This study identified pathogenic microbes associated with the deterioration of sweet orange fruits in Nigeria. Samples were collected from four open markets and tested for microbes. The following microbes were isolated: Aspergillus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Escherichia spp, Rhizopus spp, and Shigella spp. Rhizopus spp and Aspergillus spp were found to be the most active and pathogenic microbes, able to infect both infected and uninfected orange samples. The prevalence of microbes varied between markets, with Oja-Oba market found to have the highest overall microbial load. Proper harvesting and storage techniques are recommended to reduce microbial growth and spo
Kunu-zaki is a nourishing non-alcoholic beverage widely consumed in Nigeria. There is no standardized method for its preparation thus production practices differ amongst retailers. This study was undertaken to evaluate the bacteriological quality of kunu drink retailed in major markets of Owerri metropolis, Nigeria. Triplicate samples were obtained from four markets in Owerri and a control sample prepared in the laboratory. Kunu drink was analysed using the standard pour plate procedure. The results obtained showed that total heterotrophic bacteria count, total coliform count and total Salmonella Shigella count ranged from 1.4 x 103 – 4.5 x 104 cfu/ml, 1.2 x 103 – 3.8 x 104 cfu/ml to 0.6 x 103 – 3.1 x 104 respectively. A total of 9 bacteria genera including Staphylococcus specie, E. coli, Enterobacter specie, Proteus specie, Citrobacter specie, Serratia specie, Lactobacillus specie, Salmonella specie and Streptococcus specie were isolated with the highest percentage frequency of occurrence recorded for Staphylococcus sp. (16.66%) indicating possible low hygiene of the kunu zaki producers. The bacteria genera isolated from kunu zaki sold in Owerri and their number constitute main concerns for
public health as these can cause a variety of infections or food intoxications. Thus, there is a need to establish a system of monitoring of street vended kunu zaki to make sure that it is safe for consumption.
Efficacy of Some Botanicals in the Control of Fungi Causing post harvest rot ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
— Post-harvest diseases are a major problem for banana yield. Despite treatments with chemical fungicides, a persistence of diseases is noticed. This study aims at proposing a biological control method against banana post-harvest diseases by using banana rachis leachate. The effect of leachate has been tested in vitro on mycelial growth, conidial germination and in vivo on pathogenic fungi virulence. All leachate concentrations (5, 15 and 20%) tested showed antifungal activity on the tested fungi. However, the 20% concentration was more effective with complete inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination of all fungi. No symptoms of crown rot and anthracnose were observed after treatment of bananas with leachate. However, with azoxystrobin, the prevalence of crown rot and anthracnose was 60% and 30%, respectively. Banana rachis leachate recorded highly significant reduction of banana finger rot prevalence compared to azoxystrobin. Banana rachis leachate have strong antifungal properties that may be useful to control banana post-harvest disease as a safe alternative option to chemical fungicides Keywords— banana; post-harvest diseases; banana rachis leachate, antifungal activity.
Effect of time and proportion of leaf harvest on pest, forage and root yields...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Dearth of knowledge exists regarding the leaf harvest intensity and frequency thresholds that support optimum forage and fresh storage root yields in Sierra Leone. A study was carried out to assess the effects of leaf harvesting time and proportion on Cylas puncticollis infestation, growth and yield of sweet potato in the inland valley swamp and upland ecologies of Njala. Treatment combinations comprised of two varieties ("Kabia" and "Gbanie"), four leaf harvest regimes: 0, 30 60 and 90 days after planting (DAP); and four-leaf harvest intensities (0, 25, 50 and 100%). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data collected included Cylas puncticollis severity on vines and storage roots, root dimensions and numbers, fresh foliage and storage root yields. The results revealed that leaf harvesting twice at 25 and 50% contributed more to optimum forage and storage root yields and related attributes of sweet potatoes compared to other treatments. The present study suggests that good agronomic management of sweet potato that supports optimum forage and storage root yields should be selected to meet the dual purpose for which it is grown. These findings serve as good guide for incorporation of leaf harvesting time, proportion of leaf harvest in germplasm assessment and new population development objectives.
Effect of Chitosan on Disease Control and Yield Parameters of Rambutan (Nephe...AI Publications
Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) is an extensively grown fruit crop in Sri Lanka. Powdery mildew incited by fungus Oidium nephelii attack young leaves, flowers and immature fruits caused heavy fruit losses in Rambutan. Chitosan is a natural biodegradable de-acetylated form of chitin has been proven to control numerous pre and post-harvest disease on various horticultural commodities. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of chitosan compounds on control of powdery mildew disease and yield parameters of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) variety Malwana Special. Different types of chitosan i.e. chitosan fungicide, chitosan oligomer, copper containing chitosan and wettable sulphur were used as treatments. Based on the green house test results, 40 ppm concentration of chitosan fungicide, chitosan oligomer and Copper chitosan was identified as economically effective concentration for field studies. Field experiment was conducted in WU1 agro ecological zones at Gannoruwa in Central province of Sri Lanka. Experiment was arranged as Randomized Complete Block Design with 8 replicates. Treatments were sprayed by Knapsack sprayer. Disease severity Index of fruits, fruit weight and number of fruits per bunch were recorded at harvesting. Highest fruit weight was recorded in chitosan fungicide treated fruits. Higher number of fruits per bunch was recorded in all tested chitosan and wettable sulphur treated fruits compared to control. Chitosan fungicide (40ppm) and wettable sulphur 80 WP (4000ppm) has equally potential in controlling of powdery mildew pathogen of Rambutan variety Malwana Special.
Kunu-zaki is a nourishing non-alcoholic beverage widely consumed in Nigeria. There is no standardized method for its preparation thus production practices differ amongst retailers. This study was undertaken to evaluate the bacteriological quality of kunu drink retailed in major markets of Owerri metropolis, Nigeria. Triplicate samples were obtained from four markets in Owerri and a control sample prepared in the laboratory. Kunu drink was analysed using the standard pour plate procedure. The results obtained showed that total heterotrophic bacteria count, total coliform count and total Salmonella Shigella count ranged from 1.4 x 103 – 4.5 x 104 cfu/ml, 1.2 x 103 – 3.8 x 104 cfu/ml to 0.6 x 103 – 3.1 x 104 respectively. A total of 9 bacteria genera including Staphylococcus specie, E. coli, Enterobacter specie, Proteus specie, Citrobacter specie, Serratia specie, Lactobacillus specie, Salmonella specie and Streptococcus specie were isolated with the highest percentage frequency of occurrence recorded for Staphylococcus sp. (16.66%) indicating possible low hygiene of the kunu zaki producers. The bacteria genera isolated from kunu zaki sold in Owerri and their number constitute main concerns for
public health as these can cause a variety of infections or food intoxications. Thus, there is a need to establish a system of monitoring of street vended kunu zaki to make sure that it is safe for consumption.
Efficacy of Some Botanicals in the Control of Fungi Causing post harvest rot ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
— Post-harvest diseases are a major problem for banana yield. Despite treatments with chemical fungicides, a persistence of diseases is noticed. This study aims at proposing a biological control method against banana post-harvest diseases by using banana rachis leachate. The effect of leachate has been tested in vitro on mycelial growth, conidial germination and in vivo on pathogenic fungi virulence. All leachate concentrations (5, 15 and 20%) tested showed antifungal activity on the tested fungi. However, the 20% concentration was more effective with complete inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination of all fungi. No symptoms of crown rot and anthracnose were observed after treatment of bananas with leachate. However, with azoxystrobin, the prevalence of crown rot and anthracnose was 60% and 30%, respectively. Banana rachis leachate recorded highly significant reduction of banana finger rot prevalence compared to azoxystrobin. Banana rachis leachate have strong antifungal properties that may be useful to control banana post-harvest disease as a safe alternative option to chemical fungicides Keywords— banana; post-harvest diseases; banana rachis leachate, antifungal activity.
Effect of time and proportion of leaf harvest on pest, forage and root yields...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Dearth of knowledge exists regarding the leaf harvest intensity and frequency thresholds that support optimum forage and fresh storage root yields in Sierra Leone. A study was carried out to assess the effects of leaf harvesting time and proportion on Cylas puncticollis infestation, growth and yield of sweet potato in the inland valley swamp and upland ecologies of Njala. Treatment combinations comprised of two varieties ("Kabia" and "Gbanie"), four leaf harvest regimes: 0, 30 60 and 90 days after planting (DAP); and four-leaf harvest intensities (0, 25, 50 and 100%). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data collected included Cylas puncticollis severity on vines and storage roots, root dimensions and numbers, fresh foliage and storage root yields. The results revealed that leaf harvesting twice at 25 and 50% contributed more to optimum forage and storage root yields and related attributes of sweet potatoes compared to other treatments. The present study suggests that good agronomic management of sweet potato that supports optimum forage and storage root yields should be selected to meet the dual purpose for which it is grown. These findings serve as good guide for incorporation of leaf harvesting time, proportion of leaf harvest in germplasm assessment and new population development objectives.
Effect of Chitosan on Disease Control and Yield Parameters of Rambutan (Nephe...AI Publications
Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) is an extensively grown fruit crop in Sri Lanka. Powdery mildew incited by fungus Oidium nephelii attack young leaves, flowers and immature fruits caused heavy fruit losses in Rambutan. Chitosan is a natural biodegradable de-acetylated form of chitin has been proven to control numerous pre and post-harvest disease on various horticultural commodities. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of chitosan compounds on control of powdery mildew disease and yield parameters of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) variety Malwana Special. Different types of chitosan i.e. chitosan fungicide, chitosan oligomer, copper containing chitosan and wettable sulphur were used as treatments. Based on the green house test results, 40 ppm concentration of chitosan fungicide, chitosan oligomer and Copper chitosan was identified as economically effective concentration for field studies. Field experiment was conducted in WU1 agro ecological zones at Gannoruwa in Central province of Sri Lanka. Experiment was arranged as Randomized Complete Block Design with 8 replicates. Treatments were sprayed by Knapsack sprayer. Disease severity Index of fruits, fruit weight and number of fruits per bunch were recorded at harvesting. Highest fruit weight was recorded in chitosan fungicide treated fruits. Higher number of fruits per bunch was recorded in all tested chitosan and wettable sulphur treated fruits compared to control. Chitosan fungicide (40ppm) and wettable sulphur 80 WP (4000ppm) has equally potential in controlling of powdery mildew pathogen of Rambutan variety Malwana Special.
