clg bus auto prjct REPORT

PROJECT REPORT 2013-2014 COLLEGE BUS AUTOMATION USING RFID
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS GEMS ASC RAMAPURAM 1
DECLARATION
I/We hereby declare that the project entiled "COLLEGE BUS
AUTOMATION USING RFID" is an authentic record of project work carried
out by
ASIM BIN USMAN.AP Reg .No,GGALSEL001
FAVAS.M Reg.No.GGALSEL009
MOHAMMED FAYIS REHMAN.K Reg.No.GGALSEL023
MUHAMMAD SHAHID Reg.No.GGALSEL025
ZAINUL ABIDEEN.OK Reg.No.GGALSEL026
in the fulfillment for the award of the Degree of the BACHELOR OF
SCIENCE in ELECTRONICS by CALICUT UNIVERSITY during
2013-2014
Name Reg No Signature
ASIM BIN USMAN.AP Reg .No,GGALSEL001
FAVAS.M Reg.No.GGALSEL009
MOHAMMED FAYIS REHMAN.K Reg.No.GGALSEL023
MUHAMMAD SHAHID Reg.No.GGALSEL025
ZAINUL ABIDHEEN.OK Reg.No.GGALSEL026
PLACE : RAMAPURAM
DATE :

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Through it may appear that following eulogizing exposition is monotonous beat of
a usual acknowledgement, we assect beyond the confines of the simple sense of the word
"GRATITUDE"
It give us immance pleasure to express our deep and sincere gratitudeto Mr.
NAVEEN MOHAN, principal GEMS ASC RAMAPURAM for allowing our
project working in this esteemed institution.
We are great full to Mr. Ishaq Ahamed A, HOD and Mr. Manohar Kv for their
valuable help and guidance, our sincere thanks to Ms. Asha and all other members for the
help we received from them.
The un grading guidance of all our able and acknowledge teachers ramifies every
aspect of our work their flawless and forthright suggestion blended with an innate and
intelligent application compel us to owe them a debt of gratitude.
Our project would never have been complete if it were not for the motivation and
support from all our friends.

ABSTRACT
Our project topic is "COLLEGE BUS AUTOMATION USING RFID" The
project consist of an embedded section. Here we are using RFID as the bus ticket. The project
mainly contain a RFID module for swiping. There will be a LCD module for displaying the tag
features.
The embedded system consist of a microcontroller core around which the whole unit is
build up. The RFID reader transmits the relevant data obtained to the microcontroller core. The
system which have option to count the number of students those who are entered to the bus.
So ,using the project is to provide the secure entry of the students into college bus.

CONTENTS
TOPIC PAGE NO
1.INTRODUCTION 06
2.TECHNICAL VIEW 07
3. BLOCK DIAGRAM 08
4. BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION 08
5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 12
6. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION 13
7. HARDWARE OVERVIEW 14
8. SOFTWARE OVERVIEW 41
 ALGORITHM 42
 PROGRAM 43
9. PROCESS INVOLVED IN PCB DESIGN 46
10. FEATURES 49
11. FUTURE SCOPE 50
12. CONCLUSION 51
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY 52
14. APPENDIX 53

COLLEGE BUS AUTOMATION
USING RFID

INTRODUCTION
From the ancient times itself man has deployed many security measures to project
his life and property. Security and safety of homes, office and factories has a critical importance
today. In modern life these security measures have been automated a lot, and all individuals have
serious concern about the status of their assets all the time. The main aim of our project is to
provide automation of the college bus.
Here we are using RFID for as marking the entry of student, it is ultimate technology for
security available now, because RFID have a unique code. It also provides an option to deduct
the balance in each journey.

TECHNICAL VIEW
The project consist of a microcontroller core around which the whole unit is build up. The
RFID reader transmits the relevant data obtained to the microcontroller core. The system which
have option to count the number of students those who are entered to the bus.
So the project contain a RFID module for swiping. There will be a LCD module for displaying
the tag features.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
The project consist of a microcontroller core around which the whole unit is
build up. The RFID reader transmits the relevant data obtained to the
microcontroller core

MICROCONTROLLERS
A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated
circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.
Program memory is in the form of flash or OTP ROM , as well as a typically small
amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to
the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications.
PIC MICROCONTROLLERS
PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by
Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1640 originally developed by General
Instrument's Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral
Interface Controller". It is available in different configurations such as 8bit,16 bit, 32 bit .
The main features of PIC architecture is as follows
 Separate code and data spaces (Harvard architecture).
 A small number of fixed length instructions.
 Most instructions are single cycle execution (4 clock cycles), with single
delay cycles upon branches and skips.
 A single accumulator (W), the use of which (as source operand) is
implied (i.e. is not encoded in the op code).
 All RAM locations function as registers as both source and/or
destination of math and other functions.
 A hardware stack for storing return addresses.

 A fairly small amount of addressable data space (typically 256 bytes),
extended through banking.
 Data space mapped CPU, port, and peripheral registers.
 The program counter is also mapped into the data space and writable
(this is used to implement indirect jumps).
Unlike most other CPUs, there is no distinction between memory space
and register space because the RAM serves the job of both memory and registers,
and the RAM is usually just referred to as the register file or simply as the registers
LCD DISPLAY

