Two separate experiments were conducted at the sereenhouse of the Unilorin Sugar Research Institute
(USRI) IIorin, to investigate the optimum concentration of a weak acid solution required for the presciption of cut
sugarcane stalks during hybridization. In the first experiment. stalks of two (2) sugarcane varieties (LS 1-047 and LS1057)
which were at the flowering. phase were immersed in three (3) eonecntrations(Blank, O.004M nnd 0.006M
respectively) of sulphurous acid (H2SO]) solution. In the second experiment, stalks of three (3) varieties viz: LSI-047,
LSI-057 and C06806 at the vegetative phase and those of LSI-047, LSI-050, LSI-054, LSI-057, B6609 and'C06806 at
the Dowering phase were also immersed in four (4) concentrations (i.e. Blank, 0.0021\1, 0.004M and O.OO(,M
respectively) of sulphurie acid (H2S04) solution.
Our results showed a rapid decline in the physiologienl activities of the sugarcanc stalks regardlcss of the
concentration and/or the source of the weak acid used as preservative solution. Flowering sequence was also disrupted
in the flowering stalks since none of the varieties could proceed to tile next ,phase, indicating that the stock solutions
were toxic to the test varieties. However, rooting and side shoot emergence (beginning from the riftll and ,cvcnth day
rcspeetively) were observcd ill the sugareanc stalks at both the vegetative and Oowerillg ph,lsl's or diiTercnl
eoneelllralion of the weak 1-1250 •. indicating Ih,1I the: i'nrlJ'ulal ions 'frolll 112SO., were less tOXIC {O ti,l'. l''" 1-::. d"'11 {I")';l'
or the 1-1)50. where the test varie{les nl:ilhl:r r()o(ed nor produce sid\' ,hm)l.
i\ILllllllgh 1110 (2) or the: \'arie:lIl'S (L,SI-O'17 ,md 1..'()ll~()I,) ,'ppe"rl'" III PUSs,'ss greater {,lkral":C: k.\cl I·.' Ii;.: .!,!!"<',.:l'>I, 1:';11' lil<.'>
exoLic judging by their overall performance.
1. Pseudomonas fluorescens was isolated from soil and found to produce an antibacterial substance.
2. The substance was extracted from the bacteria using methylene chloride and purified using silica gel chromatography.
3. Testing showed the substance was stable between pH 5-9 at 37°C for 24 hours, and was soluble in certain solvents but insoluble in others.
Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory and Antisickling Potentials of Archidium ohio...IOSRJPBS
The study investigated the possible anti-inflammatory and antisickling potential of a moss plant A. ohioense.The phytoconstituents of acetone, chloroform and ethylacetate extracts of the plant were analysed using standard methods. Membrane stabilizing, antisickling, xanthine oxidase and lipooxygenase inhibitory activities of the extracts of the plants on sickle and normal erythrocytes were conducted. Phytochemically, the ethylacetate, acetone and chloroform extracts of A. ohioense showed the presence of cardiac glycoside, flavonoids, saponin, steroid, alkaloids and triterpenes. The acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of the plant stabilized red blood cell membrane of normal and sickle erythrocytes at various concentrations except at 2.0 mg/ml while the chloroform extract exhibits profound protective effect on both normal and sickle erythrocytes at highest concentration used (2.0 mg/ml).All the A. ohioense extracts showed mild anti-lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. As the concentrations of the A. ohioense chloroform and acetone extracts increased, the percentage inhibition of sickling significantly increased and compared favorably with Parahydroxybenzoic acid. These two extracts also demonstrated significant (p ≤ 0.0001) dose dependent increase in antisickling reversal activity. This study indicates that A. ohioense could be valuable source of anti-inflammatory and antisickling agents.
In vitro assessment of antibacterial activity of Salicornia herbacea L. seed ...Innspub Net
In this study, the antibacterial activities of Salicornia herbacea L. seed extract against two gram-negative and two gram- positive bacteria were evaluated with the agar disc diffusion and MIC methods. Result showed that inhibition zones of 9.5±0.01, 6.2±0.00, 4±0.00 and 3.5±0.10 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, respectively. Among four bacteria the maximum and minimum inhibition seed ethanolic extract were related to S. aureus with inhibition zones of 9.5mm and MIC 189.5 mg/ml and E. coli with inhibition zones of 3.5 mm and MIC 420 mg/ml, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ethanol seed extract of S. herbacea is the result of phenolic compounds, fatty acids, osmotic compound (betaine)
or synergic and additive effect of several compounds present in it. Our results suggest the possibility of using S. herbacea seed, which possesses strong antibacterial activity, in the treatment of diseases caused by the microorganisms tested. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-4-number-6-march-2014/
Comparative Study on Antimicrobial Activity and Microbial Load of Alternanthe...Premier Publishers
The present study analyses the antimicrobial activity and the microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb growing in polluted and unpolluted site. The plants were collected and tested against various Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and fungi. Antimicrobial activity was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of aerial parts A. philoxeroides collected from polluted and unpolluted site that showed significant antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial and fungal organisms. The extracts were compared with standards like Amoxicillin for antibacterial activity and Ketoconazole for antifungal activity. The extracts showed remarkable antimicrobial activity as measured from the zone of inhibition and results were comparable with that of standard drugs against the organisms tested. The microbial load is also enumerated in the cooked and cooked refrigerated samples from polluted and unpolluted site. In conclusion, plant extract of A. philoxeroides collected from polluted site showed less antimicrobial activity and higher antimicrobial activity in unpolluted site. The ethanol extract showed higher activity when compared to other extracts. The microbial load is higher in cooked refrigerated sample when compared to cooked sample.
Detection of virulence factors produced by local isolates ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that isolated Aeromonas hydrophila from various local sources and identified virulence factors produced by the isolates. Twelve A. hydrophila isolates were identified based on morphological, cultural, and biochemical characteristics. The isolates showed hemolytic activity, slime production, and high protease production, indicating virulence. Isolate H4 was the most virulent and resistant to several antibiotics. Plasmid profiling found isolate H4 contained two small plasmids, which were cured using SDS. Cured isolates lost antibiotic resistance but retained virulence factor production, suggesting virulence genes are chromosomally located.
This study aimed to isolate and characterize novel pectinase-producing fungal strains for fruit juice clarification and extraction. Various substrates were tested for solid-state fermentation to produce pectinase enzymes. Orange peel proved the best substrate, yielding the highest pectinase activity of 0.76 IU/ml after 24 hours of incubation at 30°C, 5ml inoculum volume, and pH 4. The isolated fungal strain and optimized fermentation conditions were used to clarify fruit juices and extract juice from pulp more efficiently.
Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts by anolyte and chlorineTrevor William Sievert
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effectiveness of a mixed-oxidant disinfectant solution and free chlorine at inactivating Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Clostridium perfringens spores. The mixed-oxidant solution, produced through electrolysis of a brine solution, was found to be significantly more effective than free chlorine. A 5 mg/L dose of mixed oxidants achieved over 3-log inactivation of both microorganisms within 4 hours, while free chlorine produced no measurable inactivation of C. parvum oocysts and only 1.4-log inactivation of C. perfringens spores after 4 hours
1. Pseudomonas fluorescens was isolated from soil and found to produce an antibacterial substance.
2. The substance was extracted from the bacteria using methylene chloride and purified using silica gel chromatography.
3. Testing showed the substance was stable between pH 5-9 at 37°C for 24 hours, and was soluble in certain solvents but insoluble in others.
Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory and Antisickling Potentials of Archidium ohio...IOSRJPBS
The study investigated the possible anti-inflammatory and antisickling potential of a moss plant A. ohioense.The phytoconstituents of acetone, chloroform and ethylacetate extracts of the plant were analysed using standard methods. Membrane stabilizing, antisickling, xanthine oxidase and lipooxygenase inhibitory activities of the extracts of the plants on sickle and normal erythrocytes were conducted. Phytochemically, the ethylacetate, acetone and chloroform extracts of A. ohioense showed the presence of cardiac glycoside, flavonoids, saponin, steroid, alkaloids and triterpenes. The acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of the plant stabilized red blood cell membrane of normal and sickle erythrocytes at various concentrations except at 2.0 mg/ml while the chloroform extract exhibits profound protective effect on both normal and sickle erythrocytes at highest concentration used (2.0 mg/ml).All the A. ohioense extracts showed mild anti-lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. As the concentrations of the A. ohioense chloroform and acetone extracts increased, the percentage inhibition of sickling significantly increased and compared favorably with Parahydroxybenzoic acid. These two extracts also demonstrated significant (p ≤ 0.0001) dose dependent increase in antisickling reversal activity. This study indicates that A. ohioense could be valuable source of anti-inflammatory and antisickling agents.
In vitro assessment of antibacterial activity of Salicornia herbacea L. seed ...Innspub Net
In this study, the antibacterial activities of Salicornia herbacea L. seed extract against two gram-negative and two gram- positive bacteria were evaluated with the agar disc diffusion and MIC methods. Result showed that inhibition zones of 9.5±0.01, 6.2±0.00, 4±0.00 and 3.5±0.10 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, respectively. Among four bacteria the maximum and minimum inhibition seed ethanolic extract were related to S. aureus with inhibition zones of 9.5mm and MIC 189.5 mg/ml and E. coli with inhibition zones of 3.5 mm and MIC 420 mg/ml, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ethanol seed extract of S. herbacea is the result of phenolic compounds, fatty acids, osmotic compound (betaine)
or synergic and additive effect of several compounds present in it. Our results suggest the possibility of using S. herbacea seed, which possesses strong antibacterial activity, in the treatment of diseases caused by the microorganisms tested. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-4-number-6-march-2014/
Comparative Study on Antimicrobial Activity and Microbial Load of Alternanthe...Premier Publishers
The present study analyses the antimicrobial activity and the microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb growing in polluted and unpolluted site. The plants were collected and tested against various Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and fungi. Antimicrobial activity was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of aerial parts A. philoxeroides collected from polluted and unpolluted site that showed significant antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial and fungal organisms. The extracts were compared with standards like Amoxicillin for antibacterial activity and Ketoconazole for antifungal activity. The extracts showed remarkable antimicrobial activity as measured from the zone of inhibition and results were comparable with that of standard drugs against the organisms tested. The microbial load is also enumerated in the cooked and cooked refrigerated samples from polluted and unpolluted site. In conclusion, plant extract of A. philoxeroides collected from polluted site showed less antimicrobial activity and higher antimicrobial activity in unpolluted site. The ethanol extract showed higher activity when compared to other extracts. The microbial load is higher in cooked refrigerated sample when compared to cooked sample.
Detection of virulence factors produced by local isolates ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that isolated Aeromonas hydrophila from various local sources and identified virulence factors produced by the isolates. Twelve A. hydrophila isolates were identified based on morphological, cultural, and biochemical characteristics. The isolates showed hemolytic activity, slime production, and high protease production, indicating virulence. Isolate H4 was the most virulent and resistant to several antibiotics. Plasmid profiling found isolate H4 contained two small plasmids, which were cured using SDS. Cured isolates lost antibiotic resistance but retained virulence factor production, suggesting virulence genes are chromosomally located.
This study aimed to isolate and characterize novel pectinase-producing fungal strains for fruit juice clarification and extraction. Various substrates were tested for solid-state fermentation to produce pectinase enzymes. Orange peel proved the best substrate, yielding the highest pectinase activity of 0.76 IU/ml after 24 hours of incubation at 30°C, 5ml inoculum volume, and pH 4. The isolated fungal strain and optimized fermentation conditions were used to clarify fruit juices and extract juice from pulp more efficiently.
Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts by anolyte and chlorineTrevor William Sievert
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effectiveness of a mixed-oxidant disinfectant solution and free chlorine at inactivating Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Clostridium perfringens spores. The mixed-oxidant solution, produced through electrolysis of a brine solution, was found to be significantly more effective than free chlorine. A 5 mg/L dose of mixed oxidants achieved over 3-log inactivation of both microorganisms within 4 hours, while free chlorine produced no measurable inactivation of C. parvum oocysts and only 1.4-log inactivation of C. perfringens spores after 4 hours
This document discusses the role of ethanol in preventing biofilm formation of the fungus Penicillium purpurogenum. Scanning electron microscopy showed that ethanol amended cultures exhibited a looser mycelial network compared to tight networks in control cultures, indicating ethanol decreased cell-cell and cell-surface adhesion. Experiments with glass, polystyrene, and tin strips found that ethanol amended cultures showed less adhesion on surfaces than control cultures. Biochemical assays demonstrated that ethanol induced oxidative stress in the fungus and decreased biomass, pigment production, and surface-bound proteins and exopolysaccharides. Therefore, ethanol can be used to control surface properties of fungi and inhibit biofilm formation.