Review of the current status of the development, regulation and use of biopes...ILRI
Presented by Teklehaimanot Haileselassie at the Regional Experts Workshop on Development, Regulation and Use of Bio-pesticides in East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 22–23 May 2014
Cultivation of Two Species of Mushroom Found in Anambra State, South Eastern,...ijtsrd
Two species of Mushroom namely Amanita phalaoides and Amanita verosa were studied and they were collected from farmlands in Uke town around Onitsha metropolis in Anambra State, Nigeria. The mushroom samples were cultivated on normal agricultural and refuse dump soils. The young growing mushrooms were watered twice daily and harvested within fourteen 14 days. The harvested mushroom samples were sun dried and kept in pre cleaned bottles for chemical analysis. The dried samples were cut into pieces and pulverized using binatone blender with stainless blade and they were subjected to chemical analysis using standard analytical methods AOAC . The obtained data were analyzed by ANOVA using SPSS versions 16.0. Duncans Range was applied in separating means where differences were observed. The results ranged as follows moisture content MC 81.79 to 97.84 , the highest value was from Amanita Phalaoides. Dry matter DM ranged from 2.63 to 18.36 shows an indication of high roughages contained by mushrooms. Crude protein CP ranged from 8.16 to 24.67 which compared favourably with values of seeds and legumes. Ash contents ranged from 3.26 to 14.33 and they are indications of high mineral elements present in mushroom species. Low values of Lipid fat oil ranged from 1.00 to 6.68 are indications that mushrooms are excellent dietary food for diabetic and coronary heart disease patients. Crude fibre CF ranged from 2.62 to 15.37 . Values of Ethanol soluble sugar ESS , carbohydrate CHO and vitamin C were close showing no significant difference at p 0.05. Values of phytic acid, tannins and hydrocyanic acid ranged from 0.01 to 0.27 mg 100g, these were quite low to give adverse effect. The mean concentrations of nutrients metals mg kg of Na, K, Ca, Mg and Fe ranged from 276.48±0.27 to 826.83±0.04 while trace metals Cu, Co, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Mn, Cr concentrations mg kg ranged from 0.001±0.01 to 43.18±0.20. Cobalt was most bio accumulated in agric soil while Zn was most bio accumulated in refuse dump soil. Dr. (Mrs) B. C. Ilechukwu | Prof. C. O. B. Okoye ""Cultivation of Two Species of Mushroom Found in Anambra State, South-Eastern, Nigeria and Their Potentials for Bioremediation of Trace Metals Polluted Soil"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22846.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/cell-biology/22846/cultivation-of-two-species-of-mushroom-found-in-anambra-state-south-eastern-nigeria-and-their-potentials-for-bioremediation-of-trace-metals-polluted-soil/dr-mrs-b-c-ilechukwu
Evaluation of four plants compost teas against fungi responsible for Corn dam...IJEABJ
Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereals in Côte d'Ivoire. However, Corn seeds and seedlings are susceptible to infection by a number of soilborne fungi which caused seeds decay before or after germination. The objective of this study is to evaluate the suppressive effect of Four plants compost teas (Chromolaena odorata, Ricinus communis, Nicotiana tabacum, Azadiracta indica) on Corn damping off. In vitro assays showed a most suppressive effect of C. odorata and R. communis compost teas on mycelial growth of pathogenic fungi. Results of in vivo trials showed significant reduction of Corn seedlings diseases incidence and high seed germination percent after treatment with C. odorata, R. communis and A. indica compost teas. No efficiency effect was noted with N. tabacum compost tea. This study demonstrated the usefulness of compost tea as an efficient biological tool for the control of fungi responsible of corn damping-off.
A Comparative in Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Annona Squamosa on Gram Posi...ijtsrd
Annona squamosa L is a multipurpose tree with edible fruits and is a source of the medicinal and industrial products. It is used as an antioxidant, antidiabetics, hepatoprotective, cytotoxic, genetoxic, anti tumor, anti lice agent etc.Annona squamosa L belongs to the family Annonaceae commonly known as custard apple. Antimicrobial activity of combined methanolic leaf and seed extract of A.squamosa were evaluated against four bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Styphaloccocus aureus gram positive and E.coli, Pseudomonas aerogenosa by using cup and plate method. Maximum inhibition was found with 20mg ml concentration of combined extract as compare to separate leaf and seed extract against all the tested organism under investigation. The study suggest that maximum antibacterial activity was observed against gram negative organism i.e., E.coli and P.aerogenosa. Ms. Chetana D. Patil | Ms. Nikita Pawar | Mrs. Pooja S. Bhandare "A Comparative in Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Annona Squamosa on Gram Positive & Gram Negative Microorganism" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26630.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/26630/a-comparative-in-vitro-antimicrobial-activity-of-annona-squamosa-on-gram-positive-and-gram-negative-microorganism/ms-chetana-d-patil
Plant tissue culture has been widely employed in area of agriculture, horticulture, forestry and plant breeding. It is an applied biotechnology used for mass propagation, virus elimination, secondary metabolite production and in vitro cloning of plants. Recently, plant tissue culture has been used for the conservation of endangered plant species through short and medium term conservation also known as slow growth and cryopreservation also known as long term conservation. These methods had been effectively used to conserve plant species with recalcitrant seeds or dormant seeds and showed greater advantage over the conventional methods of conservation. At present plant cell culture has made great advances. Possibly the most significant role that plant cell culture has to play in the future will be in its association with transgenic plants. The ability to accelerate the conventional multiplication rate can be of great benefit to many crops countries where a disease or some climatic disaster wipes out crops. Mr. Rohan R. Vakhariya | Rutuja R. Shah "Over Review on Plant Tissue Culture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29619.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/29619/over-review-on-plant-tissue-culture/mr-rohan-r-vakhariya
Effect of Sakkara Brewing on the Severity of Powdery Mildew Disease of Luffa ...AI Publications
Powdery mildew is one of the major production constraint of cucurbits in almost all parts of Sri Lanka.The disease can be controlled with fungicides. However, bio control agents or organic compounds provide economically sound, practically feasible and environmentally safe approach. “Sakkaraa” brewing (SBr) is a fermented aqueous drink based on cane sugar and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Most of the studies assessing the efficacy of yeast as a bio control agent, however, have focused on its effects against some fungi. Two experiments were conducted in parallel to identify the effect of SBr on severity of powdery mildew of Luffa and cucumber varieties under greenhouse condition. Six luffa varieties and twelve cucumber varieties were grown in pots and artificially inoculated with powdery mildew pathogen. Layout of the factorial experiments involving crop varieties and SBr treatments was completely randomized block design with four replications. About 15 days after inoculation of spore suspension of pathogen and when powdery mildew symptoms were well appeared, started the application of diluted SBr on six Luffa varieties and twelve cucumber varieties as an aqueous spray and untreated plants of each Luffa and cucumber variety were kept as control. Disease evaluation and measurements of percentage disease severity index (DSI (%)) of powdery mildew on plants were performed and recorded at flowering stage and fruiting stage. Microscopic observations confirmed that causal agent of powdery mildew of Luffa and cucumber in the country was Podosphaera xanthii. Results of DSI % of powdery mildew in both experiment showed that there was a significant difference between SBr applied treatment and control both at flowering and fruiting stage. Luffa varieties did not show significantly different of DSI (%) of powdery mildew. Popular Luffa variety Naga recorded highest DSI (%) when compared with other tested varieties. Cucumber varieties showed significant difference of DSI (%) of powdery mildew at flowering and fruiting stages. Cucumber var. KWxG17(S) Green and Var. Tunnel Green showed significantly lower DSI (%) of powdery mildew compared to other tested varieties. Results revealed that SBr has remarkable ability of control of powdery mildew and provides an opportunity to produce an effective control tool to protect Luffa and cucumber varieties from powdery mildew disease.
Invitro and Invivo antibacterial study of leaf extracts of Euphorbia heteroph...Premier Publishers
A study was carried out to determine the phytochemical components and antibacterial activity of Euphorbia heterophylla crude extracts on four enteric organisms namely; Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. The clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using agar diffusion technique. Phytochemistry of the Euphorbia heterophylla, crude extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and cardiac glycosides. Methanolic and aqueous crude extract produced clear zones of inhibition at concentration ranging from 50 to 200mg/ml. In vivo antimicrobial assay revealed that the mice treated with the crude methanolic and aqueous extracts after being infected with the various test organisms, survived and showed minute pathological effects. Similarly, untreated mice (control) died after 48hours of inoculation with Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris. Euphorbia heterophylla crude extract, most especially its methanolic and aqueous counterpart could be a potential source for the treatment of diseases associated with enteric organisms. Further studies should be directed towards isolation and characterization of the active compound in the crude extracts.
Effect of Compost Extract Fortified with Tempe on Chili Mosaic Virus DiseaseIJEABJ
Mosaic disease caused by multiple infections of viruses in one of the most devastating virus diseases of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) in Indonesia. Improving plant resistance by treatment with exogenous bioactive compounds is promisingly developed for plant protection in organic chili production. We demonstrated the suppressive effects of a fermented water extract of compost fortified with over-fermented tempe (TCE) on mosaic disease and its aphid vector. TCE was applied weekly by foliar spraying at 0.2 and 2.0 % on potted Capsicum growing in field. The result showed that treated plant sprayed with TNF preparation exhibited a significantly slower disease progression as represented by a lower area under disease progress curve compared to control plant. Disease suppression was obtained at concentration as low as 0.2%. TCE-treated plants were significantly less colonized by Aphis gossypii than control plant.
Actinobacterial Diversity of Machilipatnam Coast India with an Emphasis on No...ijtsrd
Marine microbes serve as an important source for commercial bioactive compounds. The present research is focussed on the Actinobacterial diversity of Machilipatnam coast. Actinobacteria are Gram positive bacteria that resemble Fungi in having filaments forming mycelia colonies. Owing to their morphological and cultural characteristics Actinobacteria are considered a group other than Bacteria. The different Actinobacterial Strains were studied having an ability to utilize the various carbon compounds as source of energy. 27 isolates of Actinobacteria including white, green, grey, orange and pink with different morphological types were isolated from Station I and II. Among them 19 isolates were from Pedapatnam and 27 from Polatitippa. The 27 identified species were falling under 10 genera including Actinobispora, Actinomadura, Actinomyces, Microbispora, Nocardis, Nocardiopsis, Saccharomonospora, Streptomyces, Streptosporangium and Thermomonospora. Streptomyces was the most dominant genus. For the evaluation of antibacterial activity, clinical strains of bacteria such as Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus faecalis and Gram - negative Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella typhi were used. Streptomyces alboniger, S.coelicolor and S.griseus were selected to study their antagonistic activity against the above mentioned clinical bacteria. D. Srinivasa Rao | Khudsia Hussain "Actinobacterial Diversity of Machilipatnam Coast (India) with an Emphasis on Novel Preparation of Salinispora Actinobacterial Probiotics in Sustainable Aquaculture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29227.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29227/actinobacterial-diversity-of-machilipatnam-coast-india-with-an-emphasis-on-novel-preparation-of-salinispora-actinobacterial-probiotics-in-sustainable-aquaculture/d-srinivasa-rao
Biopesticides: Bioinsecticides, Biofungicides and Bionematicides are Rapidly ...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
The potential benefits to agriculture through the use of bio-pesticides are considerable. The interest in bio-pesticides is based on the advantages associated with such products which are: Inherently less harmful and less environmental load Designed to affect only one specific pest or, in some cases, a few target organisms Effective in very small quantities and often decompose quickly.
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Isolation of a Gram Negative Fish Pathogenfrom Moroccan Rainbow Trout Hatcher...IJAEMSJORNAL
Salmonidaquaculture represents one of the most important fish groups in the aquaculture industry (FAO, 2016). However, the success and sustainability of salmonid aquaculture largely depend on disease control. Although Rainbow trout is relatively sensitive to diseases, several bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases have been reported. However, only opportunistic pathogens whose infectivity is expressed by a decline in the fish conditions and of its natural defenses, linked to disturbances of the environment or livestock practices. Livestock is the most favorable context for the development of bacterial pathologies, that’s why we have too many bacterial pathogenic species for fish; the most serious infections in our latitudes are Aeromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Flavobacteriaceae (Noga 1996, Austin and Austin 1999, Woo and Bruno 1999). Moroccan aquaculture has undergone a rapid development and expansion over the last decade, to this end, Rainbow trout (OnchorhyncusMykiss) have been maintained at AinAghbal Fish farm – Azrou-Morocco; for production, livestock and transformation activity and also for commercialization. The most important bacterial freshwater pathogen affecting salmonid livestock in fish farms in Morocco is the cold-water disease as a result of affection by Flavobactriumpsychrophilum bacteria. Our study aimed on approving the presence of this bacterium and to characterize it biochemically, enzymatically and also physiologically.
