Evaluation factors contributing to the treatment default by tuberculosis patients at ART Clinic in Ishaka Adventist Hospital, Bushenyi District, Uganda..pdf
This document summarizes a study that evaluated factors contributing to treatment default among tuberculosis patients at an ART clinic in Uganda. The study found that the majority of participants were over 30 years old, unemployed, and had to travel over 10km to receive treatment. Most participants were not diagnosed with TB more than a year ago. The majority felt that TB treatment is curative but takes longer than 6 months to complete. Fear of isolation was the most common reason patients did not inform family/friends of their TB status. The study concludes that strengthening TB treatment, prevention, and control systems is needed.
Incidence of Tuberculosis in HIV Sero-positive Patients at HIV Clinic at Kamp...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Incidence of Tuberculosis in HIV Sero-positive Patients at HIV Clinic at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi District
Okello, Andrew
School of Allied Health Sciences Kampala International University-Western Campus
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
This study on the prevalence of TB among HIV sero-positive was carried at the HIV CLINIC of Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KIUTH), Ishaka Bushenyi district. A retrospective cross-sectional study design was used to conduct this research. The study targeted all patients attending KIUTH HIV/TB clinic. A standard structured and semi-structured questionnaires were designed and pre-tested for validity and reliability at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital HIV/Tuberculosis clinic before being used for data collection. Data collection started by recruitment of qualified research assistants, appropriate training and orientation of the interviewers before the survey for example when reading the questions. Quantitative methods of data analysis was used in which data was presented in form of bar charts, graphs and tables. The prevalence of TB among HIV sero-positive patients attending HIV clinic at KIUTH stands at 8.06 per 100 participants. The study found that generally, people are aware about the modes of transmission of TB but there is still need for more awareness. Many patients are still not certain whether TB is curable in HIV patients. As seen from the above study, most of the people are not yet aware whether HIV goes hand in hand with tuberculosis. The prevalence of TB in HIV sero-positive attending HIV clinic at KIUTH is high. Generally, TB is affecting patients of all ages and most patients are still not aware if TB in HIV is curable. Most patients have a perception that all TB patients have HIV. Health workers in HIV clinic of KIU-TH should teach patients the modes of transmission and prevention of TB. KIUTH also need to provide easy access to TB screening services to patients. There is need for financial support by the government to the unemployed patients and low-income earners in order to curb TB infections.
Keywords: Tuberculosis, HIV, Sero-positive, Bushenyi District
________________________________________
Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy among HIVPositive Patients in Central Hos...Efe Clement Abel
Abstract: Adherence is the quantified level to which an individual follows a prescribed treatment and a low level of adherence to antiretroviral therapy(ART) adversely affects a patient’s treatment outcome and results in a rebound of plasma viraemia, development of resistant strains of HIV, more rapid immune deterioration, development of AIDS and death. This study is aimed at assessing the level of adherence to ART among HIV-positive patients assessing care in Central Hospital, Warri, Delta State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study. Data were obtained using a semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire and analysed using SPSS version 23. A total of 303 persons were recruited for the study. The mean age of respondents was 36.2±10.8years. Less than half of the subjects (45.5%) were adherent to their ART. Among the non-adherent subjects, the common reasons reported for missing doses of ART were forgetfulness (50.9%), too busy with other things (43.6%) and away from home (35.8%). This study showed that adherence to ART among the study population was poor. Forgetfulness, too busy with other things and being away from home were the most common reason for non-adherence. It is, therefore, recommended that; regular health education should be organised for HIV patients on ART on the importance of being adherent to their ART, regular assessment of adherence to ART should be carried out and a method of reminding patients who are non-adherent to ART on the need to take their ART as at when due should be considered as part of the routine services provided by ART centres.
October 7, 2019
On October 7, 2019, the Harvard Global Health Institute will host a one-day symposium to explore what enabled this visionary program, and to showcase how it has transformed not just the worldwide HIV/AIDS response but global health delivery more broadly.
There are many lessons learned in PEPFAR’s story - from what it took to build a supply chain where there was none, to establishing the use of generic antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) and leveraging human capacity. This event convened the early architects of PEPFAR as well as experts and implementers currently leading the charge. We took a historically informed look at what it will take to stop global transmission, and shared tools useful for others hoping to move the needle on vexing problems in global health.
For more information, visit our website at https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/15-years-of-pepfar
Adverse Events among HIV/MDR-TB Co-Infected Patients Receiving Antiretroviral...Dr.Samsuddin Khan
Abstract
Background
Significant adverse events (AE) have been reported in patients receiving medications for multidrug- and extensively-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB & XDR-TB). However, there is little prospective data on AE in MDR- or XDR-TB/HIV co-infected patients on antituberculosis and antiretroviral therapy (ART) in programmatic settings.
Methods
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) is supporting a community-based treatment program for drug-resistant tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in a slum setting in Mumbai, India since 2007. Patients are being treated for both diseases and the management of AE is done on an outpatient basis whenever possible. Prospective data were analysed to determine the occurrence and nature of AE.
Results
Between May 2007 and September 2011, 67 HIV/MDR-TB co-infected patients were being treated with anti-TB treatment and ART; 43.3% were female, median age was 35.5 years (Interquartile Range: 30.5–42) and the median duration of anti-TB treatment was 10 months (range 0.5–30). Overall, AE were common in this cohort: 71%, 63% and 40% of patients experienced one or more mild, moderate or severe AE, respectively. However, they were rarely life-threatening or debilitating. AE occurring most frequently included gastrointestinal symptoms (45% of patients), peripheral neuropathy (38%), hypothyroidism (32%), psychiatric symptoms (29%) and hypokalaemia (23%). Eleven patients were hospitalized for AE and one or more suspect drugs had to be permanently discontinued in 27 (40%). No AE led to indefinite suspension of an entire MDR-TB or ART regimen.
Conclusions
AE occurred frequently in this Mumbai HIV/MDR-TB cohort but not more frequently than in non-HIV patients on similar anti-TB treatment. Most AE can be successfully managed on an outpatient basis through a community-based treatment program, even in a resource-limited setting. Concerns about severe AE in the management of co-infected patients are justified, however, they should not cause delays in the urgently needed rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy and second-line anti-TB treatment
Incidence of Tuberculosis in HIV Sero-positive Patients at HIV Clinic at Kamp...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Incidence of Tuberculosis in HIV Sero-positive Patients at HIV Clinic at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi District
Okello, Andrew
School of Allied Health Sciences Kampala International University-Western Campus
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
This study on the prevalence of TB among HIV sero-positive was carried at the HIV CLINIC of Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KIUTH), Ishaka Bushenyi district. A retrospective cross-sectional study design was used to conduct this research. The study targeted all patients attending KIUTH HIV/TB clinic. A standard structured and semi-structured questionnaires were designed and pre-tested for validity and reliability at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital HIV/Tuberculosis clinic before being used for data collection. Data collection started by recruitment of qualified research assistants, appropriate training and orientation of the interviewers before the survey for example when reading the questions. Quantitative methods of data analysis was used in which data was presented in form of bar charts, graphs and tables. The prevalence of TB among HIV sero-positive patients attending HIV clinic at KIUTH stands at 8.06 per 100 participants. The study found that generally, people are aware about the modes of transmission of TB but there is still need for more awareness. Many patients are still not certain whether TB is curable in HIV patients. As seen from the above study, most of the people are not yet aware whether HIV goes hand in hand with tuberculosis. The prevalence of TB in HIV sero-positive attending HIV clinic at KIUTH is high. Generally, TB is affecting patients of all ages and most patients are still not aware if TB in HIV is curable. Most patients have a perception that all TB patients have HIV. Health workers in HIV clinic of KIU-TH should teach patients the modes of transmission and prevention of TB. KIUTH also need to provide easy access to TB screening services to patients. There is need for financial support by the government to the unemployed patients and low-income earners in order to curb TB infections.
Keywords: Tuberculosis, HIV, Sero-positive, Bushenyi District
________________________________________
Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy among HIVPositive Patients in Central Hos...Efe Clement Abel
Abstract: Adherence is the quantified level to which an individual follows a prescribed treatment and a low level of adherence to antiretroviral therapy(ART) adversely affects a patient’s treatment outcome and results in a rebound of plasma viraemia, development of resistant strains of HIV, more rapid immune deterioration, development of AIDS and death. This study is aimed at assessing the level of adherence to ART among HIV-positive patients assessing care in Central Hospital, Warri, Delta State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study. Data were obtained using a semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire and analysed using SPSS version 23. A total of 303 persons were recruited for the study. The mean age of respondents was 36.2±10.8years. Less than half of the subjects (45.5%) were adherent to their ART. Among the non-adherent subjects, the common reasons reported for missing doses of ART were forgetfulness (50.9%), too busy with other things (43.6%) and away from home (35.8%). This study showed that adherence to ART among the study population was poor. Forgetfulness, too busy with other things and being away from home were the most common reason for non-adherence. It is, therefore, recommended that; regular health education should be organised for HIV patients on ART on the importance of being adherent to their ART, regular assessment of adherence to ART should be carried out and a method of reminding patients who are non-adherent to ART on the need to take their ART as at when due should be considered as part of the routine services provided by ART centres.
October 7, 2019
On October 7, 2019, the Harvard Global Health Institute will host a one-day symposium to explore what enabled this visionary program, and to showcase how it has transformed not just the worldwide HIV/AIDS response but global health delivery more broadly.
There are many lessons learned in PEPFAR’s story - from what it took to build a supply chain where there was none, to establishing the use of generic antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) and leveraging human capacity. This event convened the early architects of PEPFAR as well as experts and implementers currently leading the charge. We took a historically informed look at what it will take to stop global transmission, and shared tools useful for others hoping to move the needle on vexing problems in global health.