Isolation, partial purification of proteins produced by lactobacillus biferme...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This study investigated the antimicrobial activity of ethanol and chloroform extracts of Spirulina platensis against clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi. The ethanol extract showed variable zones of inhibition against the isolates ranging from 9.5-16 mm for S. Typhi and 9.7-14 mm for S. Paratyphi. However, the chloroform extract did not show any inhibitory effect. While the zones of inhibition were smaller than the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, this study provides promising evidence for developing a natural treatment for infections caused by these Salmonella serovars using S. platensis extracts.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The endo-glucanase (E.C. 3.2.1.4) was produced by Aspergillus terreus adopting solid state fermentation (SSF) using agro residues as main substrate. To recover the enzyme from the fermented mass, different extraction liquids were tried and 10% aqueous solution of glycerol was found to be superior. When the selected extractant was applied at different ratio to the fermented solid mass, maximum enzyme was recovered at 1:5 (w/v) ratio. The other process parameters (time, temperature and mixing speed) effects on the enzyme recovery were subsequently studied by response surface methodology (RSM). Box-Bhenken Design of experiment
Secondary Metabolites of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Cladosporium cladospori...Premier Publishers
Cladosporium cladosporioides is one of the promising entomopathogenic fungi acting as insect-pathogenic microorganism or can be used as a source of toxins against insect pests. Ethyl acetate extract of the secondary metabolites of C. cladosporioide was obtained, and its volatile constituents were characterized using GC/MS technique. Also, two major compounds were isolated and identified as 3-phenyl propanoic acid (6) and 3-(4β-hydroxy-6-pyranonyl)-5-isopropylpyrrolidin-2-one (7). It's worthy to mention that this isolated compound (7), is reported from C. cladosporioides for the first time. Also, the toxicity of the ethyl acetate extract of the secondary metabolites of C. cladosporioides against both adults and nymphs of cotton aphid, A. gossypii was determined. Data showed that C. cladosporioides ethyl acetate extract was most effective against nymphs showing LC50 of 24.5827 ppm, LC90 of 128.7385 ppm and toxicity index of 100%, while, it showed LC50 of 36.6959 ppm, LC90 of 154.4394 ppm and toxicity index of 76.69% against adults.
Selective approach to efficient ethanol production using adaptation of produc...IJERA Editor
The resistance to ethanol of 18 strains of alcoholic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, including production strains, was studied. It is shown that yeast growth was inhibited by increasing the concentration of ethanol in the medium above 7% (v/v). Successive adaptation of alcohol yeast to gradually increased concentrations of sodium chloride in the medium was carried out. Yeast variants that exceeded production strains in fermentation activity on the medium with 10% (v/v) ethanol were received. The use of selected strains will increase the productivity of the process of ethyl alcohol production at the same costs.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of environmental factors on fungal α-amylase production using cereal processing mill residues as substrates. Key findings include:
- An Aspergillus sp. strain isolated from soil samples showed high amylase production. Wheat bran supported maximum enzyme production among various residues tested.
- Maximum amylase activity was achieved under optimized environmental factors - 60% initial moisture, pH 5, incubation at 30°C, 4ml inoculum volume, and 20g substrate in 500ml flask.
- One-factor-at-a-time experiments revealed initial moisture content, temperature, pH, inoculum level, and substrate-volume ratio significantly influence enzyme yield during
Screening, Production and Characterization of Biosurfactants from Caatinga´S ...inventionjournals
The Caatinga biome may be a source for obtaining metabolites with unique features, such as biosurfactants of microbial origin, amphipathic molecules capable of reducing the surface tension and emulsify hydrocarbons. This study aimed to production and characterization of biosurfactants produced by Caatinga’s filamentous fungi, collected in Sumé city, stored in a collection at CDSA/UFCG. In this research, 10 filamentous fungi were evaluated in relation to emulsifier capacity, totaling six specimens (60%) presented results for Emulsification Index (EI), stability after 24 hours and Emulsification Activity (EA), with emphasis for metabolic liquids produced by fungi CDSA17, CDSA54 and CDSA71, from the genus Aspergillus, that were also evaluated under extreme conditions of temperature and pH, with higher EI at temperature of 60 °C, pH 7.0 and salt concentration 10%. In factorial design 2², in duplicate, analyzing variable of shaking (100 and 200 rpm) and glucose concentration (15 g/L and 25 g/L), tested filamentous fungi showed different behaviors and higher IE were obtained under conditions of 100 rpm and glucose concentration of 15 g/L. According to the above, it is clear that Caatinga’s filamentous fungi have potential to produce biosurfactants
Lignocellulose Biomass- Hydrolysis & Fermentation Lab Protocols
YOU AGREE TO INDEMNIFY BiorefineryEPCTM , AND ITS AFFILIATES, OFFICERS, AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES AGAINST ANY CLAIM OR DEMAND, INCLUDING REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES, RELATED TO YOUR USE, RELIANCE, OR ADOPTION OF THE DATA FOR ANY PURPOSE WHATSOEVER. THE DATA ARE PROVIDED BY BiorefineryEPCTM "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL BiorefineryEPCTM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO CLAIMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF DATA OR PROFITS, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM ANY ACTION IN CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS CLAIM THAT ARISES OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA.
The document discusses developing a screening process to identify non-Saccharomyces yeast species for use in the fermentation industry. Various wild yeast strains were isolated from different locations including the air, fruits, and water/ice samples. The isolated yeasts were identified using classical characterization methods including morphology, physiology, and biochemical tests. Preliminary tests found that habitat location may influence a strain's ability to ferment standardized wort, warranting further study. The project aims to screen strains for aroma production, tolerance, and identification using analytical and molecular methods to uncover new industry applications.
The document summarizes research into what makes certain natural clays antibacterial. Key points:
- Antibacterial clays contain nano-scale illite-smectite and reduced iron phases that buffer water pH and oxidation state, promoting Fe2+ solubility.
- E. coli exposed to an antibacterial clay's leachate accumulate high intracellular concentrations of Fe and P, supporting a role for polyphosphate or phospholipids in regulating Fe2+.
- Excess Fe2+ overwhelms cell membrane regulatory proteins, then oxidizes inside cells to Fe3+, producing lethal hydroxyl radicals through the Fenton reaction.
- High-resolution SEM images show the nano-scale crystals and Fe
Virulence Phenotype, Physicochemical Properties and Biofilm Formation of Pseu...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study characterizing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from drinking water distribution systems in Morocco. The study examined the virulence phenotypes, biofilm formation ability, and physicochemical properties of the P. aeruginosa isolates.
The results showed that the isolates expressed a range of virulence factors including proteases, lipases, and hemolysins. Most isolates were motile and able to form biofilms on polyethylene surfaces within 8-12 hours. Physicochemical characterization found the isolates possessed a range of surface properties like hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity that influence their ability to adhere to surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy images showed cell adhesion and biofilm formation on polyethylene over time.
In summary, the study
Screening and characterization of biosurfactants producing microorganism form...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that screened and characterized biosurfactant-producing microorganisms isolated from whey-spilled soil. Ten bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples. Four strains were identified as biosurfactant producers based on their ability to form clear zones in CTAB agar plates and cause hemolysis in blood agar plates. These four strains were further confirmed to produce extracellular biosurfactants using oil spreading and drop collapsing tests. Thin layer chromatography identified the biosurfactants as glycolipids or lipopeptides. The isolated strains were characterized and identified as Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, and Bacillus species.
This document summarizes research on natural clays that exhibit antibacterial properties. Key findings include:
- Certain clays from hydrothermally altered volcanic environments can eliminate a wide range of bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains.
- The most effective antibacterial clay studied comes from an open pit mine in the Cascade Mountains and contains nanoscale illite-smectite and reduced iron phases.
- When hydrated, this clay releases soluble constituents like iron that are toxic to bacteria but below published minimum inhibitory concentrations. The clay appears to buffer pH and oxidation states in a way that promotes soluble iron release.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated E.coli from different water sources ...Sulieman Bahar
This study tested the antimicrobial susceptibility of E.coli isolated from different water sources in Nyala Town, Sudan. E.coli was isolated from 50 water samples using standard methods and tested against 12 commonly used antimicrobial agents. The results showed that the E.coli strains were most sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Co-Trimoxazole and Chloramphenicol and most resistant to Tetracycline and Ampicillin/Sulbactam. This indicates multiple antibiotic resistant E.coli exist in the water sources of the study area, making the water potentially unsafe for drinking.
Onion (Allium Cepa) Genotoxicity Test
Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and LCA
Department of Environmental Chemistry, ICT Prague
References:
1. FERETTI, D., ZERBINI, I., ZANI, C., CERETTI, E., MORETTI,M.,MONARCA, S. (2007): Allium cepa chromosome
abberation and micronucleus tests applied to study genotoxicity of extracts from pesticide-treated vegetables and
grapes. Food Addit. Contam. 24 (6): 561-572.
2. RANK, J., NIELSEN, M.H. (1997): Allium anaphase-telophase genotoxicity assay. Department of Environment,
Technology and Social Studies, Roskilde University, Denmark.
BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION VIA ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF CELLULOSICShailesh Karkhanis
This document summarizes a student research project on producing bioethanol from cellulosic biomass through enzymatic hydrolysis. The objectives were to develop a cost-effective method for producing sustainable fuel from waste paper while managing waste. The methodology involved isolating cellulose-degrading microorganisms from samples to break down waste paper into fermentable sugars, fermenting the sugars, and distilling the fermented liquid to obtain bioethanol. Testing found the isolated microbe could degrade cellulose into 0.6 μg/ml of sugar. Distillation produced 13 ml of distillate with a pH of 9 containing 2.01% alcohol, as confirmed through qualitative and quantitative tests. The bioethanol produced can
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of seed priming and salinity on the germination and growth of marigold (Calendula officinalis). The study found that seed priming promoted germination rate and helped establishment under saline conditions. Salinity reduced stem and root length, while increasing root dry weight. Root length was enhanced by priming in distilled water. Higher salinity levels and priming in manganese sulfate increased root dry weight the most. Chlorophyll and carotenoid content were not affected by salinity or priming treatments.
Michael Gangadeen is an attorney from Ozone Park, New York. He has been practicing the law since graduating with his Juris Doctor from St. John's University School of Law. Before starting his own practice in 2000, Michael provided legal representation to State Farm clients.
This document provides an overview of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in children and adolescents. It defines OCD as characterized by recurrent obsessions and compulsive behaviors done to neutralize obsessions. OCD commonly first appears in childhood, presenting challenges for diagnosis and treatment of young patients. The document discusses diagnostic criteria, common manifestations, prevalence and onset, neurobiology, influences, and current treatment methods of pediatric OCD. It aims to educate readers on how OCD affects children and adolescents and what successful treatment involves.
This document discusses alternative energy trading models that could make markets more efficient. It proposes:
1) "Smart gas swaps" where the flow of gas is exchanged for energy services elsewhere, such as trading gas for more efficient power generation turbines.
2) A "Clearing Union" model where producers and consumers directly trade "energy credits" backed by a trusted third party to manage credit risk, instead of through exchanges.
3) An "Energy Dividend" system where funds from levies on energy production and consumption are issued as credits to populations rather than currency subsidies, and are also used to invest in renewable projects.
The aim is to connect producers directly with consumers via innovative swap agreements and
This document discusses the role of ethanol in preventing biofilm formation of the fungus Penicillium purpurogenum. Scanning electron microscopy showed that ethanol amended cultures exhibited a looser mycelial network compared to tight networks in control cultures, indicating ethanol decreased cell-cell and cell-surface adhesion. Experiments with glass, polystyrene, and tin strips found that ethanol amended cultures showed less adhesion on surfaces than control cultures. Biochemical assays demonstrated that ethanol induced oxidative stress in the fungus and decreased biomass, pigment production, and surface-bound proteins and exopolysaccharides. Therefore, ethanol can be used to control surface properties of fungi and inhibit biofilm formation.
Isolation, partial purification of proteins produced by lactobacillus biferme...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This study investigated the antimicrobial activity of ethanol and chloroform extracts of Spirulina platensis against clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi. The ethanol extract showed variable zones of inhibition against the isolates ranging from 9.5-16 mm for S. Typhi and 9.7-14 mm for S. Paratyphi. However, the chloroform extract did not show any inhibitory effect. While the zones of inhibition were smaller than the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, this study provides promising evidence for developing a natural treatment for infections caused by these Salmonella serovars using S. platensis extracts.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The endo-glucanase (E.C. 3.2.1.4) was produced by Aspergillus terreus adopting solid state fermentation (SSF) using agro residues as main substrate. To recover the enzyme from the fermented mass, different extraction liquids were tried and 10% aqueous solution of glycerol was found to be superior. When the selected extractant was applied at different ratio to the fermented solid mass, maximum enzyme was recovered at 1:5 (w/v) ratio. The other process parameters (time, temperature and mixing speed) effects on the enzyme recovery were subsequently studied by response surface methodology (RSM). Box-Bhenken Design of experiment
Secondary Metabolites of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Cladosporium cladospori...Premier Publishers
Cladosporium cladosporioides is one of the promising entomopathogenic fungi acting as insect-pathogenic microorganism or can be used as a source of toxins against insect pests. Ethyl acetate extract of the secondary metabolites of C. cladosporioide was obtained, and its volatile constituents were characterized using GC/MS technique. Also, two major compounds were isolated and identified as 3-phenyl propanoic acid (6) and 3-(4β-hydroxy-6-pyranonyl)-5-isopropylpyrrolidin-2-one (7). It's worthy to mention that this isolated compound (7), is reported from C. cladosporioides for the first time. Also, the toxicity of the ethyl acetate extract of the secondary metabolites of C. cladosporioides against both adults and nymphs of cotton aphid, A. gossypii was determined. Data showed that C. cladosporioides ethyl acetate extract was most effective against nymphs showing LC50 of 24.5827 ppm, LC90 of 128.7385 ppm and toxicity index of 100%, while, it showed LC50 of 36.6959 ppm, LC90 of 154.4394 ppm and toxicity index of 76.69% against adults.