Genetic characterization of morphological and yield traits in ten genotypes of Celosia argentea L. was evaluated
at the Research Farm of the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out
in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The results of analysis of variance carried out on
early morphological characters of C. argentea L. at 3, 4, and 5weeks after sowing showed significant
(p<0.05 /><0.01) effects except for number of leaves per plant and leaf width at 3 and 5 weeks after sowing,
respectively. The replicates in blocks produced varying observable effects on the genotypes while genotype x
replicate showed significant variation on morpho-agronomic and yield traits except number of days to flowering
at 50 days and fruit length at maturity. Also, from the result of the mean separation, it is shown that
NG/MAY/09/015 performed the best for plant height at flowering, leaf length at flowering, leaf width at
flowering, and root biomass. NG/SA/07/213 produced the highest mean values of number of flowers per plant,
leaf biomass and pod weight at maturity. The highest values of number of primary branches and fruit length at
maturity (FLM) were observed for NG/TO/MAY/09/015, while NG/AO/MAY/09/015 had the highest for pod
weight at maturity. The result of principal component axis also showed that Prin 1 accounted for highest Eigen
Vector of 38.62% from the total variation. NG/MAY/09/015 (R2) genotype produced the highest Eigen Vector
of 6.705 from Prin 1. The correlation result showed that plant height had a significant positive association with
seed weight at maturity, pod weight at maturity, number of primary branches and fruit length at maturity, while
similar association existed between leaf biomass, number of primary branches and pod weight at maturity, as
well as between plant height at flowering and pod weight at maturity. Again, the number of primary branches is
also positive and significantly correlated with plant height, root biomass and leaf length. Furthermore, the
results of dendrogram and minimum spanning tree revealed variations in genetic relatedness and distance,
respectively, which exist among the population of the C. argentea L.
Review of the current status of the development, regulation and use of biopes...ILRI
Presented by Teklehaimanot Haileselassie at the Regional Experts Workshop on Development, Regulation and Use of Bio-pesticides in East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 22–23 May 2014
Cultivation of Two Species of Mushroom Found in Anambra State, South Eastern,...ijtsrd
Two species of Mushroom namely Amanita phalaoides and Amanita verosa were studied and they were collected from farmlands in Uke town around Onitsha metropolis in Anambra State, Nigeria. The mushroom samples were cultivated on normal agricultural and refuse dump soils. The young growing mushrooms were watered twice daily and harvested within fourteen 14 days. The harvested mushroom samples were sun dried and kept in pre cleaned bottles for chemical analysis. The dried samples were cut into pieces and pulverized using binatone blender with stainless blade and they were subjected to chemical analysis using standard analytical methods AOAC . The obtained data were analyzed by ANOVA using SPSS versions 16.0. Duncans Range was applied in separating means where differences were observed. The results ranged as follows moisture content MC 81.79 to 97.84 , the highest value was from Amanita Phalaoides. Dry matter DM ranged from 2.63 to 18.36 shows an indication of high roughages contained by mushrooms. Crude protein CP ranged from 8.16 to 24.67 which compared favourably with values of seeds and legumes. Ash contents ranged from 3.26 to 14.33 and they are indications of high mineral elements present in mushroom species. Low values of Lipid fat oil ranged from 1.00 to 6.68 are indications that mushrooms are excellent dietary food for diabetic and coronary heart disease patients. Crude fibre CF ranged from 2.62 to 15.37 . Values of Ethanol soluble sugar ESS , carbohydrate CHO and vitamin C were close showing no significant difference at p 0.05. Values of phytic acid, tannins and hydrocyanic acid ranged from 0.01 to 0.27 mg 100g, these were quite low to give adverse effect. The mean concentrations of nutrients metals mg kg of Na, K, Ca, Mg and Fe ranged from 276.48±0.27 to 826.83±0.04 while trace metals Cu, Co, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Mn, Cr concentrations mg kg ranged from 0.001±0.01 to 43.18±0.20. Cobalt was most bio accumulated in agric soil while Zn was most bio accumulated in refuse dump soil. Dr. (Mrs) B. C. Ilechukwu | Prof. C. O. B. Okoye ""Cultivation of Two Species of Mushroom Found in Anambra State, South-Eastern, Nigeria and Their Potentials for Bioremediation of Trace Metals Polluted Soil"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22846.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/cell-biology/22846/cultivation-of-two-species-of-mushroom-found-in-anambra-state-south-eastern-nigeria-and-their-potentials-for-bioremediation-of-trace-metals-polluted-soil/dr-mrs-b-c-ilechukwu
Evaluation of four plants compost teas against fungi responsible for Corn dam...IJEABJ
Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereals in Côte d'Ivoire. However, Corn seeds and seedlings are susceptible to infection by a number of soilborne fungi which caused seeds decay before or after germination. The objective of this study is to evaluate the suppressive effect of Four plants compost teas (Chromolaena odorata, Ricinus communis, Nicotiana tabacum, Azadiracta indica) on Corn damping off. In vitro assays showed a most suppressive effect of C. odorata and R. communis compost teas on mycelial growth of pathogenic fungi. Results of in vivo trials showed significant reduction of Corn seedlings diseases incidence and high seed germination percent after treatment with C. odorata, R. communis and A. indica compost teas. No efficiency effect was noted with N. tabacum compost tea. This study demonstrated the usefulness of compost tea as an efficient biological tool for the control of fungi responsible of corn damping-off.
A Comparative in Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Annona Squamosa on Gram Posi...ijtsrd
Annona squamosa L is a multipurpose tree with edible fruits and is a source of the medicinal and industrial products. It is used as an antioxidant, antidiabetics, hepatoprotective, cytotoxic, genetoxic, anti tumor, anti lice agent etc.Annona squamosa L belongs to the family Annonaceae commonly known as custard apple. Antimicrobial activity of combined methanolic leaf and seed extract of A.squamosa were evaluated against four bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Styphaloccocus aureus gram positive and E.coli, Pseudomonas aerogenosa by using cup and plate method. Maximum inhibition was found with 20mg ml concentration of combined extract as compare to separate leaf and seed extract against all the tested organism under investigation. The study suggest that maximum antibacterial activity was observed against gram negative organism i.e., E.coli and P.aerogenosa. Ms. Chetana D. Patil | Ms. Nikita Pawar | Mrs. Pooja S. Bhandare "A Comparative in Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Annona Squamosa on Gram Positive & Gram Negative Microorganism" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26630.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/26630/a-comparative-in-vitro-antimicrobial-activity-of-annona-squamosa-on-gram-positive-and-gram-negative-microorganism/ms-chetana-d-patil
Plant tissue culture has been widely employed in area of agriculture, horticulture, forestry and plant breeding. It is an applied biotechnology used for mass propagation, virus elimination, secondary metabolite production and in vitro cloning of plants. Recently, plant tissue culture has been used for the conservation of endangered plant species through short and medium term conservation also known as slow growth and cryopreservation also known as long term conservation. These methods had been effectively used to conserve plant species with recalcitrant seeds or dormant seeds and showed greater advantage over the conventional methods of conservation. At present plant cell culture has made great advances. Possibly the most significant role that plant cell culture has to play in the future will be in its association with transgenic plants. The ability to accelerate the conventional multiplication rate can be of great benefit to many crops countries where a disease or some climatic disaster wipes out crops. Mr. Rohan R. Vakhariya | Rutuja R. Shah "Over Review on Plant Tissue Culture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29619.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/29619/over-review-on-plant-tissue-culture/mr-rohan-r-vakhariya
Effect of Sakkara Brewing on the Severity of Powdery Mildew Disease of Luffa ...AI Publications
Powdery mildew is one of the major production constraint of cucurbits in almost all parts of Sri Lanka.The disease can be controlled with fungicides. However, bio control agents or organic compounds provide economically sound, practically feasible and environmentally safe approach. “Sakkaraa” brewing (SBr) is a fermented aqueous drink based on cane sugar and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Most of the studies assessing the efficacy of yeast as a bio control agent, however, have focused on its effects against some fungi. Two experiments were conducted in parallel to identify the effect of SBr on severity of powdery mildew of Luffa and cucumber varieties under greenhouse condition. Six luffa varieties and twelve cucumber varieties were grown in pots and artificially inoculated with powdery mildew pathogen. Layout of the factorial experiments involving crop varieties and SBr treatments was completely randomized block design with four replications. About 15 days after inoculation of spore suspension of pathogen and when powdery mildew symptoms were well appeared, started the application of diluted SBr on six Luffa varieties and twelve cucumber varieties as an aqueous spray and untreated plants of each Luffa and cucumber variety were kept as control. Disease evaluation and measurements of percentage disease severity index (DSI (%)) of powdery mildew on plants were performed and recorded at flowering stage and fruiting stage. Microscopic observations confirmed that causal agent of powdery mildew of Luffa and cucumber in the country was Podosphaera xanthii. Results of DSI % of powdery mildew in both experiment showed that there was a significant difference between SBr applied treatment and control both at flowering and fruiting stage. Luffa varieties did not show significantly different of DSI (%) of powdery mildew. Popular Luffa variety Naga recorded highest DSI (%) when compared with other tested varieties. Cucumber varieties showed significant difference of DSI (%) of powdery mildew at flowering and fruiting stages. Cucumber var. KWxG17(S) Green and Var. Tunnel Green showed significantly lower DSI (%) of powdery mildew compared to other tested varieties. Results revealed that SBr has remarkable ability of control of powdery mildew and provides an opportunity to produce an effective control tool to protect Luffa and cucumber varieties from powdery mildew disease.
Invitro and Invivo antibacterial study of leaf extracts of Euphorbia heteroph...Premier Publishers
A study was carried out to determine the phytochemical components and antibacterial activity of Euphorbia heterophylla crude extracts on four enteric organisms namely; Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. The clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using agar diffusion technique. Phytochemistry of the Euphorbia heterophylla, crude extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and cardiac glycosides. Methanolic and aqueous crude extract produced clear zones of inhibition at concentration ranging from 50 to 200mg/ml. In vivo antimicrobial assay revealed that the mice treated with the crude methanolic and aqueous extracts after being infected with the various test organisms, survived and showed minute pathological effects. Similarly, untreated mice (control) died after 48hours of inoculation with Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris. Euphorbia heterophylla crude extract, most especially its methanolic and aqueous counterpart could be a potential source for the treatment of diseases associated with enteric organisms. Further studies should be directed towards isolation and characterization of the active compound in the crude extracts.
Effect of Compost Extract Fortified with Tempe on Chili Mosaic Virus DiseaseIJEABJ
Mosaic disease caused by multiple infections of viruses in one of the most devastating virus diseases of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) in Indonesia. Improving plant resistance by treatment with exogenous bioactive compounds is promisingly developed for plant protection in organic chili production. We demonstrated the suppressive effects of a fermented water extract of compost fortified with over-fermented tempe (TCE) on mosaic disease and its aphid vector. TCE was applied weekly by foliar spraying at 0.2 and 2.0 % on potted Capsicum growing in field. The result showed that treated plant sprayed with TNF preparation exhibited a significantly slower disease progression as represented by a lower area under disease progress curve compared to control plant. Disease suppression was obtained at concentration as low as 0.2%. TCE-treated plants were significantly less colonized by Aphis gossypii than control plant.
Actinobacterial Diversity of Machilipatnam Coast India with an Emphasis on No...ijtsrd
Marine microbes serve as an important source for commercial bioactive compounds. The present research is focussed on the Actinobacterial diversity of Machilipatnam coast. Actinobacteria are Gram positive bacteria that resemble Fungi in having filaments forming mycelia colonies. Owing to their morphological and cultural characteristics Actinobacteria are considered a group other than Bacteria. The different Actinobacterial Strains were studied having an ability to utilize the various carbon compounds as source of energy. 27 isolates of Actinobacteria including white, green, grey, orange and pink with different morphological types were isolated from Station I and II. Among them 19 isolates were from Pedapatnam and 27 from Polatitippa. The 27 identified species were falling under 10 genera including Actinobispora, Actinomadura, Actinomyces, Microbispora, Nocardis, Nocardiopsis, Saccharomonospora, Streptomyces, Streptosporangium and Thermomonospora. Streptomyces was the most dominant genus. For the evaluation of antibacterial activity, clinical strains of bacteria such as Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus faecalis and Gram - negative Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella typhi were used. Streptomyces alboniger, S.coelicolor and S.griseus were selected to study their antagonistic activity against the above mentioned clinical bacteria. D. Srinivasa Rao | Khudsia Hussain "Actinobacterial Diversity of Machilipatnam Coast (India) with an Emphasis on Novel Preparation of Salinispora Actinobacterial Probiotics in Sustainable Aquaculture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29227.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29227/actinobacterial-diversity-of-machilipatnam-coast-india-with-an-emphasis-on-novel-preparation-of-salinispora-actinobacterial-probiotics-in-sustainable-aquaculture/d-srinivasa-rao
Biopesticides: Bioinsecticides, Biofungicides and Bionematicides are Rapidly ...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
The potential benefits to agriculture through the use of bio-pesticides are considerable. The interest in bio-pesticides is based on the advantages associated with such products which are: Inherently less harmful and less environmental load Designed to affect only one specific pest or, in some cases, a few target organisms Effective in very small quantities and often decompose quickly.