There are a number of display systems available now days. In this
project we use a 16* 2 Liquid Crystal Display for displaying the balance and details
in the RFID card. An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid Crystal
material sandwiched in between them. When sufficient voltage is applied to the
electrodes, the liquid crystal molecules would be aligned in a specific direction. The
light rays passing through the LCD would be rotated by the polarizer, which would
result in activating/highlighting the desired characters.
RFID MODULE
RF READER
A radio frequency identification reader (RFID reader) is a device used to
gather information from an RFID tag, which is used to track individual objects.
Radio waves are used to transfer data from the tag to a reader.
RFID is a technology similar in theory to bar codes. However, the RFID tag does
not have to be scanned directly, nor does it require line-of-sight to a reader. The
RFID tag it must be within the range of an RFID reader, which ranges from 3 to 300
feet, in order to be read. RFID technology allows several items to be quickly scanned
and enables fast identification of a particular product, even when it is surrounded by
several other items.
RFID tags have not replaced bar codes because of their cost and the need to
individually identify every item.
RF TAGS
A radio-frequency identification tag (RFID tag) is an electronic tag that
exchanges data with an RFID reader through radio waves. Most RFID tags are made
up of at least two main parts. The first one is an antenna that receives the radio
frequency (RF) waves. used for processing and storing data as well as for
modulating and demodulating the radio waves received/sent by the antenna.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
The system consists of mainly five components. Heart of the system is a
PIC microcontroller. The system consists of a PIC microcontroller, RFID Module, Lcd
display ,Motor driver IC and a power supply.
PIC 16F877A controls and co-ordinate the working of the whole
components. It is equipped with the necessary circuits such as power supply, clock and
reset circuits for its efficient operation. The frequency of the clock used in this circuit is
4MHz, a piezo-electric crystal is used for this purpose. Two 33pF capacitors are connected
to it for avoiding the damping of the clock signal. Quartz crystal is connected to pin 13 and
14 of the microcontroller. The power supply used in this circuit is a 5V dc source, positive
terminal is connected to the pin numbers 11 and 32 and ground terminal is connected to
the pin 12 and 31. The reset circuit consist of a resistor and switch. Resistor is connected
to VCC and pin 1 and a push button switch is connected to pin 1. When the power supply
is turned on and the switch is pressed ,then the master clear pin goes to ground potential,
and the system terminates all the activities, microcontroller will start program execution
from the beginning.
The RFID reads the data that stored the RFID tag and checks the card valid or
not. The radio frequency signals will allowing the communication. The RFID reader
transmits the relevant data obtained to the microcontroller core. The Motor driver IC will recives
the data from the microcontroller, and it will start it’s working. When the recived data is positive
then the driver IC will allows to operate the motor.
The LCD display will displays the RFID tag’s number and balance. The Enable
control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data. The LCD display connected
to the PORTD of the PIC16F877A microcontroller.

HARDWARE OVERVIEW
The main components used in this circuit are
 PIC16F877A
 16*2 LCD
 LM7805
 L293D
 DC Motor
 RFID Module
 RESISTORS&DIODES

PIC 16F877A
The microcontroller we have used is a PIC16F877A. It is a 40-pin
microcontroller. It can be programmed over 10,000 times and it is very easy to program. It
uses RISC so it has very simple and user friendly instruction set. The pin out diagram for
the microcontroller is shown below:
PIN DIAGRAM:
Some of the core features of PIC16F877A are:
 High performance RISC CPU
 Only 35 single word instructions
 Operating speed of about DC-20MHz clock input
 It has a large interrupting capability-up to 20 sources
 Programmable code protection
 Extended temperature ranges

This microcontroller has programmable code protection or it can be protected
by the user. Since the system has to work for a long period of time and at different weather
conditions in different countries extended temperature ranges are important. The PIC has
the advantage is that it has industrial as well as commercial temperature ranges.
The characteristics of the PIC16F877A microcontroller are:
 8K X 14 program memory
 368 X8 user RAM registers
 40 pins, bidirectional ports Internal oscillator
 Interrupts
Analog Features:
 10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D)
 Brown-out Reset (BOR)
 Analog Comparator module with: two analog comparators
 Programmable on-chip voltage reference
 (VREF) module
 Programmable input multiplexing from device
 Inputs and internal voltage reference
 Comparator outputs are externally accessible
The PIC contains 2 separate memory blocks which can be accessed
simultaneously
 program memory
 data memory
It is a FLASH EEPROM MEMORY where the program from the assembly
code is written to .The program memory bus is 14 bit wide. The PIC16F877A has 8K X
14 bits of program memory which is equivalent to memory space of 8,192 words X 14

bits. The addresses are in hexadecimal and the last available address is 1FFF. The data
memory has 368 general purpose registers and 33 special function registers.
Pinout Description:
PORTA (RA)
(PORTA is a bidirectional I/O port.)
RA0/AN0:- RA0 Digital I/O.
AN0 Analog input0
RA1/AN1:- RA1 Digital I/O.
AN1 Analog input1
RA2/AN2/VREF-/ CVREF:- RA2 Digital I/O
AN2 Analog input2.
VREF- A/D reference voltage (Low) input.
CVREF Comparator VREF output.
RA3/AN3/VREF+:- RA3 Digital I/O
AN3 Analog input 3
VREF+ A/D reference voltage (High) input.
RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT:- RA4 Digital I/O.
T0CKI Timer0 external clock input.
C1OUT Comparator 1 output.
RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT:- RA5 Digital I/O.
AN4 Analog input 4.
SS SPI slave select input.
C2OUT Comparator 2 output.
PORTB (RB)
RB0/INT:- RB0 Digital I/O.
INT External interrupt.
RB1:- RB1 Digital I/O.

RB2:- RB2 Digital I/O
RB3/PGM:- RB3 Digital I/O
PGM Low-voltage ICSP programming enable pin.
RB6/PGC:- RB6 Digital I/O.
PGC In-circuit debugger and ICSP programming clock.
RB7/PGD:- RB7 Digital I/O.
PGD In-circuit debugger and ICSP programming data.
PORTC (RC)
RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI:-RC0 Digital I/O.
T1OSO Timer1 oscillator output.
T1CKI Timer1 external clock input.
RC1/T1OSI/CCP2:- RC1 Digital I/O.
T1OSI Timer1 oscillator input.
CCP2 Capture2 input, Compare2 output, PWM2 output.
RC2/CCP1:- RC2 Digital I/O.
CCP1 Capture1 input, Compare1 output, PWM1 output.
RC3/SCK/SCL:- RC3 Digital I/O.
SCK Synchronous serial clock input/output for SPI mode.
SCL Synchronous serial clock input/output for I2C mode.
RC4/SDI/SDA:- RC4 Digital I/O.
SDA I2C data I/O.
RC6/TX/CK:- RC6 Digital I/O.
TX USART asynchronous transmit.
CK USART1 synchronous clock.
RC7/RX/DT:- RC7 Digital I/O.