Selective approach to efficient ethanol production using adaptation of produc...IJERA Editor
The resistance to ethanol of 18 strains of alcoholic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, including production strains, was studied. It is shown that yeast growth was inhibited by increasing the concentration of ethanol in the medium above 7% (v/v). Successive adaptation of alcohol yeast to gradually increased concentrations of sodium chloride in the medium was carried out. Yeast variants that exceeded production strains in fermentation activity on the medium with 10% (v/v) ethanol were received. The use of selected strains will increase the productivity of the process of ethyl alcohol production at the same costs.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of environmental factors on fungal α-amylase production using cereal processing mill residues as substrates. Key findings include:
- An Aspergillus sp. strain isolated from soil samples showed high amylase production. Wheat bran supported maximum enzyme production among various residues tested.
- Maximum amylase activity was achieved under optimized environmental factors - 60% initial moisture, pH 5, incubation at 30°C, 4ml inoculum volume, and 20g substrate in 500ml flask.
- One-factor-at-a-time experiments revealed initial moisture content, temperature, pH, inoculum level, and substrate-volume ratio significantly influence enzyme yield during
Screening, Production and Characterization of Biosurfactants from Caatinga´S ...inventionjournals
The Caatinga biome may be a source for obtaining metabolites with unique features, such as biosurfactants of microbial origin, amphipathic molecules capable of reducing the surface tension and emulsify hydrocarbons. This study aimed to production and characterization of biosurfactants produced by Caatinga’s filamentous fungi, collected in Sumé city, stored in a collection at CDSA/UFCG. In this research, 10 filamentous fungi were evaluated in relation to emulsifier capacity, totaling six specimens (60%) presented results for Emulsification Index (EI), stability after 24 hours and Emulsification Activity (EA), with emphasis for metabolic liquids produced by fungi CDSA17, CDSA54 and CDSA71, from the genus Aspergillus, that were also evaluated under extreme conditions of temperature and pH, with higher EI at temperature of 60 °C, pH 7.0 and salt concentration 10%. In factorial design 2², in duplicate, analyzing variable of shaking (100 and 200 rpm) and glucose concentration (15 g/L and 25 g/L), tested filamentous fungi showed different behaviors and higher IE were obtained under conditions of 100 rpm and glucose concentration of 15 g/L. According to the above, it is clear that Caatinga’s filamentous fungi have potential to produce biosurfactants
Lignocellulose Biomass- Hydrolysis & Fermentation Lab Protocols
YOU AGREE TO INDEMNIFY BiorefineryEPCTM , AND ITS AFFILIATES, OFFICERS, AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES AGAINST ANY CLAIM OR DEMAND, INCLUDING REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES, RELATED TO YOUR USE, RELIANCE, OR ADOPTION OF THE DATA FOR ANY PURPOSE WHATSOEVER. THE DATA ARE PROVIDED BY BiorefineryEPCTM "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL BiorefineryEPCTM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO CLAIMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF DATA OR PROFITS, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM ANY ACTION IN CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS CLAIM THAT ARISES OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA.
The document discusses developing a screening process to identify non-Saccharomyces yeast species for use in the fermentation industry. Various wild yeast strains were isolated from different locations including the air, fruits, and water/ice samples. The isolated yeasts were identified using classical characterization methods including morphology, physiology, and biochemical tests. Preliminary tests found that habitat location may influence a strain's ability to ferment standardized wort, warranting further study. The project aims to screen strains for aroma production, tolerance, and identification using analytical and molecular methods to uncover new industry applications.
The document summarizes research into what makes certain natural clays antibacterial. Key points:
- Antibacterial clays contain nano-scale illite-smectite and reduced iron phases that buffer water pH and oxidation state, promoting Fe2+ solubility.
- E. coli exposed to an antibacterial clay's leachate accumulate high intracellular concentrations of Fe and P, supporting a role for polyphosphate or phospholipids in regulating Fe2+.
- Excess Fe2+ overwhelms cell membrane regulatory proteins, then oxidizes inside cells to Fe3+, producing lethal hydroxyl radicals through the Fenton reaction.
- High-resolution SEM images show the nano-scale crystals and Fe
Virulence Phenotype, Physicochemical Properties and Biofilm Formation of Pseu...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study characterizing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from drinking water distribution systems in Morocco. The study examined the virulence phenotypes, biofilm formation ability, and physicochemical properties of the P. aeruginosa isolates.
The results showed that the isolates expressed a range of virulence factors including proteases, lipases, and hemolysins. Most isolates were motile and able to form biofilms on polyethylene surfaces within 8-12 hours. Physicochemical characterization found the isolates possessed a range of surface properties like hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity that influence their ability to adhere to surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy images showed cell adhesion and biofilm formation on polyethylene over time.
In summary, the study
Screening and characterization of biosurfactants producing microorganism form...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that screened and characterized biosurfactant-producing microorganisms isolated from whey-spilled soil. Ten bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples. Four strains were identified as biosurfactant producers based on their ability to form clear zones in CTAB agar plates and cause hemolysis in blood agar plates. These four strains were further confirmed to produce extracellular biosurfactants using oil spreading and drop collapsing tests. Thin layer chromatography identified the biosurfactants as glycolipids or lipopeptides. The isolated strains were characterized and identified as Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, and Bacillus species.
This document summarizes research on natural clays that exhibit antibacterial properties. Key findings include:
- Certain clays from hydrothermally altered volcanic environments can eliminate a wide range of bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains.
- The most effective antibacterial clay studied comes from an open pit mine in the Cascade Mountains and contains nanoscale illite-smectite and reduced iron phases.
- When hydrated, this clay releases soluble constituents like iron that are toxic to bacteria but below published minimum inhibitory concentrations. The clay appears to buffer pH and oxidation states in a way that promotes soluble iron release.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated E.coli from different water sources ...Sulieman Bahar
This study tested the antimicrobial susceptibility of E.coli isolated from different water sources in Nyala Town, Sudan. E.coli was isolated from 50 water samples using standard methods and tested against 12 commonly used antimicrobial agents. The results showed that the E.coli strains were most sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Co-Trimoxazole and Chloramphenicol and most resistant to Tetracycline and Ampicillin/Sulbactam. This indicates multiple antibiotic resistant E.coli exist in the water sources of the study area, making the water potentially unsafe for drinking.
Onion (Allium Cepa) Genotoxicity Test
Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and LCA
Department of Environmental Chemistry, ICT Prague
References:
1. FERETTI, D., ZERBINI, I., ZANI, C., CERETTI, E., MORETTI,M.,MONARCA, S. (2007): Allium cepa chromosome
abberation and micronucleus tests applied to study genotoxicity of extracts from pesticide-treated vegetables and
grapes. Food Addit. Contam. 24 (6): 561-572.
2. RANK, J., NIELSEN, M.H. (1997): Allium anaphase-telophase genotoxicity assay. Department of Environment,
Technology and Social Studies, Roskilde University, Denmark.
BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION VIA ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF CELLULOSICShailesh Karkhanis
This document summarizes a student research project on producing bioethanol from cellulosic biomass through enzymatic hydrolysis. The objectives were to develop a cost-effective method for producing sustainable fuel from waste paper while managing waste. The methodology involved isolating cellulose-degrading microorganisms from samples to break down waste paper into fermentable sugars, fermenting the sugars, and distilling the fermented liquid to obtain bioethanol. Testing found the isolated microbe could degrade cellulose into 0.6 μg/ml of sugar. Distillation produced 13 ml of distillate with a pH of 9 containing 2.01% alcohol, as confirmed through qualitative and quantitative tests. The bioethanol produced can
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of seed priming and salinity on the germination and growth of marigold (Calendula officinalis). The study found that seed priming promoted germination rate and helped establishment under saline conditions. Salinity reduced stem and root length, while increasing root dry weight. Root length was enhanced by priming in distilled water. Higher salinity levels and priming in manganese sulfate increased root dry weight the most. Chlorophyll and carotenoid content were not affected by salinity or priming treatments.
Michael Gangadeen is an attorney from Ozone Park, New York. He has been practicing the law since graduating with his Juris Doctor from St. John's University School of Law. Before starting his own practice in 2000, Michael provided legal representation to State Farm clients.
This document provides an overview of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in children and adolescents. It defines OCD as characterized by recurrent obsessions and compulsive behaviors done to neutralize obsessions. OCD commonly first appears in childhood, presenting challenges for diagnosis and treatment of young patients. The document discusses diagnostic criteria, common manifestations, prevalence and onset, neurobiology, influences, and current treatment methods of pediatric OCD. It aims to educate readers on how OCD affects children and adolescents and what successful treatment involves.
This document discusses alternative energy trading models that could make markets more efficient. It proposes:
1) "Smart gas swaps" where the flow of gas is exchanged for energy services elsewhere, such as trading gas for more efficient power generation turbines.
2) A "Clearing Union" model where producers and consumers directly trade "energy credits" backed by a trusted third party to manage credit risk, instead of through exchanges.
3) An "Energy Dividend" system where funds from levies on energy production and consumption are issued as credits to populations rather than currency subsidies, and are also used to invest in renewable projects.
The aim is to connect producers directly with consumers via innovative swap agreements and
Development of drought tolerant maize cultivars is prerequisite to achieving stable grain yield in
drought–prone ecologies of Nigeria’s Guinea savanna. However, success has been limited mainly due
to lack of maize genotypes that show clear differences in response to well defined moisture deficit
condition. Two sets of drought tolerant (DT) maize germplasm were evaluated under screenhouse and
field conditions between 1999 and 2002. In the screenhouse study, performances of the genotypes
were compared under well-watered condition and moisture deficit imposed at different growth stages.
Under field conditions, the first set comprising 11 accessions along with a check were evaluated for 4
growing seasons while the second set which comprised 3 DT varieties were evaluated along with 2
check varieties using monthly plantings between April and August of 2001 and 2002, respectively. In
the first set, post anthesis moisture deficit significantly reduced grain yield by 25 to 73.5% in the open
pollinated varieties (OPVs) and by 20 to 64% in the hybrids. Grain yield under field conditions ranged
from 2.48 to 3.49, 2.82 to 3.73 and 3.58 to 4.76 tons/ha-1 for 1999, 2000 and 2001 full growing seasons,
respectively, and 2.03 to 2.50 tons/ha-1 for 2000 late growing season. In the second set, pre and post
anthesis moisture deficits reduced grain yield by 77.6 and 95.8%, respectively, of well watered
condition while in the field, grain yields in the genotypes were highest for plantings made in April and
July (1.90 - 2.5 t/ha), lowest for August (0.7 -1.8 t/ha) when moisture deficit coincided with
reproductive phase. Yield stability exhibited under moisture deficit and on the field by 8522-2, Oba
super 2 and AK9943-DMRSR in the first set as well as DT-SR-Y C0 and DT-SR-W C0 in the second set,
indicates their suitability either as cultivars per se or as potential source of DT alleles for
development of DT maize varieties for Nigeria’s savanna ecologies.
O documento discute a origem e símbolos de Halloween, incluindo: 1) As origens da celebração remontam aos antigos celtas e suas festividades relacionadas à colheita e à morte; 2) Bruxas são as principais simbologias da festa, associadas a encontros com o diabo; 3) Algumas bruxas famosas são discutidas, incluindo a Bruxa Blair, Bruxa Bell e as Bruxas de Salém.
This document provides information about index ranges and the difficulty and discrimination levels they correspond to. Index ranges from 0.00 to 0.20 indicate a test question is very difficult, while ranges from 0.81 to 1.00 mean a question is very easy. Discrimination levels below 0.19 suggest an item should be eliminated, and levels at or above 0.40 mean an item is very good.