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Isolation of a Gram Negative Fish Pathogenfrom Moroccan Rainbow Trout Hatcher...IJAEMSJORNAL
Salmonidaquaculture represents one of the most important fish groups in the aquaculture industry (FAO, 2016). However, the success and sustainability of salmonid aquaculture largely depend on disease control. Although Rainbow trout is relatively sensitive to diseases, several bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases have been reported. However, only opportunistic pathogens whose infectivity is expressed by a decline in the fish conditions and of its natural defenses, linked to disturbances of the environment or livestock practices. Livestock is the most favorable context for the development of bacterial pathologies, that’s why we have too many bacterial pathogenic species for fish; the most serious infections in our latitudes are Aeromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Flavobacteriaceae (Noga 1996, Austin and Austin 1999, Woo and Bruno 1999). Moroccan aquaculture has undergone a rapid development and expansion over the last decade, to this end, Rainbow trout (OnchorhyncusMykiss) have been maintained at AinAghbal Fish farm – Azrou-Morocco; for production, livestock and transformation activity and also for commercialization. The most important bacterial freshwater pathogen affecting salmonid livestock in fish farms in Morocco is the cold-water disease as a result of affection by Flavobactriumpsychrophilum bacteria. Our study aimed on approving the presence of this bacterium and to characterize it biochemically, enzymatically and also physiologically.
Genetic characterization of morphological and yield traits in ten genotypes of Celosia argentea L. was evaluated
at the Research Farm of the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out
in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The results of analysis of variance carried out on
early morphological characters of C. argentea L. at 3, 4, and 5weeks after sowing showed significant
(p<0.05 /><0.01) effects except for number of leaves per plant and leaf width at 3 and 5 weeks after sowing,
respectively. The replicates in blocks produced varying observable effects on the genotypes while genotype x
replicate showed significant variation on morpho-agronomic and yield traits except number of days to flowering
at 50 days and fruit length at maturity. Also, from the result of the mean separation, it is shown that
NG/MAY/09/015 performed the best for plant height at flowering, leaf length at flowering, leaf width at
flowering, and root biomass. NG/SA/07/213 produced the highest mean values of number of flowers per plant,
leaf biomass and pod weight at maturity. The highest values of number of primary branches and fruit length at
maturity (FLM) were observed for NG/TO/MAY/09/015, while NG/AO/MAY/09/015 had the highest for pod
weight at maturity. The result of principal component axis also showed that Prin 1 accounted for highest Eigen
Vector of 38.62% from the total variation. NG/MAY/09/015 (R2) genotype produced the highest Eigen Vector
of 6.705 from Prin 1. The correlation result showed that plant height had a significant positive association with
seed weight at maturity, pod weight at maturity, number of primary branches and fruit length at maturity, while
similar association existed between leaf biomass, number of primary branches and pod weight at maturity, as
well as between plant height at flowering and pod weight at maturity. Again, the number of primary branches is
also positive and significantly correlated with plant height, root biomass and leaf length. Furthermore, the
results of dendrogram and minimum spanning tree revealed variations in genetic relatedness and distance,
respectively, which exist among the population of the C. argentea L.
Michael Gangadeen is an attorney from Ozone Park, New York. He has been practicing the law since graduating with his Juris Doctor from St. John's University School of Law. Before starting his own practice in 2000, Michael provided legal representation to State Farm clients.
Context: Development of early maturing maize cultivars that remain productive under low N fertilizer farming system, consistent with the farmers’ technologies is a prerequisite to improving adoption of new varieties without increasing production cost.
Objective: To assess the performance of ten early open pollination maize varieties (OPVs) and their F1 hybrids for grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and also identify productive cultivars under low N fertilizer regimes.
Materials and Methods: The trials were set up in a split plot arrangement with three N fertilizer levels (0, 45 and 90 kg N ha-1) as main plot and the genotypes as sub-plot. Each plot within N level was four-row, laid out in a randomized complete block design of four replications. Ten OPVs were crossed in a half diallel to generate 45 F1 hybrids during 2004 and 2005 growing seasons. Planting were carried out on 20th July, 2005 and 2nd July, 2006. Agronomic characters studied were grain yield, maize establishment count, days to 50% tasselling and silking as well as plant and ear heights.
Results: The year 2005 growing season was better for all observed characters amongst all the genotypes than the year 2006. Although, expressions of these traits in the hybrids were relatively higher than the OPVs including the grain yield. The total increase in grain yield observed was 1.72 t ha-1 and 1.95 t ha-1 for OPVs and hybrids respectively on application of 90 kg ha-1 over no N-application. However, NUE was optimum at 45 kg N ha-1 in both groups. Grain yield and NUE correlated positively with growth characters measured except for days to 50% silking. Higher genetic gains were recorded for plant and ear heights.
Conclusion: Two drought tolerant varieties (Acr 90 Pool 16-Dt and Tze Comp3 Dt) that combined well with specific cultivars for grain yield and NUE probably have gene pools for low N-tolerance.
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the variations in sixteen maize genotypes in relation to drought tolerance. The experimental set up was subjected to drought stress after five weeks of planting for three weeks before data on morphological and yield characters of maize genotypes were obtained for three cropping years. Plant height and grain yield of Bodija yellow maize were the highest overall. There was a significant difference among genotypes for drought stress resistance and Bodija yellow maize showed the most tolerance, while TZBR Comp 1 – C1 S2 510 genotype was the least. First principal component axis (Prin 1) had the highest contribution to the variation of the morphological, yield and drought tolerance traits. Prin 1 was highly related to the morphological and yield characters more than to the drought resistance. Plant height was negatively and strongly correlated (p<0.01) with stem height, number of leaves, stem girth, leaf length, leaf width and week after planting, but negatively correlated with the drought resistance. Therefore, Bodija yellow maize should be considered as parent material in breeding for the development of drought tolerant traits in maize.
Development of drought-tolerant maize varieties with high and stable yields is very imperative as being affordable alternative to
many smallholder farmers. Drought-tolerant maize varieties belonging to two maturity groups (10 early and 10 late/intermediate) were evaluated
for yield and other related characters in the southern guinea savannah (SGS) of Nigeria for two years. Days to flowering were higher in
the second year than the first year. Consistent number of days (3 days) was recorded for anthesis-silking interval in both years. Plant and
ear heights are greater in 2008 than 2007. However, plant and ear aspects were fair in overall phenotypic appeal and grain yield was not
significantly difference in both years. Maize grain yield in late/intermediate varieties is significantly higher than the early with a difference of
one tonne. High grain yield recorded in two varieties each among the early (AC 90 POOL 16 DT STR and TZE-Y DT STR C4) and late/
intermediate (DT-SR-WC0 F2, SUWAN-1-SR-SYN) varieties was approximately 4.6 t/ha. These genotypes could be used either as cultivar
per se to escape the prolonged moisture stress during the later part of the cropping season or introgressed with favourable cultivars for high
yield adaptable to drought-prone areas in SGS ecologies.
Development of drought tolerant maize cultivars is prerequisite to achieving stable grain yield in
drought–prone ecologies of Nigeria’s Guinea savanna. However, success has been limited mainly due
to lack of maize genotypes that show clear differences in response to well defined moisture deficit
condition. Two sets of drought tolerant (DT) maize germplasm were evaluated under screenhouse and
field conditions between 1999 and 2002. In the screenhouse study, performances of the genotypes
were compared under well-watered condition and moisture deficit imposed at different growth stages.
Under field conditions, the first set comprising 11 accessions along with a check were evaluated for 4
growing seasons while the second set which comprised 3 DT varieties were evaluated along with 2
check varieties using monthly plantings between April and August of 2001 and 2002, respectively. In
the first set, post anthesis moisture deficit significantly reduced grain yield by 25 to 73.5% in the open
pollinated varieties (OPVs) and by 20 to 64% in the hybrids. Grain yield under field conditions ranged
from 2.48 to 3.49, 2.82 to 3.73 and 3.58 to 4.76 tons/ha-1 for 1999, 2000 and 2001 full growing seasons,
respectively, and 2.03 to 2.50 tons/ha-1 for 2000 late growing season. In the second set, pre and post
anthesis moisture deficits reduced grain yield by 77.6 and 95.8%, respectively, of well watered
condition while in the field, grain yields in the genotypes were highest for plantings made in April and
July (1.90 - 2.5 t/ha), lowest for August (0.7 -1.8 t/ha) when moisture deficit coincided with
reproductive phase. Yield stability exhibited under moisture deficit and on the field by 8522-2, Oba
super 2 and AK9943-DMRSR in the first set as well as DT-SR-Y C0 and DT-SR-W C0 in the second set,
indicates their suitability either as cultivars per se or as potential source of DT alleles for
development of DT maize varieties for Nigeria’s savanna ecologies.
Ultraviolet (UV) light has strong genotoxic effect to induce mutations for developing high genetic variability in yields, early maturity and other characters in crops. The study investigated the mutagenic effects of UV radiation on growth, yield, agronomic and mutation tolerance of six maize cultivars. Maize seeds were exposed to UV radiation, and planted in 7 kg soils in the polythene bags, while unexposed served as control. The effect of UV radiation on the first order interaction between weeks after planting (WAP) and treatments was only significant (p<0.05) height="true"><0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.01) with leaf length, leaf width and number of leaves with r = 0.95, 0.96, 0.89 respectively. Only the periods of exposure of the UV radiation was positive and strongly correlated with leaf width (r = 0.79). The association between the stover weight and periods of exposure was positive and insignificant, while the correlation between total numbers of grains and grain weight per stand was positive and strong (r = 0.99). Therefore, quality protein maize cultivars should be improved by introgression of favourable genes of drought tolerance, grain yield and related characters through induced mutation of UV radiation.
This study was carried out to isolate and identify pathogenic microorganisms associated with
deterioration of tomato fruits. Fruit samples of infected and non-infected tomatoes were collected from
two open markets, Oja-Oba and Sabo in Osogbo, Nigeria. Each of the tomato was cut and the liquid
content inoculated on nutrient agar and potato dextrose agar, incubated at 37 0C and 25 0C, respectively,
and observed from 24 hours to 5 days, after which different colonies obtained were identified using slide
culture technique. Two bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus spp, as well as two fungi Aspergillus
flavus and Rhizopus stolonifer were observed in the tomato samples in both markets. Prevalence indices
revealed that isolated pathogens is higher at Sabo market than Oja-Oba market. Pathogenicity tests also
revealed that both of bacteria and fungi caused fruit decay. Consumers’ awareness on potential health
hazards of consuming relatively cheaper and pathogen contaminated spoilt fruits should be intensified.
Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapp...YogeshIJTSRD
Pineapple Ananas comosus is an indispensible fruit that is cherished by many people due to its huge health benefits. It is peeled and sold in many markets and road sides for easy accessibility. The presence of bacteria in the peeled and ready to eat fruits was checked in this study. Peeled, sliced and cellophane packaged pineapple fruits were purchased from Eke Awka Market in Anambra State Nigeria. Nutrient agar was used to carry out bacterial isolation using pour plate technique. Results showed that colony count of the pineapple fruits ranged from 3.5 9.5 2cfu ml of the rinsed water. The isolates were identified on the basis of their colony and morphological features as well as biochemical and sugar fermentation tests. Gene sequencing was used to confirm the species of some of the isolates. A total of six bacteria species were isolated and identified with frequencies as Streptococcus spp 13.9 , Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22.2 , Staphylococcus aureus 25.0 , Micrococcus luteus 11.1 , Escherichia coli 19.5 and Staphylococcus epidermidis 8.3 . Staphylococcus aureus has the highest frequency followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococcus epidermidis has the least frequency. Almost all the isolates are pathogenic in nature and their presence in the consumable fruits indicates possible health problems to the consumers. The presence of E. coli indicates direct or indirect fecal contamination. Proper handling of pineapple fruits, hygiene and proper storage will help reduce the risk of contamination by these organisms. Umeh S. O. | Okafor O. I. | Chidubem-Nwachinemere, N. O "Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) Fruits Retailed at Eke Awka Market, Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45050.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/45050/isolation-and-identification-of-bacteria-from-peeled-and-ready-to-eat-pineapple-ananas-comosus-fruits-retailed-at-eke-awka-market-anambra-state-nigeria/umeh-s-o
Antimicrobial Drug Synthesis from Submerge Cultures of Pleurotus florida in D...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This study was carried out on the mycoflora associated with seeds of different citrus species. Citrus seed material was collected from districts of Punjab, i.e. Multan, Sargodha and Khanpur. Standard methods were applied for the isolation and identification of fungi. A total of 11 fungi including Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Dreschslera tetramera, Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata, Macrophomina phaseolina, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, Fusarium moniliforme, Rhizopus and Penicillium spp were isolated from the seeds of citrus. For control of isolated seed-born fungi, 3 recommended fungicides such as Ridomil Gold, Bavistin, Score and two chemical Salicylic acid and Boric acid, were used at 20, 30, 40 mg/10 mL and 5, 6, 7 μL/10 mL, respectively and chemical with 20, 30, 40 mg/10 mL. All these fungicide and chemicals significantly reuced with population of all fungi present in naturally infected seed samples. Ridomil Gold and Salicylic acid were found to be the best for the control of se d-born fungi of citrus seed at 40 mg/10 mL. The isolation and identification of different mycotoxins is essential to study health status of the citrus consumers and to safeguard the standards of WTO.
Isolation and Identification of Cassava Mill Effluents Utilizing Microorganis...ijtsrd
Liquid waste from cassava has continued to cause nuisance to the receiving environment due to its indiscriminate disposal thereby causing environmental health challenge. This study was carried out to ascertain microbial composition of cassava mill effluents from five plants in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Cassava mill effluents CME were collected from five different cassava processing plants located in Anambra State and analyzed. The different samples were analyzed for heterotrophic bacteria and fungal count using the pour plate method. Discreet colonies of bacteria and fungi were picked with wire loop and streaked on the nutrient agar and sabouraud dextrose agar plates for identification. Microbiological and Biochemical tests were done for characterization of bacteria and microscopic examination for characterization and identification of fungi. The isolates that were identified were evaluated for the ability to utilize cassava effluents. The results of the heterotrophic bacterial and fungal counts showed that CME 1 had the highest heterotrophic bacterial and fungal count with the values of 11.05 x 102cfu ml and 5.10 x 102 cfu ml respectively while CME 5 had the lowest bacterial count with the value 8.05x102cfu mland CME 2 had the lowest fungal count of 3.50 x 102cfu ml. A total number of fifteen microorganisms were isolated from the five samples of cassava mill effluents eight bacterial isolates, four fungal isolates and three yeasts, namely, Corynebacteriummannihot, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Penicilliumsp, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus sp, Geotrichumcandidum, Lactobacillus sp, Proteus sp, Aspergillusfumigatus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aerococcussp. Thirteen microorganisms were isolated as cassava utilizers of which seven were bacteria, three were fungi and three were yeasts, namely, Corynebacteriummannihot, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas sp, Penicilliumsp, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus sp, Aspergillusfumigatus, Lactobacillus sp, Proteus sp, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study showed the presence of pathogens in CME and the ability of CME to harbour and grow microbes makes it a suitable prospective substrate for bioenergy production. Instead of indiscriminate disposal of the effluents, it should be channeled to proper use for economic growth. Chidubem-Nwachinemere, Ncheta Obianuju | Orji, Michael U. | Achugbu, Adaeze Nnedinma | Okoli, Uzoma O "Isolation and Identification of Cassava Mill Effluents Utilizing Microorganisms from Five Cassava Processing Plants in Anambra State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56282.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/biological-science/microbiology/56282/isolation-and-identification-of-cassava-mill-effluents-utilizing-microorganisms-from-five-cas
The nutritional composition and fungal spoilage of Dacryodes edulis fruits were carried out in the Department of Forestry/ Environment Laboratory using standard procedures. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six treatments and three replicates. The fungal pathogens isolated from the rotted fruits were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium pallidoroseum, Botryodiplodia theobromae and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The predominant spoilage causing fungi were Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (60%) and Aspergillus niger (52%). Proximate analysis revealed that the affected fruits had significantly reduced (P<0.05) quality when compared to the uninfected fruits in terms of carbohydrate content, protein, oil content, moisture, crude fibre and Ash content. This work holds promise on the importance of the nutritional properties of the fruits in screening for rot tolerance and storage stability.
The Edibility, Methods of Preparation Of the Raphia Palm Beetle, Rhyncophorus...iosrjce
The microbiological quality of adult Rhychophorus phoeniciswas assessed revealing the presence of
some species of bacteria and fungi. A comparative study was also done to determine the presence of bacteria in
the larva, pupa, pith, adult Beetle (1 )and adult Beetle(2). The pith had the highest bacterial count followed by
the larva ,pupa ,adult B1 and adult B2.This same order was observed in the fungal count. Total bacterial and
fungal counts of the chitin of the adult beetle(1) were 1.24×106
cfu/ml and 2.0×104
cfu/ml respectively. Six
genera of bacteria, four genera of moulds and a species of yeast were observed. Bacterial isolates identified
included Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas,Micrococcus and Proteus species while the
fungal species included Penicillium, andAspergillus species. Saccharomyces cerevisae was the only species of
yeast present. The implication of Staphylococcus aureus to public health is of great significance.The larva of
Rhychophorus phoenicisis a rich source of protein.
MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SPOILAGE OF CUCUMBER, GARDEN EGG AND PAWPA...paperpublications3
Abstract: A total of nine cucumbers, each of Garden egg and pawpaw samples were collected from Wurukum, High level and Wadata markets and cultured on appriopate agar, for colony count and isolation of bacteria according to their cultural and biochemical characteristics. The results revealed that garden egg from High Level Market had the highest bacterial count (1.9x105cfu/g) and the least was pawpaw from High Level Market (1.1 x 105 cfu/g). However, it was not statistically significant. The bacteria isolated were; Propianol bacteria (23.3%), Escherichia coli (16.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (36.7%), Bacillus spp (10.0%) and Corynebacteria (13.3%). The fungal isolates were Aspergillus flavus (10%), Aspergillus fumigatus (20%), Aspergillus nidulus (10%), Aspergillus terreus (20%) and mucor (40%). The result of this study shows fruits sold in Wurukum, High Level Market and Wadata Market are contaminated and may cause harm to consumers, so measures such as proper handling should be taken to control the contamination of these fruits.
— The microbiological content of Lettuce (a vegetable), commonly vended in the Benin metropolis of Edo state were evaluated. Five vending locations were chosen for the study. Whole and soft rot samples were purchased and analysed for microbiological composition. Results showed high counts in soft rot samples in lettuce. Nutrient agar plated lettuce samples had bacterial counts in the range of 2.0x 103 to 4.7x10 7. Pseudomonas species was the dominant species found in lettuce samples. Bacillus species was isolated from one location in the lettuce samples. Mac Conkey agar plated lettuce plated had bacterial counts in the range of 2.3 x 10 3 to 5.7x 10 7. Enterobacter species, E. coli, and Klebsiella species were the dominant species isolated. Though, Proteus species was isolated from lettuce samples obtained from location five only. The study observes that consuming soft rot samples could pose a risk of introducing pathogens to the consumer due to their high microbial counts and could be detrimental to the health of the consumer.
A Study on the Removal of Pesticide Residues on Potatoes Using Moringa oleife...AI Publications
Moringa oleifera (MO) is a plant whose seeds possess strong coagulation properties capable of removing turbidity and heavy metals from water. In this study, the effectiveness of MO seeds as a potential pesticide removal apparatus for agricultural produce was investigated. The parameters of interest for each pesticide washing solution were pesticide-concentration reduction, cost, and taste alteration to the potatoes. Separate doses of 0.25 mL profenofos 500 EC were individually applied to distinct 250 g pesticide-free potato piles. A submersion of each tainted potato pile was carried out in one of the chosen pesticide baths (mineral water, 2% salt solution, 10% salt solution, vegetable bath wash, and 10 g MO seed) for 10 min, followed by a 10 second mineral water bath rinse. Remaining profenofos residue concentrations on potatoes were quantified using the quick, easy, cheap, rugged, and simple QuEChERs method coincided with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The experiments showed that the MO seed was the most effective at removing profenofos at 52.9% followed by the vegetable bath at 47.3%. Neither method caused an alteration in food taste, but the MO seed method is significantly cheaper at 2,000/L IDR ($0.14 USD) compared to the vegetable bath at IDR 10,668/L ($0.77 USD) at the time of the experiment, respectively.
Molecular Identification of Bulinus Species in Ogun State, South-West Nigeria...AI Publications
The study considers the distribution of a small sample of 100 Bulinus snails, across 8 localities within Ogun State, Nigerian. Snails were identified using a molecular method of fragment and restriction profiles obtained from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) amplicons. The results showed that the majority of Bulinus samples tested belonged to the species Bulinustruncatus while only one was Bulinusglobosus. The use of Rsa1 restriction endonuclease to cleave the ribosomal its of Bulinus, as a method of species identification, was adopted for the majority of samples, this being a quicker and cheaper method better suited to small laboratory environments. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the schistosome Dra1 repeat within each of the collected Bulinus samples was employed to determine the extent and distribution of infected snails within the sample areas. Successful amplification of the Dra1 repeat demonstrated that 23% of snails were infected with schistosome
Incidence and toxigenicity of fungi contaminating sorghum from NigeriaPremier Publishers
Each Agro ecological zone was transversely delineated into 5 districts and five villages (at least 20 Km from each other) called “locations” were selected in each district. In each district, Sorghum grains in stores, bunches in the field and sorghum grains in the market were sampled from five locations, each approximately 20 km from the previous sampling location. The mycological analytical procedures were performed under aseptic condition. Plates were counted for fungal colonies using a colony counter and the number of fungal colonies per gram of sample was calculated as CFU/g. The fungi species were isolated and subsequently identified using MEA/CYA media for Aspergillus and Penicillium species and PDA for the fusarium species Toxigenicity studies on strains representing species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium was carried out to determine their ability to produce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1); aflatoxin B2 (AFB2); aflatoxin G1 (AFG1); aflatoxin G2 (AFG2); OTA, ZEN, DON and FB1. A total of 701 isolates were recorded which consist of 67 confirmed fungal strains. Aspergillus species formed the majority with 346(49.6%) followed by the Fusarium species with 186(26.7%) then Penicillium species with 102(14.6%) while others such as Cuvularia, Phoma, Alternaria, Rhizormucor constitutes 67 (9.0% )strains of the total population.