RX USART asynchronous receive.
DT USART synchronous data.
PORTD (RD)
(PORTD is a bidirectional I/O port or Parallel Slave Port when interfacing to a
microprocessor bus. )
RD0/PSP0:- RD0 Digital I/O.
PSP0 Parallel Slave Port data.
PORTE (RE)
RE0/RD/AN5:- RE0 Digital I/O.
RD Read control for Parallel Slave Port.
AN5 Anolag input 5.
RE1/WR/AN6:- RE1 Digital I/O.
WR Write control for Parallel Slave Port.

AN6 Analog input 6.
RE2/CS/AN7:- RE2 Digital I/O.
CS Chip select control for Parallel Slave Port.
AN7 Analog input 7.
OSC1/CLKI (Oscillator crystal or external clock input.):-
OSC1 Oscillator crystal input or external clock source input. ST buffer when
configured in RC mode; otherwise CMOS.
CLKI External clock source input. Always associated with pin function OSC1
(OSC1/CLKI, OSC2/CLKO pins).
OSC2/CLKO (Oscillator crystal or clock output.):-
OSC2 Oscillator crystal output. Connects to crystal or resonator in Crystal
oscillator mode.
CLKO In RC mode, OSC2 pin outputs CLKO, which has 1/4 the frequency of OSC1
and denotes the instruction cycle rate.
MCLR/VPP (Master Clear (input) or programming voltage (output)):-
MCLR Master Clear (Reset) input. This pin is an active low Reset to the device.
VPP Programming voltage input.

I/O PORTS
Some pins for these I/O ports are multiplexed with an alternate function for
the peripheral features on the device. In general, when a peripheral is enabled, that pin may
not be used as a general purpose I/O pin. PIC 16F877A contain 5 I/O ports and 33 I/O
pins.
PORTA AND TRISA REGISTERS:-
PORTA is a 6-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction
register is TRISA. Setting a TRISA bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORTA pin an
input (i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a High-Impedance mode). Clearing a
TRISA bit (= 0) will make the corresponding PORTA pin an output (i.e., put the contents
of the output latch on the selected pin).
Reading the PORTA register reads the status of the pins, whereas writing to
it will write to the port latch. All write operations are read-modify-write operations.
Therefore, a write to a port implies that the port pins are read, the value is modified and
then written to the port data latch. Pin RA4 is multiplexed with the Timer0 module clock
input to become the RA4/T0CKI pin. The RA4/T0CKI pin is a Schmitt Trigger input and
an open-drain output. All other PORTA pins have TTL input levels and full CMOS output
drivers. Other PORTA pins are multiplexed with analog inputs and the analog VREF input
for both the A/D converters and the comparators. The operation of each pin is selected by
clearing/setting the appropriate control bits in the ADCON1 and/or CMCON registers.
The TRISA register controls the direction of the port pins even when they
are being used as analog inputs. The user must ensure the bits in the TRISA register are
maintained set when using them as analog inputs.
PORTB AND THE TRISB REGISTER:-

PORTB is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction
register is TRISB. Setting a TRISB bit (= ‘1’) will make the corresponding PORTB pin an
input (i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a Hi-Impedance mode). Clearing a
TRISB bit(= ‘0’) will make the corresponding PORTB pin an output (i.e., put the contents
Three pins of PORTB are multiplexed with the In-Circuit Debugger and Low-
Voltage Programming function: RB3/PGM, RB6/PGC and RB7/PGD.
Each of the PORTB pins has a weak internal pull-up. A single control bit can
turn on all the pull-ups. This is performed by clearing bit RBPU (OPTION_REG<7>). The
weak pull-up is automatically turned off when the port pin is configured as an output. The
pull-ups are disabled on a Power-on Reset.
Four of the PORTB pins, RB7:RB4, have an interrupt on- change feature. Only
pins configured as inputs can cause this interrupt to occur (i.e., any RB7:RB4 pin
configured as an output is excluded from the interrupt on- change comparison). The input
pins (of RB7:RB4) are compared with the old value latched on the last read of PORTB.
The “mismatch” outputs of RB7:RB4 are OR’ed together to generate the RB port change
interrupt with flag bit RBIF (INTCON<0>).
PORTC AND THE TRISC REGISTER:-
PORTC is an 8-bit wide, bidirectional port. The corresponding data direction
register is TRISC. Setting a TRISC bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORTC pin an
input (i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a High-Impedance mode). Clearing a
TRISC bit (= 0) will make the corresponding PORTC pin an output (i.e., put the contents
PORTD AND TRISD REGISTERS:-

PORTD is an 8-bit port with Schmitt Trigger input buffers. Each pin is individually
configurable as an input or output. PORTD can be configured as an 8-bit wide
microprocessor port (Parallel Slave Port) by setting control bit, PSPMODE (TRISE<4>).
In this mode, the input buffers are TTL.
PORTD operates as an 8-bit wide Parallel Slave Port, or microprocessor port, when
control bit PSPMODE (TRISE<4>) is set. In Slave mode, it is asynchronously readable
and writable by the external world through RD control input pin, RE0/RD/AN5, and WR
control input pin, RE1/WR/AN6.
PORTE AND TRISE REGISTER:-
PORTE has three pins (RE0/RD/AN5, RE1/WR/AN6 and RE2/CS/AN7) which are
individually configurable as inputs or outputs. These pins have Schmitt Trigger input
buffers. The PORTE pins become the I/O control inputs for the microprocessor port when
bit PSPMODE (TRISE<4>) is set. In this mode, the user must make certain that the
TRISE<2:0> bits are set and that the pins are configured as digital inputs. Also, ensure that
ADCON1 is configured for digital I/O. In this mode, the input buffers are TTL.
TIMER0 MODULE
The Timer0 module timer/counter has the following features:
 8-bit timer/counter
 Readable and writable
 8-bit software programmable pre scalar
 Internal or external clock select
 Interrupt on overflow from FFh to 00h
 Edge select for external clock