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the variations in sixteen maize genotypes in relation to drought tolerance. The experimental set up was subjected to drought stress after five weeks of planting for three weeks before data on morphological and yield characters of maize genotypes were obtained for three cropping years. Plant height and grain yield of Bodija yellow maize were the highest overall. There was a significant difference among genotypes for drought stress resistance and Bodija yellow maize showed the most tolerance, while TZBR Comp 1 – C1 S2 510 genotype was the least. First principal component axis (Prin 1) had the highest contribution to the variation of the morphological, yield and drought tolerance traits. Prin 1 was highly related to the morphological and yield characters more than to the drought resistance. Plant height was negatively and strongly correlated (p<0.01) with stem height, number of leaves, stem girth, leaf length, leaf width and week after planting, but negatively correlated with the drought resistance. Therefore, Bodija yellow maize should be considered as parent material in breeding for the development of drought tolerant traits in maize.
The use of aluminium molds in injection molding is an emerging trend because of its ability to reduce cycle time by as much as 50% when compared to P20 tool steel.
This study identified pathogenic microbes associated with the deterioration of sweet orange fruits in Nigeria. Samples were collected from four open markets and tested for microbes. The following microbes were isolated: Aspergillus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Escherichia spp, Rhizopus spp, and Shigella spp. Rhizopus spp and Aspergillus spp were found to be the most active and pathogenic microbes, able to infect both infected and uninfected orange samples. The prevalence of microbes varied between markets, with Oja-Oba market found to have the highest overall microbial load. Proper harvesting and storage techniques are recommended to reduce microbial growth and spo
Pelletterie CRISTIAN s.r.l. is an Italian leather goods company founded in 1970 in Florence, Italy that produces high quality, handmade leather products. The company focuses on Florentine craftsmanship and employs highly skilled artisans to create products that blend classic styles with modern trends. Pelletterie CRISTIAN exports most of its goods worldwide while also serving the Italian domestic market.
The document describes a project to automate college bus entry using RFID. A group of 5 students developed a system using a PIC microcontroller, RFID reader, LCD display and motor driver. The RFID reader reads student tags and sends data to the microcontroller. The LCD displays tag information. It allows counting students entering the bus and deducting balances from tags for each journey. The project aims to securely automate student entry into the college bus.
The document provides a summary of an individual's qualifications and experience. It details their Masters degree in Development Studies from Southeast University, BSc in Computer Science and Engineering from Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology. It lists 8 years of work experience in roles such as ICT Coordinator and Project Coordinator for organizations working in sectors like agriculture, health, education and infrastructure development. Key skills include project management, ICT utilization, social accountability tools, strategic planning, and monitoring and evaluation. Achievements incorporate software development, ICT strategy planning, video documentary making, and implementing social accountability and financial inclusion projects.
[1] A Índia é um país da Ásia Meridional, sendo a segunda nação mais populosa do mundo e uma das mais antigas civilizações. [2] Sua economia tem crescido nos últimos anos e setores como tecnologia e indústria são importantes, apesar dos desafios de desigualdade. [3] A cultura indiana é rica e diversificada, com influências de dança, música, religião e festividades que remontam milênios.
Shanghai iMolding Co., Ltd. is a plastic injection moulding company located in Shanghai, China that has over 30 years of experience. They provide integrated services including product development, mould design and manufacturing, plastic injection moulding, die casting, and finished product assembly. Their products include components for motors, robots, automotive parts, electrical equipment, medical devices, and more. They have customers in the United States, Japan, Korea, and across China.
Structural foam moulding is a plastic moulding process where a molten resin mixed with a foaming agent like nitrogen is injected into a mould, resulting in a cellular core surrounded by a thick outer layer. This makes
The ethanol extracts of Ficus asperifolia, Mormordica charantia, Anacardium
occidentals and Psidium guajava were evaluated sole and in treatment combinations at 25, 50 and
75mg ml-1 concentration levels against the mycelial growth of Macrophomina phaseolina of
Cowpea. The pathogen was cultured on plates containing botanicals amended Potato Dextrose
Agar (PDA) in three replicates while only ethanol treated PDA tested plates served the control
experiment. The radial growths were recorded at 4th, 6th and 8th day after inoculation. Data
obtained were analysed using the SAS software program version 9.2. The extract of Mormordica
charantia was the most effective in the botanical treatments alone. The most significant inhibition
of Macrophomina phaseolina were observed from the combined treatments of Ficus asperifolia,
Mormordica charantia and Anacardium occidentals (3.11 cm), followed by Mormordica
charantia and Psidium guajava (3.29 cm), then combination of four extracts; Ficus asperifolia,
Mormordica charantia, Anacardium occidentals and Psidium guajava (3.53 cm), then
Mormordica charantia and Anacardium occidentals (3.84 cm). Other treatments, either alone or in
combination produced significant result compared to the control experiment (6.94 cm). However,
the efficacy of botanicals increased with concentration and also significantly correlated with time
and reduction in mycelia extension of the pathogen. More so, variability in the antifungicidal
potentials of the botanicals on Macrophomina phaseolina ranges from 15.93% to 34.06%
according to Eigen proportions. The treatment combinations of; Ficus asperifolia, Mormordica
charantia and Anacardium occidentals at 75mg ml-1 concentration level produced the most
inhibitory effect against Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro. However, the untreated plates did not
show inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Therefore, combined treatments of
botanicals could be a potential source in the practice of plant disease control.
Sixteen genotypes of maize were evaluated for genetic variability and character associations in the Research
Farm of the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria for 90 days in the 2012, 2013 and 2014
cropping seasons. Perforated polythene bags (18 × 9 cm) were filled with 6kg sandy-loam soil and were spaced
at a distance of 10 cm apart between rows. Three seeds from each genotype were then planted per bag without
treatment in three replicates. Data on plant and stem height, leaf width, leaf length and number of leaves were
collected after planting at 14 days interval on each replicate for a particular genotype. The plant height of
EVDT.Y200STRQPM genotype was significantly (p < 0.05) different from other genotypes, while genotype
pairs; TZE-OR2DTSTRQPM and 2009TZE-ORIDTSTRQPM, TZEI 22, TZEI 98 and OBANTAPA, TZEI 4,
TZEI 161, BODIJA as well as EVDT-W99STR, OJO, 98SYNWECSTRQPM were similar to each other. The
result of correlation coefficient shows that stem height was highly significant and positively correlated with the
plant height (p < 0.01; r = 0.91). The genotype is negative and non-correlated with plant height, stem height, leaf
width and number of leaves, but positive and non-significantly associated with leaf length, replicate and week
after planting.
This document summarizes the key levels and techniques of Cscript, a constructed writing system based on ternary (base 3) values. Cscript aims to compress information spatially through techniques like vertical compression of letter components, vertical stacking of letters, multi-point glyphs representing multiple letters, gap compression, and custom shorthand glyphs. It describes 9 levels of the system in detail, from the basic ternary alphabet to more advanced techniques like 5-point compression representing 2 letters, line segmentation allowing repeated values, and use of resequenced or invalid symbol shortcuts.
Genetic characterization of morphological and yield traits in ten genotypes of Celosia argentea L. was evaluated
at the Research Farm of the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out
in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The results of analysis of variance carried out on
early morphological characters of C. argentea L. at 3, 4, and 5weeks after sowing showed significant
(p<0.05 /><0.01) effects except for number of leaves per plant and leaf width at 3 and 5 weeks after sowing,
respectively. The replicates in blocks produced varying observable effects on the genotypes while genotype x
replicate showed significant variation on morpho-agronomic and yield traits except number of days to flowering
at 50 days and fruit length at maturity. Also, from the result of the mean separation, it is shown that
NG/MAY/09/015 performed the best for plant height at flowering, leaf length at flowering, leaf width at
flowering, and root biomass. NG/SA/07/213 produced the highest mean values of number of flowers per plant,
leaf biomass and pod weight at maturity. The highest values of number of primary branches and fruit length at
maturity (FLM) were observed for NG/TO/MAY/09/015, while NG/AO/MAY/09/015 had the highest for pod
weight at maturity. The result of principal component axis also showed that Prin 1 accounted for highest Eigen
Vector of 38.62% from the total variation. NG/MAY/09/015 (R2) genotype produced the highest Eigen Vector
of 6.705 from Prin 1. The correlation result showed that plant height had a significant positive association with
seed weight at maturity, pod weight at maturity, number of primary branches and fruit length at maturity, while
similar association existed between leaf biomass, number of primary branches and pod weight at maturity, as
well as between plant height at flowering and pod weight at maturity. Again, the number of primary branches is
also positive and significantly correlated with plant height, root biomass and leaf length. Furthermore, the
results of dendrogram and minimum spanning tree revealed variations in genetic relatedness and distance,
respectively, which exist among the population of the C. argentea L.
Get good precision and functionality of plastic components by connecting to China Casting Orlando that makes perfect use of Plastic Injection Molding China in producing the quality products.
Effect of Various Parameters on the Growth and Ethanol Production by Yeasts I...Shafkat Shamim Rahman
Two ethanol fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated from date juice and grapes and grown in YEPD medium. They were characterized for alcoholic fermentation using sugarcane molasses and their growth conditions were optimized with respect to pH and sugar concentration. Results revealed a temperature of 30ºC, pH 6.0 and 6.5% sugar concentration as optimum for fermentation. Stress tolerance tests showed that date juice isolate was highly tolerant to temperature, pH and high ethanol concentration in the medium. Under optimized conditions, S. cerevisiae isolated from date-juice produced 7.75% of ethanol in molasses as estimated by Conway method.
Prevalence of Aeromonas Species Among Patients Attending General Hospital Owerripijans
A total of two hundred (200) stool samples were collected from patients attending General Hospital Owerri
and screened for the presence of Aeromonas species. Out of the two hundred (200) stool samples, one
hundred and fifty (150) were collected from diarrheal patients while fifty (150) were collected from nondiarrheal patients. Aeromonas species were only isoloated from diarrheal patients stool samples.The
prevalence of Aeromonas species in diarrheal patients was 5.3%. Aeromonas species were found to be
highly (100%) susceptible to ceftazidime, followed by cefotaxime (85%), then Augmentin (75%) and
Gentamicin (65%), but highly (100%) resistant to Ampicillin and Tretracyclin following by contrimoxazole
(83%). This observation could probably indicates that Aeromonas as enteropathogen associated with
diarrheal and should be considered amongst the causative agents of diarrheal.
This document summarizes the process of quantitatively estimating ethanol production through fermentation of grapes. Key points:
- Grapes were mashed and fermented with yeast extract for 24 hours, producing bubbles of CO2 and ethanol.
- A spectrophotometer was used to quantitatively estimate the amount of ethanol produced. Standard solutions of ethanol were used to create a calibration curve.
- The amount of ethanol produced by fermenting 30 grams of grapes was determined to be 4.4 grams.
Isolation of Yeasts from Raisins and Palm-Juice and Ethanol Production in Mol...Shafkat Shamim Rahman
The alternative fuels are expected to satisfy the progressive demand for energy on the wake of the negative effects of fossil fuel on the atmosphere and resultant universal warming. In this study two ethanol fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisae were isolated from Palm juice and Raisins. Both isolates were grown in Yeast extract Peptone Dextrose (YEPD) medium and characterized for alcoholic fermentation using molasses medium and optimized for pH, thermo-, osmo-, ethanol tolerance and sugar concentration. Results showed for ethanol fermentation, 31°C temperature, 6.01 pH and 6.50% sugar concentration is the prime condition. Raisin-isolate emerged as highly thermophilic and stress tolerant in nature. Under optimized conditions, S. cerevisae isolated from Palmjuice produced 9.85% of ethanol in the medium. Creation of ethanol through fermentation appears to be a potential other fossil fuel and can be used as exclusive fuel in vehicles with dedicated engines or in fuel blends.
Loss of Cilia ACS ChemBio 2008 cb700163qAlex Kiselyov
This document describes research examining the effects of synthetic derivatives of plant polyalkoxybenzenes on sea urchin embryos. The researchers synthesized isoxazoline derivatives of apiol and dillapiol, which are plant compounds with various biological activities. They found that one derivative, a p-methoxy-phenyl isoxazoline, caused sea urchin embryo immobilization by selectively removing motile cilia while leaving long sensory cilia intact. This effect was reversible through washing. The compound did not alter cell division or larval development. The researchers believe this derivative could serve as a tool for studying ciliary function and morphogenesis in sea urchin embryos.
1. The study tested the toxicity of used coffee grounds on larvae of the mosquito Ochlerotatus notoscriptus at different concentrations. High concentrations induced high larval mortality within days, while low concentrations boosted survivorship.
2. The results suggest used coffee grounds could be a cost-free and environmentally friendly larval control method, but extensive field trials are needed before use is advocated.
3. Nutrient depletion in the laboratory conditions likely caused high mortality in the controls, compromising the results, whereas providing food sustained higher survival rates in previous studies.
Biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acidsMevlut Gunal
The biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid and punicic acid by Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens results in the formation of trans-11-octadecenoic acid. Experiments with deuterium (heavy water) showed that deuterium was incorporated into the cis double bonds that were reduced, indicating stereospecific reduction. This reduction occurs via cis addition to the lower (D) side of intermediates like cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid. The distribution of deuterium at the reduced carbon atoms suggests that reduction occurs via addition of a proton and hydride ion mediated by an unknown carrier.
