Causes of cracks and deterioration of pavement on highways in jordan from con...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the causes of cracks and deterioration of pavements on highways in Jordan from contractors' perspectives. A literature review identified 51 potential causes of road deterioration. A questionnaire was distributed to 150 contractors to rate each cause on a scale of 1 to 5. 38 responses were received. The causes were analyzed individually and grouped. The highest individually ranked cause was "defects caused during construction due to poor construction quality" with a rating of 4.15. Causes were also grouped into 11 categories with the highest rated group being "Effect of Cracks and Structural Failure" at 3.96. The study aims to identify key causes of highway deterioration in Jordan to help minimize risks and costs associated with road maintenance and
Evaluation of Flexible Pavement Failures-A Case Study on Izki RoadIJAEMSJORNAL
Pavement is a multi-layer system that distributes the vehicular loads over a larger area. It helps to make them durable and able to withstand traffic and the environment. Pavement consists of three basic layers the first layer is Sub grade (Gravel) which is the foundation layer, the second layer is sub base (layer Assistant foundation) and the top layer is base (a layer of pavement) which consists of Bituminous Carpet + Bituminous Macadam. Cracking of pavement is a defect that appears in the top layer of the road. Pavement can be under compression and tension at the same time, but in different directions. While a tire compresses a pavement downward, it forms a deflection basin which causes the pavement to go into tension in both horizontal directions. If the pavement is not strong enough, the asphalt is stretched too far, which separates and a crack forms in the wheel track. A crack may also form between the wheel tracks. The maintenance of roads means protecting, restoration and strengthening of all elements of the road to maintain sustainability of the road. Road maintenance also includes additional work that is necessary in order to raise the level of performance and reach the best level of safety and comfort for the road users. Roads are high-cost investments and need constant maintenance so that these investments continue to perform as required. Therefore, care must be taken to maintain the roads in optimum maintenance and in a scientific manner. The aim of this Study is to identify the most common types of cracks and defects which occur in Izki road and suggest suitable option for maintenance. The objectives are to identify different types of cracks & defects, to find out the different reasons that cause defects and cracks in Izki road and to suggest suitable maintenance methods. A 2km length of the road was selected for the study. Survey was carried out and the reasons for cracking and other failures in pavement were studied. Finally, the required maintenance solution for each type of failures was identified and the best maintenance option was selected.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Evaluation of Flexible Pavement FailuresIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review paper on evaluating failures in flexible pavements. It begins with an abstract stating that the study aims to evaluate existing flexible pavement conditions, determine the types and causes of failures, and select effective treatment methods. As a case study, a road in Ambala Cantt, India was evaluated. Field inspections found serious surface deformations, cracks, disintegration and defects caused by factors like heavy vehicle loads, poor drainage, unsuitable layer thickness, and improper mix design. The introduction provides background on flexible pavement structures and design considerations. Different failure types for flexible pavements are described, including alligator cracking, consolidation, shear cracking, and more. Prior literature on pavement deformation, wheel tracking, pothole formation
This document summarizes a study on the influence of subsurface materials on pavement performance along the Yebu-Agaro road in Ethiopia. Soil samples were taken from severely damaged and undamaged sections of the road and tested in the lab. The tests found that the subgrade soil had liquid limits ranging from 33-60.5%, plasticity indexes from 20.3-30.1%, and soaked CBR values between 8-13%, which is below the minimum specified value of 15%. This indicates the subgrade soil is a poor material for the pavement structure. Analysis showed the soil types were also poor according to AASHTO and USCS classifications. It was concluded that failures along the road were influenced by the sub
IRJET- Study on Flexible Pavement Failures and it’s Remedial MeasuresIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on failures of flexible pavements and remedial measures. It focuses on a 24 km stretch of road from Shahbad to Saha in Haryana, India that experiences heavy traffic. The road is deteriorating due to failures like cracks and potholes. The study aims to establish guidelines to systematically inspect and evaluate pavement failures. It will determine the causes of failures and recommend the best maintenance option. Common causes of failures identified are poor maintenance, drainage, construction quality, and lack of supervision. Proper maintenance and repairs are needed to preserve pavement quality and safety under heavy traffic loads.
This document summarizes a study that examined the effect of pavement condition on traffic safety for three federal roads in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Two pavement condition rating systems were considered: the Pavement Condition Score (PCS) system and the Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (FERMA) system. The FERMA system was used for this study as it provided clearer descriptions of pavement conditions without ambiguity. Pavement condition data was collected for each route and weighted Road Condition Scores (RCS) were calculated based on the length and rated condition of the pavement sections. The results found the Bauchi to Jos route had the highest RCS while Bauchi to Gombe had the lowest, however the Jos route
Reducing health and safety risks on poorly maintained rural roads, granlundJohan Granlund
This paper presents a handful of methods to measure road alignment properties and pavement damages that bring health and safety risks. These methods can be used in new approaches to reduce disproportionally high risks in hot spots on the low-volume road network. Suitable actions include road curve reconstruction, reinforcement of road edge or entire pavement, resurfacing or retexturing the wearing course, as well as mounting intelligent warning signs using radar for detection of excessive vehicle speed. The potential for crash reduction is high at hot spot road sections, especially where friction is low. This paper ends with a consensus statement on the urgent need to implement such approaches in road management. The statement is given by the Nordic Road Associations (NVF) working group “Vehicles and Transportation”, consisting of about 50 recognized experts in the fields of heavy vehicles, transportation and of vehicle-road interaction
This document outlines the course structure and content for CE 2026 Traffic Engineering and Management. The 5 units cover: 1) introduction to traffic engineering, 2) traffic surveys and analysis, 3) traffic control, 4) geometric design of intersections, and 5) traffic management. Key topics include traffic flow characteristics, data collection methods, traffic control devices, intersection design principles, and traffic management strategies. The role of the traffic engineer is to provide mobility while ensuring safety, environmental protection, and efficient use of transportation resources through practices and technologies.
Causes of cracks and deterioration of pavement on highways in jordan from con...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the causes of cracks and deterioration of pavements on highways in Jordan from contractors' perspectives. A literature review identified 51 potential causes of road deterioration. A questionnaire was distributed to 150 contractors to rate each cause on a scale of 1 to 5. 38 responses were received. The causes were analyzed individually and grouped. The highest individually ranked cause was "defects caused during construction due to poor construction quality" with a rating of 4.15. Causes were also grouped into 11 categories with the highest rated group being "Effect of Cracks and Structural Failure" at 3.96. The study aims to identify key causes of highway deterioration in Jordan to help minimize risks and costs associated with road maintenance and
Evaluation of Flexible Pavement Failures-A Case Study on Izki RoadIJAEMSJORNAL
Pavement is a multi-layer system that distributes the vehicular loads over a larger area. It helps to make them durable and able to withstand traffic and the environment. Pavement consists of three basic layers the first layer is Sub grade (Gravel) which is the foundation layer, the second layer is sub base (layer Assistant foundation) and the top layer is base (a layer of pavement) which consists of Bituminous Carpet + Bituminous Macadam. Cracking of pavement is a defect that appears in the top layer of the road. Pavement can be under compression and tension at the same time, but in different directions. While a tire compresses a pavement downward, it forms a deflection basin which causes the pavement to go into tension in both horizontal directions. If the pavement is not strong enough, the asphalt is stretched too far, which separates and a crack forms in the wheel track. A crack may also form between the wheel tracks. The maintenance of roads means protecting, restoration and strengthening of all elements of the road to maintain sustainability of the road. Road maintenance also includes additional work that is necessary in order to raise the level of performance and reach the best level of safety and comfort for the road users. Roads are high-cost investments and need constant maintenance so that these investments continue to perform as required. Therefore, care must be taken to maintain the roads in optimum maintenance and in a scientific manner. The aim of this Study is to identify the most common types of cracks and defects which occur in Izki road and suggest suitable option for maintenance. The objectives are to identify different types of cracks & defects, to find out the different reasons that cause defects and cracks in Izki road and to suggest suitable maintenance methods. A 2km length of the road was selected for the study. Survey was carried out and the reasons for cracking and other failures in pavement were studied. Finally, the required maintenance solution for each type of failures was identified and the best maintenance option was selected.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Evaluation of Flexible Pavement FailuresIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review paper on evaluating failures in flexible pavements. It begins with an abstract stating that the study aims to evaluate existing flexible pavement conditions, determine the types and causes of failures, and select effective treatment methods. As a case study, a road in Ambala Cantt, India was evaluated. Field inspections found serious surface deformations, cracks, disintegration and defects caused by factors like heavy vehicle loads, poor drainage, unsuitable layer thickness, and improper mix design. The introduction provides background on flexible pavement structures and design considerations. Different failure types for flexible pavements are described, including alligator cracking, consolidation, shear cracking, and more. Prior literature on pavement deformation, wheel tracking, pothole formation
This document summarizes a study on the influence of subsurface materials on pavement performance along the Yebu-Agaro road in Ethiopia. Soil samples were taken from severely damaged and undamaged sections of the road and tested in the lab. The tests found that the subgrade soil had liquid limits ranging from 33-60.5%, plasticity indexes from 20.3-30.1%, and soaked CBR values between 8-13%, which is below the minimum specified value of 15%. This indicates the subgrade soil is a poor material for the pavement structure. Analysis showed the soil types were also poor according to AASHTO and USCS classifications. It was concluded that failures along the road were influenced by the sub
IRJET- Study on Flexible Pavement Failures and it’s Remedial MeasuresIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on failures of flexible pavements and remedial measures. It focuses on a 24 km stretch of road from Shahbad to Saha in Haryana, India that experiences heavy traffic. The road is deteriorating due to failures like cracks and potholes. The study aims to establish guidelines to systematically inspect and evaluate pavement failures. It will determine the causes of failures and recommend the best maintenance option. Common causes of failures identified are poor maintenance, drainage, construction quality, and lack of supervision. Proper maintenance and repairs are needed to preserve pavement quality and safety under heavy traffic loads.