For more information, visit our website at https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/15-years-of-pepfar
Adverse Events among HIV/MDR-TB Co-Infected Patients Receiving Antiretroviral...Dr.Samsuddin Khan
Abstract
Background
Significant adverse events (AE) have been reported in patients receiving medications for multidrug- and extensively-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB & XDR-TB). However, there is little prospective data on AE in MDR- or XDR-TB/HIV co-infected patients on antituberculosis and antiretroviral therapy (ART) in programmatic settings.
Methods
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) is supporting a community-based treatment program for drug-resistant tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in a slum setting in Mumbai, India since 2007. Patients are being treated for both diseases and the management of AE is done on an outpatient basis whenever possible. Prospective data were analysed to determine the occurrence and nature of AE.
Results
Between May 2007 and September 2011, 67 HIV/MDR-TB co-infected patients were being treated with anti-TB treatment and ART; 43.3% were female, median age was 35.5 years (Interquartile Range: 30.5–42) and the median duration of anti-TB treatment was 10 months (range 0.5–30). Overall, AE were common in this cohort: 71%, 63% and 40% of patients experienced one or more mild, moderate or severe AE, respectively. However, they were rarely life-threatening or debilitating. AE occurring most frequently included gastrointestinal symptoms (45% of patients), peripheral neuropathy (38%), hypothyroidism (32%), psychiatric symptoms (29%) and hypokalaemia (23%). Eleven patients were hospitalized for AE and one or more suspect drugs had to be permanently discontinued in 27 (40%). No AE led to indefinite suspension of an entire MDR-TB or ART regimen.
Conclusions
AE occurred frequently in this Mumbai HIV/MDR-TB cohort but not more frequently than in non-HIV patients on similar anti-TB treatment. Most AE can be successfully managed on an outpatient basis through a community-based treatment program, even in a resource-limited setting. Concerns about severe AE in the management of co-infected patients are justified, however, they should not cause delays in the urgently needed rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy and second-line anti-TB treatment
ONLINE FUZZY-LOGIC KNOWLEDGE WAREHOUSING AND MINING MODEL FOR THE DIAGNOSIS A...ijcsity
The need for a reliable and efficient way of storing and mining data about people living with HIV/AIDs with the intent to monitor the health status for effective therapy is on the increase. This paper presents a model of a web-based system for knowledge warehousing and mining of diagnosis and therapy of HIV/AIDs using Fuzzy Logic and data mining approach. A model was developed, using the predictive modeling technique, for predicting HIV/AIDs and monitoring of patient health status. The fuzzy inference
rule and a decision support system based on cognitive filtering was employed to determine the possible course of action to be taken. A case study of some data of PLWH was used and the result obtained shows that the developed system is efficient. The system uses XAMP on Windows OS platform. The system was tested and evaluated with satisfactory results
Comparison of Ultrabio HIV DNA PCR and Gag Real-Time PCR Assays for Total Hiv...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Comparison of Ultrabio HIV DNA PCR and Gag Real-Time PCR Assays for Total Hiv-1 DNA Quantification by Tuofu Zhu in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Exploring Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of ICU Health Workers Regarding ...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Nosocomial Infection is a localized or systemic infection acquired at any health care facility including hospitals by a patient admitted for any reason other than the pathology present during admission. Including an infection acquired in a healthcare facility that manifest 48 hours after the patient's admission or discharge. Objective: Themain aim of this study is toassess the level of knowledge, attitudes and practice of ICU health personnel with regards to the spread of nosocomial infections. Methodology: A cross-sectional and facility based study was conducted from March to November 2016 at King Khalid hospital in Najran, Saudi Arabia. By adopting convenience technique, 50 subjects had been recruited to participate in this study. Results: 62% of respondentswere female. The mean age was 29 years. Concerning educational status, 54% of the participants have Bsc. professionally most of them (48%) were nurses. 60% of the participants have less than three year working experience in ICU.86% of them highlighted that hands must be washed with soap and water or even rubbed with alcohol before contacting with patients. Additionally, the result reveals that employees who had master degree or above displayed higher mean knowledge scores as compared to the other two groups (diploma or less & bachelor) (0.7147 & 4.6656) respectively. High significant statistical differences were found between the three academic groups in relation to sharp devices, personal protective equipment (gloves, gowns &masks), care of intravenous infusion therapy, central line care and urinary catheter care (F=4.594, F=7.982, F=5.539, F=4.471, F=15.310, F=4.345) respectively at p < 0.05. Recommendation & conclusion: Health workers in ICU (King Khalid hospital) showed adequate knowledge and faire attitude regarding universal precautions
33.Vohra P, Jamatia K, Subhada B, Tiwari RVC, Althaf MN, Jain C. Correlation of CD4 counts with oral and systemic manifestations in HIV patients. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019 Oct;8(10):3247-3252. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_767_19. eCollection 2019 Oct. PubMed PMID: 31742150; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6857402.
Vohra P, Jamatia K, Subhada B, Tiwari RV, Althaf MS, Jain C. Correlation of CD4 counts with oral and systemic manifestations in HIV patients. J Family Med Prim Care 2019;8:3247-52.
From Discovery to Delivery: Benchwork to Global Health: Corey CasperUWGlobalHealth
Explores relationships and discrepancies between important research-based medical advancements and subsequent real world implementation. Advancements in the management and potential elimination of infectious diseases such as HIV and TB will be addressed, as related to development and implementation of effective diagnostics, vaccines, or treatments.
Factors Associated with patients adherence to Tb treatment following COVI-19 ...MtMt37
studies show that, Poor adherence to treatment is one of the major challenges affecting tuberculosis control and account for the major obstacles to treatment management . Uganda had a TB default rate of 11% with a treatment success rate of only 70% among smear positive patients (WHO, 2010), compared with national accepted adherence level of 95% of as per the WHO guidelines. It is on record that, Masaka District has high prevalence of TB known to be associated with HIV/AIDs (NTRL 2016). an institutional based survey established among other factors that, inadequate and irregular supplies of TB drugs, long travel distance by patients, stigma, discrimination and suspension of transport as COVID 19 prevention guideline have contributed to poor adherence of TB patients in Masaka.
Evaluation of the factors that contribute to high prevalence of malaria in HI...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the factors that contribute to high prevalence of malaria in HIV Patients in Bushenyi District, Uganda
Kakuru James
Faculty of Nursing Sciences Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Malaria remains the single main cause of ill health and death among HIV/AIDS patients in resource-poor countries worldwide. Malaria still remains a challenging infection affecting the lives of several HIV-infected persons in Uganda. Statistics from the Ministry of Health show that malaria is still the leading cause of death in Uganda, accounting for over 27% of deaths. Malaria prevalence in HIV-positive patients in Kyamuhunga Health Centre III is thought to be at 7.8% of the HIV-positive patients attending the clinic on a daily basis. This study therefore aimed at assessing the factors contributing to the high prevalence of malaria among HIV-positive patients attending the HIV Clinic at Kyamuhunga Health Centre III in Bushenyi District. The study covered a sample of eighty (80) respondents to gather primary data. A simple random sampling method was used to gather responses from patients. Questionnaires and an interview guide were used as data collection tools. Results indicated that the majority of the participants were female patients and malaria was dominant among HIV-positive patients aged 38-47 years. It was noted that the odds of having malaria also increased among patients with lower levels of education. It was also noted that more odds of having malaria were found among the majority of patients who were farmers and unemployed participants. Malaria infection was acquired with repeated exposure to malaria parasites especially for patients who did not use insecticide treated mosquito nets. It is noted that HIV-positive patients with malaria greatly acquired unbalanced immunity with relatively low CD4+ cell count and unbalanced hemoglobin levels, greatly affected by body pain and weakness, fever, headache, and variety issues of vomiting. Paracetamol, use of treated mosquito nets, clinical examination, and patient follow-up was shown to provide a beneficial effect in preventing malaria infection among HIV-positive patients. In conclusion, malaria infection is acquired from repeated exposure to malaria parasites especially for patients who did not use Treated mosquito nets which increased the susceptibility to new malaria infections among HIV-positive patients. The researcher, therefore, recommends that comprehensive health education, antiretroviral therapy, and malaria preventive materials such as insecticide-treated bed nets should be provided to reduce the prevalence of malaria among HIV-positive patients.
Keywords: Malaria, HIV patients, Treated mosquito nets, Antiretroviral therapy.
Un estudio sobre las caracteristicas del tratamiento sde la TB XDR en sudafrica y el pronostico de vida de los pacientes segun las estrategias terapeuticas
Feasibility of an SMS intervention to deliver tuberculosis testing results in...SystemOne
Pre-treatment loss to follow-up is common for patients diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) in high-burden countries. Delivering test results by SMS is increasingly being considered as a solution, but there is limited information about its feasibility as a public health tool in low resourced settings. It was found that reporting Xpert results via automated SMS is technically feasible and results in approximately half of patients receiving their test results immediately. Additional research should be done to address process inefficiencies in order to maximize impact of this technology and link its successful utilization to improved patient outcomes.
Factors Associated with Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine Uptake amongst Girls Ag...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a sexually transmitted infection. HPV vaccine since its first licensure in 2006 has proven to be safe, highly immunogenic, and induces strong direct and indirect protection against HPV and its sequelae. The study was designed to determine the socio-demographic, health care, and parental factors associated with human papillomavirus vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. The study was a cross-sectional study employing a simple random sampling method and a total of 364 girls were interviewed following the set criteria using questionnaire data. Data were cleaned, coded, and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Findings were presented as frequencies, percentages, odd ratios, and p-values using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. From the study, statistically significant sociodemographic factors such as age (p=0.0000), schooling status (p=0.0000), level of education (p=0.007442), attitudes towards the HPV vaccine (p=0.005175), Receiving vaccine doses from different vaccination sites (p=0.0000), and Ethnicity (p=0.0000), healthcare factors such as outreaches in communities (p=0.0000), information received (p=0.0000), encouragement from health workers (p=0.0000), availability of vaccines (p=0.0000) and parental factors such as knowledge about HPV vaccine(p=0.001), parental hesitancy (p<0.001), level of education (p=0.0000), social economic status (p=0.001), attitudes towards HPV vaccine, (p=0.0000) and HPV vaccine awareness (p=0.0000) were found statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. From the study findings, the study variables such as sociodemographic, and health-related factors were found to be statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. Therefore, effort should be brought to all levels of intervention so that HPV uptake is taken into consideration if the need for good health among girls needs to be achieved.