TIMER1 MODULE
The Timer1 module is a 16-bit timer/counter consisting of two 8-bit registers
(TMR1H and TMR1L) which are readable and writable. The TMR1 register pair
(TMR1H:TMR1L) increments from 0000h to FFFFh and rolls over to 0000h. The TMR1
interrupt, if enabled, is generated on overflow which is latched in interrupt flag bit,
TMR1IF (PIR1<0>). This interrupt can be enabled/disabled by setting/clearing TMR1
interrupt enable bit, TMR1IE (PIE1<0>).
Timer1 can operate in one of two modes:
• As a Timer
• As a Counter
The operating mode is determined by the clock select bit, TMR1CS (T1CON<1>).
TIMER2 MODULE
Timer2 is an 8-bit timer with a pre scalar and a post scalar. It can be used as the
PWM time base for the PWM mode of the CCP module(s). The TMR2 register is readable
and writable and is cleared on any device Reset. The input clock (FOSC/4) has a prescale
option of 1:1, 1:4 or 1:16, selected by control bits T2CKPS1:T2CKPS0 (T2CON<1:0>).
The Timer2 module has an 8-bit period register, PR2. Timer2 increments from 00h until it
matches PR2 and then resets to 00h on the next increment cycle. PR2 is a readable and
writable register. The PR2 register is initialized to FFh upon Reset. The match output of
TMR2 goes through a 4-bit post scalar (which gives a 1:1 to 1:16 scaling inclusive) to
generate a TMR2 interrupt (latched in flag bit, TMR2IF (PIR1<1>)). Timer2 can be shut-
off by clearing control bit, TMR2ON (T2CON<2>), to minimize power consumption.
CAPTURE/COMPARE/PWM MODULES

Each Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP) module contains a 16-bit register which
can operate as a:
• 16-bit Capture register
• 16-bit Compare register
• PWM Master/Slave Duty Cycle register
Both the CCP1 and CCP2 modules are identical in operation, with the
exception being the operation of the special event trigger.
CCP1 Module:
Capture/Compare/PWM Register 1 (CCPR1) is comprised of two 8-bit
registers: CCPR1L (low byte) and CCPR1H (high byte). The CCP1CON register controls
the operation of CCP1. The special event trigger is generated by a compare match and will
reset Timer1.
CCP2 Module:
Capture/Compare/PWM Register 2 (CCPR2) is comprised of two 8-bit
registers: CCPR2L (low byte) and CCPR2H (high byte). The CCP2CON register controls
the operation of CCP2. The special event trigger is generated by a compare match and will
reset Timer1 and start an A/D conversion (if the A/D module is enabled).
Capture Mode
In Capture mode, CCPR1H:CCPR1L captures the 16-bit value of the TMR1 register
when an event occurs on pin RC2/CCP1. An event is defined as one of the
following:
 Every falling edge
 Every rising edge
 Every 4th rising edge
 Every 16th rising edge
Compare Mode

In Compare mode, the 16-bit CCPR1 register value is constantly compared
against the TMR1 register pair value. When a match occurs, the RC2/CCP1 pin is:
• Driven high
• Driven low
• Remains unchanged
USART
The Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART)
module is one of the two serial I/O modules. (USART is also known as a Serial
Communications Interface or SCI.) The USART can be configured as a full-duplex
asynchronous system that can communicate with peripheral devices, such as CRT
terminals and personal computers, or it can be configured as a half-duplex synchronous
system that can communicate with peripheral devices, such as A/D or D/A integrated
circuits, serial EEPROMs, etc.
The USART can be configured in the following modes:
• Asynchronous (full-duplex)
• Synchronous – Master (half-duplex)
• Synchronous – Slave (half-duplex)
Bit SPEN (RCSTA<7>) and bits TRISC<7:6> have to be set in order to
configure pins RC6/TX/CK and RC7/RX/DT as the Universal Synchronous Asynchronous
Receiver Transmitter.
The USART module also has a multi-processor communication capability using
9-bit address detection.
REGISTERS

TXSTA(TRANSMIT STATUS AND CONTROL REGISTER):-
CSRC TX9 TXEN SYNC _ BRGH TRMT TX9D
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Bit7 CSRC: Clock Source Select bit
Asynchronous mode:
Don’t care.
Synchronous mode:
1 = Master mode (clock generated internally from BRG)
0 = Slave mode (clock from external source)
bit 6 TX9: 9-bit Transmit Enable bit
1 = Selects 9-bit transmission
0 = Selects 8-bit transmission
bit 5 TXEN: Transmit Enable bit
1 = Transmit enabled
0 = Transmit disabled
Note: SREN/CREN overrides TXEN in Sync mode.
bit 4 SYNC: USART Mode Select bit
1 = Synchronous mode
0 = Asynchronous mode
bit 3 Unimplemented: Read as ‘0’
bit 2 BRGH: High Baud Rate Select bit
Asynchronous mode:
1 = High speed
0 = Low speed
Synchronous mode:
Unused in this mode.
RCSTA(RECEIVE STATUS AND CONTROL REGISTER):-