This document summarizes a study that examined the effect of pavement condition on traffic safety for three federal roads in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Two pavement condition rating systems were considered: the Pavement Condition Score (PCS) system and the Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (FERMA) system. The FERMA system was used for this study as it provided clearer descriptions of pavement conditions without ambiguity. Pavement condition data was collected for each route and weighted Road Condition Scores (RCS) were calculated based on the length and rated condition of the pavement sections. The results found the Bauchi to Jos route had the highest RCS while Bauchi to Gombe had the lowest, however the Jos route
Reducing health and safety risks on poorly maintained rural roads, granlundJohan Granlund
This paper presents a handful of methods to measure road alignment properties and pavement damages that bring health and safety risks. These methods can be used in new approaches to reduce disproportionally high risks in hot spots on the low-volume road network. Suitable actions include road curve reconstruction, reinforcement of road edge or entire pavement, resurfacing or retexturing the wearing course, as well as mounting intelligent warning signs using radar for detection of excessive vehicle speed. The potential for crash reduction is high at hot spot road sections, especially where friction is low. This paper ends with a consensus statement on the urgent need to implement such approaches in road management. The statement is given by the Nordic Road Associations (NVF) working group “Vehicles and Transportation”, consisting of about 50 recognized experts in the fields of heavy vehicles, transportation and of vehicle-road interaction
This document outlines the course structure and content for CE 2026 Traffic Engineering and Management. The 5 units cover: 1) introduction to traffic engineering, 2) traffic surveys and analysis, 3) traffic control, 4) geometric design of intersections, and 5) traffic management. Key topics include traffic flow characteristics, data collection methods, traffic control devices, intersection design principles, and traffic management strategies. The role of the traffic engineer is to provide mobility while ensuring safety, environmental protection, and efficient use of transportation resources through practices and technologies.
Degree of vehicle overloading and its implication on road safety in developin...Alexander Decker
This document discusses vehicle overloading in developing countries and its implications for road safety. The key points are:
1) A study in Malaysia found that about 25-29% of commercial vehicles were overloaded each month, with the highest rates among 3-axle trucks. Some vehicles were overloaded by up to 101% of the legal weight limit.
2) Heavier vehicles require greater stopping distances. Simulation data showed increased vehicle weight compromised safety by lengthening stopping distances.
3) Overloaded trucks have reduced stability, braking ability, and maneuverability, increasing the risks of accidents. Fatigued drivers compound these safety issues.
A STUDY OF GEO-ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF RIVER-BORNE COARSE AGGREGATES OF RIV...IAEME Publication
An attempt has been made to study the geological and engineering properties of the riverborne coarse aggregates of river Pagladia, Baksa district, Assam for evaluating their suitability as road material. The investigation were carried out on both natural and crushed form of the coarse aggregates of the river from upstream to gradually downstream to see their probable property variations. The results of various geological and engineering test performed show that both the type
of aggregates are suitable as road material as per specification laid down by Indian Standard Institutions (Bureau of Indian Standard), Indian Roads Congress and Ministry of Surface Transport and various suggestions put forward by different authors in their different publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The keynote speaker was Paul C. Ajegba, the Director of the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT). The summary discusses his background and career history at MDOT, culminating in his appointment as Director by Governor Gretchen Whitmer in January 2019. It also provides statistics on MDOT's partnership with HBCUs through the Transportation Development Recruitment Program (TDRP), which has grown the number of interns from 4 in year 1 to 34 in year 7.
A study on road traffic safety projectJeremy Gomes
This document is a project proposal submitted by Jeremie Niyonzima and Immaculee Gumyusenge to the Faculty of Technology at Umutara Polytechnic for a study on road traffic safety in Nyagatare Town, Rwanda. The proposal includes an introduction outlining the background and objectives of the study, a literature review on road safety issues in Rwanda and engineering measures that can improve road safety, and the initial chapters that will guide the research. The overall aim of the study is to evaluate and analyze road traffic safety in Nyagatare Town and propose engineering solutions to improve safety.
This document discusses evaluating the characteristics of existing flexible pavements through non-destructive testing methods. It provides background on the increasing usage of road infrastructure globally and the need to evaluate pavement strength and durability. The document focuses on using the Benkelman Beam test to measure pavement deflections under load and analyze structural capacity. It reviews several past studies that have evaluated relationships between Benkelman Beam test results and other testing methods and explored using deflection measurements to determine rehabilitation needs.
The Per Mile Costs of Operating Automobiles and TrucksDivyanshu Dayal
This document summarizes a report on methods for calculating the variable costs of operating personal vehicles and trucks. It develops baseline per-mile costs for different vehicle types based on current data, and provides adjustment factors to account for factors like driving conditions, pavement quality, and future cost changes. For personal vehicles, it estimates a baseline cost of 17.1 cents per mile based on Minnesota's vehicle fleet. For trucks, the baseline is 43.4 cents per mile. Adjustment factors are provided to account for issues like city driving versus highway driving. The report aims to provide a flexible yet easy-to-use tool for estimating operating costs in transportation project evaluation and planning.
IRJET- Use of Ferrochrome Slag as Aggregate in Concrete- A ReviewIRJET Journal
The document reviews the use of ferrochrome slag as an aggregate in concrete. Ferrochrome slag is a solid waste produced during ferrochrome alloy steel production. It has physical and chemical properties suitable for use as a concrete aggregate. Studies have shown that water cooled ferrochrome slag can replace up to 30% of natural sand in concrete with only minor reductions in compressive strength, workability, and other properties. The concrete maintains sufficient strength for general construction uses even with a 30% replacement of sand by the industrial waste slag aggregate. Using waste ferrochrome slag in concrete has benefits for waste management and reduces demand for natural resources.
STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF FLUCTUATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL SOIL PARAMETERS ON GROU...IAEME Publication
Tunnel construction remain a challenging engineering project, even with the foremost progress in tunnel boring technology & tunnel design and one of the main problems from geotechnical point of view, is the intrinsic complexity and heterogeneity of soil.
Indeed, tunnel design requires an excellent knowledge of soil characteristics. But it’s not possible to identify the soil parameters at each point. It is therefore, important to evaluate which soil parameters are the most determinant and how the variability of soil properties can influence the tunnel.