Keywords: Human papillomavirus virus, sexually transmitted infection, Health care, HPV vaccine, Cancer.
Ocular inflammatory disease and ocular tuberculosis in a cohort of patients c...Dr.Samsuddin Khan
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
The prevalence and the patterns of ocular inflammatory disease and ocular tuberculosis (TB) are largely undocumented among Multidrug Resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients co-infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and on antituberculosis and antiretroviral therapy (ART).
METHODS:
Lilavati Hospital and Research Center and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) organized a cross-sectional ophthalmological evaluation ofHIV/MDR-TB co-infected patients followed in an MSF-run HIV-clinic in Mumbai, India, which included measuring visual acuity, and slit lamp and dilated fundus examinations.
RESULTS:
Between February and April 2012, 47 HIV/MDR-TB co-infected patients (including three patients with extensively drug-resistant TB) were evaluated. Sixty-four per cent were male, mean age was 39 years (standard deviation: 8.7) and their median (IQR) CD4 count at the time of evaluation was 264 cells/μL (158-361). Thirteen patients (27%) had detectable levels of HIV viremia (>20 copies/ml). Overall, examination of the anterior segments was normal in 45/47 patients (96%). A dilated fundus examination revealed active ocular inflammatory disease in seven eyes of sevenpatients (15.5%, 95% Confidence Intervals (CI); 5.1-25.8%). 'These included five eyes of five patients (10%) with choroidal tubercles, one eye of one patient (2%) with presumed tubercular chorioretinitis and one eye of one patient (2%) with evidence of presumed active CMV retinitis. Presumed ocular tuberculosis was thus seen in a total of six patients (12.7%, 95% CI; 3.2-22.2%). Two patients who had completed anti-TB treatment had active ocular inflammatory disease, in the form of choroidal tubercles (two eyes of two patients). Inactive scars were seen in three eyes of three patients (6%).Patients with extrapulmonary TB and patients<39 years old were at significantly higher risk of having ocular TB [Risk Ratio: 13.65 (95% CI: 2.4-78.5) and 6.38 (95% CI: 1.05-38.8) respectively].
CONCLUSIONS:
Ocular inflammatory disease, mainly ocular tuberculosis, was common in a cohort of HIV/MDR-TB co-infected patients in Mumbai,India. Ophthalmological examination should be routinely considered in HIV patients diagnosed with or suspected to have MDR-TB, especially in those with extrapulmonary TB.
Effect of Cultural Values on Character Formation: Implication for Education ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The influence of cultural norms and home values on an individual's personality and life adjustment can manifest in various ways. An individual's personality is shaped by a complex interplay of biological and experiential factors, with the latter being significantly influenced by cultural elements. One prominent avenue through which cultural values impact personality is in the cultural conditioning of child-rearing practices. When a child is born, it not only relies on the care and support of family members but also lacks the necessary behavioral knowledge required to function within a human society. It depends on innate biological instincts like hunger and the care provided by elders to fulfill these basic needs. To survive and thrive, a human infant must acquire the skills, knowledge, and societal norms specific to the culture into which it is born. Thus, cultural values are deliberately instilled in the members of a society. For a society to function effectively, these shared cultural values must be passed down through generations, primarily through child-rearing practices within homes. Nigeria, characterized by its diverse cultural backgrounds, value systems, and numerous ethnic groups, has distinct child-rearing practices that transmit these values and norms to successive generations. This paper examines the role of culture in shaping an individual's character and emphasizes that education, when coupled with values, is crucial. Education serves as a potent tool for fostering desirable character traits, and it must be refocused to continue producing individuals with strong moral values and responsible character.
Keywords: Character formation, Culture, Morals, Value, Impact
Accounts Payable Administration and Profitability of Quoted Manufacturing Com...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
This study was carried out to examine accounts payable administration and profitability of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria with reference to consumer goods sector. This was motivated by the desire to learn how proper administration of accounts payable enhances profitability in the wake of the widespread corporate failures in Nigeria and the rest of the world. Accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio were represented by accounts payable administration while return on assets was used as proxy for profitability. The study used purposive sampling technique to extract data from the annual reports of manufacturing companies quoted on the Nigerian Exchange Group Plc as of December 31st, 2022. Secondary data were gathered for the study. The study covered ten years’ time frame from 2013 to 2022. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine the data specifically through regression analysis. The outcome of the data analysis showed that accounts payable ratio has a negligible negative influence on return on assets; short-term debt ratio significantly influences the return on assets; the combined variables (accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio) significantly influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. This implies that, accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio influences the profit generated by manufacturing companies in Nigeria considering it aggregate effect. It was advised that, sound and pragmatic approach should be maintained in the administration of accounts payable in manufacturing companies in order to positively influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in the country. Administration of accounts payable should be carried out by financial expert in order to ensure that financial obligation is met to vendors of goods and services when it is due. In order to ensure minimal supply interruption and increase liquidity capacity, institutions should negotiate better terms of credit with their suppliers and extend the accounts payment period.
Keywords: Accounts Payable Administration, Profitability and Quoted Manufacturing Companies.
________________________________________
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ONLINE FUZZY-LOGIC KNOWLEDGE WAREHOUSING AND MINING MODEL FOR THE DIAGNOSIS A...ijcsity
The need for a reliable and efficient way of storing and mining data about people living with HIV/AIDs with the intent to monitor the health status for effective therapy is on the increase. This paper presents a model of a web-based system for knowledge warehousing and mining of diagnosis and therapy of HIV/AIDs using Fuzzy Logic and data mining approach. A model was developed, using the predictive modeling technique, for predicting HIV/AIDs and monitoring of patient health status. The fuzzy inference
rule and a decision support system based on cognitive filtering was employed to determine the possible course of action to be taken. A case study of some data of PLWH was used and the result obtained shows that the developed system is efficient. The system uses XAMP on Windows OS platform. The system was tested and evaluated with satisfactory results
Comparison of Ultrabio HIV DNA PCR and Gag Real-Time PCR Assays for Total Hiv...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Comparison of Ultrabio HIV DNA PCR and Gag Real-Time PCR Assays for Total Hiv-1 DNA Quantification by Tuofu Zhu in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Exploring Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of ICU Health Workers Regarding ...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Nosocomial Infection is a localized or systemic infection acquired at any health care facility including hospitals by a patient admitted for any reason other than the pathology present during admission. Including an infection acquired in a healthcare facility that manifest 48 hours after the patient's admission or discharge. Objective: Themain aim of this study is toassess the level of knowledge, attitudes and practice of ICU health personnel with regards to the spread of nosocomial infections. Methodology: A cross-sectional and facility based study was conducted from March to November 2016 at King Khalid hospital in Najran, Saudi Arabia. By adopting convenience technique, 50 subjects had been recruited to participate in this study. Results: 62% of respondentswere female. The mean age was 29 years. Concerning educational status, 54% of the participants have Bsc. professionally most of them (48%) were nurses. 60% of the participants have less than three year working experience in ICU.86% of them highlighted that hands must be washed with soap and water or even rubbed with alcohol before contacting with patients. Additionally, the result reveals that employees who had master degree or above displayed higher mean knowledge scores as compared to the other two groups (diploma or less & bachelor) (0.7147 & 4.6656) respectively. High significant statistical differences were found between the three academic groups in relation to sharp devices, personal protective equipment (gloves, gowns &masks), care of intravenous infusion therapy, central line care and urinary catheter care (F=4.594, F=7.982, F=5.539, F=4.471, F=15.310, F=4.345) respectively at p < 0.05. Recommendation & conclusion: Health workers in ICU (King Khalid hospital) showed adequate knowledge and faire attitude regarding universal precautions
33.Vohra P, Jamatia K, Subhada B, Tiwari RVC, Althaf MN, Jain C. Correlation of CD4 counts with oral and systemic manifestations in HIV patients. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019 Oct;8(10):3247-3252. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_767_19. eCollection 2019 Oct. PubMed PMID: 31742150; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6857402.
Vohra P, Jamatia K, Subhada B, Tiwari RV, Althaf MS, Jain C. Correlation of CD4 counts with oral and systemic manifestations in HIV patients. J Family Med Prim Care 2019;8:3247-52.
From Discovery to Delivery: Benchwork to Global Health: Corey CasperUWGlobalHealth
Explores relationships and discrepancies between important research-based medical advancements and subsequent real world implementation. Advancements in the management and potential elimination of infectious diseases such as HIV and TB will be addressed, as related to development and implementation of effective diagnostics, vaccines, or treatments.
Factors Associated with patients adherence to Tb treatment following COVI-19 ...MtMt37
studies show that, Poor adherence to treatment is one of the major challenges affecting tuberculosis control and account for the major obstacles to treatment management . Uganda had a TB default rate of 11% with a treatment success rate of only 70% among smear positive patients (WHO, 2010), compared with national accepted adherence level of 95% of as per the WHO guidelines. It is on record that, Masaka District has high prevalence of TB known to be associated with HIV/AIDs (NTRL 2016). an institutional based survey established among other factors that, inadequate and irregular supplies of TB drugs, long travel distance by patients, stigma, discrimination and suspension of transport as COVID 19 prevention guideline have contributed to poor adherence of TB patients in Masaka.