Insecticidal Activity of Stem Bark Extract of Lophira Alata Ekki Against Cowp...ijtsrd
Methanolic extract of Lophira alata was evaluated for its efficacy as contact and fumigant insecticides on cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus in the laboratory at ambient tropical conditions of temperature and relative humidity. The plant powder tested was applied at rates 0.0 control , 2.0 g and 3.0 g 20 g of cowpea seeds either directly for contact with the insect pest or in plastic containers to assess its fumigant toxicity. Results of contact toxicity assay showed that powders of L. alata was effective against the adult C. maculatus causing 90 mortality 4.00 ± 0.57 within 2 days of application at 3.0 g 20 g of cowpea seeds as compared with 90 mortality 5.38 ± 0.50 recorded on day 4 of 2.0 g concentration application. The results of fumigant assays showed that L. alata had the highest insecticidal activity causing 95 mortality of C. maculatus within 4 days of application at rate 3.0 g 20g of cowpea seeds in contrast to 80 mortality recorded in 96 hrs of 2.0g concentration application. The phytochemical screening of the plant revealed alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, phytosterols, tannis, flavonoids and terpenoids while reducing sugar was absent. This study showed that the tested plant product is toxic to cowpea bruchid and the powders can be mixed with cowpea seeds to prevent hatching of the eggs thereby helping in their management. Ifelolu A. Remi-Esan | Olusola O. Bankole "Insecticidal Activity of Stem Bark Extract of Lophira Alata (Ekki) Against Cowpea Bruchid (Callosobruchus Maculatus)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31207.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/31207/insecticidal-activity-of-stem-bark-extract-of-lophira-alata-ekki-against-cowpea-bruchid-callosobruchus-maculatus/ifelolu-a-remiesan
Comparison of major peanut allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3 between pea...IOSRJPBS
Peanut is commonly consumed in many forms. The ubiquitous presence of peanut in processed food is responsible for an increasing number of allergic reactions due to accidental ingestion. The prevalence of peanut allergy seems to be underestimated in the African population possibly because of the lack of testing and clinical documentation. In this study, a comparison was made between raw and roasted peanut seeds from cultivars of Côte d’Ivoire (ARA-CI) and raw peanut seeds from the cultivar Georgia Green, grown commercially in the USA. The main objective of this study was to identify the protein profile of peanut seeds from Côte d’Ivoire and compare it with the molecular specificities of major allergens of Georgia green seeds from the USA using a combination of two methods, SDS PAGE and Western blots. Peanut protein profiles via SDS PAGE, coupled with Western blots were carried out on two collections of peanut seeds. In the raw peanut seed extracts from Côte d’Ivoire, are visible fingerprints of the major allergenic proteins Ara h 1(63.5 kDa),Ara h 2(17, 20 kDa), and Ara h 3(25,36, 40 and 44 kDa) and an allergenic bands of Ara h 3 of about 36kDa.This provides evidence of the presence of the major allergens in peanut from Côte d’Ivoire, this, a presumption of a high allergenic potency peanut despite a low prevalence of peanut allergy in the country. The presence of a strongly expressed 30 kDa protein, potentially corresponding to a component of Ara h 3 in the roasted sample means that cooking processes could increase the allergenic potency of peanut. This study makes it possible to identify molecular specificity in peanut from Côte d’Ivoire for the development of local screening test adapted to the environment.
Distribution, Biochemical Properties and Genetic Relatedness of Endophytic Ba...AI Publications
Microbe-assisted phytoremediation is a recent application of bioremediation with much prospects. The genetic relatedness of culturable endophytic bacteria of wetland plants growing on a six month-old and twelve month-old petroleum-contaminated sites, and an uncontaminated site in Bayelsa State of the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria were compared. Most of the endophyte species isolated from the roots, stems and leaves were common to all the sites and belong to the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Actinomicrobia, with the γ-Proteobacteria dominating. Pseudomonas was the most prevalent species in all three sites, but higher in the petroleum contaminated sites. Biochemical properties (API 20E) of the common isolates; Pseudomonas spp.Chryseobacterium indologenes,Bacillus and Proteusvaried with sites while only Providencia rettgeri peculiar to the petroleum-contaminated sites showed the same properties. 16S rRNA PCR-DNA fragments of forty-five species of the isolates (15 from each site) were characterized using RFLP and MspI restriction enzyme and a genetic distance tree of the restriction patterns drawn. The percentage of similarity in the genetic relatedness of isolates ranged from 11.1 – 100%. The genetic tree analysis of the 45 species of identified bacteria revealed 3 major clusters with 17 DNA fingerprinting patterns. Pseudomonas species of the root and leaves of the six month-old petroleum-contaminated site and uncontaminated site were seen to cluster together irrespective of date of isolation. The endophytes may play a role in the in situ degradation of the petroleum hydrocarbon of the sites.
Similar to Genotypic pathogenic microbes associated with deterioration of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L) fruit in Nigeria (20)
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of time of application and rates on the
performance of performance of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) on July and November 2013 at Lapai (9o
2' N and 6o34'E) and Mokwa (9o 8'N and 5o4'E) in the southern Guinea savanna ecology of Nigeria, The
experiments consisted of three (3) levels of poultry manure application time (two weeks before planting, at
planting and two week after planting) and four (4) levels of poultry manure application rates(0, 5, 10 and 15
t ha-1). The experiments were laid out as a 3 x 4 factorial in a randomized complete block design. Data
collected include plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches fruit weight, pod length, pod
diameter and cumulative yield. The result showed that the application of poultry manure two weeks before
planting significantly produced taller okra plants, higher number of leaves, wider leaf area and more okra
branches than other treatments in the two locations in 2013 cropping season. Fruit characteristic results
followed the same trends. In the case of the poultry manure rate, the application of 10 t ha-1significantly
produced taller okra plant, higher number of leaves, wider leaf area and more okra branches than other
treatments in the two locations in 2013 cropping season. The application of 15 t ha-1 was comparable to 10 t
ha-1 but significantly different from 5 t ha-1 and no application in the two locations in 2013 cropping season.
This result therefore recommended that poultry manure should be applied at least two weeks before planting
at 10 t ha-1
Sixteen genotypes of maize were evaluated for genetic variability and character associations in the Research
Farm of the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria for 90 days in the 2012, 2013 and 2014
cropping seasons. Perforated polythene bags (18 × 9 cm) were filled with 6kg sandy-loam soil and were spaced
at a distance of 10 cm apart between rows. Three seeds from each genotype were then planted per bag without
treatment in three replicates. Data on plant and stem height, leaf width, leaf length and number of leaves were
collected after planting at 14 days interval on each replicate for a particular genotype. The plant height of
EVDT.Y200STRQPM genotype was significantly (p < 0.05) different from other genotypes, while genotype
pairs; TZE-OR2DTSTRQPM and 2009TZE-ORIDTSTRQPM, TZEI 22, TZEI 98 and OBANTAPA, TZEI 4,
TZEI 161, BODIJA as well as EVDT-W99STR, OJO, 98SYNWECSTRQPM were similar to each other. The
result of correlation coefficient shows that stem height was highly significant and positively correlated with the
plant height (p < 0.01; r = 0.91). The genotype is negative and non-correlated with plant height, stem height, leaf
width and number of leaves, but positive and non-significantly associated with leaf length, replicate and week
after planting.
The ethanol extracts of Ficus asperifolia, Mormordica charantia, Anacardium
occidentals and Psidium guajava were evaluated sole and in treatment combinations at 25, 50 and
75mg ml-1 concentration levels against the mycelial growth of Macrophomina phaseolina of
Cowpea. The pathogen was cultured on plates containing botanicals amended Potato Dextrose
Agar (PDA) in three replicates while only ethanol treated PDA tested plates served the control
experiment. The radial growths were recorded at 4th, 6th and 8th day after inoculation. Data
obtained were analysed using the SAS software program version 9.2. The extract of Mormordica
charantia was the most effective in the botanical treatments alone. The most significant inhibition
of Macrophomina phaseolina were observed from the combined treatments of Ficus asperifolia,
Mormordica charantia and Anacardium occidentals (3.11 cm), followed by Mormordica
charantia and Psidium guajava (3.29 cm), then combination of four extracts; Ficus asperifolia,
Mormordica charantia, Anacardium occidentals and Psidium guajava (3.53 cm), then
Mormordica charantia and Anacardium occidentals (3.84 cm). Other treatments, either alone or in
combination produced significant result compared to the control experiment (6.94 cm). However,
the efficacy of botanicals increased with concentration and also significantly correlated with time
and reduction in mycelia extension of the pathogen. More so, variability in the antifungicidal
potentials of the botanicals on Macrophomina phaseolina ranges from 15.93% to 34.06%
according to Eigen proportions. The treatment combinations of; Ficus asperifolia, Mormordica
charantia and Anacardium occidentals at 75mg ml-1 concentration level produced the most
inhibitory effect against Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro. However, the untreated plates did not
show inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Therefore, combined treatments of
botanicals could be a potential source in the practice of plant disease control.
The first edition of this book ‘‘PLANT LIFE DIVERSITY’’ comprised of eleven Chapters which include the following: 1. The characteristics of soil environment, 2. The plant kingdom, 3. Thallophyta (Fungi, Algae, Bacteria and Lichens), 4. Phycophyta (Algae), 5. Mycophyta (Fungi), 6. Lichens, 7. Bryophyta, 8. Pteridophyta (Ferns), 9. Angiosperms and Gynmnosperms, 10. Forms and functional adaptation of plant to ecosystem and 11. Growth in plants. This book is meant for students of Pre-Degree, B.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons) and M.Sc. of Biological group such as Plant Sciences, Zoology, Plant Breeding and Bio-sciences.
Two separate experiments were conducted at the sereenhouse of the Unilorin Sugar Research Institute
(USRI) IIorin, to investigate the optimum concentration of a weak acid solution required for the presciption of cut
sugarcane stalks during hybridization. In the first experiment. stalks of two (2) sugarcane varieties (LS 1-047 and LS1057)
which were at the flowering. phase were immersed in three (3) eonecntrations(Blank, O.004M nnd 0.006M
respectively) of sulphurous acid (H2SO]) solution. In the second experiment, stalks of three (3) varieties viz: LSI-047,
LSI-057 and C06806 at the vegetative phase and those of LSI-047, LSI-050, LSI-054, LSI-057, B6609 and'C06806 at
the Dowering phase were also immersed in four (4) concentrations (i.e. Blank, 0.0021\1, 0.004M and O.OO(,M
respectively) of sulphurie acid (H2S04) solution.
Our results showed a rapid decline in the physiologienl activities of the sugarcanc stalks regardlcss of the
concentration and/or the source of the weak acid used as preservative solution. Flowering sequence was also disrupted
in the flowering stalks since none of the varieties could proceed to tile next ,phase, indicating that the stock solutions
were toxic to the test varieties. However, rooting and side shoot emergence (beginning from the riftll and ,cvcnth day
rcspeetively) were observcd ill the sugareanc stalks at both the vegetative and Oowerillg ph,lsl's or diiTercnl
eoneelllralion of the weak 1-1250 •. indicating Ih,1I the: i'nrlJ'ulal ions 'frolll 112SO., were less tOXIC {O ti,l'. l''" 1-::. d"'11 {I")';l'
or the 1-1)50. where the test varie{les nl:ilhl:r r()o(ed nor produce sid\' ,hm)l.
i\ILllllllgh 1110 (2) or the: \'arie:lIl'S (L,SI-O'17 ,md 1..'()ll~()I,) ,'ppe"rl'" III PUSs,'ss greater {,lkral":C: k.\cl I·.' Ii;.: .!,!!"<',.:l'>I, 1:';11' lil<.'>
exoLic judging by their overall performance.
Terminalia avicennioides is an important medicinal plant used to manage many pathological
conditions among most inhabitants of rural communities in Nigeria and many other African countries. It
belongs to family Combretaceae and found commonly growing in the savannah region of West Africa. The
parts of the plant mostly used for medicinal purpose are root and stem barks extracts, which are rich sources
of phytochemicals such as anthraquinone, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenes among others. In folk
medicine, there are claims that the plant has been used to cure various diseases such as dental caries, skin
infections, sore and ulcer, syphilis, bloody sputum, ringworm infection, gastrointestinal helminthes and several
others. In this review, we have tried to provide bases for most of these claims at the instance of the results of
modern investigations on the biological activities of the plant extract. The possibility of employing the plant
extract in the field of green chemistry for probable application in biomedical industries was also discussed.