Hence, a parametric study is performed by using the finite element code Plaxis, in order to investigate, how the fluctuation of fundamental soil parameters can affect the ground movements induced by tunnel construction.
The parametric study reveals that the effect of fluctuation of the cohesion and the friction angle is more important than the effect of the Young’s modulus. While the effect of fluctuation of the Poisson’s ratio is negligible.
On the other hand, the results obtained indicate that, the settlement is more sensitive to cohesion compared to friction angle, but in term of horizontal displacements the two parameters have the same effect
CAUSES OF HIGHWAY FAILURE IN NIGERIA ORIGINALAliyu Hamza
The document discusses the causes of highway failure in Nigeria. It identifies several key causes: moisture penetration into pavement layers from inadequate drainage systems, cracks in the pavement surface, and lack of consideration of subsurface geological conditions during the design process. Poor drainage is a major issue, as it can lead to a reduction in the strength of pavement layers over time from excessive water content. The document also examines the different layers that make up flexible and rigid pavements and their functions. It provides details on common defects seen in Nigerian roads like cracks, potholes, and edge deterioration.
This document is a project report that investigates the geotechnical properties of soil along the Olenguruone-Kibunja road in Kenya that has experienced failure. Soil samples were collected from the subgrade, subbase, and base courses for laboratory testing to analyze properties like moisture content, density, plasticity, and California bearing ratio. The results found that the soil materials have high clay and moisture contents with low densities, and many base course samples did not meet the CBR requirements. The report concludes that while the subbase and subgrade may not be the sole cause of failure, the base course materials are likely of poor quality contributing to the pavement failure along the road.
This document discusses reasons for road failure and the effects of poor drainage. It notes that water retained in soil pores must be drained effectively from road surfaces. If not, the water can permeate the subgrade and decrease its strength, causing waves and corrugations to form. Poor drainage can reduce the shear strength of unbound materials, move fine aggregates, pump fines, cause cracking in rigid pavements, and strip asphalt in flexible pavements. Blocked drains can cause drainage water to flow over road surfaces, resulting in bitumen stripping if this occurs over many years. The effects of poor drainage include water expulsion through capillary action, formation of potholes due to subgrade settlement or poor drainage, waves
This document provides information about failures in flexible pavements. It discusses the major types of failures such as fatigue cracking, rutting, and thermal cracking. It then describes different types of failures that can occur in the subgrade, subbase, and base course layers. Finally, it defines and describes common flexible pavement distresses including various types of cracking, deformation, deterioration, and problems associated with seal coats. The distresses and failures are defined in detail.
This document provides information on flexible pavement design and theory. It discusses the typical layers of a flexible pavement including the surface course, base course, and subgrade. It also outlines several factors that affect pavement design such as wheel load, climate, and material characteristics. Additionally, the document examines failures like fatigue cracking and rutting that pavement design aims to prevent. It provides guidance on mechanistic-empirical design as prescribed by the Indian Roads Congress.
Poor drainage is a major cause of road deterioration and failure. Excess water from rain or groundwater can reduce the strength of pavement materials, cause rutting and potholes, and lead to stripping of asphalt layers. Several case studies from India are presented that demonstrate how issues like blocked drains, high water tables, and expansive soils have resulted in premature pavement damage through increased moisture content. Proper drainage systems are needed to direct surface water away from roads and keep subgrade water levels low to increase road lifespan.
This document discusses the potential applications of nanotechnology in civil engineering. It begins by outlining some of the disadvantages currently faced in construction such as structures weakening over time and safety issues. It then explains how nanotechnology could help address these issues by enabling lighter, stronger materials with improved durability and lower maintenance costs. Specific examples discussed include using nano-silica or fly ash to enhance concrete properties, carbon nanotubes to improve mechanical performance, and nano titanium for self-cleaning and protective coatings. Additional applications mentioned are high strength steel cables, fatigue resistance, self-healing materials, insulation, environmental remediation, and energy production. In conclusion, the document states that nanotechnology could have a profound influence on
This document discusses the types and uses of geotextiles in pavement construction. It describes the three main types of geotextiles - woven, non-woven, and knitted - and explains how they are manufactured. The key functions of geotextiles in pavement are identified as separation, filtration, reinforcement, drainage, and erosion control. Geotextiles are typically placed between the subgrade and aggregate base layers in pavement to prevent mixing of materials and increase pavement strength and lifespan.
The document discusses different approaches to flexible pavement design, including empirical, mechanistic, and mechanistic-empirical approaches. It provides details on each approach, such as the empirical approach using the 1993 AASHTO Guide equation relating pavement characteristics to performance, and the mechanistic approach modeling the pavement as layers and calculating stress/strain. The mechanistic-empirical approach combines both, using mechanics to calculate stresses/strains and empirical data to define failure criteria. Road tests like the AASHO and Maryland tests helped develop the empirical relationships used in design methods.
The document outlines seven common "sins" that entrepreneurs often make that can lead their businesses to failure. These sins include having unrealistic expectations about entrepreneurship, not having the right partnerships aligned with their mission, poor planning and decision making, insufficient focus on cash flow and financing, prioritizing good ideas over good people, overly rigid or insufficient systems and structure, and failing to differentiate from competitors by copying them instead of innovating. The document advocates for recognizing the realities of entrepreneurship, carefully selecting mission-aligned partners, thorough planning balanced with adaptability, achieving positive cash flow, hiring the right people, having flexible systems, and being daring, first and different from competitors to avoid these sins.
This document provides a project report on the design of a flexible pavement for the SDITS campus. It was submitted by a team of 5 civil engineering students at Shri Dadaji Institute of Technology and Science in Khandwa, India, in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Engineering degree. The report includes chapters on literature review, proposed methodology, surveying and leveling of the site, laboratory tests conducted, design and results, conclusions, and references. The team conducted a topographic survey of the existing road, took soil samples for testing, designed the pavement structure using the California Bearing Ratio method, and provided a cost estimate for constructing the flexible pavement on the SDITS campus.
Degree of vehicle overloading and its implication on road safety in developin...Alexander Decker
This document discusses vehicle overloading in developing countries and its implications for road safety. The key points are:
1) A study in Malaysia found that about 25-29% of commercial vehicles were overloaded each month, with the highest rates among 3-axle trucks. Some vehicles were overloaded by up to 101% of the legal weight limit.
2) Heavier vehicles require greater stopping distances. Simulation data showed increased vehicle weight compromised safety by lengthening stopping distances.
3) Overloaded trucks have reduced stability, braking ability, and maneuverability, increasing the risks of accidents. Fatigued drivers compound these safety issues.
A STUDY OF GEO-ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF RIVER-BORNE COARSE AGGREGATES OF RIV...IAEME Publication
An attempt has been made to study the geological and engineering properties of the riverborne coarse aggregates of river Pagladia, Baksa district, Assam for evaluating their suitability as road material. The investigation were carried out on both natural and crushed form of the coarse aggregates of the river from upstream to gradually downstream to see their probable property variations. The results of various geological and engineering test performed show that both the type
of aggregates are suitable as road material as per specification laid down by Indian Standard Institutions (Bureau of Indian Standard), Indian Roads Congress and Ministry of Surface Transport and various suggestions put forward by different authors in their different publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The keynote speaker was Paul C. Ajegba, the Director of the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT). The summary discusses his background and career history at MDOT, culminating in his appointment as Director by Governor Gretchen Whitmer in January 2019. It also provides statistics on MDOT's partnership with HBCUs through the Transportation Development Recruitment Program (TDRP), which has grown the number of interns from 4 in year 1 to 34 in year 7.
A study on road traffic safety projectJeremy Gomes
This document is a project proposal submitted by Jeremie Niyonzima and Immaculee Gumyusenge to the Faculty of Technology at Umutara Polytechnic for a study on road traffic safety in Nyagatare Town, Rwanda. The proposal includes an introduction outlining the background and objectives of the study, a literature review on road safety issues in Rwanda and engineering measures that can improve road safety, and the initial chapters that will guide the research. The overall aim of the study is to evaluate and analyze road traffic safety in Nyagatare Town and propose engineering solutions to improve safety.
