coal fired power
plants and cement kilns.
In general however, plastics contain several critical pollutants such as
chloride, bromide and especially heavy metals like mercury, lead,
cadmium and antimony. Besides emission control, the product cement
and the residues from the power plant should also be watched closely.
9. 9 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
Cadmium is a waste product from tin smelting and has been used as
pigment in plastics and especially as stabilizer in PVC.
Our evaluation of pollutant distribution in a coal firing power plant with co-
combustion up to 25 % of thermal capacity shows, that the limit value for
cadmium is approximately 0.4 mg/kg fuel. Only then, the quality of
gypsum is still adequate. Biogenic waste material without plastics can
meet this requirement.
The current limit value for cadmium of the “Bundesgütegemeinschaft
Sekundär-brennstoffe e.V.”, an association of RDF producers, is 4 mg/kg
RDF and is only meant for lower co-combustion rates.
Waste with plastics can barely keep this new, low limit. According to the
EU Directive 76/769/EWG, the limit value for plastics is 100 mg/kg
Cadmium.
Cadmium pollution
10. 10 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
The corrosion effects of antimony in combustion are still unknown and
have also not been investigated yet.
Antimony concentration in plastics is 1’000 to 2’000 times higher than in
coal. In natural products antimony concentration is less than 0.01 mg/kg.
PET contains 300 mg/kg and Polyester 150 mg/kg. Migration of toxic
antimony from PET bottles into the liquid has been verified in 2006.
Doctors are warning against wearing PET textiles because of sweat
releasing antimony.
Antimony pollution
The limit value for Antimony in waste for combustion in cement kilns in
Switzerland, was originally at 5 mg/kg and has since been adjusted to 300
mg/kg for „plastic waste“ and to 800 mg/kg especially for PET-waste. Until
today there has been no long term study on the migration of antimony from
concrete containing antimony polluted cement.
So far, there are no binding declarations by the plastics industry for
reducing the use of antimony. Technically there is no alternative for
antimony, neither as a stabilizer in PET and polyester nor a a synergist in
bromide containing plastics.
11. 11 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
Lead is used as stabilizer for the PVC production and as pigment. PVC in
today’s waste contains about 2’000 mg/kg lead, the limit value for co-combustion
is at 70 mg/kg. According to a voluntary declaration of PVC producers (Vinyl
2010), the use of lead in PVC production shall be reduced from 2015 on.
Mercury pollution
Lead Pollution
Hydrochloric acid is used for PVC production.
Two thirds of hydrochloric acid is produced with chlorine-alkali-electrolysis and the
amalgam process. In this process, contamination of the hydrochloric acid with
mercury is unavoidable. In consequence the mercury is also incorporated into the
PVC.
Around 1973, 58 mg mercury per kg chlorine was used in PVC production. PVC
products have a lifetime of 2 to 50 years.
The limit value for co-combustion is 0.6 mg/kg.
12. 12 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
The chlorine content of waste containing plastics stems to 60 % to 95 %
from the plastics. Best known example is crude PVC with a chlorine
content of 57 %.
The final PVC products contain about 30 % to 80 % of crude PVC;
resulting in 15 % to 45 % chlorine content in the PVC based plastics.
Separation by automatic sorting is therefore difficult. The reject material is
not recyclable as PVC and the operators of waste-to-energy plants do not
accept this mixed PVC waste, containing > 10 % of chlorine.
Chlorine is further used in many other plastics as flame retardant.
Chlorine pollution
13. 13 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
Chlorine, together with chloride-forming heavy metals and alkaline, is responsible
for high temperature corrosion in the boiler. Many waste-to-energy plants have a
permit for burning material with maximum of only 1 % chlorine.
Not all flue gas cleaning systems of currently operating waste incineration plants or
waste-to-energy plants allow for chlorine content higher than 2.5 %. On top of the
costs caused by boiler corrosion, f. ex. higher maintenance costs, less availability
and shorter run time, chlorine causes also higher utilities consumption for chlorine
binding and higher costs for disposal of residues.
The total extra costs because of the chlorine load are
400 to 700 €/t PVC (only chlorine),
basic costs for waste incineration (300 – 400 €/t) not included.
It is evident, that the presence of PVC in a mixed waste, declared for energy
recovery, is not any indication for the suitability of PVC for energy recovery.
PVC incineration is not energy recovery!
No energy recovery of PVC - PVC for disposal
14. 14 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
Raw material recycling of plastics is irrelevant at present, since
• the coal-oil-plant in Bottrop, Germany, was closed in 1999
• the gasification plant for methanol synthesis SVZ shut down in 2005
• the steelworks do not use DSD plastic waste as reduction material
since 2005
Antimony content is important for steel production because antimony
causes grain boundary segregation and, even more so, surface
segregation of steel and iron based alloys. This causes higher corrosion
risk of the steel. Commercial steel contains about 10 mg/kg antimony.
Due to the increasing use of low quality scrap metal from car recycling,
electronics scrap metal and ferrous scrap metal from waste incineration
slag, it is likely that the antimony content of steel will increase.
We do not expect a “revival” of the use of plastic waste in the steel
industry.