Keywords: Terminalia avicennioides, uses, phytochemicals, biological activities, nanoparticles
Genetic control and heterosis depend directly on genetic divergence among the parents in generating promising hybrids
required by plant breeders. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of heterosis, combining
abilities, regression and correlation estimates in order to develop hybrid cultivars in maize. The 28 F1 hybrids obtained by
partial diallel cross of 8 inbreds in a randomized complete block design were evaluated at the Lower Niger River Basin
Authority, Oke-Oyi, Nigeria in three years. General (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) produced significant (P
< 0.01) effects for all the characters, while non-additive genetic effects were predominant. The levels of heterosis for grain
yield varied widely among crosses, ranging from -16.83 to 9.76%. Positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic
correlations among grain yield and some related characters (days to anthesis and silking; plant and ear heights; number of
ears plant-1 and 1000 seed weight) showed that each character could be used indirectly to selection of grain yield. These
results also indicated that SCA was more effective than heterosis for describing hybrid performance. The regression of
actual hybrid characters on the expected hybrid characters, based on parental GCA values, was highly significant.
Regression analysis also showed that all the agronomic characters jointly contributed 19.4% to grain yield of maize. The
inbreds (Pop 66 SR and 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4) and crosses (Pop 66 SR x, 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4, Pop 66 SR x KU1409
and 9006 x KU1409) featured prominently with respect to better GCA × Year and SCA × Year effects with high heterotic
values for maize grain yield and associated characters. These inbreds could serve as donors to obtain early and short
statured hybrids with higher yield, while the crosses may be exploited and adapted to the Nigerian Savannas. This study
also affirmed that genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients as well as combining abilities, heterosis and regression
analyses were found to be suitable models for yield improvement in maize breeding.
Drought and nitrogen (N) tolerance quality protein maize (QPM) could serve as a succor for malnourishment in the Sub-Saharan Africa, and adoption should be intensified where resource poor farmers cannot afford N fertilizer and drought on maize at grain filling stage is frequent. This study compares the quality index, protein, tryptophan and lysine contents of normal extra-early drought-tolerant and their quality protein maize hybrids under sub-optimal and optimal soil N conditions. Four normal drought-tolerant and their respective QPM hybrids were planted under no (0 kg N ha-1), low (30 kg N ha-1) and optimal (90 kg N ha-1) fertilizations at Oke Oyi, Ilorin in the southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria in 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons. The trials were set up in a split plot arrangement with the N rates as main plot and the eight cultivars as sub-plots. Each plot within N levels was four-row, laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The normal cultivars outyielded the QPM versions across N rates with no significance difference. There is a linear increase in all protein qualities with increase in N rates among QPM, while normal maize counterparts had a linear decline with increase in N fertilization. The QPM cultivars also maintained their endosperm protein qualities across N rates. Across N environments, the grain quality characters, such as crude protein, tryptophan, and lysine contents in grain, showed a significant negative relationship with grain yields, which were relatively much stronger under low-N stress. 99TY, TYEEC4, 99TYQ and 20SYNEEWQ have viable traits that could be explored for the development of maize varieties with good grain yield and better protein qualities to improve protein availability in maize based diets and feed for large population of man and livestock.
A comparative study on the response of six maize hybrids: two
hybrids each from the 1980s (8321-21 and 8425-8), 1990s (9801-11 and 9803-2)
and 2000s (0103-11 and 0103-15) to sub-optimal and optimal nitrogen fertilization
was conducted in Oke-Oyi, Nigeria. The trials were set up in a split plot with three
nitrogen levels (0, 30 and 90 kg N ha-1) as a main plot and six hybrids as sub-plots.
Significant interactions were observed between hybrid and N level for all
characters, with increasing in variation as the level of N decreased. Mean grain
yield reductions across eras were 73.8% at no-N and 32.6% at low-N, and those of
optimal-N fertilization were 34.3% and 15.7% for 1980s and 1990s genotypes
respectively. Depending on N treatment, grain yield varied from 0.67 to 4.89 t ha-1.
Kernel number was most severely reduced by N stress, but had positive and highly
significant (p≤0.01) correlation with grain yield at all N levels. Genetic gains in
grain yield were 42% (between 1980 and 2000 eras) and 9% (between 1990 and
2000 eras) under optimal-N fertilization. The two modern hybrids of 2000 era
(0103-11 and 0103-15) were outstanding for all the agronomic traits and leaf
chlorophyll concentration at all N levels. Improving traits associated with fertilizer
N response could accelerate rate of genetic gains in maize yields.
The comparative efficiency of organic and synthetic fertilizers were studied on maize and cowpea, two staple
Nigerian crops. Chemical fertilizer did not support yield as much as poultry manure (PM) or arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi(AMF), individual or in a combined state. The combination of PM and AMF was the best application expressing
yield in form of shoot productivity. Glomus clarum was a good fertilizing candidate in this study
Twenty two genotypes of quality protein maize (QPM) and two local checks were assessed for their lysine and tryptophan levels, as well as grain yield characteristics at the Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority station, Oke-Oyi, Ilorin, Nigeria for three years (2009-2011). The results showed that the QPM genotypes and the standard checks varied from one another, with respect to crude protein, zein dry matter, zein crude, lysine and tryptophan. The best QPM hybrids for grain yield (Dada-ba, ART98-SW5-OB, ART98-SW4-OB and TZPB-OB had percentage lysine and tryptophan advantage of 34% compared with the local checks. These hybrids also out-yielded other genotypes with yield advantage of 10, 24 and 26% over the best inbred, open pollinated variety and the standard check respectively. However, grain yield showed positive association with all the characteristics except crude protein content. Kernel number per cob had maximum correlation with grain yield followed by kernel rows per cob, cob diameter and cob weight. The direct effect for crude protein was positive but the correlation was negative. Conclusively, the QPM hybrids that combined high yield with the essential amino acids could be tested in different savanna agro-ecologies to identify those that could be released to farmers, while the superior inbreds could be introgressed for further breeding programs.
Combining ability studies for maize grain yield and other agronomic characters were carried out using
ten open-pollinated maize varieties and their 45 F1 hybrids in a Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth endemic
zone (Shonga) and non-endemic zone (Ilorin) in Kwara State, Nigeria, during the 2005 cropping season.
Both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects for Striga related
characters such as Striga shoot counts, syndrome ratings, flowering Striga shoots and barren maize
plants were generally low, suggesting the role of additive and dominant gene action in tolerance to S.
hermonthica (Del.) Benth. Parents Acr 94 Tze Comp5 and Tze Comp3 C2 had significant (p < 0.05)
positive GCA effects for grain yield and other agronomic characters in both Striga endemic and nonendemic
environments respectively. Crosses Tze Comp3 C2 x Hei 97 Tze Comp3 C4, Tze Comp3 C2 x
Acr 94 Tze Comp5 and Ak 95 Dmr - Esrw x Acr 94 Tze Comp5 had significant (p < 0.05) positive SCA
effects for grain yield only in Striga endemic environment. These parents and hybrids appeared to have
gene pools for S. hermonthica tolerance that can be manipulated and used to develop promising
hybrids for early maturity and high grain yield across the Southern Guinea Savanna ecology.
Experiments were conducted on six newly developed open pollinated quality protein maize (QPM) genotypes and two
check entries for three years (2009-2011). The objective was to assess their yield potentials and disease tolerance/
resistance in the southern Guinea savanna agro-ecology of Nigeria. Genotype and year of evaluation were significant for
(P<0.01><0.05) for grain yield, harvest moisture and lodging characteristics. Genotypes x year interactive effect for
grain yield revealed different genotypic performance of the genotypes tested with two checks (Oba-Super 1 and DMRLSR-
Y) being responsible for the significant differences obtained in the three years of evaluation. Average grain yield was
significantly higher in the year 2011 compared to 2009 and 2010. All the genotypes tested were moderately tolerant to the
five diseases ranging from 1.5 (Streak virus) in Oba-Super 1 (check) to 2.9 (Southern leaf blight, Curvularia leaf spot and
Leaf rust) in the ART98-SW6-OB and ART98-SW4-OB respectively. Ear rot mostly affected the leaves among diseases
with a range of 2.3 to 2.8 in TZPB-OB and DMR-LSR-Y respectively.. Four QPM genotypes (ART98-SW5-OB,
ART98-SW4-OB, TZPB-OB and ART98-SW6-OB) were superior for grain yield with yield advantage of 28% over the
best OPV check. These QPM genotypes can therefore serve as useful replacement for existing cultivars and also as source
of genes for future maize breeding activities in the development of superior maize varieties with high protein contents for
the savanna agro-ecology.
Quality protein maize (QPM) combining the enhanced levels of
lysine and tryptophan with high grain yield and desirable agronomic traits could
reduce food insecurity and malnutrition in West and Central Africa. Twenty-two
varieties of QPM and two local checks were evaluated for agronomic
characteristics and nutritional qualities in the southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria
for two years (2009 and 2010). Though crude protein levels are good indicators of
quality, amino acid composition analyses, especially lysine and tryptophan that
would provide a final proof are in progress. The genotypes comprised five open
pollinated varieties (OPVs), nine inbred lines, eight hybrids and two local varieties.
Differences among the varieties were significant (P<0.01)><0.05) for days to tasselling. Most of the QPM inbred lines (CML
437, CML 490 CML 178) and hybrids (Dada-ba, ART98-SW5-OB, ART98-SW4-
OB and TZPB-OB) have superior performance for grain yield, other yield
attributes and nutritional qualities compared with the OPVs and local checks.
These inbreds could be potential sources of favorable alleles useful for future
maize breeding, while the hybrids could be evaluated in different environments of
Nigeria for comparative advantages in different environments and quality of the
grains to be released to farmers.
Field experiments were conducted at the University of Ilorin Teaching and Research Farm in 2005 and
2006 cropping seasons with the objective to evaluate the combining ability for maize grain yield and
other agronomic characters in 10 open pollinated maize varieties, which have been selected for high
yield and stress tolerance. General combining ability (gca) and year (y) effects were significant for all
the parameters except plant height, while specific combining ability (sca) and gca x year effects were
significant only for grain yield. However, Tze Comp4 Dmr Srbc2, Tze Comp4 C2 and Acr 94 Tze Comp5
which are good general combiners for maize grain yield, also showed positive significant gca x year
effects for flowering traits. Significant sca x year interaction effects were recorded for maize grain yield
and days to flowering, with Hei 97 Tze Comp3 C4 combining very well with 3 parents (Acr 90 Pool 16-Dt,
Tze Comp4-Dmr Srbc2 and Tze Comp4 C2). These parents and their hybrids probably have genes that
can be introgressed into other promising lines in developing early maturing and high yielding varieties
for cultivation in the Nigeria savannas.
This study was explored to determine the effect of the grain
yield and its related characteristics on 10 open-pollinated maize varieties and
their 45 F1 hybrids using correlation and path coefficient analysis. A two-year
study was conducted on maize genotypes at the University of Ilorin Teaching
and Research Farm Ilorin, Nigeria, during 2005 and 2006 growing seasons.
Positive and significant phenotypic and genotypic correlations were found for
days to 50% tasselling with plant and ear height, and grain yield with plant
height, number of grains ear-1 and ear weight. Positive and significant
environmental correlation was also recorded for grain yield with plant and ear
height, and ear weight. The path analysis revealed that, days to 50% silking,
ear weight and number of grains ear-1 had the highest direct effect on grain
yield, while number of grains ear-1 had the highest moderate indirect negative
effects on grain yield. Days to flowering, plant and ear height, number of grains
ear-1 and ear weight could be the important selection criteria in improving open
pollinated maize varieties and hybrids for high grain yield.