This document discusses evaluating the characteristics of existing flexible pavements through non-destructive testing methods. It provides background on the increasing usage of road infrastructure globally and the need to evaluate pavement strength and durability. The document focuses on using the Benkelman Beam test to measure pavement deflections under load and analyze structural capacity. It reviews several past studies that have evaluated relationships between Benkelman Beam test results and other testing methods and explored using deflection measurements to determine rehabilitation needs.
The Per Mile Costs of Operating Automobiles and TrucksDivyanshu Dayal
This document summarizes a report on methods for calculating the variable costs of operating personal vehicles and trucks. It develops baseline per-mile costs for different vehicle types based on current data, and provides adjustment factors to account for factors like driving conditions, pavement quality, and future cost changes. For personal vehicles, it estimates a baseline cost of 17.1 cents per mile based on Minnesota's vehicle fleet. For trucks, the baseline is 43.4 cents per mile. Adjustment factors are provided to account for issues like city driving versus highway driving. The report aims to provide a flexible yet easy-to-use tool for estimating operating costs in transportation project evaluation and planning.
IRJET- Use of Ferrochrome Slag as Aggregate in Concrete- A ReviewIRJET Journal
The document reviews the use of ferrochrome slag as an aggregate in concrete. Ferrochrome slag is a solid waste produced during ferrochrome alloy steel production. It has physical and chemical properties suitable for use as a concrete aggregate. Studies have shown that water cooled ferrochrome slag can replace up to 30% of natural sand in concrete with only minor reductions in compressive strength, workability, and other properties. The concrete maintains sufficient strength for general construction uses even with a 30% replacement of sand by the industrial waste slag aggregate. Using waste ferrochrome slag in concrete has benefits for waste management and reduces demand for natural resources.
STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF FLUCTUATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL SOIL PARAMETERS ON GROU...IAEME Publication
Tunnel construction remain a challenging engineering project, even with the foremost progress in tunnel boring technology & tunnel design and one of the main problems from geotechnical point of view, is the intrinsic complexity and heterogeneity of soil.
Indeed, tunnel design requires an excellent knowledge of soil characteristics. But it’s not possible to identify the soil parameters at each point. It is therefore, important to evaluate which soil parameters are the most determinant and how the variability of soil properties can influence the tunnel.
Hence, a parametric study is performed by using the finite element code Plaxis, in order to investigate, how the fluctuation of fundamental soil parameters can affect the ground movements induced by tunnel construction.
The parametric study reveals that the effect of fluctuation of the cohesion and the friction angle is more important than the effect of the Young’s modulus. While the effect of fluctuation of the Poisson’s ratio is negligible.
On the other hand, the results obtained indicate that, the settlement is more sensitive to cohesion compared to friction angle, but in term of horizontal displacements the two parameters have the same effect
CAUSES OF HIGHWAY FAILURE IN NIGERIA ORIGINALAliyu Hamza
The document discusses the causes of highway failure in Nigeria. It identifies several key causes: moisture penetration into pavement layers from inadequate drainage systems, cracks in the pavement surface, and lack of consideration of subsurface geological conditions during the design process. Poor drainage is a major issue, as it can lead to a reduction in the strength of pavement layers over time from excessive water content. The document also examines the different layers that make up flexible and rigid pavements and their functions. It provides details on common defects seen in Nigerian roads like cracks, potholes, and edge deterioration.
This document is a project report that investigates the geotechnical properties of soil along the Olenguruone-Kibunja road in Kenya that has experienced failure. Soil samples were collected from the subgrade, subbase, and base courses for laboratory testing to analyze properties like moisture content, density, plasticity, and California bearing ratio. The results found that the soil materials have high clay and moisture contents with low densities, and many base course samples did not meet the CBR requirements. The report concludes that while the subbase and subgrade may not be the sole cause of failure, the base course materials are likely of poor quality contributing to the pavement failure along the road.
This document discusses reasons for road failure and the effects of poor drainage. It notes that water retained in soil pores must be drained effectively from road surfaces. If not, the water can permeate the subgrade and decrease its strength, causing waves and corrugations to form. Poor drainage can reduce the shear strength of unbound materials, move fine aggregates, pump fines, cause cracking in rigid pavements, and strip asphalt in flexible pavements. Blocked drains can cause drainage water to flow over road surfaces, resulting in bitumen stripping if this occurs over many years. The effects of poor drainage include water expulsion through capillary action, formation of potholes due to subgrade settlement or poor drainage, waves
This document provides information about failures in flexible pavements. It discusses the major types of failures such as fatigue cracking, rutting, and thermal cracking. It then describes different types of failures that can occur in the subgrade, subbase, and base course layers. Finally, it defines and describes common flexible pavement distresses including various types of cracking, deformation, deterioration, and problems associated with seal coats. The distresses and failures are defined in detail.
This document provides information on flexible pavement design and theory. It discusses the typical layers of a flexible pavement including the surface course, base course, and subgrade. It also outlines several factors that affect pavement design such as wheel load, climate, and material characteristics. Additionally, the document examines failures like fatigue cracking and rutting that pavement design aims to prevent. It provides guidance on mechanistic-empirical design as prescribed by the Indian Roads Congress.
Poor drainage is a major cause of road deterioration and failure. Excess water from rain or groundwater can reduce the strength of pavement materials, cause rutting and potholes, and lead to stripping of asphalt layers. Several case studies from India are presented that demonstrate how issues like blocked drains, high water tables, and expansive soils have resulted in premature pavement damage through increased moisture content. Proper drainage systems are needed to direct surface water away from roads and keep subgrade water levels low to increase road lifespan.
This document discusses the potential applications of nanotechnology in civil engineering. It begins by outlining some of the disadvantages currently faced in construction such as structures weakening over time and safety issues. It then explains how nanotechnology could help address these issues by enabling lighter, stronger materials with improved durability and lower maintenance costs. Specific examples discussed include using nano-silica or fly ash to enhance concrete properties, carbon nanotubes to improve mechanical performance, and nano titanium for self-cleaning and protective coatings. Additional applications mentioned are high strength steel cables, fatigue resistance, self-healing materials, insulation, environmental remediation, and energy production. In conclusion, the document states that nanotechnology could have a profound influence on
This document discusses the types and uses of geotextiles in pavement construction. It describes the three main types of geotextiles - woven, non-woven, and knitted - and explains how they are manufactured. The key functions of geotextiles in pavement are identified as separation, filtration, reinforcement, drainage, and erosion control. Geotextiles are typically placed between the subgrade and aggregate base layers in pavement to prevent mixing of materials and increase pavement strength and lifespan.
The document discusses different approaches to flexible pavement design, including empirical, mechanistic, and mechanistic-empirical approaches. It provides details on each approach, such as the empirical approach using the 1993 AASHTO Guide equation relating pavement characteristics to performance, and the mechanistic approach modeling the pavement as layers and calculating stress/strain. The mechanistic-empirical approach combines both, using mechanics to calculate stresses/strains and empirical data to define failure criteria. Road tests like the AASHO and Maryland tests helped develop the empirical relationships used in design methods.
The document outlines seven common "sins" that entrepreneurs often make that can lead their businesses to failure. These sins include having unrealistic expectations about entrepreneurship, not having the right partnerships aligned with their mission, poor planning and decision making, insufficient focus on cash flow and financing, prioritizing good ideas over good people, overly rigid or insufficient systems and structure, and failing to differentiate from competitors by copying them instead of innovating. The document advocates for recognizing the realities of entrepreneurship, carefully selecting mission-aligned partners, thorough planning balanced with adaptability, achieving positive cash flow, hiring the right people, having flexible systems, and being daring, first and different from competitors to avoid these sins.
This document provides a project report on the design of a flexible pavement for the SDITS campus. It was submitted by a team of 5 civil engineering students at Shri Dadaji Institute of Technology and Science in Khandwa, India, in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Engineering degree. The report includes chapters on literature review, proposed methodology, surveying and leveling of the site, laboratory tests conducted, design and results, conclusions, and references. The team conducted a topographic survey of the existing road, took soil samples for testing, designed the pavement structure using the California Bearing Ratio method, and provided a cost estimate for constructing the flexible pavement on the SDITS campus.