Evaluation of the factors that contribute to high prevalence of malaria in HI...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the factors that contribute to high prevalence of malaria in HIV Patients in Bushenyi District, Uganda
Kakuru James
Faculty of Nursing Sciences Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Malaria remains the single main cause of ill health and death among HIV/AIDS patients in resource-poor countries worldwide. Malaria still remains a challenging infection affecting the lives of several HIV-infected persons in Uganda. Statistics from the Ministry of Health show that malaria is still the leading cause of death in Uganda, accounting for over 27% of deaths. Malaria prevalence in HIV-positive patients in Kyamuhunga Health Centre III is thought to be at 7.8% of the HIV-positive patients attending the clinic on a daily basis. This study therefore aimed at assessing the factors contributing to the high prevalence of malaria among HIV-positive patients attending the HIV Clinic at Kyamuhunga Health Centre III in Bushenyi District. The study covered a sample of eighty (80) respondents to gather primary data. A simple random sampling method was used to gather responses from patients. Questionnaires and an interview guide were used as data collection tools. Results indicated that the majority of the participants were female patients and malaria was dominant among HIV-positive patients aged 38-47 years. It was noted that the odds of having malaria also increased among patients with lower levels of education. It was also noted that more odds of having malaria were found among the majority of patients who were farmers and unemployed participants. Malaria infection was acquired with repeated exposure to malaria parasites especially for patients who did not use insecticide treated mosquito nets. It is noted that HIV-positive patients with malaria greatly acquired unbalanced immunity with relatively low CD4+ cell count and unbalanced hemoglobin levels, greatly affected by body pain and weakness, fever, headache, and variety issues of vomiting. Paracetamol, use of treated mosquito nets, clinical examination, and patient follow-up was shown to provide a beneficial effect in preventing malaria infection among HIV-positive patients. In conclusion, malaria infection is acquired from repeated exposure to malaria parasites especially for patients who did not use Treated mosquito nets which increased the susceptibility to new malaria infections among HIV-positive patients. The researcher, therefore, recommends that comprehensive health education, antiretroviral therapy, and malaria preventive materials such as insecticide-treated bed nets should be provided to reduce the prevalence of malaria among HIV-positive patients.
Keywords: Malaria, HIV patients, Treated mosquito nets, Antiretroviral therapy.
Un estudio sobre las caracteristicas del tratamiento sde la TB XDR en sudafrica y el pronostico de vida de los pacientes segun las estrategias terapeuticas
Feasibility of an SMS intervention to deliver tuberculosis testing results in...SystemOne
Pre-treatment loss to follow-up is common for patients diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) in high-burden countries. Delivering test results by SMS is increasingly being considered as a solution, but there is limited information about its feasibility as a public health tool in low resourced settings. It was found that reporting Xpert results via automated SMS is technically feasible and results in approximately half of patients receiving their test results immediately. Additional research should be done to address process inefficiencies in order to maximize impact of this technology and link its successful utilization to improved patient outcomes.
Factors Associated with Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine Uptake amongst Girls Ag...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a sexually transmitted infection. HPV vaccine since its first licensure in 2006 has proven to be safe, highly immunogenic, and induces strong direct and indirect protection against HPV and its sequelae. The study was designed to determine the socio-demographic, health care, and parental factors associated with human papillomavirus vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. The study was a cross-sectional study employing a simple random sampling method and a total of 364 girls were interviewed following the set criteria using questionnaire data. Data were cleaned, coded, and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Findings were presented as frequencies, percentages, odd ratios, and p-values using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. From the study, statistically significant sociodemographic factors such as age (p=0.0000), schooling status (p=0.0000), level of education (p=0.007442), attitudes towards the HPV vaccine (p=0.005175), Receiving vaccine doses from different vaccination sites (p=0.0000), and Ethnicity (p=0.0000), healthcare factors such as outreaches in communities (p=0.0000), information received (p=0.0000), encouragement from health workers (p=0.0000), availability of vaccines (p=0.0000) and parental factors such as knowledge about HPV vaccine(p=0.001), parental hesitancy (p<0.001), level of education (p=0.0000), social economic status (p=0.001), attitudes towards HPV vaccine, (p=0.0000) and HPV vaccine awareness (p=0.0000) were found statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. From the study findings, the study variables such as sociodemographic, and health-related factors were found to be statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. Therefore, effort should be brought to all levels of intervention so that HPV uptake is taken into consideration if the need for good health among girls needs to be achieved.
Keywords: Human papillomavirus virus, sexually transmitted infection, Health care, HPV vaccine, Cancer.
Ocular inflammatory disease and ocular tuberculosis in a cohort of patients c...Dr.Samsuddin Khan
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
The prevalence and the patterns of ocular inflammatory disease and ocular tuberculosis (TB) are largely undocumented among Multidrug Resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients co-infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and on antituberculosis and antiretroviral therapy (ART).
METHODS:
Lilavati Hospital and Research Center and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) organized a cross-sectional ophthalmological evaluation ofHIV/MDR-TB co-infected patients followed in an MSF-run HIV-clinic in Mumbai, India, which included measuring visual acuity, and slit lamp and dilated fundus examinations.
RESULTS:
Between February and April 2012, 47 HIV/MDR-TB co-infected patients (including three patients with extensively drug-resistant TB) were evaluated. Sixty-four per cent were male, mean age was 39 years (standard deviation: 8.7) and their median (IQR) CD4 count at the time of evaluation was 264 cells/μL (158-361). Thirteen patients (27%) had detectable levels of HIV viremia (>20 copies/ml). Overall, examination of the anterior segments was normal in 45/47 patients (96%). A dilated fundus examination revealed active ocular inflammatory disease in seven eyes of sevenpatients (15.5%, 95% Confidence Intervals (CI); 5.1-25.8%). 'These included five eyes of five patients (10%) with choroidal tubercles, one eye of one patient (2%) with presumed tubercular chorioretinitis and one eye of one patient (2%) with evidence of presumed active CMV retinitis. Presumed ocular tuberculosis was thus seen in a total of six patients (12.7%, 95% CI; 3.2-22.2%). Two patients who had completed anti-TB treatment had active ocular inflammatory disease, in the form of choroidal tubercles (two eyes of two patients). Inactive scars were seen in three eyes of three patients (6%).Patients with extrapulmonary TB and patients<39 years old were at significantly higher risk of having ocular TB [Risk Ratio: 13.65 (95% CI: 2.4-78.5) and 6.38 (95% CI: 1.05-38.8) respectively].
CONCLUSIONS:
Ocular inflammatory disease, mainly ocular tuberculosis, was common in a cohort of HIV/MDR-TB co-infected patients in Mumbai,India. Ophthalmological examination should be routinely considered in HIV patients diagnosed with or suspected to have MDR-TB, especially in those with extrapulmonary TB.
Similar to Evaluation factors contributing to the treatment default by tuberculosis patients at ART Clinic in Ishaka Adventist Hospital, Bushenyi District, Uganda..pdf (20)
Effect of Cultural Values on Character Formation: Implication for Education ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The influence of cultural norms and home values on an individual's personality and life adjustment can manifest in various ways. An individual's personality is shaped by a complex interplay of biological and experiential factors, with the latter being significantly influenced by cultural elements. One prominent avenue through which cultural values impact personality is in the cultural conditioning of child-rearing practices. When a child is born, it not only relies on the care and support of family members but also lacks the necessary behavioral knowledge required to function within a human society. It depends on innate biological instincts like hunger and the care provided by elders to fulfill these basic needs. To survive and thrive, a human infant must acquire the skills, knowledge, and societal norms specific to the culture into which it is born. Thus, cultural values are deliberately instilled in the members of a society. For a society to function effectively, these shared cultural values must be passed down through generations, primarily through child-rearing practices within homes. Nigeria, characterized by its diverse cultural backgrounds, value systems, and numerous ethnic groups, has distinct child-rearing practices that transmit these values and norms to successive generations. This paper examines the role of culture in shaping an individual's character and emphasizes that education, when coupled with values, is crucial. Education serves as a potent tool for fostering desirable character traits, and it must be refocused to continue producing individuals with strong moral values and responsible character.
Keywords: Character formation, Culture, Morals, Value, Impact
Accounts Payable Administration and Profitability of Quoted Manufacturing Com...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
This study was carried out to examine accounts payable administration and profitability of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria with reference to consumer goods sector. This was motivated by the desire to learn how proper administration of accounts payable enhances profitability in the wake of the widespread corporate failures in Nigeria and the rest of the world. Accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio were represented by accounts payable administration while return on assets was used as proxy for profitability. The study used purposive sampling technique to extract data from the annual reports of manufacturing companies quoted on the Nigerian Exchange Group Plc as of December 31st, 2022. Secondary data were gathered for the study. The study covered ten years’ time frame from 2013 to 2022. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine the data specifically through regression analysis. The outcome of the data analysis showed that accounts payable ratio has a negligible negative influence on return on assets; short-term debt ratio significantly influences the return on assets; the combined variables (accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio) significantly influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. This implies that, accounts payable ratio and short-term debt ratio influences the profit generated by manufacturing companies in Nigeria considering it aggregate effect. It was advised that, sound and pragmatic approach should be maintained in the administration of accounts payable in manufacturing companies in order to positively influence the profitability of manufacturing companies in the country. Administration of accounts payable should be carried out by financial expert in order to ensure that financial obligation is met to vendors of goods and services when it is due. In order to ensure minimal supply interruption and increase liquidity capacity, institutions should negotiate better terms of credit with their suppliers and extend the accounts payment period.
Keywords: Accounts Payable Administration, Profitability and Quoted Manufacturing Companies.
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Barriers to Women Leadership
1Ugwu Jovita Nnenna, 2Tom Mulegi, 3Asiati Mbabazi, and 4Eze Chidinma Esther
1Department of Publication and Extension Kampala International University, Uganda.
2Department of Public Administration and Management Faculty of Business and Management Kampala International University Uganda.
3Faculty of Education Kampala International University Uganda.
4Department of Educational Foundation, Kampala International University, Uganda.
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ABSTRACT
Women have made significant strides over the past half a century in terms of advancements into the workforce. However, it is well-documented that women occupy top executive positions in politics and industry much less frequently than men. Bias and discrimination against professional females could take place when members of a society hold certain stereotypes that are in contrast with the actual characteristics of these women. These stereotypes can prevent females from achieving their goals as a result of the expected social roles they have to uphold. This paper critically examined social role theory and gender stereotypes to explain a deeper motive as to why women to some extent are being underrepresented in leadership positions. Moreover, these literature review provided a comprehensive overview of gender discrimination barriers to leadership.