A preliminary study on the toxic potentials of shea butter effluent using Cla...IOSR Journals
This study was conducted purposely to evaluate the effects of shea butter effluent (SBE) on the
freshwater inhabitant using Clarias gariepinus as a biological model. A prominent Local factory of shea butter
at Tede, ATISBO Local Government was chosen because the effluent flows directly into a near-by stream that
ends up at a popular Dam in the Local Government on which more than 120,000 people depend for domestic
use.Static bioassay was conducted to determine the LC50 of shea butter effluent to Clarias gariepinus. Ten fishes
each were exposed to 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, and 0.09ppt (lethal concentration) of SBE in separate water plastic
bowl of (40cmX29cmX28cm) of 60litres capacity.The lethal Concentration (LC50) value of SBE was 0.057ppt for
96hrs of exposure. Total mortality occurred in the concentrations of 0.08 and 0.09ppt within 24hours of
exposure period. Behavioural reactions exhibited by the fish include erratic movement, air gulping, loss of
reflex, molting, barbell deformation, hemorrhage, and excessive mucus secretion in fish exposed to higher
concentration of shea butter effluent.
The appreciable increase in the mean value of heavy metal, such as Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium,
Zinc, Copper and Lead revealed that the increase in the concentration of shea butter effluent leads to
bioaccumulation of the aforementioned heavy metals in the test organisms. The values for all the metals exceed
the permissible Criteria of the national and international regulatory body. Therefore, Shea butter effluent is
highly toxic to freshwater fishes, its discharged directly into water bodies, new fish farms or in areas close to
aquatic environment should not be encouraged.
This laboratory report summarizes three experiments conducted by a group of students:
1. Media preparation demonstration - The group prepared two types of nutrient agar media.
2. Isolation of soil bacteria - The group determined the viable titer of soil bacteria by serial dilution and plating, then isolated pure cultures.
3. Staining techniques - The group demonstrated endospore staining of Bacillus and gram staining of an unknown bacterium to identify cell structure.
2011 cryopreservation of redwood (sequoia sempervirens)Tarek Ali
This study compared three vitrification-based cryopreservation techniques (vitrification, encapsulation-vitrification, and droplet-vitrification) for cryopreserving apical and basal buds from in vitro redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) shoot cultures. Only droplet-vitrification ensured bud survival and regrowth after cryopreservation. For apical buds, regeneration was possible after PVS2 exposure between 90-180 minutes, with a maximum of 18% regeneration at 135 minutes. For basal buds, regeneration was possible over a larger range of PVS2 exposure (30-180 minutes), with a maximum of 22% regeneration also at 135 minutes. Histological observations were made to examine the
PRODUCTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF CHOLESTEROL OXIDASE FROM RHODOCOCCUS SPECIESSUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Optimization of conditions for cholesterol oxidase production by the microorganism isolated from urban compost and dairy soil samples.Isolates were obtained on the basis of their capability of growing on isolation medium A and B and their cholesterol oxidase (CHO) production was estimated. CHO production was optimized by the optimization of temperature, pH, carbon sources, and organic and inorganic nitrogen sources.isolates out of 22 were found to secrete extracellular CHO as detected by cholesterol oxidase indicator plate A and were designated as cholesterol oxidase producing isolate 1, 2 and 3 (COP 1, COP 2 and COP 3). Results showed that the strain COP 2 belonging to the genus Rhodococcus sp. based on morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics recorded highest cholesterol oxidase activity. Optimum temperature and pH for CHO activity were found to be 35 °C and 7.5 respectively. Steroidal substrate cholesterol produced a significant increase in CHO level (0.502 IU/ml). Organic and inorganic nitrogen sources were supplemented in combinations leads to increase in CHO production as compared to individual components.
DeBrota M, Penry O - Isolation and Classification of Soil Microorganisms with...Michael DeBrota
As part of the BIO220 Microbiology course at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, our group conducted a study isolating and classifying various soil microorganisms with suspected antimicrobial properties.
This proposal outlines a study to determine the sorption isotherms of star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) and African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) at various temperatures between 30°C and 60°C. The objectives are to determine physicochemical properties, measure sorption isotherms, evaluate commonly used sorption models, and develop empirical models. Understanding the sorption behavior could help reduce loss and waste during transportation by informing proper packaging and storage conditions. Materials, methods, and models to be used are described for measuring moisture content, proteins, fats, ash, carbohydrates, and creating water activities to plot the sorption isotherms.
Two soil samples were collected from Puerto Rico and isolated bacteria were analyzed. Two different bacteria grew from one sample and one from the other. One bacterium was a coccus and two were bacillus based on gram staining. None produced antibiotics but some showed resistance to certain antibiotics like penicillin, chloramphenicol, and bacitracin. The isolated bacteria demonstrated characteristics needed for further analysis but genomic sequencing was left for future work.
Comparison of homeopathic globules prepared from high andultra-high dilutions...home
Globules were specially produced for this study by Spagyros AG (Gümligen, Switzerland) from6 starting materials (Aconitum napellus, Atropa belladonna, phosphorus, sulfur, Apis mellifica, quartz) andfor 6 dilution levels (6x, 12x, 30c, 200c, 200CF (centesimal discontinuous fluxion), 10,000CF). Nativeglobules and globules impregnated with solvents were used as controls. Globules were dissolved inultrapure water, and absorbance in the ultraviolet range was measured. The average absorbance from200 to 340 nm was calculated and corrected for differences between measurement days and instrumentaldrift.Results: Statistically significant differences were found for A. napellus, sulfur, and A. mellifica when nor-malized average absorbance of the various dilution levels from the same starting material (includingcontrol and solvent control globules) was compared. Additionally, absorbance within dilution levels wascompared among the various starting materials. Statistically significant differences were found among30c, 200c and 200CF dilutions.
Bacteriological Investigation of Well Water Samples from Selected Market Loca...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a study that isolated and identified bacteria and fungi associated with palm wine sold in Gboko Metropolis, Nigeria. Samples were collected from four locations and 11 total microbial isolates were obtained from Tarukpe joints, including 6 bacteria and 5 fungi. The rates of contamination were 42.9% for bacteria and 33.3% for fungi, likely due to poor handling and sanitation. Common isolates included Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and Lactobacillus, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus bacteria. The presence of S. cerevisiae aligned with previous reports. Overall, the study found microbial contamination of palm wine due to unsanitary collection and selling practices.
Similar to Evaluation of Different Formulations of Weak Acid Solution as Preservative Medium for Sugarcane Stalks (20)
Ultraviolet (UV) light has strong genotoxic effect to induce mutations for developing high genetic variability in yields, early maturity and other characters in crops. The study investigated the mutagenic effects of UV radiation on growth, yield, agronomic and mutation tolerance of six maize cultivars. Maize seeds were exposed to UV radiation, and planted in 7 kg soils in the polythene bags, while unexposed served as control. The effect of UV radiation on the first order interaction between weeks after planting (WAP) and treatments was only significant (p<0.05) height="true"><0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.01) with leaf length, leaf width and number of leaves with r = 0.95, 0.96, 0.89 respectively. Only the periods of exposure of the UV radiation was positive and strongly correlated with leaf width (r = 0.79). The association between the stover weight and periods of exposure was positive and insignificant, while the correlation between total numbers of grains and grain weight per stand was positive and strong (r = 0.99). Therefore, quality protein maize cultivars should be improved by introgression of favourable genes of drought tolerance, grain yield and related characters through induced mutation of UV radiation.
This study was carried out to isolate and identify pathogenic microorganisms associated with
deterioration of tomato fruits. Fruit samples of infected and non-infected tomatoes were collected from
two open markets, Oja-Oba and Sabo in Osogbo, Nigeria. Each of the tomato was cut and the liquid
content inoculated on nutrient agar and potato dextrose agar, incubated at 37 0C and 25 0C, respectively,
and observed from 24 hours to 5 days, after which different colonies obtained were identified using slide
culture technique. Two bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus spp, as well as two fungi Aspergillus
flavus and Rhizopus stolonifer were observed in the tomato samples in both markets. Prevalence indices
revealed that isolated pathogens is higher at Sabo market than Oja-Oba market. Pathogenicity tests also
revealed that both of bacteria and fungi caused fruit decay. Consumers’ awareness on potential health
hazards of consuming relatively cheaper and pathogen contaminated spoilt fruits should be intensified.
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of time of application and rates on the
performance of performance of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) on July and November 2013 at Lapai (9o
2' N and 6o34'E) and Mokwa (9o 8'N and 5o4'E) in the southern Guinea savanna ecology of Nigeria, The
experiments consisted of three (3) levels of poultry manure application time (two weeks before planting, at
planting and two week after planting) and four (4) levels of poultry manure application rates(0, 5, 10 and 15
t ha-1). The experiments were laid out as a 3 x 4 factorial in a randomized complete block design. Data
collected include plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches fruit weight, pod length, pod
diameter and cumulative yield. The result showed that the application of poultry manure two weeks before
planting significantly produced taller okra plants, higher number of leaves, wider leaf area and more okra
branches than other treatments in the two locations in 2013 cropping season. Fruit characteristic results
followed the same trends. In the case of the poultry manure rate, the application of 10 t ha-1significantly
produced taller okra plant, higher number of leaves, wider leaf area and more okra branches than other
treatments in the two locations in 2013 cropping season. The application of 15 t ha-1 was comparable to 10 t
ha-1 but significantly different from 5 t ha-1 and no application in the two locations in 2013 cropping season.
This result therefore recommended that poultry manure should be applied at least two weeks before planting
at 10 t ha-1
The first edition of this book ‘‘PLANT LIFE DIVERSITY’’ comprised of eleven Chapters which include the following: 1. The characteristics of soil environment, 2. The plant kingdom, 3. Thallophyta (Fungi, Algae, Bacteria and Lichens), 4. Phycophyta (Algae), 5. Mycophyta (Fungi), 6. Lichens, 7. Bryophyta, 8. Pteridophyta (Ferns), 9. Angiosperms and Gynmnosperms, 10. Forms and functional adaptation of plant to ecosystem and 11. Growth in plants. This book is meant for students of Pre-Degree, B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons) and M.Sc. of Biological group such as Plant Sciences, Zoology, Plant Breeding and Bio-sciences.
Terminalia avicennioides is an important medicinal plant used to manage many pathological
conditions among most inhabitants of rural communities in Nigeria and many other African countries. It
belongs to family Combretaceae and found commonly growing in the savannah region of West Africa. The
parts of the plant mostly used for medicinal purpose are root and stem barks extracts, which are rich sources
of phytochemicals such as anthraquinone, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenes among others. In folk
medicine, there are claims that the plant has been used to cure various diseases such as dental caries, skin
infections, sore and ulcer, syphilis, bloody sputum, ringworm infection, gastrointestinal helminthes and several
others. In this review, we have tried to provide bases for most of these claims at the instance of the results of
modern investigations on the biological activities of the plant extract. The possibility of employing the plant
extract in the field of green chemistry for probable application in biomedical industries was also discussed.
Keywords: Terminalia avicennioides, uses, phytochemicals, biological activities, nanoparticles
Genetic control and heterosis depend directly on genetic divergence among the parents in generating promising hybrids
required by plant breeders. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of heterosis, combining
abilities, regression and correlation estimates in order to develop hybrid cultivars in maize. The 28 F1 hybrids obtained by
partial diallel cross of 8 inbreds in a randomized complete block design were evaluated at the Lower Niger River Basin
Authority, Oke-Oyi, Nigeria in three years. General (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) produced significant (P
< 0.01) effects for all the characters, while non-additive genetic effects were predominant. The levels of heterosis for grain
yield varied widely among crosses, ranging from -16.83 to 9.76%. Positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic
correlations among grain yield and some related characters (days to anthesis and silking; plant and ear heights; number of
ears plant-1 and 1000 seed weight) showed that each character could be used indirectly to selection of grain yield. These
results also indicated that SCA was more effective than heterosis for describing hybrid performance. The regression of
actual hybrid characters on the expected hybrid characters, based on parental GCA values, was highly significant.
Regression analysis also showed that all the agronomic characters jointly contributed 19.4% to grain yield of maize. The
inbreds (Pop 66 SR and 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4) and crosses (Pop 66 SR x, 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4, Pop 66 SR x KU1409
and 9006 x KU1409) featured prominently with respect to better GCA × Year and SCA × Year effects with high heterotic
values for maize grain yield and associated characters. These inbreds could serve as donors to obtain early and short
statured hybrids with higher yield, while the crosses may be exploited and adapted to the Nigerian Savannas. This study
also affirmed that genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients as well as combining abilities, heterosis and regression
analyses were found to be suitable models for yield improvement in maize breeding.