Nano technology involves manipulating materials at the nanometer scale to develop new large scale materials with improved properties. In civil engineering, nano technology is being applied to concrete, glass, steel, and coatings to enhance strength, durability, and other qualities. Some applications include using nano silica to strengthen concrete, titanium dioxide to provide self-cleaning and anti-microbial properties to surfaces, and carbon nanotubes to reinforce cement and increase its mechanical properties. Nano technology shows promise for significantly advancing materials used in civil engineering construction and infrastructure.
This document discusses the design principles, components, and methods for designing both flexible and rigid pavements according to IRC standards, describing the roles of subgrade soil, pavement layers, traffic characteristics, and materials used for flexible pavements consisting of granular bases and bituminous surfaces, as well as jointed concrete slabs for rigid pavements. It also provides an example of designing a two-lane bypass pavement based on initial traffic volume, design life, growth rate, and subgrade CBR value.
This document discusses the design of flexible granular pavements. It outlines the different types of pavement, including flexible pavements made of unbound granular materials and sometimes bituminous or cement stabilized materials. It also discusses rigid pavements made of Portland cement concrete. The document then focuses on analyzing the structural capacity of pavements and the factors considered in design, such as subgrade strength, pavement materials, and design traffic loading over the life of the pavement. Case studies are also presented.
Flexible pavement-design-guidelines-flexible-pavement by do r nepalBhim Upadhyaya
This document provides guidelines for designing flexible pavements in Nepal. It outlines the process for determining key inputs like traffic volume, axle loads, subgrade strength, and lays out the layers that make up flexible pavements. The design approach is based on standards from IRC, AASHTO, TRB, and others. Inputs such as traffic forecasts, subgrade testing, and material specifications are required to select the appropriate pavement thickness and composition using design charts provided in the annexes.
Nanotechnology offers possibilities to improve materials used in civil engineering. At the nanoscale, materials demonstrate new properties. Concrete can be made stronger and more durable using nano-silica and carbon nanotubes. Steel can incorporate nanoparticles to increase strength and resistance to fatigue and corrosion. Titanium dioxide and carbon nanotubes make glass self-cleaning. Nanoparticles in coatings provide insulation and hydrophobicity. While costs are currently high, nanotechnology research aims to advance sustainability in the construction industry by developing higher performance, longer lasting materials.
Geophysical Investigations of a Pavement Failure Along Akure-Ijare Road, Sout...iosrjce
Geophysical investigations were carried out along two failed segments of Akure-Ijare road, named
locality 1 and locality 2, with the aim of establishing the cause(s) of the incessant pavement failure along the
road. The geophysical investigations involved the Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and
Electrical Resistivity Methods. The VLF-EM measurements were taken at intervals of 10 m along traverses
parallel to road pavements. Two techniques were adopted for the electrical resistivity method namely: the
vertical electrical sounding (VES) and a combination of horizontal profiling and sounding using dipole-dipole
configuration with inter stations separation (a) of 5 m and an expansion factor (n) that varies from 1 to 5. The
Schlumberger configuration was used for the VES with AB/2 varying from 1 to 65 m. Nine (9) and twelve (12)
VES were carried out at localities 1 and 2 respectively. The VLF-EM method revealed that the road pavement is
founded on a weakly conductive material devoid of major geological structure. The Vertical electrical sounding
curves range from A, H to KH. The geoelectric sections generally identified three to four geologic sequences
that comprise topsoil, weathered layer, partly weathered/fracture basement and fresh basement. At locality 1,
the topsoil/subsoil on which the road is founded are of low resistivity generally less than 100 Ω-m composed of
clayey materials, while the road pavement along locality 2 is within the resistive topsoil or directly on bedrock.
The bedrock along this locality is generally shallow (< 2 m) with an uneven interface. Therefore, from the
results of the investigation the causes of road failure in the studied roadway are heterogeneity and clayey nature
of the topsoil/sub-grade material, lack of proper drainage at the road embankment and poor construction
material.
Geophysical Investigations of a Pavement Failure Along Akure-Ijare Road, Sout...iosrjce
Geophysical investigations using VLF-EM and electrical resistivity methods were conducted along two failed segments of the Akure-Ijare road in Nigeria to determine the cause of failures. At the first locality, both the topsoil and subsoil were clayey and the bedrock topography was uneven, with basement depressions and geological features like fractures present. This locality failed due to incompetent clayey soils and weak geological zones. At the second locality, the topsoil was heterogeneous with clay and the bedrock was shallow, yet it still failed likely due to poor drainage and construction materials. In summary, the road failures were caused by clayey and heterogeneous soils, uneven bedrock topology, lack of drainage, and substandard construction
The Cause, Effect and Possible Solution to Traffic Congestion on Nigeria Road...inventionjournals
Due to increase in population and the attraction of human activities into urban region which in
turn leads to the growth of vehicle ownership and use, there is demand for road space which has led to increase
in the number of public transport operation. Consequently, the demand for road space is greater than the
supply because the rate of provision of transport facilities is less than the rate of growth of vehicle ownership
and use which result into traffic congestion. Traffic congestion is the impedance of vehicles imposed on each
other due to speed-flow relationship in conditions where the use of transport system approaches capacity.
Traffic congestion in Nigeria, taking Basorun-Akobo Road in Ibadan Oyo State as a case study has been
analysed using experimental and theoretical approaches. These involve traffic counting and delay survey. In
order to carry out effective research work on the case study road, the method adopted were traffic counting and
traffic delay survey. The effect of traffic congestion on the study area are Waste of time, Delay movement,
Accident, Inability to forecast travel time, Fuel consumption, Road rage and environmental pollution. Possible
solutions to traffic congestion on the case study area is to: Dualize the Road, Provide Adequate Parking Space,
Construct proper Drainage and Install Traffic Control Devices.
Large cities in developing countries are characterized by growth in automobile ownership, insufficient
transportation infrastructure and service development. These cities often suffer from congestion, poor mobility
and accessibility, significant economic waste, adverse environmental impact and safety problems. This paper
focuses on identification of travel time characteristics and other traffic parameters and to develop a predictive
model for travel time on Akure major roads. Data on travel time were collected for vehicles during the morning
and evening peak periods using floating car technique. The data was analyzed using Statistical Packages for
Social Sciences (SPSS) and fitted into Multiple Regression model to establish a relationship between the
Travel Time and other road traffic parameters. Travel time (Tt) was modeled as a function of section length
(X1), number of intersections (X2), pedestrian/ economic activities (X3), Traffic volume (X4), enforcement
agency (X5) and road width (X6). The Coefficient of multiple determination R2 was 0.702 which means that
there is 70.2% of the dependent variable (travel time) in the forward direction as explained (accounted) by the
independent variables and 72.2% in the opposite direction. The result revealed that section length, pedestrian
economic activity and traffic volume were all significant at 5% level and has a positive relationship with travel
time in both forward and reverse direction. The model identifies the impact of these traffic parameters on travel
time and recommend measures for improvement.
IRJET- Comprehensive Geometric and Pavement Design of Kabaya Road, RwandaIRJET Journal
This document presents the comprehensive geometric and pavement design of Kabaya Road located in Ngororero district, Rwanda. Topographic surveys were conducted to collect terrain data. Various soil tests were performed to determine layer thicknesses and material properties. A traffic survey found an average daily traffic of 526 vehicles and forecasted cumulative standard axles of 8 million over the design life. Geometric design elements like horizontal curves, sight distances, and longitudinal profiles were calculated according to Rwandan and AASHTO standards. Pavement thicknesses of 225mm subbase, 170mm base, and 100mm surface were determined. The total road length designed was 11.447km.