SPEN RX9 SREN CREN ADDEN FERR OERR RX9D
bit 7 bit 0
bit 7 SPEN: Serial Port Enable bit
1 = Serial port enabled
0 = Serial port disabled
bit 6 RX9: 9-bit Receive Enable bit
1 = Selects 9-bit reception
0 = Selects 8-bit reception
bit 5 SREN: Single Receive Enable bit
Asynchronous mode:
Don’t care.
Synchronous mode – Master:
1 = Enables single receive
0 = Disables single receive
This bit is cleared after reception is complete.
Synchronous mode – Slave:
Don’t care.
bit 4 CREN: Continuous Receive Enable bit
Asynchronous mode:
1 = Enables continuous receive
0 = Disables continuous receive
Synchronous mode:
1 = Enables continuous receive until enable bit CREN is cleared
0 = Disables continuous receive
bit 3 ADDEN: Address Detect Enable bit
Asynchronous mode 9-bit (RX9 = 1):
1 = Enables address detection, enables interrupt and load of the receive
buffer when RSR<8> is set

0 = Disables address detection, all bytes are received and ninth bit can be
used as parity bit
bit 2 FERR: Framing Error bit
1 = Framing error
0 = No framing error
bit 1 OERR: Overrun Error bit
1 = Overrun error (can be cleared by clearing bit CREN)
0 = No overrun error
bit 0 RX9D: 9th bit of Received Data (can be parity bit but must be calculated by
user firmware)
INTERRUPTS
The PIC16F87X family has up to 12 sources of interrupt. The interrupt control
register (INTCON) records individual interrupt requests in flag bits. It also has individual
and global interrupt enable bits. A global interrupt enable bit, GIE (INTCON<7>) enables
(if set) all unmasked interrupts, or disables (if cleared) all interrupts. When bit GIE is
enabled and an interrupt’s flag bit and mask bit are set, the interrupt will vector
immediately. Individual interrupts can be disabled through their corresponding enable bits
in various registers.
INTCON Register
The INTCON register is a readable and writable register, which contains various
enable and flag bits for the TMR0 register overflow, RB Port change and External
RB0/INT pin interrupts.

bit 7 GIE: Global Interrupt Enable bit
1 = Enables all unmasked interrupts
0 = Disables all interrupts
bit 6 PEIE: Peripheral Interrupt Enable bit
1 = Enables all unmasked peripheral interrupts
0 = Disables all peripheral interrupts
bit 5 TMR0IE: TMR0 Overflow Interrupt Enable bit
1 = Enables the TMR0 interrupt
0 = Disables the TMR0 interrupt
bit 4 INTE: RB0/INT External Interrupt Enable bit
1 = Enables the RB0/INT external interrupt
0 = Disables the RB0/INT external interrupt
bit 3 RBIE: RB Port Change Interrupt Enable bit
1 = Enables the RB port change interrupt
0 = Disables the RB port change interrupt
bit 2 TMR0IF: TMR0 Overflow Interrupt Flag bit
1 = TMR0 register has overflowed (must be cleared in software)
0 = TMR0 register did not overflow
bit 1 INTF: RB0/INT External Interrupt Flag bit
1 = The RB0/INT external interrupt
0 = The RB0/INT external interrupt did not occur
bit 0 RBIF: RB Port Change Interrupt Flag bit
1 = At least one of the RB7:RB4 pins changed state

MOTOR DRIVER IC (L293D)
Introduction
The L293D motor driver is available for providing User with ease and user
friendly interfacing for embedded application. L293D motor driver is mounted on
a good quality, single sided non-PTH PCB. The pins of L293D motor driver IC are
connected to connectors for easy access to the driver IC’s pin functions. The
L293D is a Dual Full Bridge driver that can drive up to 1Amp per bridge with
supply voltage up to 24V. It can drive two DC motors, relays, solenoids, etc. The
device is TTL compatible. Two H bridges of L293D can be connected in parallel to
increase its current capacity to 2 Amp.
Features
· Easily compatible with any of the system
· Easy interfacing through FRC (Flat Ribbon Cable)
· External Power supply pin for Motors supported
· Onboard PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) selection switch
· 2pin Terminal Block (Phoenix Connectors) for easy Motors Connection
· Onboard H-Bridge base Motor Driver IC (L293D)
Technical Specification
· Power Supply : Over FRC connector 5V DC
External Power 9V to 24V DC
Dimensional Size : 44mm x 37mm x 14mm (l x b x h)
· Temperature Range : 0°C to +70 °C

RFID MODULE
RF READER
A radio frequency identification reader (RFID reader) is a device used to
gather information from an RFID tag, which is used to track individual objects.
Radio waves are used to transfer data from the tag to a reader.
RFID is a technology similar in theory to bar codes. However, the RFID tag
does not have to be scanned directly, nor does it require line-of-sight to a reader.
The RFID tag it must be within the range of an RFID reader, which ranges from 3
to 300 feet, in order to be read. RFID technology allows several items to be quickly
scanned and enables fast identification of a particular product, even when it is
surrounded by several other items.
RFID tags have not replaced bar codes because of their cost and the need to
individually identify every item.
RF TAGS
A radio-frequency identification tag (RFID tag) is an electronic tag that
exchanges data with an RFID reader through radio waves. Most RFID tags are made
up of at least two main parts. The first one is an antenna that receives the radio
frequency (RF) waves. The second part is an IC (integrated circuit), which is used
for processing and storing data as well as for modulating and demodulating the radio
waves received/sent by the antenna.
Early commercial examples of RFID applications include automatic tracking
of train cars, shipping containers, and automobiles. Railroad cars were originally
labeled with optical barcode labels for tracking. These labels began to deteriorate
and be obscured by dirt, causing reads to fail. As a solution, railroad companies
began to tag railcars with RFID devices. By1994, these devices were mandatory
and nearly every railcar in the United States was tagged RFID devices began to be
used for automated toll collection in the late 1980s and early1990s. Electronic toll
systems have since been adopted around the world. Like railway and shipping
applications, electronic toll systems may use sturdy, self-powered RFID devices
.Automobiles, and shipping containers are all high-value items, with ample
physical space that can accommodate more expensive and bulky RFID devices.
These types of tags could offer much more functionality than simple identification.
For example, shipping containers might have accelerometer sensors, tamper