Keywords: Women, Leadership, Society, Discrimination and Barriers.
Prospects and Challenges of Sustainable Development in AfricaPUBLISHERJOURNAL
Prospects and Challenges of Sustainable Development in Africa
1Ugwu Jovita Nnenna, 2Tom Mulegi, 3Asiati Mbabazi, and 4Eze Chidinma Esther
1Department of Publication and Extension Kampala International University, Uganda.
2Department of Public Administration and Management Faculty of Business and Management Kampala International University Uganda.
3Faculty of Education Kampala International University Uganda.
4Department of Educational Foundation, Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Despite attempts by African governments to achieve Sustainable Development, there is a growing perception that Africa may fail in achieving the goals. This perception is fueled partly by the evidence that while the world is undergoing rapid change, which is driven prominently by technology and globalization, Africa remains unprotected and at risk of being exploited without due recognition of, and remuneration for, its resources. Additionally, there is the continued escalating trend in poverty and the diminishing strength of the environment to meet current and future needs of African countries. Given the fact that sustainable development appears to be contradicting in between the opposing imperatives of growth and development on one hand, and ecological sustainability on the other, the trend in sustainable development on the African continent has generated some skepticism about whether the goals are achievable in Africa. The lack of a logical literature that documents the challenges and prospects of Sustainable development in Africa underpins the uncertainty of achieving the goals in Africa. Hence, this paper assessed the challenges of sustainable development in Africa, and the way forward.
Keywords: SDG, Africa, Agriculture, Poverty, Economy, Development
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Design and Implementation of an Improved Automatic DC Motor Speed
Control Systems Using Microcontroller
1Enerst Edozie,
2Eze Val Hyginus Udoka,
1Wantimba Janat
1Department of Electrical Engineering, Kampala international University, Uganda
2Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda
ABSTRACT
Energy wastage is one of the major challenges that is facing the world now as there is
insufficient supply of energy and the little ones supplied was not appropriately used. This
energy wastage has made many researchers to engage more on the research to stop this
energy waste as a result of inappropriate allocation of energy to some devices even when
they don’t need it. This research work was able to design and implement an improved
automated DC Motor speed controller system using microcontroller successfully. The
software used for this research work were Fritzing software and Arduino Nano. This project
was able to improve on the working system of the DC Motors and energy was automatically
and successfully saved. The system runs entirely on Bluetooth technology which consumes
less power than other devices. The Android application is user-friendly with enhanced
Wireless communication. This design was successfully developed and implemented with 80%
accuracy. The design was able to work effectively by increasing the cutting speed when the
softness of the material decreases and as the cutting tool material becomes stronger, the
cutting speed increases. This showed that the design is effectively and efficiently developed
with less energy/power consumption which is the earnest desire of an Engineer as it reduces
cost.
Keywords: Microcontroller, Improved Automatic DC Motor, Energy, Arduino, PWM
Evaluation of the level of Job Safety in some selected Organizations in Kampa...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the level of Job Safety in some selected Organizations in Kampala, Uganda.
1Mary Tunde Nalubega, 2Tom Mulegi and 1Eleanor Kirahora Barongo
1Department of Development Peace and Conflict studies, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
2Department of Public Administration, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
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ABSTRACT
This research evaluated the level of job safety in some selected organizations in Kampala, Uganda. The study objective was achieved through descriptive, Cross sectional and correlative survey designs. A study population of 484 was used, from which a sample population of 219 respondents was derived using Slovene’s Formula. Data was collected primarily using Self-Administered Questionnaires (SAQs) and structured Interviews. Findings revealed that the level of job safety in selected Public and Private Organizations in Kampala, Uganda was high with (mean = 2.97); implying that private and public organizations in Uganda have high levels of job safety in terms of electronic and fire safety, sanitation, tools and equipment and protection from hazardous materials. Comparatively, sanitation ranked highest among all elements of job safety, in terms of whether food is separated from hazardous materials with (mean = 3.46, std. dev =.720) interpreted as very• high. The last ranked item was about whether smoke detectors function properly with (mean = 2.44, std. dev = 1.062) interpreted as high. In conclusion, the level of job safety among Public and Private organizations in Kampala, Uganda was high. This means that private and public organizations in Uganda have high levels of job safety in terms of electronic and fire safety, sanitation, tools and equipment and protection from hazardous materials. This study recommends that different stakeholders including government and Non-governmental Organizations need to put in place mechanisms to ensure that employees are protected from work. The government should put in place laws aiming at protecting workers against health issues associated with work related Hazards.
Keywords: Job Safety, selected, public and private Organizations.
Assessment of the level of employee performances in some selected.pdfPUBLISHERJOURNAL
Assessment of the level of employee performances in some selected organizations in Kampala, Uganda.
1Tom Mulegi, 2Mary Tunde Nalubega, and 2Eleanor Kirahora Barongo
1Department of Public Administration, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
2Department of Development Peace and Conflict studies, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kampala International University.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
This study assessed the level of employee performances in some selected organizations in Kampala, Uganda. The study objective was achieved through descriptive, cross sectional and correlative survey designs. A study population of 484 was earmarked, from which a sample population of 219 respondents were derived using Slovene’s Formula. Data was collected primary using self-administered questionnaires (SAQs) and structured interviews. An extensive review of literature contributed a significant amount of secondary data. Findings showed that the r-value indicated that 67.7% of employee performance is influenced by job safety, implying that the remaining 23.3% of change in employee productivity could be explained by other factors other than Job safety. The study recommended that the Different stakeholders including government and non-governmental organizations need to put in place mechanisms to ensure that employees are protected from work. The government should put in place laws aiming at protecting workers against health issues associated with work related Hazards.
Keywords: Employee, performances, and organizations
Bacterial Meningitis in Paediatrics A Review.pdfPUBLISHERJOURNAL
Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu1, Sowdo Abdirizak Mohamed2, Ugwu Okechukwu Paul-Chima3, Getrude Uzoma Obeagu4 and Chukwunalu Igbudu Umoke5
1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
2Department of Pediatrics, Kampala International University, Uganda.
3Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda.
4Department of Nursing Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
5Department of Human Anatomy, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Email:emmanuelobeagu@yahoo.com
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Meningitis is a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by infection or inflammation of the central nervous system. It is classified as bacterial, viral, or aseptic. Delayed or untreated bacterial meningitis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. It is important to accurately distinguish between bacterial and nonbacterial meningitis. Most physicians will perform a lumbar puncture and consider antibiotics for all infants and children with suspected meningitis. Having a clinical prediction rule to determine the need for lumbar puncture and which patients need antibiotics could reduce morbidity and the cost associated with unnecessary procedures and treatment. Several clinical prediction rules to determine the risk of bacterial meningitis have been proposed. One clinical prediction rule, derived and validated from cohorts seen in pediatric hospitals in the Netherlands, found that altered consciousness, meningeal irritation, cyanosis, petechiae, vomiting, duration of main symptom, and an elevated C-reactive protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate level were independent predictors of bacterial meningitis. Patients below a predefined threshold on a risk score incorporating these elements could be safely considered as not having bacterial meningitis.
Keywords: Bacteria, Meningitis, petechiae, C - reactive protein, pediatrics, ESR
Factors Affecting Solid Waste Management in Kapchorwa Town Council, Kapchorwa...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The problem of Solid Waste Management (SWM) has become a major problem in the upper areas of developing countries. In Uganda, the menace of urban waste has further been worsened by the increasing population. This study was done to assess the level of knowledge and practices about SWM within the Kapchorwa Town Council (KTC) Kapchorwa district in eastern Uganda. To achieve the objectives, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out and waste characteristics, collection, disposal, stakeholder roles, and waste management responsibilities were analyzed. Results indicate that waste is predominantly biodegradable (66%) and generated mainly within households, with no proper collection rate disposed of, crude dumping was the major means of disposal used (72.5%). The council is under capacity to handle waste management demands and their services are poor or nonexistent which has led to the use of crude dumping which has risk health. The strategy for solid waste management is failing because the community members are not cooperative. In conclusion, waste management practices in KTC are poor and they reflect a gap in knowledge about effective waste management within KTC, community members should be regularly educated on the link between improper solid waste management and disease outbreaks and the safe SWM practices such as reuse and recycling.
Keywords: Waste management, Kapchorwa district, urban waste, disease outbreaks
Administrative Support and Teachers’ Performances in Private Secondary School...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Self-medication particularly with analgesics and antibiotics have been reported by WHO as one of the major causes of antibiotic resistance. In country, like Uganda there is a wide range of drugs, coupled with inadequate health services have resulted to an increased number of drugs used as a self-medication compared to prescribed drugs. Assessment of knowledge and practice of self-medication is needed especially in rural settings. This was an anonymous, questionnaire-based, descriptive study. Questionnaires containing closed ended questions were administered to 288 second year undergraduate medical students. Data analysis was performed using STATA 14. Descriptive statistics were performed in terms of frequencies and percentages. Statistical significance was assessed at alpha of 0.05. The research results indicated that the mean age was (24) and the majority of the students who participated in the study were male (63%). The prevalence of self-medication in the study was found to be markedly high (83.4%). The most important reason for self-medication was that it is cheaper (91%) and the majority (92%) of the students reported that they self-medicated because of diarrhea/vomiting with antacids found to be the highly used class of drug (93%). Majority of the students got the information concerning the drugs through advertisements (98%) and (92%) of the students bought medicine from drug shops. In conclusion, most of the students feared having the side effects of the medications since they were self-prescribed without any experience.