Blamah service stations locational impact assessment of gasolineAyub Gathu
This document examines the locational impact of gasoline service stations along the Abuja-Keffi road in Nigeria. It assessed 17 stations out of 58 total using systematic sampling. The study found that most stations were established without regard for planning criteria or safety, and in violation of regulations requiring a minimum distance of 450m between stations. Locating stations too close together increases the risk of fire spreading between stations and endangering surrounding communities. The document recommends plans and actions to address the situation in order to protect the environment and human safety.
This document summarizes a study analyzing traffic flow characteristics on roads in PGIMER, Chandigarh, India. Traffic volume data was collected manually and via video recordings at the institute's two main gates over peak hours on weekdays. The data was analyzed to determine traffic composition, hourly and daily variations, and the capacity and level of service of the roads. It was found that the maximum traffic volumes occurred during morning and evening peak hours. The traffic consisted primarily of cars and two-wheelers. Capacity and level of service calculations showed deteriorating conditions during peaks with excessive delays and congestion. Recommendations were made to improve traffic flow.
This document proposes transportation improvements to the North Quarter of downtown Orlando through restoring two-way traffic on Orange and Magnolia Avenues. The proposal builds on prior studies recommending two-way streets and integrates an existing bikeway plan. It aims to enhance accessibility, safety, and comfort for those walking, biking, and driving. The core feature is converting Orange and Magnolia Avenues to two-way traffic between Amelia Street and South Ivanhoe Boulevard through restriping. It also adds pedestrian crossings, landscaping, and protected bike lanes filling a key gap in the city's bikeway network. The proposal seeks to balance the needs of different street users and improve connectivity in the area.
Geotechnical investigation of road failure along ilorin ajase –ipo road kwar...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining factors contributing to road failure along the Ilorin-Ajase-Ipo road in Kwara State, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from five locations along the road that had experienced failure and were tested for engineering properties. The results showed that the foundation materials were predominantly sandy soils with high percentages of sand. Principal component analysis indicated that sandy soils contributed most to the variability in the study area. The overall results suggested that poor foundation materials containing high sand content and poor engineering construction affected the rate of failure along the road.
Safety is the primary and most important reason for monitoring the deformations of engineering structures. It could also help in improving our knowledge of the mechanical behaviour of engineering structures. Engineering structures are subject to deformation due to factors such as changes of ground water level, traffic load changes, tidal and tectonic phenomena. The Ikpoba River Bridge in Benin City whose traffic load has increased was monitored using GPS technology. The bridge was investigated as a result of carrying more load than usual due to the expansion of the road and dredging activities that had taken place in the river in 2008. One reference station and six monitoring points were involved in the monitoring of the bridge. The regularity of the survey was thirty days, and six observation epochs were used. Each monitoring point was occupied for about thirty minutes during the observation. The observation data were processed with compass software. The processed coordinates were adjusted with least squares adjustment technique. The standard deviation of unit weight for the weighted observations (σo) was computed for each observation epoch and was less than 1cm. The observation epochs were compared consecutively by finding the difference between successive observation results. The maximum differences in coordinates of the successive epochs were all less than 1mm. It was seen from the results that the bridge
was stable and did not undergo any displacement/movement within the period of study. It is recommended that the results of the six monitored points on the bridge should be further analyzed using other appropriate model of adjustment technique.
IRJET- Development of Accident Prediction Model on Horizontal CurvesIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that developed accident prediction models for horizontal curves on roads. The study collected geometric data like radius of curvature, sight distance, and tangent length for road sections using tools like GPS and total station surveys. Accident data for the sections from the past 4 years was also obtained from police reports. Preliminary analysis examined the relationship between equivalent property damage crashes and factors like radius of curvature. Regression analysis in SPSS was then used to create prediction models for different vehicle types (two-wheelers, LCVs, etc.), relating equivalent property damage to geometric factors. The models were validated on a test dataset, and accuracy was evaluated using metrics like RMSE. The models allow identifying dangerous locations and facilitating safety measures to reduce
IRJET- Development of Accident Prediction Model on Horizontal CurvesIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that developed accident prediction models for horizontal curves on roads. The study collected geometric data like radius of curvature, sight distance, and tangent length for road sections using tools like GPS and total station surveys. Accident data for the sections from the past 4 years was also obtained from police reports. Preliminary analysis examined the relationship between equivalent property damage crashes and factors like radius of curvature. Regression analysis in SPSS was then used to create prediction models for different vehicle types (two-wheelers, LCVs, etc.), relating equivalent property damage to geometric factors. The models were validated on a test dataset, and accuracy was evaluated using metrics like RMSE. The models allow identifying dangerous locations and facilitating safety measures to reduce
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Appraisal of airport roundabout on the antoa road, kumasi ghana using micro s...eSAT Journals
Abstract Roundabouts have become increasingly popular in recent years as an innovative operational and safety solution at both low volume and high volume intersections. Roundabouts have a number of advantages over traffic signals depending on the conditions. They reduce the severity of crashes since head-on and right-angle conflicts are nearly eliminated. They reduce through traffic speeds to provide a “calmer” roadway environment. This study appraised Airport roundabout on the Antoa Road in Kumasi, Ghana using micro simulation model. Traffic and geometric data were collected on the field. The analysis revealed that Airport roundabout was operating at a level of service F, which represented worst conditions. Signalized intersection with 4 approach lanes on the two principal arterials was proposed to control all the movements. Exclusive pedestrian phases were proposed to protect pedestrians. Keywords: Appraisal, Airport roundabout, Capacity analysis, Antoa Road.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The rapid increase in the occurrence of road accidents in Nigeria requires the
deployment of real time techniques that is equipped to reduce one of the critical
factor that have been identified by the Federal Road Safety cooperation of Nigeria
(FRSC) that constitute the major cause of road accidents which is over speeding. This
was achieved through the design and implementation of real time vehicle speed
monitoring system using cellular signal along the travelled path. A data acquisition
device was developed to capture in real time the signal strength and geospatial data
(longitude and latitude) along the travel path which is used in determining the speed
of the moving vehicle. The acquired data was correlated with data obtained from
standardize equipment to establish the integrity of the data, the data was then used to
develop the algorithm by obtaining equation for the path-loss gain in terms of signal
strength against distance. Equation for the base stations covering a distance of 10km
were obtained for analysis. Consequently from the equation, the distance from two
locations along the route can be determined from corresponding signal strength
values, the average speed results for the drive test, new Model and using Latitude and
Longitude are compared as followed 88.05km/hr, 75.67km/hr and 88.2km/hr
Study of Traffic Volume and Level of Service of Panjab University, ChandigarhIJERA Editor
The document summarizes a study of traffic volume and level of service at Panjab University in Chandigarh, India. Traffic volume studies were conducted at two main entry gates to the university over a period of 6 days. The peak traffic hours were found to be 9-10am on Thursday when 1,749 vehicles entered and 1,655 vehicles exited. Based on the volume studies, the peak hour traffic and level of service were calculated for the two gates. The level of service during peak hours was determined to evaluate the existing traffic conditions on the university roads.
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Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
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2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
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This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Understanding User Needs and Satisfying ThemAggregage
https://www.productmanagementtoday.com/frs/26903918/understanding-user-needs-and-satisfying-them
We know we want to create products which our customers find to be valuable. Whether we label it as customer-centric or product-led depends on how long we've been doing product management. There are three challenges we face when doing this. The obvious challenge is figuring out what our users need; the non-obvious challenges are in creating a shared understanding of those needs and in sensing if what we're doing is meeting those needs.
In this webinar, we won't focus on the research methods for discovering user-needs. We will focus on synthesis of the needs we discover, communication and alignment tools, and how we operationalize addressing those needs.
Industry expert Scott Sehlhorst will:
• Introduce a taxonomy for user goals with real world examples
• Present the Onion Diagram, a tool for contextualizing task-level goals
• Illustrate how customer journey maps capture activity-level and task-level goals
• Demonstrate the best approach to selection and prioritization of user-goals to address
• Highlight the crucial benchmarks, observable changes, in ensuring fulfillment of customer needs
IMPACT Silver is a pure silver zinc producer with over $260 million in revenue since 2008 and a large 100% owned 210km Mexico land package - 2024 catalysts includes new 14% grade zinc Plomosas mine and 20,000m of fully funded exploration drilling.