alarms, or satellite tracking integrated into an identification device. As
manufacturing costs dropped, RFID systems began to be used for lower-value
items in industries besides transport. An example is in animal identification of both
pets and livestock. Glass-encapsulated RFID devices have been implanted in
millions of pets throughout the United States. These tags allow lost animals to be
identified and returned to their rightful owners. These tags have a very short read
range. Livestock, particularly cattle, are often labeled with a RFID device that is
clamped or pierced through their ear, attached to a collar, or swallowed. Unlike
implanted pet tags, these RFID devices are rugged and able to be read from greater
distances.
Concerns over Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow) disease have
motivated proposals for universal tracking of livestock with these types of RFID
systems. Like transport applications, animal tracking is still essentially a low-
volume, high-value market that may justify relatively expensive RFID systems.
Other widespread applications of RFID systems include contactless payment,
access control, or stored-value systems. Since 1997, ExxonMobil gasoline stations
have offered a system called Speed Pass that allows customers to make purchases
with an RFID “fob”, typically a keychain-sized form factor [7]. In 2005, American
Express launched a credit card enhanced with RFID that allows customers to make
purchases without swiping a card 0. RFID proximity cards or “prox cards” are
commonly used for building access control at many companies and universities
throughout the world. Similar systems have been used for ski-lift access control at
ski resorts around the world. Many subway and bus systems around the world, for
example in Singapore, use stored-value RFID proximity cards.
What happens with respect to privacy while RFID-tagged items are in the
hands of a consumer has been an issue of major contention and will be addressed
in Section 4. Supply chain management and inventory control applications of this
scale require an extremely low-cost tag to be economically viable. In settings like
animal identification, proximity cards, electronic toll systems, or stored-value
systems, RFID tags costing as much several US dollars could be justified.
However, items in consumer supply-chain management and inventory control
applications are much cheaper than in traditional settings. RFID tags in these
applications should be as simple and cheap as the traditional, UPC optical bar
code. EPC global, an RFID standards body, has developed specifications for low-
cost electronic product code (EPC) tags as a replacement for the ubiquitous UPC
[6]. In the past, the lack of an open standard was a barrier to RFID adoption. The
EPC standard, and to some extent, the ISO-18000 standard [11] will make it easier

for users to integrate their RFID systems. The potential for EPC may be huge.
Globally, over five billion barcode transactions are conducted daily [25]. Even
miniscule savings per transaction could translate into a huge aggregate cost
savings. The market has already begun to adopt low-cost RFID on a large scale. A
single RFID IC manufacturer, Philips Semiconductor, has already shipped several
billion RFID chips.
RFID tags have also been used as a pedigree for high-fashion items or to
enhance the consumer shopping experience. For example, Prada’s retail store in
New York City offers an RFID-enhanced dressing room that displays product
information and suggests matching apparel. Clothing is particularly suited for
RFID, since it does not contain metals or liquids that interfere with some types of
RFID systems. Retail stores also typically do not have sensitive electronics, like
medical equipment, that some RFID operating frequencies may interfere with.
Clothing’s relatively high per-unit value also justifies the use of RFID tags, which
could be removed and recycled at purchase-time. The clothing industry was an
early-adopter of simple EAS systems in the 1960s for these very reasons. It will
likely be a leader in RFID adoption as well.

LCD INTERFACING
One of the most common devices attached to an 8051 is an LCD display.
Some of the most common LCDs connected to the PIC microcontrollers are 16x2
and 20x4 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters
per line by 4 lines, respectively. In recent years the LCD is finding widespread use
replacing LED’s. This is due to the following reasons.
LCD OPERATION
The LCDs are used widely in all application namely microcontroller instead of
LEDs or other multi segment LEDs. This is due to
 The declining prices of LCDs.
 The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics.this is in contrast to
LEDs, which are limited to numbers and a few characters.
 Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the
CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD. In contrst, the LED must be refreshed
by the CPU (or in some other way) to keep displaying the data.
 Ease of programming for characters and graphics.
Pin Description for LCD

No.of
Pin
Symbols I/O Description
1 Vss ------- Ground
2 Vcc ------- +5V power supply
3 VEE ------- Power supply to control contrast
4 RS I RS=0 to select command register
RS=1 to select data register
5 R/W I R/W=0 for write
R/W=1 for read
6 E I/O Enable
7 DB0 I/O The 8 bit data bus
15 Lamp+ Back ground light
16 Lamp- Back ground light

ADVANTAGES
 Consumes much lesser energy (i.e., low power) when compared to LEDs.
 Utilizes the light available outside and no generation of light.
 Since very thin layer of liquid crystal is used, more suitable to act as display
elements (in digital watches, pocket calculators, etc…).
 Since reflectivity is highly sensitive to temperature, used as temperature
measuring sensor.
 Very cheap.
DISADVANTAGES
 Angle of viewing is limited and external light is must for display.
 Since not generating its own light and makes use of external display, contrast is
poor.
 Cannot be used under wide range of temperature.
IMPORTANT SIGNALS
The following pins are important to LCD’s while programming
Enable (EN):-
The EN line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that
you are sending it data. To send data to the LCD, your program should make sure this line
is low (0) and then set the other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. When
the other lines are completely ready, bring EN high (1) and wait for the minimum amount
of time required by the LCD datasheet (this varies from LCD to LCD), and end by bringing
it low (0) again.