Drought and nitrogen (N) tolerance quality protein maize (QPM) could serve as a succor for malnourishment in the Sub-Saharan Africa, and adoption should be intensified where resource poor farmers cannot afford N fertilizer and drought on maize at grain filling stage is frequent. This study compares the quality index, protein, tryptophan and lysine contents of normal extra-early drought-tolerant and their quality protein maize hybrids under sub-optimal and optimal soil N conditions. Four normal drought-tolerant and their respective QPM hybrids were planted under no (0 kg N ha-1), low (30 kg N ha-1) and optimal (90 kg N ha-1) fertilizations at Oke Oyi, Ilorin in the southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria in 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons. The trials were set up in a split plot arrangement with the N rates as main plot and the eight cultivars as sub-plots. Each plot within N levels was four-row, laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The normal cultivars outyielded the QPM versions across N rates with no significance difference. There is a linear increase in all protein qualities with increase in N rates among QPM, while normal maize counterparts had a linear decline with increase in N fertilization. The QPM cultivars also maintained their endosperm protein qualities across N rates. Across N environments, the grain quality characters, such as crude protein, tryptophan, and lysine contents in grain, showed a significant negative relationship with grain yields, which were relatively much stronger under low-N stress. 99TY, TYEEC4, 99TYQ and 20SYNEEWQ have viable traits that could be explored for the development of maize varieties with good grain yield and better protein qualities to improve protein availability in maize based diets and feed for large population of man and livestock.
A comparative study on the response of six maize hybrids: two
hybrids each from the 1980s (8321-21 and 8425-8), 1990s (9801-11 and 9803-2)
and 2000s (0103-11 and 0103-15) to sub-optimal and optimal nitrogen fertilization
was conducted in Oke-Oyi, Nigeria. The trials were set up in a split plot with three
nitrogen levels (0, 30 and 90 kg N ha-1) as a main plot and six hybrids as sub-plots.
Significant interactions were observed between hybrid and N level for all
characters, with increasing in variation as the level of N decreased. Mean grain
yield reductions across eras were 73.8% at no-N and 32.6% at low-N, and those of
optimal-N fertilization were 34.3% and 15.7% for 1980s and 1990s genotypes
respectively. Depending on N treatment, grain yield varied from 0.67 to 4.89 t ha-1.
Kernel number was most severely reduced by N stress, but had positive and highly
significant (p≤0.01) correlation with grain yield at all N levels. Genetic gains in
grain yield were 42% (between 1980 and 2000 eras) and 9% (between 1990 and
2000 eras) under optimal-N fertilization. The two modern hybrids of 2000 era
(0103-11 and 0103-15) were outstanding for all the agronomic traits and leaf
chlorophyll concentration at all N levels. Improving traits associated with fertilizer
N response could accelerate rate of genetic gains in maize yields.
The comparative efficiency of organic and synthetic fertilizers were studied on maize and cowpea, two staple
Nigerian crops. Chemical fertilizer did not support yield as much as poultry manure (PM) or arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi(AMF), individual or in a combined state. The combination of PM and AMF was the best application expressing
yield in form of shoot productivity. Glomus clarum was a good fertilizing candidate in this study
Twenty two genotypes of quality protein maize (QPM) and two local checks were assessed for their lysine and tryptophan levels, as well as grain yield characteristics at the Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority station, Oke-Oyi, Ilorin, Nigeria for three years (2009-2011). The results showed that the QPM genotypes and the standard checks varied from one another, with respect to crude protein, zein dry matter, zein crude, lysine and tryptophan. The best QPM hybrids for grain yield (Dada-ba, ART98-SW5-OB, ART98-SW4-OB and TZPB-OB had percentage lysine and tryptophan advantage of 34% compared with the local checks. These hybrids also out-yielded other genotypes with yield advantage of 10, 24 and 26% over the best inbred, open pollinated variety and the standard check respectively. However, grain yield showed positive association with all the characteristics except crude protein content. Kernel number per cob had maximum correlation with grain yield followed by kernel rows per cob, cob diameter and cob weight. The direct effect for crude protein was positive but the correlation was negative. Conclusively, the QPM hybrids that combined high yield with the essential amino acids could be tested in different savanna agro-ecologies to identify those that could be released to farmers, while the superior inbreds could be introgressed for further breeding programs.
Combining ability studies for maize grain yield and other agronomic characters were carried out using
ten open-pollinated maize varieties and their 45 F1 hybrids in a Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth endemic
zone (Shonga) and non-endemic zone (Ilorin) in Kwara State, Nigeria, during the 2005 cropping season.
Both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects for Striga related
characters such as Striga shoot counts, syndrome ratings, flowering Striga shoots and barren maize
plants were generally low, suggesting the role of additive and dominant gene action in tolerance to S.
hermonthica (Del.) Benth. Parents Acr 94 Tze Comp5 and Tze Comp3 C2 had significant (p < 0.05)
positive GCA effects for grain yield and other agronomic characters in both Striga endemic and nonendemic
environments respectively. Crosses Tze Comp3 C2 x Hei 97 Tze Comp3 C4, Tze Comp3 C2 x
Acr 94 Tze Comp5 and Ak 95 Dmr - Esrw x Acr 94 Tze Comp5 had significant (p < 0.05) positive SCA
effects for grain yield only in Striga endemic environment. These parents and hybrids appeared to have
gene pools for S. hermonthica tolerance that can be manipulated and used to develop promising
hybrids for early maturity and high grain yield across the Southern Guinea Savanna ecology.
Development of drought-tolerant maize varieties with high and stable yields is very imperative as being affordable alternative to
many smallholder farmers. Drought-tolerant maize varieties belonging to two maturity groups (10 early and 10 late/intermediate) were evaluated
for yield and other related characters in the southern guinea savannah (SGS) of Nigeria for two years. Days to flowering were higher in
the second year than the first year. Consistent number of days (3 days) was recorded for anthesis-silking interval in both years. Plant and
ear heights are greater in 2008 than 2007. However, plant and ear aspects were fair in overall phenotypic appeal and grain yield was not
significantly difference in both years. Maize grain yield in late/intermediate varieties is significantly higher than the early with a difference of
one tonne. High grain yield recorded in two varieties each among the early (AC 90 POOL 16 DT STR and TZE-Y DT STR C4) and late/
intermediate (DT-SR-WC0 F2, SUWAN-1-SR-SYN) varieties was approximately 4.6 t/ha. These genotypes could be used either as cultivar
per se to escape the prolonged moisture stress during the later part of the cropping season or introgressed with favourable cultivars for high
yield adaptable to drought-prone areas in SGS ecologies.
Experiments were conducted on six newly developed open pollinated quality protein maize (QPM) genotypes and two
check entries for three years (2009-2011). The objective was to assess their yield potentials and disease tolerance/
resistance in the southern Guinea savanna agro-ecology of Nigeria. Genotype and year of evaluation were significant for
(P<0.01><0.05) for grain yield, harvest moisture and lodging characteristics. Genotypes x year interactive effect for
grain yield revealed different genotypic performance of the genotypes tested with two checks (Oba-Super 1 and DMRLSR-
Y) being responsible for the significant differences obtained in the three years of evaluation. Average grain yield was
significantly higher in the year 2011 compared to 2009 and 2010. All the genotypes tested were moderately tolerant to the
five diseases ranging from 1.5 (Streak virus) in Oba-Super 1 (check) to 2.9 (Southern leaf blight, Curvularia leaf spot and
Leaf rust) in the ART98-SW6-OB and ART98-SW4-OB respectively. Ear rot mostly affected the leaves among diseases
with a range of 2.3 to 2.8 in TZPB-OB and DMR-LSR-Y respectively.. Four QPM genotypes (ART98-SW5-OB,
ART98-SW4-OB, TZPB-OB and ART98-SW6-OB) were superior for grain yield with yield advantage of 28% over the
best OPV check. These QPM genotypes can therefore serve as useful replacement for existing cultivars and also as source
of genes for future maize breeding activities in the development of superior maize varieties with high protein contents for
the savanna agro-ecology.
Quality protein maize (QPM) combining the enhanced levels of
lysine and tryptophan with high grain yield and desirable agronomic traits could
reduce food insecurity and malnutrition in West and Central Africa. Twenty-two
varieties of QPM and two local checks were evaluated for agronomic
characteristics and nutritional qualities in the southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria
for two years (2009 and 2010). Though crude protein levels are good indicators of
quality, amino acid composition analyses, especially lysine and tryptophan that
would provide a final proof are in progress. The genotypes comprised five open
pollinated varieties (OPVs), nine inbred lines, eight hybrids and two local varieties.
Differences among the varieties were significant (P<0.01)><0.05) for days to tasselling. Most of the QPM inbred lines (CML
437, CML 490 CML 178) and hybrids (Dada-ba, ART98-SW5-OB, ART98-SW4-
OB and TZPB-OB) have superior performance for grain yield, other yield
attributes and nutritional qualities compared with the OPVs and local checks.
These inbreds could be potential sources of favorable alleles useful for future
maize breeding, while the hybrids could be evaluated in different environments of
Nigeria for comparative advantages in different environments and quality of the
grains to be released to farmers.
Field experiments were conducted at the University of Ilorin Teaching and Research Farm in 2005 and
2006 cropping seasons with the objective to evaluate the combining ability for maize grain yield and
other agronomic characters in 10 open pollinated maize varieties, which have been selected for high
yield and stress tolerance. General combining ability (gca) and year (y) effects were significant for all
the parameters except plant height, while specific combining ability (sca) and gca x year effects were
significant only for grain yield. However, Tze Comp4 Dmr Srbc2, Tze Comp4 C2 and Acr 94 Tze Comp5
which are good general combiners for maize grain yield, also showed positive significant gca x year
effects for flowering traits. Significant sca x year interaction effects were recorded for maize grain yield
and days to flowering, with Hei 97 Tze Comp3 C4 combining very well with 3 parents (Acr 90 Pool 16-Dt,
Tze Comp4-Dmr Srbc2 and Tze Comp4 C2). These parents and their hybrids probably have genes that
can be introgressed into other promising lines in developing early maturing and high yielding varieties
for cultivation in the Nigeria savannas.
The document analyzes 44 maize samples from Serbia for aflatoxin content. It finds that 63.6% of samples were infected, with aflatoxin levels ranging from 5-367 ppb and an average of 74.5 ppb. 45.5% of samples exceeded the EU maximum level of 10 ppb and 29.6% exceeded Serbia's level of 50 ppb. High aflatoxin levels pose food safety and economic risks, as maize is a major export crop for Serbia. Increased monitoring and prevention efforts are needed to protect human and animal health and the country's agricultural trade.
Change in climate and consequent global warming are posing threats to food security in many developing nations including Nigeria because of the climate-dependent nature of agricultural systems and lack of coping capabilities. The spatiotemporal pattern of temperature and rainfall of Nigeria between 1901 and 2005 (105 years), using temperature and rainfall data to support the concept of regional climate change and its impact on Agriculture and food security was in-vestigated. Also assessed was the level of agriculture funding and output in Nigeria. Mean annual air temperature and rain-fall data between 1901- 2005 (105 years) were obtained from Food and Agricultural Organization publications, National Bureau of Statistics, Central Bank of Nigeria bulletin and National Meteorological Agency. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The results showed that within the period of 105 years, rainfall decreased by 81 mm with increasing temperature of 1.1℃. The unpredictability of rainfall and steadily increasing air temperature were observed from 1971-2005. The total federal budget between 2001 and 2005 averaged 824 billion Naira per year of which very small amount (14.7 billion (1.8%)) went to agricultural sector. The actual spending was 681 billion Naira per year with 11.4 bil-lion Naira for agriculture. Over 25 years, there were low and dramatic walloping of public spending in agriculture relative to large size and importance of agricultural sector in the economy. There is a continuous rise in output from 1987 to 2000 before it dropped in 2001. Land degradation, desert encroachment, drying up of surface waters, coastal inundations, and shift in cultivated crops over time affected the food security in Nigeria. The current available data showed that Nigeria, like most parts of the world is experiencing the basic features of climate change. Therefore, Nigerian government/ private sector partnership should encourage agricultural, industrial and domestic practices which will not contribute to the emission of greenhouse gasses.
Reports of improvement in sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata) for grain yield and agronomic traits
through introgression of genes from the field corn (Zea mays L.) are common in literature. However, few
studies have reported improvement in field corn varieties for organoleptic and/or nutritional properties
through the transfer of recessive alleles that condition sweetness in sweet corn into the field corn. Field
and laboratory studies were conducted to determine changes in quantitative and qualitative
characteristics of three F1 hybrids derived by crossing sweet corn (pollen parent) unto field corn and
their F2 populations derived by sibmating approximately 200 ears from each of the F1 hybrids. Our
results showed significant changes in grain yield, grain protein concentration, carbohydrate and
calcium contents in the F1 hybrids and F2 populations. One hybrid (Pop31DMR x Sweet corn) had 21%
grain yield advantage over the maternal parent while another hybrid (Obatanpa x Sweet corn) showed
superiority for grain protein (27.3%) with corresponding lower carbohydrate content. Grains obtained
from the F2 populations had lower seed protein content than their respective maternal parents or the F1
hybrids and with corresponding higher carbohydrate content. Percent (%) loss in grain protein in the F2
seeds was higher than for other nutrient elements. Modest heterotic response was recorded for grain
yield in Pop31DMR x Sweet corn cross and for grain protein concentration in Obatanpa x Sweet corn
cross.