Raw material recycling of Plastics – Theory meets Reality
15. 15 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
We also investigated material recycling of waste, containing plastics. The
term “recycling” of plastics implies that the same product can be
produced again from the recyclate granulates. Until now, this is
regrettably not the case!
The term „bottle-to-bottle“ in PET- bottle recycling does only mean a 15%
addition of recycling PET to the raw material for production of new
bottles. The highest recycling quality to date is reached by blending
regranulates from production waste with new raw material.
This application for high quality products however, is not possible from
post consumer waste without an inappropriate sorting effort and by
mixing more than 10 % into the product.
Material recycling
16. 16 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
Material recycling of plastics usually means production of thick-walled
products. These can not be recycled after use and have to be disposed of
by thermal treatment. So the incineration of the original plastic material is
delayed, but ecologically and economically it is still the better alternative
compared to land filling.
In any case, there is not enough waste incineration capacity in Germany
today for disposal of all plastics waste.
Until 2020, we have to double the existing waste incineration capacity, if
only because of reduced plastic recycling and better monitoring of illegal
disposal.
Not enough thermal capacity for plastics waste?
17. 17 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
The term “society landfill” suggests the intermediate storage of polluted
plastics in society in the form of thick-walled plastic recycling products, such
as garden benches, fences or even bicycle stands, prior to their final
disposal. The society landfill secures the plastic waste for a subsequent
controlled disposal.
“Society Landfill” – not hidden – not seen
18. 18 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
The most accepted and best way for the disposal of plastic waste is
waste incineration.
Plastics are responsible for 50% to 80% of incineration costs even
though their proportion in the waste is only 15% to 40%.
Because of their high heating value they account for 50% to 90% of the
thermal input of the waste incineration plant.
Costs depend mainly on the waste volume, determining logistics, bunker
and feeding costs as well as on pollution of the waste and on the
thermal output of the plant.
The mass throughput is only a minor factor for the costs of waste
incineration.
Thermal Disposal by Plastics Waste Incineration – BAT?
19. 19 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
One ton industrial waste with a high plastics content and 16’000 kJ/kg
heating value is displacing two tons household waste with 8’000 kJ/kg
heating value.
Consequently, the plant operator earns only half when processing this
industrial waste.
Average costs for waste incineration have been about 150 €/t in
Germany during the last 3 years relating to an average heating value of
10’000 kJ/kg.
One ton of plastic waste with 40’000 kJ/kg heating value consequently
displaces four tons of household waste.
The theoretical costs for disposal of plastic waste are therefore about
600 €/t plastics.
Costs for thermal treatment largely depend on heating value
20. 20 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
Plastic waste from car recycling and plastics in the MBT landfill fraction
are still dumped legally in Germany. In other countries, with few
exceptions, disposal of plastic waste on landfills is still the main disposal
method.
Export for pseudo recycling
Officially, German plastic waste goes mainly into material recycling in
foreign countries.
In 2008 the “Bundeskriminalamt” (Federal Criminal Police Office) has
published a report about „Waste management cross-border crime in
connection with the EU enlargement to the East“.
Quotation: „On the European waste market there is a large dark field of illegal
transport, especially of so-called pseudo recycling. The 2002 ecological report of
the German Council of Environmental advisors states, that this is usual practice
and calls this development a perversion of waste management. Compulsory use
of the public disposal system for recycling was abolished and consequently the
national and international waste transport increased…“
Landfill
21. 21 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
In our opinion, plastic waste has to be regarded as hazardous waste, but
the danger to the environment is only perceivable in the long term. The
point is not an acute toxic effect but the extremely high persistence of
plastics in the environment.
In 2004 it has been discovered, that several million tons of plastic waste are
drifting in the Pacific Ocean between California and Hawaii. These plastic
are slowly crushed mechanically and raise the plastic content of the
plankton. Degradation and therefore release of the toxic pollutants however,
is estimated to take more than 500 years.
The most obvious problem with using oil is carbon dioxide emission. This
problem applies to 90% of the oil application and can – at least in theory –
be solved in a time frame of fifty to hundred years by switching to
renewable resources.
The other 10 % are used for production of plastics. The consequences
from their disposal are not reversible during the next millennium.
Uncontrolled plastics disposal and CO2-Emissions
22. 22 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
Conclusion
Post consumer plastics waste is not recyclable sustainably.
The real system costs of plastics production are fundamentally higher than
those of basic material like glass, paper, wood, natural fibres, stone, metal
etc. for the same application.
The system costs of oil based plastic production will increase along with
the increasing shortage of crude oil.
Less plastics production is consequently leading to fewerapplications for
the material recycling of plastics.
The pressure for pseudo recycling can only be reduced if the
compulsory use of public disposal systems is re-established
for waste with plastics.
Anschluss- und Benutzungszwang für kunststoffhaltige Abfälle
23. 23 III International Symposium MBT & MRF 12.-14.05.2009, Hanover
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
Thank you very much
for your
Attention!
Dipl.- Ing. Reinhard Schu
Dipl.-Ing. Jens Niestroj
Dipl.-Biol. Kirsten Schu
EcoEnergy Gesellschaft für
Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH
Walkenried am Harz
www.EcoEnergy.de
Gesellschaft für Energie- und Umwelttechnik mbH