Register Select (RS):-
The RS line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be
treated as a command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.).
When RS is high (1), the data being sent is text data which should be displayed on the
screen. For example, to display the letter "T" on the screen we will set RS high.
Read/Write (R/W):-
The RW line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the
information on the data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program
is effectively querying (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a
read command. All others are write commands--so RW will almost always be low. Finally,
the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on the mode of operation selected by the
user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0, DB1, DB2, DB3,
DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7.

POWER SUPPLY
The AC voltage typically 230V is connected to a transformer, which steps
down the AC voltage down to the level of desired output. A diode rectifier then provides
a rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a DC
voltage. This resulting DC voltage usually has some ripple or AC voltage variation. A
regular circuit can use this DC input to provide a DC voltage that not only has much less
ripple voltage but also remains the same DC values even if the input DC voltage varies
some what, or the load connected to the output DC voltage changes. This voltage
regulation is usually obtained by using one of popular voltage regulator IC’s.
A transformer is a static device in which electric power in one circuit is
transformed into electric power of same frequency in another circuit. It provides a decrease
or increase in the output section along with a decrease or increase in the current. It works
in the principle of mutual induction. It provides isolation to the circuit. The stepped down
transformer is used in this section.
RECTIFIER SECTION
The process of rectification really means conversion of AC into DC voltage.
The DC level obtained from a sinusoidal input can be improved 100% using a process
called bridge configuration. In the bridge opposite two diodes are on in one cycle and other

are on in the other cycle. In one cycle D1 and D3 conducts and in the other cycle D2 and
D4 is on. Irrespective of the input cycle the output polarity across the load remains same.
FILTER SECTION
The filter circuit used her is the capacitor filter where a capacitor is
connected at the rectifier output and the DC voltage is obtained at the output, the filter
filters the ac components. Still the output contains negligible ripple.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR SECTION
The voltage regulator is a device, which maintains the output voltage
constant irrespective of the change in supply variations, load variations and temperature
variations. Regulator IC units contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator,
amplifier, control device and overload protection, all in a single IC.
LM7805
Features:
 Output Current up to 1A
 Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V
 Thermal Overload Protection
 Short Circuit Protection

SOFTWARE OVERVIEW
In this project we use the software’s named as PROTEUS, Micro C for PIC and
RIMU PCB.
PROTEUS:
Proteus VSM uses ISIS schematic capture software to provide the environment for
design entry and development. The ISIS software combines ease of use with powerful
editing tools. It is capable of supporting schematic capture for both simulation and PCB
design. Designs entered in to Proteus VSM for testing can be net-listed for PCB layout
either with Proteus PCB Design products or with third party PCB layout tools. ISIS also
provides a very high degree of control over the drawing appearance, in terms of line
widths, fill styles, fonts, etc. These capabilities are used to provide the graphics
necessary for circuit animation.
The Proteus VSM includes the Pro SPICE which is an established product that
combines uses a SPICE3f5 analogue simulator kernel with a fast event-driven digital
simulator to provide seamless mixed-mode simulation. The use of a SPICE kernel
allows the designer to utilize any of the numerous manufacturer-supplied SPICE models
now available and around 6000 of these are included with the package. Proteus VSM
includes a number of virtual instruments including an Oscilloscope, Logic Analyzer,
Function Generator, Pattern Generator, Counter Timer and Virtual Terminal as well as
simple voltmeters and ammeters. The Advanced Simulation Option allows the designer
to take detailed measurements on graphs, or perform other analysis types such as
frequency, distortion, noise or sweep analyses of analogue circuits. This option also
includes Conformance Analysis - a unique and powerful tool for Software Quality
Assurance.
MICRO C FOR PIC
The Micro C for PIC is used as the compiler. We can write the program/code in
micro C and then we can simply burn to the microcontroller.

ALGORITHM
STEP 1: START
STEP 2: Read the card details
STEP 3: Open the door if the card have minimum balance
Else go to STEP 5
STEP 4: Deduct a fixed amount for each journey
STEP 5: Display “Please Recharge”
STEP 7: Display parameters on output screen
STEP 8: STOP

PROGRAM
sbit LCD_RS at RD2_bit;
sbit LCD_EN at RD3_bit;
sbit LCD_D4 at RD4_bit;
sbit LCD_RS_Direction at TRISD2_bit;
sbit LCD_EN_Direction at TRISD3_bit;
sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISD4_bit;
Unsigned char bal_1[5],bal_2[5];
Unsigned int crd1,crd2;
Sbit in1 at RB6_bit;
Sbit in2 at RB5_bit;
Sbit s_1 at RB0_bit;
Sbit s_2 at RB4_bit;
Unsigned char rcv[10];
Void main()
{
TRISD=0;
PORTD=0;
TRISB.F0=1;
TRISB.F4=1;
TRISB.F6=1;
TRISB.F5=1;
in1=0;
in2=0;
Lcd_Init();
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF);
UART1_Init(9600);
Crd1=EEPROM_Read(0X02);
Delay_ms(50);
Crd2_EEPROM_Read(0X06);
While(1)

{
Lcd_Out(1,1.”AUTO BUS S/M”);
*rcv=Uart1_Read_text();
If(s_1==1)
{
EEPROM_Write(0X02,200);
Delay_ms(500);
}
If(s_2==1)
{
EEPROM_Write(0X06,200);
Delay_ms(500);
}
If(rfid)
{
Rfid=0;
Lcd_Out(1,5,”WELCOME”);
Lcd_Out(2,1,rcv);
Delay_ms(1000);
if(rcv[0]==’1’&&rcv[1]==’5’&&rcv[2]==’4’&&rcv[3]==’3’&&
rcv[4]==’1’&&rcv[5]==’5’&&rcv[6]==’2’&&rcv[7]==’1’)
{
crd1=EEPROM_Read(0X02);
if(crd1>25)
{
crd1=crd1_20;
Delay_ms(40);
EEPROM_Write(0X02,crd1);
intTostr(crd1,bal_1);
Lcd_Out(1,1,”U r Balance”);
Lcd_Out(2,1,bal_1);
in1=1;
in2=0;
Delay_ms(1000);
in1=0;
in2=0;
Delay_ms(1000);
in1=0;
in2=1;
Delay_ms(1000);
in1=0;
in2=0;
}
If(crd1<25){