This document reports on a study that compared the performance of three quality protein maize (QPM) hybrids and three normal endosperm maize hybrids under three different plant population densities in Nigeria. Key findings include:
- Grain yield and other components generally decreased as plant population density increased, with this effect being more pronounced in QPM hybrids.
- QPM hybrids flowered earlier but anthesis-silking interval and lodging increased more with higher densities for QPM compared to normal hybrids.
- While normal hybrids had higher yields, one QPM and one normal hybrid performed best in terms of yield at the lowest density of 53,333 plants/ha.
- Increasing
Knowledge of the magnitude of genetic variability, heritability and genetic gains in selection of desirable characters could assist the plant breeder in ascertaining criteria to be used for the breeding programmes. Ten open pollinated maize varieties were evaluated at the Teaching and Research farm, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, during 2005 and 2006 cropping seasons to estimate genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of grain yield and its component characters. The effect of genotype and genotype by year interaction were significant for ear weight and grain yield, while the effect of year was highly significant (P< 0.01) for all the characters. High magnitude of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations as well as high heritability along with high genetic advance recorded for grain yield, number of grains ear-1, ear weight, plant and ear heights provides evidence that these parameters were under the control of additive gene effects and effective selection could be possible for improvement for these characters. Tze Comp3 C2, Acr 94 Tze Comp5, Tze Comp 4-Dmr Srbc2 and Acr 90 Pool 16-Dt were identified as outstanding genotypes for maize grain yield and should be tested at multilocation for their yield performance.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Evaluation of Different Formulations of Weak Acid Solution as Preservative Medium for Sugarcane Stalks
1. Bioscience R..,SG2rch· Communications
Vol. 13, NO.5, October 3',. 2001
Printed in Nigeria
BRC 2000006/13505
0795-807212'X;; 1·1200 .•.0.00
~ 2001 Klobex Aeade:mc Publishers
Evaluation of Different Formulations of Weak Acid
Solution as Preservative Medium for Sugarcane Stalks
I I" 1
G. Olaoye , O.B. Bello and F.A."'A?ekola-
IDcpnrtment of Crop Production, University of lIorin, P.M.B. 1515, florin
)Department of Chemistrv. University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, !lorin.
(Receivl:d .;QflUary 21, i.aOO)
ABSTRACT: Two separate experiments were conducted at thc sereenhouse of the Unilorin Sugar Resenreh Institute
(USRI) IIorin, to investigate the optimum concentration of a weak acid solution required fo'r the prescf'aLion of cut
sugarcane stalks during hybridizntion. In the first experiment. stalks of two (2) sugarcane varieties (LS 1-047 and LS1-
057) which were at the flowering. phase were immersed in three (3) eonecntrations(Blank, O.004M nnd 0.006M
respectively) of sulphurous acid (H2SO]) solution. In the second experiment, stalks of three (3) varieties viz: LSI-047,
LSI-057 and C06806 at the vegetative phase and those of LSI-047, LSI-050, LSI-054, LSI-057, B6609 and'C06806 at
the Dowering phase were also immersed in four (4) concentrations (i.e. Blank, 0.00211, 0.004M and O.OO(,M
respectively) of sulphurie acid (H2S04) solution.
Our results showed a rapid decline in the physiologienl activities of the sugarcanc stalks regardlcss of the
concentration and/or the source of the weak acid used as preservative solution. Flowering sequence was also disrupted
in the flowering stalks since none of the varieties could proceed to tile next ,phase, indicating that the stock solutions
were toxic to the test varieties. However, rooting and side shoot emergence (beginning from the riftll and ,cvcnth day
rcspeetively) were observcd ill the sugareanc stalks at both the vegetative and Oowerillg ph,lsl's or diiTercnl
eoneelllralion of the weak 1-1250 •. indicating Ih,1I the: i'nrlJ'ulal ions 'frolll 112SO., were less tOXIC {O ti,l'. l''" 1-::. d"'11 {I")';l'
or the 1-1)50. where the test varie{les nl:ilhl:r r()o(ed nor produce sid' ,hm)l.
iILllllllgh 1110 (2) or the: 'arie:lIl'S (L,SI-O'17 ,md 1..'()ll~()I,) ,'ppe"rl'" III PUSs,'ss greater {,lkral":C: k.cl I·.' Ii;.: .!,!!"<',.:l'!
forllllliatiolls of the H)50., the locals (LSI) ilppC'lIl'.lI 10 POSS'5S g,cillcr llk'rilllel' capaeit~, 10 tilt, Silld, ,·;,.,I;'!I,>I, 1:';11' lil<.'
exoLic judging by their overall performallce.
Introduction
The most convenient hybridization method ill sugarcane (Sac;cahrum ojjicnarum L.) involves the use of
weak sulphurous acid (H2SO}) solution which serves as preservative medium for cut flowering stalks
during crossing and fuzz (seeds) rupening. When used in conjuction with the breeding laniern (specially
constructed rectangular enclosures made up of cloth materials and supported by metal wires), the technique
501
2. ... ~.._~---...__ .. -......•.. _-" ..••..-
permist the sugarcane breeder to set up planned crosses between male sterile clones (as females) and male
fertile clones (as males) without fear of contamination from wind-borne pollen.
In most sugarcane breeding stations where the H2S03 solution is used as a preservative medium (lor
example, Hawaii and Florida, U.SA.), the active ingredient which is the liquefied sulphur dioxide (S02) is
manufactured industrially and supplied to the breeding stations· upon request (Miller, personal
communication). Since this facility is presently unavailable in ~igeria, our present hybridization
programme has been limited mostly to collection of fuzz from (i) open pollinated- anows (flowers) of
female clones of planned crosses or (ii) the recently proposed modified polycross method of sandwiching
female clones between identified male clones whose flowering period could be synchronized (Olaoye,
]996). The necessity to maintain sufficient isolation distance from the nearest sugarcane field (so as to
ensure the absence of contamination from unwanted pollen) limits the number of such crosses that can be
established at a time. Our experience with marcotting method has also shown that it is only feasible with
freely flowering varieties. This is because with sparsely flowcring clones, many of the marcatteu stalks
may not flower thus limiting the number of crosses that could' be made. Furthermore, it has been
established that the ratio of the female to malt: clones in our germplasm is very low (Olaoye, unpublished
data). It therefore follows that in order to fully utilize the genetic potentials of our germ plasm accessions, it
is necessary to explore the possibility of locally producing the required preservative solution The
advantage of such formulation include opportunity to (i) ulilize thl: superior clones in series of crosses III
maximize genetic variability for characters of interest and also crcate new ones; (ii) gain inllmll:lliol1 on
the mode of inheritance of certain qualitative and quantitative characters, including resistance to prevalent
disease and insect pests, in order to determine lhe type of breeding system to employ in improving the
overall productivity of the crop and (iii) set up cro~ses aimed at either correcting certain genetic defects or
upgrade other characteristics presently lacking in the existing commercial varieties.
Apart from the success with H2SO] reported in the literature (Warner, 1953), there hus been no other
report of any formulation for maintaining sugarcane stalks in a physiologically active state for the purposes
of hybridization. This study was therefore designed to investigate the effect of different formulations of
weak acid solution (including H2SO.1) on the survival and physiological activities of sugarcane stalks aimed
at developing an appropriate medium for maintaining flowering stalks in a viable state during hybridization
programme.
Materials and Methods
"'rhoratory preparatio/l (~ld{fferentjiJf'll1u/atiolls of the weak acid sO/lItioIlS: Analytical procedure ji),. the
production of H}S(),:
About fifty grams (SOg) of zinc (Zn) metal was placed in a conical ·flask connected via the uelivery
tubes to two other conical flasks connected in series into which 200ml of distilled water were added.
Approximately, IaOrnl of dilute tetra-oxo-sulphate VI acid (20% or'the H2S04) was introduced into the
reactor which contains excess amount of zinc metal. This generated a stream of sulphur IV oxide (S02) gas
which was then absorbed into the other two conical flasks containing distilled water until the reaction was
completed. The process was repeated several times to generate sufficient quantity of the solution required
for the study.
Determillatiofl of the molarity of H 2S0; alld the ti{ratiofl procedure:
Ten milliliters (10ml) of the H2SO] was added to the conical flask using 10mi pipette. The
concentration of the stock solution (i.e. HJS03) was determined by simple titration against 0.05M Na2C03
and using phenophtalein as indicator.
Determination of the molarity of H ."!SO, solutioll:
After the molarity of the dil. H2S04 solution has been determined as described forH2SO], IOml of
H2S04 was added into the conical flask using lOrnl pipette. A drop of phenophtalein as indicator was
502
3. dispensed, then O.05M of Na2CO} was gradually introduced into the j~ask until the solution turned pink
Thereafter, the volume of Na2CO} at the point of change was determined ancLrecrn:ded. A range of
concentrations of H2S04 (O.002M, O.004M and O_006M respectively) were thus prepared for the experiment
by dilution using doubly distilled water.
Experimcma/ procedure:
Two separate-experiments were conducted at the screenhouse of the Unilorin Sugar Research Illstitute
(USR1). The experimental materials included stalks of sugarcane varieties at two distinct growth phases
(i..e. vegetative and flowering respectively) The varieties used w~re part of the flowering types among the
48 sugarcane germplasm accessions being maintained at the USRI research farm. For each experiment,
stalks of the clones were prepared in the morning by cutting them··above the ground level and the cut end of
each stalk were immediately wrapped with polythene sheet. This; was done to prevent air from enlering
into the capillary vessels. The stalks were then transported to the :screenhouse where the experimem was
set up. Preparatory to the set up of the experiment, dried leaves and leaf sheaths were removed from the
stalks. Similarly, dry tips of each leaf was cut with the aid of a small scissors. The polythene sheets were
then removed and a smooth cut end made (where necessary) folloWCi;dby inserting the cut end infO jars.
containing the stock solutions. For each experiment, doubly distilled water (i.e. blank) served as the
control.
Experiment I:
The materials used comprised of flowering stalks of two (2) varieties viz: LSI-047 and LSI-054
respectively which were at the initiation phase of flowering. The two ,clones were selected for the study
since at the time of setting up the experiment, they were the only male and female clQnes with sutticient
.flowering stalks. The cut end of each stalk was inserted into jars containing SOOml each of the
.. concentrations of H2SO] (blank, 0.004 and O.006M respectively) and each treatment was replicated twice.
The stalks were then held in erect position with the aid of stick bars. The level of the solution was
monitored regularly and made constant by replenishing the stock with the equal amount that was necessary.
Data co/lee/iol/:
The general physiological conditions of the sugarcane stalks in each solution was monirored daily and
the following indices were used to assess the performance of the clones
(i) the 'stay green' assessmenl (i.e. visual appearance);
(ii) the rate at which leaves withered (an assessment of loss of physiological. activity in the
. a/reeted leaves) and
(iii) progressive development of the flowering phases.
Experiment II
The general outline of the materials and methods are essentially similar to that of experiment { except
that 0) a different source of dilute acid (H2S04) was used and (ii) additional v~ieties at both the
vegetative and flowering phases were used.
For the vegetative phase, sugarcane stalks of similar age (based on the number of internodes/stalk) were
selected from vars. LST-047, LSI-050 and C06806 and prepared as described for experiment r. With
respect to the flower.ing phase, additional varieties (vi;,:: LSJ-047-LSJ~054 and B6609) were included to
make a total of five varieties for this phase. The materials were assessed in fourdifferent concentrations of
the dil. H2S04 (biank, 0.002M; O.004M and 0.006M respectively) and set up as described in experiment 1
The level of each stock solution was also maintained similarly as for experiment [ and the same set of data
collected on all the varieties.
503
4. Results
. .
Generally, there wa~ a gradual decreasc in thc lelcl of the stock solutions (except in lhe COllillll)
beginning from two days after the commencement of the experiments and this 'is an indiclltion that probahiy
the preservative medium has activation and catalytic effects on the stored nutrients and other metabolites in
the cane staJks.
fxperimef// I
Slay green assessment (visual appearallce):
Beginning /Tom two days after the commencement of this study, decline in physiological activities were
observed in both varieties as their leaves began to wither. The withering began from the older leaves which
progressively turned form the normal green colour to brown and drying /Tom the tip of each leaf
Leaf reten/ioll capaCity:
The result of the leaf retention capacity of the two varieties (Fig:" 1) reveaJed a rapid decline in the
number of leaves as they withered and died prematurely especially in Jne' control and 'in O.006M H2SO.1
respectively. However, var. LSI-047 exhibited a greater tolerance capacity than var, LSl-054 especially at
the lower concentration (0.004M) ofH1SO" as the two inner leaves survived up"tilJthe J5th day in this
medium.