Keywords: Knowledge, attitude, practice, self-medication, undergraduate medical students, Uganda
Occurrence and Factors Associated with HIV-Sero-Discordance in Couples at Iga...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
HIV sero-discordant refers to a situation where in a pair of long-term sexual partners, one is HIV positive and the other is HIV negative. There is an increased risk of HIV transmission to the HIV-negative partner in discordant couples which makes HIV serodiscordant a hindrance to HIV control and prevention strategies. Sero-discordance is one of the factors affecting the impact of HIV prevention strategies, therefore effective HIV prevention strategies must consider HIV discordance. Limited knowledge about the prevalence of HIV serodiscordant in the community hinders the formulation of appropriate strategies for effective control of HIV transmission. The study was aimed at determining the prevalence of HIV serodiscordant and its associated factors among couples attending Iganga General Hospital. The knowledge generated will guide the stakeholders in formulating HIV prevention and control strategies aimed at reducing HIV transmission. A cross-sectional hospital-based study was carried out through the conduction of guided interviews using a questionnaire to random-systematically selected 250 couples attending IGH. Data was analyzed and presented in tables with percentages comparing different factors. The HIV seroprevalence was 6.8%. The prevalence of discordance was 4.8% among participant couples and 52.2% among the infected couples. HIV serodiscordant was associated with sexual practice (83.3%), circumcision status of the male partner in the couple (58.3%), condom use (58.3%), use of ARVs by the HIV-infected partner (25%), and experience of STIs among partners (25%). The prevalence of HIV serodiscordant among the participant couples was 4.8%, associated mainly with sexual practice, circumcision, and condom use.
Keywords: HIV transmission, Discordant couples, Sexual partners, Condom, Serodiscordant
Antibiotic resistance and Virulence Genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous bacterium that causes various hospital- acquired and community-acquired infections. It has been reported that the clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa are difficult to treat because of their virulence factors and antibiotics resistances. The aim of present study was to screen the antibiotic resistance patterns and the prevalence of virulence factor genes in a set of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Ogbomoso, and to determine whether a correlation exists between the prevalence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa. A total of 100 P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from various types of clinical specimens. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-bauer method. In addition, PCR assays were used for screening four virulence encoding genes (OPRL, LasB, PLCH and ToxA). The results showed that OPRL (79%) and LasB (62%) were the most frequent virulence genes in P. aeruginosa strains, followed by PLCH (41%) and ToxA (35%). The highest resistance was detected towards Piperacillin (42%) and Tetracycline (42%). Moderate rate of resistance (12-39%) were detected towards the other antibiotics. The virulent factors identified in this study provide valuable information regarding the prevalence of resistance genes of P. aeruginosa isolates in Ogbomoso, Nigeria and their potential impact on treatments that exploit the unique physiology of the pathogen. This will be useful for the health workers to improve infection control measures and to establish a surveillance system.
Keywords: antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Evaluation of infection control at Butiru Chrisco Hospital in Manafwa Distric...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Infection prevention and control is important for the improvement of quality care in hospital. This study aimed to identify risk associated with infection control, and to determine which infection control measures are available at Butiru Chrisco hospital and how these measures are put to use by the staff working in the hospital. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Butiru Chrisco hospital in Manafwa District. The study involved 100 respondents who were staff employed by Butiru Chrisco hospital. With different educational standards, awareness of infection control was assessed through a structured questionnaire that was administered to those who consented to participate. Random sampling was done on 10 staff, this helped correct the questionnaire making it suitable for the study but the results were not included in this study. The study revealed that out of 100 respondents, 72(72%) were nurses, 60(60%) were females and 78(78%) had been employed by the hospital for less than four years. Half 50(50%) revealed that airborne infections are the commonest infections in the hospital. The study also reveals that more than 80% reported positive response to infection control tasks with 80(80%) agreeing that practice of infection control reduces likelihood of infection spread to patients. From the study, it was concluded that, there is moderate awareness of infection control with more than half of the respondents having positive ideas about infection control and use of available measures like glove, apron, and hand washing. However, practice and compliance with standard precautions was less than optimal. The researcher recommends continuous health visits by ministry of health (MOH) of Uganda to the hospital and evaluation of the practices to ensure that the health workers practice infection control following the standard guidelines. Also, hand washing or use of hand sanitizers with alcohol or other antiseptics as a measure of disinfecting the hands before or after handling a patient is encouraged.
Keywords: Infection, health workers, hand washing, Manafwa District
Evaluation of factors that contributes to post-partum haemorrhage in Pregnant...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the world’s leading cause of maternal death and accounts for an estimated 127,000 deaths each year. Identification of some of the risk factors such as; previous postpartum haemorrhage, multiple pregnancies, macrosomia, induction of labour, operative vaginal deliveries and cesarean section would help in preventing PPH. The aim of this research was to assess the factors contributing to postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) among pregnant women who attend delivery services in Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KIU-TH). This study used a cross-sectional descriptive design where by a cross-section of respondents involving 68 respondents were sampled to represent the target population, in these case women who received maternity service from KIU-TH. Only quantitative methods of data collection using questionnaires with closed ended questions were employed for both mothers and health workers. During the study period, 58 women who delivered in the unit and 20 women developed postpartum haemorrhage giving the frequency of postpartum haemorrhage 34.6%. The majority of the women 30% were between 30-34 years of age. Among the women who developed PPH retained placental tissues was the most common cause 50% followed by uterine atony which was 30%. The rest of the causes of PPH were laceration 20%. Postpartum haemorrhage is still a leading but preventable cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in our country due to underutilization of health facilities, the major cause is retained placental tissues followed by uterine atony.
Keywords: post-partum haemorrhage, pregnant women, delivering, Uganda
Evaluation factors contributing to the treatment default by tuberculosis pati...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the biggest public health problem and now ranks alongside Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) as the world’s leading infectious cause of death. Globally, patient compliance with anti-TB therapy estimated as low as 40% in developing countries, remains the principle cause of treatment failure. The aim of this study was to establish the factors contributing to treatment default by Tuberculosis patients at ART clinic in Ishaka Adventist Hospital, Bushenyi District. A cross-sectional and descriptive study which employed both qualitative and quantitative approach of data collection were used. The study was conducted in ART clinic at Ishaka Adventist Hospital, Bushenyi District and it took a period of four weeks. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Results showed that out of 38 study participants, majority 26 (68%) were of age 30 years and above. A large proportion 24 (63%) of the participants were unemployed compared to the least 14 (37%) who were employed. Majority 21 (55%) travel at a distance of 10km and above to get TB treatment. Out of 38 participants, majority 26 (68%) did not informed the family or friends when they were on TB treatment. Of 26 participants 16 (61.5%) had fear of being isolated and 2 (7.7%) were other reason of no support. A large proportion of participants rated the attitude of staff who attended to them at the health facility to be unfriendly with 21 (55%) while very few 6 (16%) were rude. The ministry should ensure availability of and access to resources for strengthening systems for delivery of quality tuberculosis treatment, prevention and control.
Keywords: treatment, default, tuberculosis, ART, Uganda
Occurrence and Factors Associated with HIV-Sero-Discordance in Couples at Iga...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
HIV sero-discordant refers to a situation where in a pair of long-term sexual partners, one is HIV positive and the other is HIV negative. There is an increased risk of HIV transmission to the HIV-negative partner in discordant couples which makes HIV serodiscordant a hindrance to HIV control and prevention strategies. Sero-discordance is one of the factors affecting the impact of HIV prevention strategies, therefore effective HIV prevention strategies must consider HIV discordance. Limited knowledge about the prevalence of HIV serodiscordant in the community hinders the formulation of appropriate strategies for effective control of HIV transmission. The study was aimed at determining the prevalence of HIV serodiscordant and its associated factors among couples attending Iganga General Hospital. The knowledge generated will guide the stakeholders in formulating HIV prevention and control strategies aimed at reducing HIV transmission. A cross-sectional hospital-based study was carried out through the conduction of guided interviews using a questionnaire to random-systematically selected 250 couples attending IGH. Data was analyzed and presented in tables with percentages comparing different factors. The HIV seroprevalence was 6.8%. The prevalence of discordance was 4.8% among participant couples and 52.2% among the infected couples. HIV serodiscordant was associated with sexual practice (83.3%), circumcision status of the male partner in the couple (58.3%), condom use (58.3%), use of ARVs by the HIV-infected partner (25%), and experience of STIs among partners (25%). The prevalence of HIV serodiscordant among the participant couples was 4.8%, associated mainly with sexual practice, circumcision, and condom use.
Keywords: HIV transmission, Discordant couples, Sexual partners, Condom, Serodiscordant
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
Evaluation factors contributing to the treatment default by tuberculosis patients at ART Clinic in Ishaka Adventist Hospital, Bushenyi District, Uganda..pdf
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30
Zumla and his colleagues found that the
main barrier for achieving this desired TB
treatment success rate is the high
treatment default rate of 10% in the 2008
to 11.9% in 2010 [41].
As with most African countries especially
South Africa, the directly observed therapy
short-course (DOTS) strategy is the
mainstay of TB control. The Plan entails an
ambitious drive to diagnose and
successfully treat at least 90% of all
noticed TB cases however, excessive
default rates constrain the successful
treatment of these patients [42]. From
2003 to 2011, patient default rates among
new smear-positive TB cases remained
higher than the less than 5% national
target, fluctuating between 6.1% and 11.2%
[43].
In East African countries, The World Health
Organization report showed that Uganda
had a TB default rate of 11% with a
treatment success rate of 70% among
smear positive patients and clinically
diagnosed TB of 19% [44]. In 2010 to 2011,
about 29% of TB patients registered at
Infectious Diseases Institute clinic
defaulted from treatment (data
unpublished), for reasons not well known
particularly in Western region which had
bigger number of TB patients [45].
However, in Ishaka Adventist Hospital
verbal report showed that the growth of
this assumption has been halted by
discovery of the phenomenon of treatment
default. Despite this mystified situation
this prompted investigation which focuses
to find out the factors contributing to
treatment default by Tuberculosis patients
at ART clinic in Ishaka Adventist Hospital,
Bushenyi District.