How to Implement a Strategy: Transform Your Strategy with BSC Designer's Comp...Aleksey Savkin
The Strategy Implementation System offers a structured approach to translating stakeholder needs into actionable strategies using high-level and low-level scorecards. It involves stakeholder analysis, strategy decomposition, adoption of strategic frameworks like Balanced Scorecard or OKR, and alignment of goals, initiatives, and KPIs.
Key Components:
- Stakeholder Analysis
- Strategy Decomposition
- Adoption of Business Frameworks
- Goal Setting
- Initiatives and Action Plans
- KPIs and Performance Metrics
- Learning and Adaptation
- Alignment and Cascading of Scorecards
Benefits:
- Systematic strategy formulation and execution.
- Framework flexibility and automation.
- Enhanced alignment and strategic focus across the organization.
Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptxJeremyPeirce1
Discover the top mailing list providers in the USA, offering targeted lists, segmentation, and analytics to optimize your marketing campaigns and drive engagement.
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...my Pandit
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B2B payments are rapidly changing. Find out the 5 key questions you need to be asking yourself to be sure you are mastering B2B payments today. Learn more at www.BlueSnap.com.
At Techbox Square, in Singapore, we're not just creative web designers and developers, we're the driving force behind your brand identity. Contact us today.
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Digital Marketing with a Focus on Sustainabilitysssourabhsharma
Digital Marketing best practices including influencer marketing, content creators, and omnichannel marketing for Sustainable Brands at the Sustainable Cosmetics Summit 2024 in New York
Discover timeless style with the 2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men's Ring. Crafted from premium stainless steel, this 6mm wide ring embodies elegance and durability. Perfect as a gift, it seamlessly blends classic Roman numeral detailing with modern sophistication, making it an ideal accessory for any occasion.
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Brian Fitzsimmons on the Business Strategy and Content Flywheel of Barstool S...Neil Horowitz
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Evaluating the causes of the road failure of onitsha
1. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
Vol.6, No.8, 2014
Evaluating the Causes of the Road Failure of Onitsha-Enugu
Expressway, Southeastern Nigeria.
Onuoha, D. C. ; Onwuka, S. U. and Obienusi, E. A.
NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY, P.M.B. 5025,
AWKA, NIGERIA.
Tel: 08037603720; E-mail: chidave2k3@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Considering the persistence of road failure along the Onitsha -Enugu expressway and many other roads in the
southeastern Nigeria, this work was conceived with the aim of evaluating the causes of the road failure in other
to help marshal out effective and efficient measures of tackling this problem of road failure. The study adopted a
survey design which employed the use of a well structured questionnaire to gather information on the causes and
effects of the road failure. To determine the sample size, volumetric analysis was used and the data so generated
was analyzed using One-way Analysis of Variance and Post HOC test. The ANOVA shows the variation among
the causes is not significantly different while the Post HOC test ranked the causative factors treated. The work
thus concluded that all the factors listed contribute to the failure of the road with inadequate maintenance,
mismanagement by the government and old age of the road pavement being the major factors. The work
therefore recommends that there should be Quality Determination for materials during construction, Effective
Maintenance Programme (routine or preventive maintenance, periodic maintenance, and disaster maintenance or
major repairs of our roads) and Establishment of an Active Maintenance Crew.
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
A road pavement is supposed to be a continuous stretch of asphalt lay for a smooth ride or drive. Visible cracks,
potholes, bulges and depressions may punctuate such smooth ride. The punctuation in smooth ride is generally
regarded as road failure. Road Failure could be defined as a discontinuity in a road pavement resulting in cracks,
potholes, bulges and depressions (Aigbedion 2007). According to FMW&H (1992), failed roads are
characterized by potholes, polishing / pavement surface wash, block and longitudinal cracks, drainage collapse,
depressions / sinking of roadway, over flooding of the carriageway, gullies and trenches, rutting and raveling all
of which are evident along the Onitsha -Enugu expressway under study confirming it’s failure.
Field observations and laboratory experiments carried out by Adegoke–Anthony and Agada (1980), Mesida
(1981), and Ajayi (1987) showed that road failures can arise from inadequate knowledge of the geotechnical
characteristics and behavior of residual soils on which the roads are built and non-recognition of the influence of
geology and geomorphology during the design and construction phases. Thus the treatment of troublesome
materials like clays are not been considered by the construction engineers which may be problematic. This was
also supported by the works of Gidigasu (1983), Graham and Shields (1984), Akpokodje (1986), Alexander and
Maxwell (1996), Jegede (1997), Gupta and Gupta (2003) and Ajani (2006).
Momoh et al (2008) and Adiat et al (2009) in their study of failed highway pavements using geophysical
methods, found that some geological factors influence road failure such as the near surface geologic sequence,
existence of geological structures like fractures and faults, presence of laterites, existence of ancient stream
channels, and shear zones. The collapse of concealed subsurface geological structures and other zones of
weakness controlled by regional fractures and joint systems along with silica leaching which has led to rock
deficiency are known to contribute to failures of highways and rail tracks (Nelson and Haigh, 1990). The
geomorphological factors are related to topography and surface/subsurface drainage system.
Other factors considered by some researchers and scholars include: Faulty Design and Poor Road Construction
as in the works of Paul and Radnor (1976), Abynayaka (1977), World Bank (1991), UNESCO (1991), FMWH
(1995), Jain and Kumar (1998); Poor Maintenance according to John and Gordon (1976), Oglesby and Garry
(1978), TRRL (1991); and Traffic Effects and Human Impacts on the Roads according to AASHTO (1976),
ANSMWH (1998), FMWH (1995) and Ibrahim (2011).
A typical example of road whose failure bugs the mind of regular users is Enugu-Onitsha Express Road. Almost
every section of the road has failed, resulting to the following:
• Loss of lives and properties, human injuries etc. through accidents.
• Retardation of the rate of economic growth and development in affected areas.
• Environmental pollution and degradation.
• Impedance of human movement and the flow of economic activities.
• Encourages armed robbery along affected areas.
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Having established that many factors are responsible for road failures, it becomes necessary to ascertain the
specific factors causing the road failure or the more pressing factors behind the failure of the road as this will
make it easy to strategize the solutions for solving the problem of road failure.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this work is to evaluate the causes of the road failure of Onitsha-Enugu expressway. To achieve this
aim the following objectives will be pursued:
1. to sample the road users and construction engineers in order to gather their opinion on the prevalent
119
causes of the road failure,
2. to analyze the opinion of the road users and the construction engineers so collected the significant
causes of the road failure and
3. to suggest some solutions for the mitigation of road failure and the associated effects.
DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
The Onitsha-Enugu Expressway under study is situated within longitude 6o45lE to 7o30lE and latitude 6o00lN to
6o30lN. For clarity of the location, see Fig.1 (the Map of Nigeria showing the study area) and Fig. 2 (Extract
Modified by Author from Map of Old Anambra State Showing the Road Under Study).
Fig. 1.1: Map of Nigeria Showing the Study Area.
(Source: http://www.ngex.com/nigeria/places/states/enugu.htm).
Geology
The Onitsha/Enugu Expressway is sitting on Anambra basin of the Southeastern Nigeria it cuts across the
following geologic formations:
Ameki Formation (Nanka Sand, Umunya Shale and other units), Imo Shale, Nsukka Formation, Ajalli
Sandstone, Mamu Formation and Nkporo/Enugu Shale (which underlies Mamu Formation and is gradationally
seen immediately after the New market Flyover in Enugu).
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The study adopted a survey design which employed the use of a well structured questionnaire to gather
information on the causes of the road failure and impacts of the road failure on the road users. This in turn was
collated into data which was analyzed using some statistical tools. The questionnaire was structured into three
sections, (Sections A, B and C). Section A was geared towards ascertaining information on personal data which
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provides the background information to determine whether the respondents can offer reliable information
necessary for the study. It comprises questions on age, sex, educational attainment, nationality and occupation.
Section B was hinged on how long the respondent has been using the road and through which means. Section C
is the main target of the questionnaire survey treating issues on the impact of the road failure on health of the
road users and economy of the area.