Change in climate and consequent global warming are posing threats to food security in many developing nations including Nigeria because of the climate-dependent nature of agricultural systems and lack of coping capabilities. The spatiotemporal pattern of temperature and rainfall of Nigeria between 1901 and 2005 (105 years), using temperature and rainfall data to support the concept of regional climate change and its impact on Agriculture and food security was in-vestigated. Also assessed was the level of agriculture funding and output in Nigeria. Mean annual air temperature and rain-fall data between 1901- 2005 (105 years) were obtained from Food and Agricultural Organization publications, National Bureau of Statistics, Central Bank of Nigeria bulletin and National Meteorological Agency. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The results showed that within the period of 105 years, rainfall decreased by 81 mm with increasing temperature of 1.1℃. The unpredictability of rainfall and steadily increasing air temperature were observed from 1971-2005. The total federal budget between 2001 and 2005 averaged 824 billion Naira per year of which very small amount (14.7 billion (1.8%)) went to agricultural sector. The actual spending was 681 billion Naira per year with 11.4 bil-lion Naira for agriculture. Over 25 years, there were low and dramatic walloping of public spending in agriculture relative to large size and importance of agricultural sector in the economy. There is a continuous rise in output from 1987 to 2000 before it dropped in 2001. Land degradation, desert encroachment, drying up of surface waters, coastal inundations, and shift in cultivated crops over time affected the food security in Nigeria. The current available data showed that Nigeria, like most parts of the world is experiencing the basic features of climate change. Therefore, Nigerian government/ private sector partnership should encourage agricultural, industrial and domestic practices which will not contribute to the emission of greenhouse gasses.
Reports of improvement in sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata) for grain yield and agronomic traits
through introgression of genes from the field corn (Zea mays L.) are common in literature. However, few
studies have reported improvement in field corn varieties for organoleptic and/or nutritional properties
through the transfer of recessive alleles that condition sweetness in sweet corn into the field corn. Field
and laboratory studies were conducted to determine changes in quantitative and qualitative
characteristics of three F1 hybrids derived by crossing sweet corn (pollen parent) unto field corn and
their F2 populations derived by sibmating approximately 200 ears from each of the F1 hybrids. Our
results showed significant changes in grain yield, grain protein concentration, carbohydrate and
calcium contents in the F1 hybrids and F2 populations. One hybrid (Pop31DMR x Sweet corn) had 21%
grain yield advantage over the maternal parent while another hybrid (Obatanpa x Sweet corn) showed
superiority for grain protein (27.3%) with corresponding lower carbohydrate content. Grains obtained
from the F2 populations had lower seed protein content than their respective maternal parents or the F1
hybrids and with corresponding higher carbohydrate content. Percent (%) loss in grain protein in the F2
seeds was higher than for other nutrient elements. Modest heterotic response was recorded for grain
yield in Pop31DMR x Sweet corn cross and for grain protein concentration in Obatanpa x Sweet corn
cross.
protein maize (QPM) production. A field trial was therefore conducted to compare the performance of
six hybrids (three each of QPM and normal endosperm) at three population densities using a split-plot
design at the sub-station of the Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority, Oke-Oyi, in the
southern Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria during the 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons. Plant population
densities (53,333, 66,666, and 88,888 plants ha
-1
) constituted the main plots and the six hybrids were
assigned to the subplots, replicated three times. Our results showed a differential response of maize
hybrids to high densities, with plant populations above 53,333 plants ha
-1
reduced grain yield, and this is
more pronounced in QPM than normal endosperm hybrids. This is contrary to the results observed in
many other countries. This might be that the hybrids were selected in low yield potential area at low
plant densities, and hence not tolerant to plant density stress. It may also be due to low yield potential
of the experimental site, which does not allow yield increases at high plant densities. Though normal
endosperm hybrids 0103-11 and 0103-15 as well as QPM Dada-ba were superior for grain yield among
the hybrids at 53,333 plants ha
-1
, hybrid 0103-11 was most outstanding. Therefore, genetic
improvement of QPM and normal endosperm hybrids for superior stress tolerance and high yield could
be enhanced by selection at higher plant population densities.
Knowledge of the magnitude of genetic variability, heritability and genetic gains in selection of desirable characters could assist the plant breeder in ascertaining criteria to be used for the breeding programmes. Ten open pollinated maize varieties were evaluated at the Teaching and Research farm, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, during 2005 and 2006 cropping seasons to estimate genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of grain yield and its component characters. The effect of genotype and genotype by year interaction were significant for ear weight and grain yield, while the effect of year was highly significant (P< 0.01) for all the characters. High magnitude of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations as well as high heritability along with high genetic advance recorded for grain yield, number of grains ear-1, ear weight, plant and ear heights provides evidence that these parameters were under the control of additive gene effects and effective selection could be possible for improvement for these characters. Tze Comp3 C2, Acr 94 Tze Comp5, Tze Comp 4-Dmr Srbc2 and Acr 90 Pool 16-Dt were identified as outstanding genotypes for maize grain yield and should be tested at multilocation for their yield performance.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
2. Sci. Agri. 13 (1), 2016: 19-22
20
In developing countries including Nigeria, microbial contamination of fruits usually occurs on the fields, due to
contaminated irrigation water, unhygienic fruit handling particularly during harvesting periods (Ali et al., 2011). Food borne
diseases are harmful illness mainly affecting the gastrointestinal tract and are transmitted through consumption of
contaminated food or drink. Fresh fruits borne infections are usually caused by Pseudomonas spp, Vibrio spp., Streptococcus
spp., Staphylococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Listeria monocytogenes Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli,. These microbes
contributed immensely the array of diseases causing morbidity and mortality in the developing and developed nations
(Sivapriya et al., 2011; Rahman and Noor 2012; Fadipe et al., 2013).
The occurrence of high microbial counts obtain in orange fruits usually renders them unsuitable for human
consumption, and thus undesirable to the quality mindful markets. Over the years, there has been an increase in the need to
identify and isolate the microorganisms associated with the spoilage as a way of finding a means of controlling it (Akinyele
and Akinkunmi, 2012). In order to determine the magnitude of these problems, this study was therefore conducted with the
objective of identifying pathogenic microbes associated with sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L) decay at four open markets in
Osogbo township of Osun State, Nigeria.
Materials and Methods
Twenty samples of 20 infected and 20 non-infected sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis L) were collected from four open
markets (Akindeko, Igbonna, Oja-Oba and Sabo markets) each. in Osogbo township of Osun State, Nigeria. The samples were
separately packages, labeled and carefully transported immediately to Fountain University Laboratory.
Preparation of culture media
Nutrient agar of 28g powder, make up with 1 litre of deionized water was prepared and allowed to soak for 10
minutes, mixed then sterilized by autoclaving for 15 minutes at 121o
C. It was cooled and poured in the Petri dishes. Also,
potato dextrose agar of 39 g, made up with 1 litre of distilled water was boiled to dissolve medium completely. It was then
sterilized by autoclaving at 121o
C for 15 minutes. The pH was adjusted to 3.5, by adding 10 ml of lactic acid solution, to
facilitate growth of fastidious fungi. The medium was cooled to 55o
C and poured into the Petri dish. The oranges were rinsed
with distilled water and serially diluted in 10 folds. The highest three dilutions were considered for microbial count analysis.
Each of the orange was cut and the liquid content inoculated on nutrient agar and potato dextrose agar, and incubated
respectively at 37o
C and 25o
C and thereafter observed for 24 hours to 7 days. Different colonies obtained were identified using
the slide culture technique. The isolated microbes were characterized the basis of their cultural, morphological and physical
properties. Microscopic examination was carried out after gram staining the bacteria isolates with Lactophenol blue stain. The
isolates were further subjected to biochemical tests viz: catalase, oxidase, coagulase, indole, methyl red-voges proskauer,
carbohydrate fermentation and motility tests.
Table 1. Number of isolates and prevalence of microorganisms obtained from uninfected and infected sweet orange samples collected from
four markets in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
Market Microorganism Number of Isolates of
Uninfected samples
Prevalence
(%)
Number of Isolates of
Infected samples
Prevalence
(%)
Total prevalence
(%)
Sabo Staphylococcus spp 23 12.63 53 15.63 28.62
Apergillus spp 12 6.60 49 14.45 21.05
Oja-Oba Apergillus spp 32 17.58 36 10.61 28.19
Rhizopus spp 40 21.97 38 11.20 33.17
Igbonna Escherichia spp 32 17.58 32 9.43 27.01
Staphylococcus spp 9 4.94 52 15.33 20.27
Akindeko Staphylococcus spp 19 8.24 40 11.79 20.03
Shigella spp 15 10.43 39 11.50 21.93
Total 182 100 339 100
Table 2. Pathogenicity of five isolated microorganisms associated with sweet orange fruits damage collected from four markets in Osogbo,
Osun State, Nigeria
Samples Staphylococcus spp Escherichia spp Shigella spp Apergillus spp Rhizopus spp
1 - + - + +
2 - + - + +
3 - - - + +
4 - - - + +
5 - + - + +
6 - + - + +
7 - - - + +
8 - - - + +
9 - + - + +
10 - - - + +
Keys: - represents not infected, + represents infected
3. Sci. Agri. 13 (1), 2016: 19-22
21
Figure 1. Total percentage prevalence of five pathogenic microorganisms obtained from sweet orange fruit samples collected across four
markets in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
Figure 2. Total percentage prevalence of five isolated microorganisms at four markets in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
Results and Discussion
Five microorganisms isolated from the culture media after biochemical test were Apergillus spp, Staphylococcus
spp, Escherichia spp, Rhizopus spp and Shigella spp (Table 1). Figure 1 shows the relative percentage prevalence of these
pathogens across the four open market sources in which Staphylococcus spp had highest percentage of 28.62 % in Sabo,
followed by Igbonna (20.27%) and Akindeko (20.03%) markets. The fruit samples of Oja-Oba market had no Staphylococcus
spp. However, Oja-Oba market high loads of Apergillus spp (24.18%) and Rhizopus spp (28.19%) followed by Sabo with
Apergillus spp (28.19%). Escherichia spp (27.01%) and Shigella spp (21.93) were identified in Igbonna and Akindeko markets
only. These revealed that each market host at least two pathogenic microbes that affected sweet orange spoilage in the
township.
28
24.18
21.97
17.55
8.24
Staphylococcus spp Aspergillus spp Rhizopus spp Eschericia spp Shigella spp
Percentage prevalence (%)
0
10
20
30
40
Sabo Igbona Oja-oba Akindeko
Percentageofprevalence%
4. Sci. Agri. 13 (1), 2016: 19-22
22
Table 2 shows Rhizopus spp being most active pathogen infected all orange fruit samples including healthy oranges,
followed by Aspergillus spp 90% spoilage. Escherichia spp infected 50% of the samples, while Staphylococcus spp and
Shigella spp. were not isolated. This indicated that Rhizopus spp is most active pathogen that could cause microbial damage to
healthy sweet oranges, if allowed to attack the fruits in any means, and this is followed by Aspergillus spp and Escherichia spp.
Tafinta et al., (2013) also observed similar report for high activities and pathogenicity of Rhizopus spp and Aspergillus spp.
Figure 2 shows total percentage relative population of pathogenic microorganisms recorded at each market where Oja-Oba had
the highest of microbial load (39.55%), followed by Igbonna (22.52%). However, Sabo and Akindeko had relative low isolates
with 19.23% and 18.67% respectively. This indicated that sanitation of both Oja-Oba and Igbonna was very poor compared
with the Sabo and Akindeko markets with appreciable level of sanitation with adequate waste disposal.
Conclusion
Apergillus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Escherichia spp, Rhizopus spp and Shigella spp had the highest load.
Staphylococcus spp had highest isolates in Sabo market and Igbonna markets. Akindeko, Aspergillus spp with 6.60% and
17.58% loads were identified at Sabo and Oja-Oba respectively. Rhizopus spp and Aspergillus spp were the most active
microbes with respective 100% and 90% infections, while the least active microbes were Staphylococcus spp and Shigella spp.
Recommendations
Harvesting orange fruits at the suitable periods and stored the harvested orange fruits under controlled conditions
could aid in retarding the microbial growth of post-harvest spoilage of pathogenic microorganisms. Washing of fruits with
clean water of potable quality could reduce the microbial load, prevent and control the widespread of the pathogens for
consumers’ health safety.
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