Lcd_Out(1,1,bal_1);
Lcd_Out(2,1,”Sry Pls Rchrg”);
Delay_ms(1000);
}
}
if(rcv[0]==’1’&&rcv[1]==’3’&&rcv[2]==’3’&&rcv[3]==’2’&&
rcv[4]==’0’&&rcv[5]==’6’&&rcv[6]==’4’&&rcv[7]==’5’)
{
Crd=EEPROM_Read(0X06);
if(crd2>25)
{
Crd2=crd2_20;
Delay_ms(40);
EEPROM_Write(0X06,crd2);
intTostr(crd2,bal_2);
Lcd_Out(1,1,”U r Balance”);
Lcd_Out(2,1,bal_2);
in1=1;
in2=0;
Delay_ms(1000);
in1=0;
in2=0;
Delay_ms(1500);
in1=0;
in2=1;
Delay_ms(1000);
in1=0;
in2=0;
}
If(crd2<25)
{
Lcd_Cnd(_LCD_CLEAR);
Lcd_Out(1,1,bal_2);
Lcd_Out(2,1,”Sry Pls Rchrg”);
Delay_ms(1000);
}
}
Delay_ms(1000);
}
}
}

PROCESS INVOLVED IN PCB DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
Printed circuit boards, or PCBs form the core of electronic equipment domestic
and industrial .some of the areas where PCB are intensively used are computers, process
control, telecommunications and instrumentation.
MANUFACTURING
The manufacturing process consists of two methods: Print and etch, print plate
and etch. The single sided PCB are usually made using the print and etch method. The
double sided plate through-hole (PTH) boards are made by the print plate and etch method.
The production of multilayer boards uses both the methods. The inner layers are printed
and etch while the outer layers are produced by print , plate and etch after pressing the
inner layers.
SOFTWARE
The software used in our project to design the pcb is RIMU PCB.
RIMU PCB:
This is a popular PCB design software. The main features of this layout editor
are:
-Easy to use and cost effective.
-Can import a netlist from your schematic. Seven different formats.
-Design rule checking - 32 rules in five categories.
-Multiple Undo / Redo command.

-Automatic shape based power planes.
-Extensive printing options and print preview.
-Search libraries by part number and/or description.
-New component footprints and libraries can be created and edited easily.
-Floating/drop down palettes.
-Windows MDI interface.
-32 bit application runs under Windows 98, NT4.0, 2000 and XP
PANELISATION
Here the schematic transformed in to the working positive/negative films. The
circuit is repeated conveniently to accommodate economically as many circuits as possible
in a panel, which can be operated in every sequence of subsequent steps in the PCB
process. This is called penalization. For the PTH boards, the next operation is drilling.
DRILLING
PCB drilling is a state of the art operation. Very small holes are drilled with
high speed drilling machines, giving a wall finish with less smear.
PLATING
The heart of the PCB manufacturing process. The holes drilled in the board
are treated both mechanically and chemically before depositing the copper by the electro
less copper plating process.
ETCHING
Dosing equipment, which analyses and controls etchants concentrations.
Once a multiplier board is drilled and electro less copper deposited, the image available in
the form of a film is transferred on to the outside by photo printing using a dry film printing

process. The board are then electrolitically plated on to the circuit pattern with copper and
tin. The tin-plated deposit serves an etch resist when copper in the unwanted area is
removed by the conveyorized spray etching machines with chemical etchants.
SOLDERMASK
Since a PCB design call for very close spacing between conductors a solder
mask has to be applied on the both sides of the circuitry to avoid the bridging of conductors
. the solder mask ink is applied by screening .the ink is dried , exposed to UV, developed
in a mild alkaline solution and finally cured by both UV and thermal energy .
HOT AIR LEVELING
After applying the solder mask , the circuit pads are soldered using the hot air
leveling process. The bare bodies fluxed and dipped into a molten solder bath. While
removing the board from the solder bath , hot air is blown on both sides of the board
through air knives in the machines , leaving the board soldered and leveled . This is one of
the common finishes given to the boards . Thus the double side plated through hole printed
circuit board is manufactured and is now ready for the components to be soldered.

FEATURES
 Provides high security.
 Updated data can be conveying to audience.
 Low cost.
 No man power is needed.
 More reliable and simple circuitry.
.

FUTURE SCOPE
This electronic circuit is mainly used in “AUTOMATION OF DOORS”.
This project can also be used for the following application
1. To mark attendance of workers in a company/industry
2. To store number of the students entering to the bus/class.
3. To monitor / display the balance of the RFID card.
It can be used in a college/company/industry to mark the attendance of
students/employees/workers. The system can be implemented on metro rails, by
that it provides easy ticketing and much more security to the passengers.
In future we can monitor the bus tickets/railway tickets as rfid tickets.
By that the need man power is decreasing. And also we can implement this circuitry
for developing a smart library system.

CONCLUSION
RFID in the library speeds up book borrowing ,monitoring, book
searching processes and thus frees staff to do more user service tasks. But the
performance varies with respect to the vendors of RFID readers and tags. The
efficient utilization of the technology also depends upon the information to be
written tag. Experimental results with respect to effectiveness of RFID reader
position, tag position are presented in the paper.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS
Design with PIC microcontrollers -John B Peatman
Basic electronics and linear circuits - NN Bhargava
Microcontroller &embedded systems -Mazidi
WEBSITES
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.microchip.com
www.maxim-ic.com
www.alldatasheet.com
APPENDIX

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