METHODOLOGY
Study Design and Rationale
A cross-sectional and descriptive study
which employed both qualitative and
quantitative approach of data collection
were used for a period of four weeks. A
cross-sectional study was considered
because it collect data at a specify period
of time in a defined population. The
descriptive study was chosen because it
describes the situation as they exist in
their natural setting. Qualitative and
quantitative designs were chosen because
they helps in extracting the necessary
information from respondents to study
with ease.
Study Setting
The study was conducted in ART clinic at
Ishaka Adventist Hospital (IAH) which is
located in Bushenyi District, in western
Uganda.
Study Population
The study targeted patients diagnosed
with Tuberculosis attending treatment at
ART clinic and General Outpatient
department (GOPD) in Ishaka Adventist
Hospital, Bushenyi District. These
populations were selected because of the
reasonable access to information.
Sample Size Determination
A sample size of respondents were
calculated using Kish and Leslie (1965),
formula which state that;
𝑛 = (
Z2p q
𝑑2 ).
Where; n=Desired sample size,
Z = Standard deviation at desired degree of
accuracy was 1.96 at confidence level of
95%.
p = Proportion of patients diagnosed with
Tuberculosis attending treatment at ART
clinic and General Outpatient department
in Ishaka Adventist Hospital, Bushenyi
District. Estimates of p to be 50% = 0.5,
Implying, p =0.5
q = Standardize, 1.0-p = 0.5
d = Degree of error would be accepted at
5%, d = 0.05
𝑛 = (
1.962
× 0.5 × 0.5
0.052
)
n = 384
According to Kish and Leslie’s formula
(1965), the sample size would be 384
Patients diagnosed with Tuberculosis
attending treatment at ART clinic and
General Outpatient department in Ishaka
Adventist Hospital, Bushenyi District. But
the sample population to be accessible was
less than 10,000.
N=Total number of patients diagnosed
with Tuberculosis attending treatment at
ART clinic and General Outpatient
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department in Ishaka Adventist Hospital,
Bushenyi District were 42 in year 2017
(IAH GOPD, 2017).
𝑛𝑓 = (
𝑛
1 +
𝑛
𝑁
) ; 𝑛𝑓 = (
384
1 +
384
42
) ; 𝑛𝑓
= 38 respondents
Where; nf was sample size for N,
population of Patients diagnosed with
Tuberculosis attending treatment at ART
clinic and General Outpatient department
in Ishaka Adventist Hospital, Bushenyi
District.
Therefore, the sample size, n =38
respondents (Patients diagnosed with
Tuberculosis attending treatment at ART
clinic and General Outpatient department
in Ishaka Adventist Hospital, Bushenyi
District).
Sampling Procedure
The researcher considered a purposive
sampling technique to select the study
participants. This technique was chosen
because of its suitability in studying
situation where subjects with the required
characteristics happen to be in relatively
small numbers.
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria
The study considered only Patients
diagnosed with Tuberculosis attending
treatment at ART clinic and General
outpatient department in Ishaka Adventist
Hospital, Bushenyi District who could
consent voluntarily to take part in the
study during the time of interview.
Exclusion Criteria
The study did not consider any Patients
diagnosed with Tuberculosis attending
treatment at ART clinic and General
outpatient department in Ishaka Adventist
Hospital, Bushenyi District who could not
consent voluntarily to take part in the
study during the time of interview.
Research Instruments
The questionnaire was made up of both
close and open-ended questions written in
English. The close ended questions were
used to enable the respondents choose
from available options while the open-
ended questions to allow them express
their own ideas in their own words.
The use of the questionnaire was
considered because it enabled the
researcher ensure privacy and
confidentiality as the respondents were
filling them independently.
Data Collection Procedures
The self-administered questionnaires were
used to conduct face to face interviews
with one respondent at a time to ensure
privacy. Data collection took a period of
four weeks. Data would be collected in
morning from 9:00 am till mid-day. Each
study respondent were requested to fill
the questionnaire in English with the help
of Researcher for those who did not
understand English language. The
respondent would be thank for the
cooperation and participation in the study.
Data Analysis and Presentation
The researcher would first tallied the
results manually then entered the
information into the computer using using
Microsoft excel/word 2013 and computer
software program Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS version 16.0). The
data analyzed were presented in the form
of tables, pie charts, graphs and frequency
distribution tables which formed the basis
for discussion and conclusion.
Ethical Considerations
Following the ethical approval of this
study, a letter of introduction was
obtained from Kampala International
University-Western Campus, School of
Nursing sciences research committee. The
letter was taken to the administration of
Ishaka Adventist Hospital and the in
charge ART clinic for permission to carry
out the study. The purpose of the study
were explained to the respondents for
better understanding of the study. Verbal
and written consents were sought from
respondents by explaining and reading the
purpose of study. Client’s rights, privacy
and confidentiality were respected and the
information handle were confidential.
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RESULTS
Table 1: Show demographic information of the study participants
Description Variables Frequency (n) Percentage / (%)
Age range Less than 30 years 12 32
30 years and above 26 68
Total 38 100
Sex Male 24 63
Female 14 37
Total 38 100
Tribe Banyankole 24 63
Bakiga 12 32
Others include Batooro 2 5
Total 38 100
Marital status Single 10 26
Married 14 37
Widow/widower 8 21
Others; separated, divorced 6 16
Total 38 100
Education level Never gone to school 16 42
Primary 17 45
Secondary 3 8
University 2 5
Total 38 100
Employment
status
Unemployed 24 63
Employed 14 37
Total 38 100
Source: field data
On table 1 above results show that out of
38 participants, majority 26 (68%) were of
age 30 years and above compared too few
12 (32%) who were of age less than 30
years. A large proportion 24 (63%) of the
participants were male compared to few 14
(37%) who were female. On the same table
1 above, majority 24 (63%) of the
participants were Banyankole tribe while
minority 2 (5%) were other tribe who were
Batooro. Findings show that the highest
proportion 14 (37%) of the participants
were Married compared to lowest 6 (16%)
who were of other marital status like
separated, divorced. Majority 17 (45%) of
the participants had attained Primary
education while the minority 2 (5%) had
attained University. A large proportion 24
(63%) of the participants were unemployed
compared to the least 14 (37%) who were
employed.
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Patients Related Factors That Contribute To Treatment Default By Tuberculosis
Patients
Source: field data
Figure 1: A pie chart showing distance participant travel to get TB treatment (n=38)
The figure 1 show that out of 38
participants, majority 21 (55%) travel at a
distance of 10km and above to get TB
treatment while minority 17 (45%) travel
less than 10km.
Table 2: Showing when participant was diagnosed with tuberculosis
Description Response Frequency (n) Percentage (%)
When Participants
were diagnosed with
Tuberculosis
Less than 6 months ago 14 37
6-12 months ago 22 58
Above 1 year ago 2 5
Total 38 100
Source: field data
Table 2 above reveals of 38 participants,
majority 22 (58%) were diagnosed with
Tuberculosis in 6-12 months ago
meanwhile minority 2 (5%) were diagnosed
above 1 year ago.
Source: field data
Figure 2: A bar graph showing whether person with TB get cure on treatment (n=38)
Figure 2 show, of 38 participants most 30
(79%) said person with TB get cure on
treatment (Yes) while 8 (21%) said person
with TB do not (No).
45%
55%
KEY
Less than 10km
10km and above
79
21
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Yes
Frequency
Response
Series1
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Table 3: Showing duration a person diagnosed with TB take his/her take treatment till
completion and reasons why less than 6 months
Description Variable Frequency (n) Percentage (%)
Duration a person
diagnosed with TB take
his/her treatment till
completion
Less than 6 months 16 42.1
6 months or more 4 10.5
Till health worker stop you 18 47.4
Total 38 100.0
Reason why
participant say TB
treatment completion
is less than 6 months
Feeling being cure 5 31
Treatment duration too
long
2 13
Lack of overall time 9 56
Total 16 100
Source: field data
Table 3 show, of 38 participants most 18
(47.4%) said a person diagnosed with TB
take his/her treatment till health worker
stop you while few 4 (10.5%) said 6 months
or more till completion. Of 16 participants
who said a person diagnosed with TB take
his/her treatment till completion in less
than 6 months, most 9 (56%) their reason
was that lack of overall time to take
treatment while very few 2 (13%) said
treatment duration is too long.
Source: field data
Figure 3: A graph showing whether TB patient need to have treatment supporter (n=38)
Figure 3 above, out of 38 participants
majority 24 (63%) need TB patients to have
treatment supporter (Yes) while minority
14 (37%) do not need (No).
63
37
0
20
40
60
80
Yes No
Frequency
Reponsese
Series1
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Table 4: Showing whether participant informed the family or friends when they were on
TB treatment and reasons why they did not
Description Response Frequency (n) Percentage (%)
Whether participant
informed family or friends
when on TB treatment
Yes 12 32
No 26 68
Total 38 100
Reason why participant did
not inform the family or
friends when were on TB
treatment
Fear of being isolated 16 61.5
No one to trust 8 30.8
Other; no support 2 7.7
Total 26 100.0
Source: field data
On table 4 above, of 38 participants
majority 26 (68%) did not informed their
family or friends when they were on TB
treatment while minority 12 (32%)
informed their family or friends. On the
same table 4, out 26 participants who did
not informed family or friends when they
were on TB treatment, 16 (61.5%) had fear
of being isolated and 2 (7.7%) were other
reason of no support.
Source: field data
Figure 4: A pie chart showing whether participant completed TB treatment (n=38).
The figure 4 above findings indicates that,
out of 38 participants, majority 28 (74%)
did not complete TB treatment meanwhile
very few 3 (8%) completed TB treatment.
Table 5: Showing reason why participant stop taking TB treatment
Description Response Frequency (n) Percentage (%)
Reason why participant
stop taking TB treatment
Side effects 3 10.7
Feeling well 16 57.1
Too many tablets 8 28.6
Currently taking drug 1 3.6
Total 28 100.0
Source: field data
On the table 5 above results indicates that,
out of 28 participants who stop taking TB
8%
74%
18% Key
Yes
No
No response
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treatment, majority 16 (57.1%) that they
were feeling well meanwhile minority 1
(3.6%) was taking treatment.