Progressive developmef/t (~fflowerif/X phase:
In sugarcane, four distinct phases of flowering IS recognizable and the sequence is as follows: .
initiation~ flaggin'g -Hipping ---~arrow emergence. Although the two varieties were at the initiation
when the experiment was set up, neither of the two could proceed to the next phase even at the lower
concentration of O.004M (H2SOJ) and this may be due to disruption in the hormonal system of the plants
resulting from toxicity ofthe solution.
Experimef/t II
SJay green assessment:
13eginning from two days aller the commencement of this study, decline in physiological activities were
observed in both varieties as their leaves began to wiLher. The withering began from the older leaves which
progressively turned /Tom the normal green colour to brown and drying from the tip of each leaf.
Leaf reJcnJiofl capacity:
The result of the leaf retention capacity of the two varieties (Fig.~ 1) revealed a rapid decline in the
number of leaves as they withered and died prematurely especially in the control and in O.006M H2SO]
respectively. However, var. LSr-047 exhibited a greater tolerance capacity tlianvar. CSr-054 especially at
the lower concentration (O.004M) of H1SOj as the two inner leaves [survived up till. the] 5th day in this
medium. i'
Progressive development of flowering phase:
In sugarcane, four distinct phases cf flowering is recognizable and tbe sequence is as follows:
initiation ~ flagging ~ tipping ~ arrow emergence. Although the two varieties were at the initiation
phase when the experiment was set up, neither of the two could proceed to the next phase even at the lower
concentration of O.004M (H2SOj) and this may be due to disruption in the hormonal system of the plants
resulting from toxicity of the solution. .
504
5. G----€> LSI-054 CONTROL
I I C06808 CONTROL
[]---El LSI-054(0.0021:f)
~ C06808!(0.002M)
1!.----A LSI-054(0.006M)
.---JE C06808(0.006M)
9 11 13 15 17 19
Days
Fi~. 2a Leaf retenlion capacity ~ithe flowering stalks of two sugar
cane "aiieties immersed illdifferent concentrations of
preservative medium H,So.·
8
Ul Q);>(";jQ)....:I 6l:: Q)Q)~CO'-H00-;L
19171513
o 0 LSI-054 CO}JTROL
I I LSI-047 CO}JTROL
o D LSI-054(0.004M}
o <> LSI-047 (0.004M)
.A A LSI-054(O.006M)
W W LSI-047(O.006M)
53 11
Days
Fig. I Leafretenlion capacity of the !lowering stalks of two sugar
cane varieties immersed in ditTerent concentrations of
preservative l11ediuOl H:SOJ
o
Z
10
Ul
Q)
;>
~ 6
>-l
~
Q)
~
bJ)4
'-H
o
U1
aU1
.~.,..
6. F..xperimellf II
Slay green m:'essmellf:
Generally, canes at the vegetative phase were more tolerant to the different concentrations or the dil.
H2S04 as well as the control than those at the flowering phase. This high level of tolerance exhibited by
the young canes may be due to higher accumulation of growth factors in the young canes than in the
flowering ones or that there is less demand for these essential nutrients during the vegetative phase.
However, the trend in the decline in physiological activity as indicated by withering and subsequent death
of leaves was similar to what was observed in experiment 1 regardless of the age of the canes.
Leqlrelelllioll cupacity:
Leaf retention capability of the young canes in the different concentrations of H2S04 and in the control
are presented in Table J. For this parameter, attention was focused only on the four innermost leaves !IS
these were the youngest and most physiologically active. All the test varieties responded similarly in the
control and the only remarkable difference' in varietal response at!,his stage was at a concentration of
0.002M H2S04 where var. LSI-047 appeared to be more tolerant than'the others. For example, while the
two innermost leaves remained alive until the experiment was terminated (51 days), those of vars. LS.I-050
and C06806 were alive for only 35 and 41 days respectively. The response of the cane stalks to the other
two concentrations did not differ much even though the varieties' changed ranking in their leaf retention
capability (Table I).
Table I:Leaf retention capacity of young (vegetative phase)sugarcane stalksimmersedIndifferent
Variety
NooCdays for which leaf remained physiologicafly active
o.
O.OOM0.002M0.004M0.006M 35+514549355140453020253515152020 35355050353545503030404020204040 35355045354145452040'40 405253020
506
7. The rate in loss of physiological activity was taster at the flowering phase that at the vegetative phase
regardless of the concentration of the preservative medium (Fig. 2) Both vars. LSJ-054 ancl (06806
showed differential response to O.002M and O.006M res~ectively with the former exhibiting higher
tolerance capacity at O.006M H2S04 while the latter exhibited similar response to both concentrations (Fig.
2a). Val'. 136609 on the other hand was intolerant of either cqncentration (Fig. 2b). Comparison among the
four varieties in their tolerance to O.006M lhSO~ (Fig. 3) revealed that vars. LSI-050 and LS1-054 both
exhibited greater tolerance level than the other two varieties as they survived longer than the other two
varieties (app. 8 days).
Similar to what was observed in experiment r, none of the test varieties could proceed to the next
flowering phase (i.e. the flag stage) irrespective of the concentration of the preserval ivc mediull1 used
However, there were initiation of rooting as well as emergence of side shoot both at the vegetative and
flowering phases (Plates 1. 2 and 3). At the vegetative phase, rooting occurred in var. LSI-047 beginning
from the fifth day in both the lowest and highest concentrations (Plate I) but not in the intermediate
concentration while emergence of side shoots were observed beginning from the 7Ul day at the Slh node in
this medium. While neither rooling nor side shoot emergence occurred in-var. C06806, var. LSJ-OSD rooted
only in the highe'1>tconcentration. The root~ de1elopeO. and progre:>:>i1elyhardeneO after 32 lia)':> and later
died. The two side shoots produced by var. LSf-047 (Phase r) measured 15 and- 25cm respectively and
were alive until the experiment was terminated.
At the flowering phase, rooting and emergence of side shoots occurred in two of the test varieties (LSl-
050 and C06806) immersed in the medium containing 0.002M H2S04 (Plates 2 and 3). Root initiation was
observed also as from the fifth day in the two varieties and this was followed by emergence of side shoots
as from the 7111 day beginning from the sixth node. Root proliferation was faster and higher in var. LSI-050
than in var. C06806 (plate 2). By the lih day, three mare. node~ llZ:. 71h, gU, and 9"1 (arrowed> lat.er
produced side shoots (Plate 3) which developed capidly than the older shoots suggesting apical d(lmirJ8.flcc
in nutr·lent sourc·lIlg. Follow·lIlg root initiation and side shoot emergence, tile solut"ton .1Ilthe jars reduced at
a faster rate in these varieties compared to others which neither rooted nor produce side shoots. This is
probably due to increased metabolic activities in the stalks. Drying of the side shoots was observed from
52 days after the experiment was set up.
Discussion
The primary objective of this study was to formulate an appropriate preservative medium which could
keep cut surgarcane stalks in a viable state during the period of hybridization and fuzz ripening. This
period is expected to last up to three weeks. The results obtained in this study revealed that test varieties
survived in the formulations from H2S04 for more than the expected-period. In other words, even at the
same molarity, formulations tram H2SO, served as better preservative media than formulations of H2S03.
For example, cane stalks at both the vegetative and flowering phases responded better by (i) being
physiologically active for a longer period and (ii) producing roots and side shoots in the different
concentrations of the dilute H2S04• while they could only survive for between 5 and 9 days in those of
H2S03 and without root initiation nor side shoot emergence (Figs. 2 and 3, Plates 1;2 and 3)
In sugarcane, development of side shoots is a common feat~re in flowering varieties especially after the
death of the main stalk following fuzz ripening. Thus the occurrence of side shoots in these varieties
indicated that the stalks were still physiologically active despite the initial withering of the leaves.
However, while the initiation of rooting and/or emergence of side shoot suggests stability of the ·stalks· in
the preservative solution after the initial shock, it was apparent that the disruption in the physiological
activities had terminated the flowering process. Consequently and upon recovery from the initial shock, the
hormones responsible for rooting and side shoots in the respective primordial wer;;- probably activated
resulting in rooting and side shoots observed. This implies that the two events (flowering versus
rooting/side shoot emergence) are independent of the otherknd are probably controlled by different
hormones. The ability of H2S04 to act as a rooting hormone has also b~n reported by Jones a.nd Hatfield
(1976).
507
8. G------€) L51:050
I I L51-054
~B6609
~C06806
2
8
5 ,7 9 11 13 15 17 ' 19
Days
Fig, 3 Leaf retention capacity of the !lowering stalks of four sugar
cane varieties immersed in 0.006M H,SO,
10
C
<lJ
<lJ
I-
bll
4-
o
o
Z
VJ
<lJ
>
cj
<lJ
..J
G-----E) L51-054 CONTROL
I I C06808 CONTROL
[}--{l LSI-054(0.002M)
~ C06808 (O,002M)
A-------A LSI-054(O.006M)
3 5 11 13 15 17 19
Days
fig, 3 Leaf retention capacity of the flowering stalks of four sugar
cane varieties immersed in 0.006M H,SO.
10
8
~ 6
>
::
:J
J.-l
..::
:J
:J
I-
~
'--<
o
0'2
ZU'1
o(Xl
9. 2 3 4 5 6
Pi,di:: I. Phc)tograph showing the extent of root formation in young stalk~ of two
sllgcrCl.1ne varieties immersed in three different COllcelltrations of the preservative
nlcdiul1i. Note that var. LS-047 failed to root in imcrmcdia1c conccntnitioLJ bell rooted in
10ver "IlI(J higher com;entralions.
(I) f..S-050, 0.0021/1 H2S04; (2) LS-047, O.OOLM H2SO.; (J) LS-OSO, O.004M H2S04;
(4) LS-047, O.004M H2S04; (5) LS-050, 0.006''1 H2S0-1; *6) LS-047:0.006M H2S04,
508
10. Fig. 2: Photograph showing the extent of root proliferation in the following stalks of
var. CO-6806 and LS-050 immersed in a.a02M H2S04 after the death gy,een
leaves. The dark colouration in roots of LS-050 showed that the roots were already old.
510
11. !", ,'.",
Fig. 3: Photograph showing the emergence of side shoots in flowering stalks of vars.
CO-6806 and LS immersed in O.002M H2S04 after death of the green leaves.
511
12. The local (LSI-) varieties appeared to have a higher tolerance level than the exotics This is
exemplified by the high sensitivity ofvar. B6609 as compared to var LSI-050 (Fig 2b) and the extent of
root proliferation in var LSI-050 relative to that of var. C06806 (Plate 1). Similar differences in
tolerance to preservative solutions have been reported by earlier workers For example, Bourne (1929)
noted that the Florida first nobilizations of"Chunee" variety kept better in the solution than the noble
canes while Warner (1953) also reported that some of the Barbados varieties could not tolerate the
conditions in solution as well as most of the locally bred varieties
Our results especially for the H2S03 is contrary to the success previously reported in Hawaii
(Warner. 1953) However. Stevenson (1965) noted that in spite of its property to maintain growth,
flowering and seed setting in cut canes, H2S03 is well known to be toxic to cane tissues when in
concentrations above the minimum required by the plants and that its function is not really well
understood. This tends to suggest the need to find means of regulating the absorption of the acid
solutiOn Walker (1960) and Stevenson (1965) have suggested certain modifications when using
sulphurous acid as preservative medium to cut canes These include coating leaf-sheaths of cut canes
with latex emuision to prevent stalks from absorbing quantities of the acid solution more than the
minimum required and cutting the surface of the stalk at least once at the time of renewal of the
SQlution. Therefore, it may be necessary to conduct further studies, aimed at regulating the absorption
of the stock solution from these formulations or lower their concentrations (for example, ofthe order of
ID") as a means of eliminating their toxic effects Alternatively, the bc:'.<lviour of new substances such
as Na2S03, CH3COOH which (may eliminate the toxic effect ofH+) could be investigated.
References
Bourne (1929) The evolution of a philosophy of sugarcane breeding in Hawaii. Hawaiian Planters
Rec.54.N03.pp. 139-162.
Hem/, DJ. (ed.) (1987). Sugarcane improvement through breeding. Amsterdam, New York. Elsene/,
USA.
Jones, 0.0 and S.G.S. Hart field (1976). Root initiation inApple Shoots cultured in vitro with Auxj ns
and Phenolic compounds. Jour. HoL Sc. 51: 495 - 499.
Olaoye. G. (1996). Genetic variability between and within progenies of sugarcane cross developed by
modified
polycross method at the seedling selection stage. Proc 14,bAnnual Conf. HO RTSON: 231-237
Stevenson. G.c. (1965). Genetics and Breeding of sugarcane. 272pp.
Walker. D.I T. (1960). Useful information from variety trials. Proc. B w.,T. Sugar Tech. Meeting, pp.
312-318.
Warner. IN (1953). The evolution of a philosophy on sugarcane breeding in Hawaii. Hawaiian
Planters Rec. 54. No.
3.pp.139-152.
512