Source: field data
Figure 5: A graph showing the most convenient time for TB clinic opening (n=38).
Figure 5 above, out of 38 participants a
large proportion 27 (71%) most convenient
time for TB clinic to open during day time
while few 11 (29%) prefer night time.
71
29
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Day time Night time
Frequency
Time of TB clinic opening
Series1
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Table 6: Showing others health related factors variables
Description Variables Frequency (n) Percentage (%)
Duration of time spend
waiting for TB treatment
at TB clinic
Less than 1 hour 12 31.6
1-2 hours 22 57.9
3 hours or more 4 10.5
Total 38 100.0
Whether anti-TB drugs
always available at the
clinic
Always available 26 68
Sometimes not available 12 32
Total 38 100
How participants rated
the attitude of staff who
attend to them at the
health facility
Friendly 11 29
Rude 6 16
Unfriendly 21 55
Total 38 100
Whether participants
receive counseling on
anti-TB treatment from
the health workers
Yes 10 26
No 20 53
Sometime 8 21
Total 38 100
Whether health worker
give chance to patients
ask about TB treatment
Yes 10 26
No 28 74
Total 38 100
Whether it cost
participant to get TB
treatment from health
facility
Free 10 26.3
Less than 2000USH 10 26.3
More than 2000USH 18 47.4
Total 38 100.0
Source: field data
Table 6 above showed of 38 participants,
majority 22 (57.9%) spend 1-2 hours
waiting for TB treatment from TB clinic
while minority 4 (10.5%) spend 3 hours or
more. Out of 38 participants, most 26
(68%) said anti-TB drugs are always
available at the clinic meanwhile only 12
(32%) said sometimes not available. A large
proportion of participants rated the
attitude of staff who attend to them at the
health facility to be unfriendly with 21
(55%) while very few 6 (16%) said were
rude.
A large proportion 20 (53%) of the
participants did not receive counseling on
anti-TB treatment from the health workers
while few 8 (21%) said sometimes.
Majority 28 (74%) said health worker do not
give chance to patients to ask about TB
treatment while minority 10 (26%) health
workers give chance to patients to ask.
Table 6 above further revealed that
majority 18 (47.4%) said that it cost
participants to get TB treatment from
health facility at more than 2000 USH
meanwhile minority 10 (26.3%) said it’s
free and 10 (26.3%) also said it cost less
than 2000USH.
DISCUSSION
The study participants were patients
diagnosed with Tuberculosis and the
finding showed that majority 26 (68%)
were of age 30 years and above compared
very few 12 (32%) who were of age less
than 30 years. These implied that most of
the participants were in middle age.
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The study findings further indicated that
majority 24 (63%) of the participants were
Banyankole tribe while minority 2 (5%)
were other tribe who were Batooro. This is
because the study was carried out in
Ankole sub region in western part of
Uganda which is occupied mostly by
Banyankole despite of other tribes. On the
other hand the highest proportion 14 (37%)
of the participants were Married compared
to lowest 6 (16%) who were of other marital
status, separated or divorced.
Nearly half, 17 (45%) of the participants
had attained Primary education while the
minority 2 (5%) had attained University.
These result implied that most of the
participants had at least attained some
form of education though low education
could affect participants’ level of
understanding on certain things like
treatment default by tuberculosis patients.
A large proportion 24 (63%) of the
participants were unemployed compared
to the least 14 (37%) who were employed.
This implied that employment status is
among the key determinant for the
financial support to the access of TB
services in terms of transport, accessing
some investigations such as x-ray.
Individual patient related factors
associated with default by Tuberculosis
patients found out that the above average
of 38 participants, a majority 21 (55%)
travel at a distance of 10km and above to
get TB treatment meanwhile few 17 (45%)
travel at a distance less than 10km. These
findings were in line with Elbireer et al.
[45], who found that Individual patient
characteristics associated with defaulting
were living at a distance of 10 km or more
from the Infectious Diseases Institute
clinic with 39.4%.
Furthermore, study finding revealed that
majority 22 (58%) were diagnosed with
Tuberculosis in 6-12 months ago
meanwhile minority 2 (5%) were diagnosed
above 1 year ago. These result showed that
many patients were diagnose with
Tuberculosis at the early stage therefore
the findings are in disagreement with
Smart [46], stated that patients lack
knowledge of TB symptoms or failure to
recognize them results in delays in seeking
healthcare.
According to the study findings indicated
that above average with 30 (79%)
participants said person with TB get cure
on treatment (Yes) while 8 (21%) said
person with TB do not (No). These finding
implied that most of the patients had
knowledge on TB treatment. It disagree
with Smart [46], report that patients lack of
knowledge of TB symptoms or failure to
recognize them results in delays in seeking
healthcare. Nearly half of the participants
18 (47.4%) said a person diagnosed with TB
take his/her treatment till health worker
stop you while few 4 (10.5%) said 6 months
or more till completion.
In addition, out of 16 participants who said
a person diagnosed with TB take his/her
treatment till completion in less than 6
months, 9 (56%) of them said the reason
were that lack of overall time to take
treatment while very few 2 (13%) said
treatment duration is too long, these result
coincided with Slama [46], findings that
the main reason for defaulting anti-TB was
the feeling of being cured (9%), followed by
the duration of treatment being too long
(9%) and the lack of overall time (24.1%)
The study result further showed that out
of 38 participants, a majority 24 (63%)
need TB patient to have treatment
supporter (Yes) while few 14 (37%) did not
need (No). Similarly Kudakwashe [47] in
Namibia report showed that most, 46
(94%), of the patients had treatment
supporter while they were taking
treatment and 3 (6%) did not have one, only
22 (48%) of the respondents who had
treatment supporter were compliant, while
24 (52%) were non-compliant. These result
implied that having a treatment supporter
does not associate with any significant
difference between compliant and non-
compliant groups, neither not having a
treatment supporter.
According the findings to find out whether
participants informed their family or
friends when started on TB treatment, a
majority 26 (68%) did not inform the family
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39
or friends when they were on TB treatment
while minority 12 (32%) informed the
family or friends. This finding did not
support Ndimande [47], who reported that
compliance to TB treatment should be
improved by promoting TB treatment
literacy among those with the disease,
their families and communities, through
empowering the healthcare provider with
knowledge of TB [47,48, 49, 50].
Out of 26 participants’ reason why
participants did not inform their family or
friends when they were on TB treatment,
16 (61.5%) said they had fear of being
isolated and 2 (7.7%) were other reason of
no support. This disagreed with Elbireer et
al. [45], result that having a family member
to remind patient to take their medicine
and disclosure status to family members
about having TB during TB treatment were
not associated with defaulting.
Nevertheless, majority 28 (74%) did not
complete TB treatment meanwhile
minority 3 (8%) completed TB treatment. In
this finding failure to adhere to principles
of TB control causes the development of
almost all the Drug Resistance-TB (DR-TB),
and poor or non-compliance to TB
treatment is the main predisposing factor
for an individual to develop DR-TB. It
correlates to Lalloo [48], study results. The
results revealed that out of 28 participants
who stop taking TB treatment their reasons
why they stopped taking TB treatment
were feeling well with 16 (57.1%)
meanwhile only 1 (3.6%) was taking
treatment. The finding was in line with the
results by Slama [46].
According to the study findings above, out
of 38 participants a large proportion 27
(71%) revealed that most convenient time
for TB clinic should open during day time
while few 11 (29%) prefer night time. Many
patients may develop stigmatization
amongst misinformed communities.
According to the majority 22 (57.9%) spend
1-2 hours waiting for TB treatment from TB
clinic while minority 4 (10.5%) spend 3
hours or more. These findings correlate
with Ronald et al. [39], result that 7 (16.7%)
of the respondents spend less than 1 hour
for monthly refill of TB treatment and 13
(31.0%) spend 3 hours and above.
More than average of the study
participants with 26 (68%) said anti-TB
drugs are always available at the clinic
meanwhile only 12 (32%) said sometimes
not available. Similarly the study was in
line with Ronald and his colleagues that 9
(21.4%) as uncaring despite 100% of the
interviewed respondents agreed that TB
drugs were always available on their
scheduled visits [39]. A large proportion
of participants rated the attitude of staff
who attend to them at the health facility
that they were unfriendly with 21 (55%)
compared to very few 6 (16%) who said
they were rude. The findings disagreed
with Ronald et al. (2016), results found 12
(28.6%) of the respondents viewed health
care workers as friendly during
treatment, 7 (16.7%) as empathetic, 14
(33.3%) as rude. The results further
disagreed with Kudakwashe [47]), who
found out that more than 50% of those who
ranked the attitude as friendly to very
friendly were non-compliant.
Nevertheless, of 38 participants result
showed that a large proportion 20 (53%) of
the participant did not receive counseling
on anti-TB treatment from the health
workers while very few 8 (21%) said
sometimes they receive counseling. The
results coincided with Ronald et al. (2016),
report indicated that 7 (16.7%) of the
respondents were only counseled during
first visit for treatment, 17 (40.5%) were
counseled on each visit, 13 (31%) were
counseled once a while and 5 (11.9%) were
never counseled. This could be the
reasons why majority 28 (74%) of the study
participants said health worker do not give
chance to patients to ask about TB
treatment while minority 10 (26%) health
workers give chance to patients to ask.
CONCLUSION
Almost all the study participants had
attained Primary education as their current
qualification, majority were age of 30 and
above of whom most were male who were
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40
also unemployed; unemployment affect TB
treatment and control by the TB patients.
The participants travel at a distance of
10km and above to get TB treatment, they
did not inform their family or friends when
they were on TB treatment because of fear
of being isolated and the participants
stopped taking TB treatment because they
were feeling well.
Most participants revealed that attitude of
staff who attend to TB patients at the
health facility were unfriendly, TB patients
do not receive counseling on anti-TB
treatment from the health workers as well
as the cost to get TB treatment from health
facility for x-ray services and transports.
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