To determine the sample size for the questionnaire distributed, the population of the road users must be
ascertained, and to this effect, a target population of users passing through the failure points was sought. To
determine the number of users passing through at least a point of failure on the road, a volumetric analysis of the
vehicles and other automobiles using the road was conducted. After a field observation, it was noticed that some
variations exists which include:
· Variation in volume of traffic at the 3 major cities cut across by the road (Enugu, Awka and Onitsha)
· Variation in the volume of traffic at different times of the day (like in the morning hours, afternoon and
evening hours) having the peak periods at mornings and evenings for Mondays to Fridays and afternoon and
evenings on Saturdays.
· Variation in volume of traffic across the week days.
· At nights especially from 10:30pm till 4.30am the traffic volume tends to zero.
In order to accommodate these variations the volumetric analysis was done in form of automobile count for 3
months in the three major cities cut across by the roadway at Omagba Geust Hall near Borromew Round about in
Onitsha, At ABS bus-stop near Aroma junction in Awka and at Ekochin Bus-stop near Ninth Mile Flyover in
Enugu. Each month lasted for 7 days running through the 7days of the week from Monday to Sunday at the
different cities selected, 7 days in each city that is 21 days in all.
Due to the difficulty in the counting of the first 2 days, and to ensure accuracy, the video camera method was
adopted. Here a video camera was mounted at a stationary point focusing the roadway and after like two hours,
based on the capacity of the camera, it will be withdrawn and the counting done in a more relaxed state at home.
This way, every automobile that passed the point of focus within the coverage time was covered not minding its
speed. Also two hours was taken in the morning, afternoon and evening respectively for the counting to
accommodate the volume variations within the different hours of the day. After the whole analysis, and
calculations the result is as below:
Population passing through at least one point of failure for the whole 21 days = 2,268, 840 persons
Population passing through at least a failure point on the road per day = 108, 048 persons for 24 hrs.
Population passing through at least a failure point on the roadway per hour = 4, 502
According to Nwanna (1981) If the population is a few hundreds, a 40% sample will do, if many hundreds, a
20% sample will do, if a few thousand, a 10% sample will do, for several thousands, 5% sample, if up to
hundred thousand or more, 0.5% or 0.25% can do, it can be fewer considering the circumstances surrounding the
research and the nature of the population (homogeneous or heterogeneous).
Thus considering the size of the population, a 0.25% sample was adopted. The 0.25% of the total population
passing through at least a point of failure on the roadway per day was calculated (0.25% of 108, 048) to be
270.12. Thus 270 questionnaires were distributed to people to source for information on the subject matter at
locations where the proper respondents could be found considering the fact that they cannot fill it while the
vehicle are moving. For the purpose of increasing the reliability of the respondents and authenticity of data, due
to the inability of the researcher to reach out to the road users or access them while the vehicle is moving, the
opinion pool was conducted at the Enugu-Awka motor parks at Onitsha, Enugu-Onitsha motor parks at Awka,
and Awka-Onitsha motor parks at Enugu, the purpose being to capture the actual road users for respondents.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Presentation, Analyses and Discussion of Questionnaire Data
Before the questionnaire was adopted as an authentic and reliable tool for data generation, a reliability test was
done as follows:
Reliability Test and Item Analysis Using Likert Scale Analysis by Coding
Table 1: Case Processing Summary
N %
Cases Valid 270 100.0
Excluded 0 .0
Total 270 100.0
Source: Author’s Field Work (2012).
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Table 1 shows the number of respondents used for the field survey which is 270 persons/respondents. None of
the respondents was excluded in the analysis.
Table 2: Reliability Statistics Table
121
Cronbach's
Alpha
Cronbach's Alpha
Based on
Standardized Items N of Items
.993 .993 30
Table 2 shows the reliability of the research tool which could be interpreted thus, a value less than 0.6 implies
weak tool and value more than 0.6 is an indication of strong and reliable research tool. In this research, the value
of Cronbach’s Alpha is 0.993 which implies the tool is reliable and can be used for research purpose. The last
column of table 4.4 shows the number of questions used in the field survey tool, questionnaire.
Table 3: Item Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation N Decision
Q6 2.8519 .50305 270
Q7 4.7815 1.34980 270
Q8 3.5630 1.36666 270
Q9 2.2667 .62417 270
Q10 3.2667 1.06446 270
Q11a 2.4556 1.25394 270 Agree
Q11b 2.6593 1.38050 270 Agree
Q11c 2.6000 1.32013 270 Agree
Q11d 2.2741 1.41121 270 Agree
Q11e 2.3593 1.34986 270 Agree
Q11f 2.5407 1.37294 270 Agree
Q11g 2.3000 1.27996 270 Agree
Q12a 2.2370 1.30886 270 Agree
Q12b 2.4741 1.42380 270 Agree
Q13a 2.4667 1.41579 270 Agree
Q13b 2.2741 1.26096 270 Agree
Q13c 2.4963 1.28690 270 Agree
Q14a 2.2333 1.17644 270 Agree
Q14b 3.0889 1.25231 270 Agree
Q14c 2.4852 1.42917 270 Agree
Q15a 2.2111 1.32037 270 Agree
Q15b 2.3259 1.18748 270 Agree
Q16a 1.9444 1.25275 270 Agree
Q16b 1.5963 .91456 270 Agree
Q16c 1.8259 1.26259 270 Agree
Q16d 1.9667 1.19276 270 Agree
Q17a 2.5963 1.47972 270 Agree
Q17b 3.1370 1.25832 270 Disagree
Q17c 3.7889 1.21479 270 Disagree
Q17d 3.2556 1.57509 270 Disagree
Source: Generated from Statistical Analysis of Authors Fieldwork Data.
Table 3 shows the mean response of each question in the questionnaire. Based on the coding values used, the last
column shows the decision for each question to be either agree or disagree. The decision is disagree if the mean
response is less than mean of the coding value and agree if the mean response is greater than mean of coding
values.
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Table 4: Summary Item Statistics
Mean Minimum Maximum Range Maximum / Minimum Variance N of Items
Item Means (Grand Mean) 2.611 1.596 4.781 3.185 2.995 .415 30
Item Variances 1.610 .253 2.481 2.228 9.804 .222 30
Source: Generated from Statistical Analysis of Authors Fieldwork Data.
Table 5: Alternative Cronbach’s Alpha if Item Deleted
Scale Mean if Item
Deleted
Scale Variance if
Item Deleted
Corrected Item-
Total Correlation
Cronbach's Alpha if
Item Deleted
Q6 75.4704 1180.406 .396 .991
Q7 73.5407 1120.911 .792 .991
Q8 74.7593 1111.589 .888 .992
Q9 76.0556 1157.042 .870 .991
Q10 75.0556 1138.737 .758 .992
Q11a 75.8667 1111.462 .973 .992
Q11b 75.6630 1107.258 .927 .992
Q11c 75.7222 1107.391 .970 .992
Q11d 76.0481 1103.533 .947 .992
Q11e 75.9630 1105.456 .970 .992
Q11f 75.7815 1104.127 .968 .992
Q11g 76.0222 1111.382 .953 .992
Q12a 76.0852 1109.149 .958 .992
Q12b 75.8481 1100.813 .969 .992
Q13a 75.8556 1101.299 .969 .992
Q13b 76.0481 1111.444 .967 .992
Q13c 75.8259 1109.074 .976 .992
Q14a 76.0889 1117.397 .961 .992
Q14b 75.2333 1112.291 .964 .992
Q14c 75.8370 1100.129 .972 .992
Q15a 76.1111 1110.389 .934 .992
Q15b 75.9963 1116.361 .965 .992
Q16a 76.3778 1119.864 .870 .992
Q16b 76.7259 1142.609 .823 .991
Q16c 76.4963 1119.091 .872 .992
Q16d 76.3556 1119.048 .926 .992
Q17a 75.7259 1097.181 .969 .992
Q17b 75.1852 1119.616 .869 .992
Q17c 74.5333 1129.135 .781 .991
Q17d 75.0667 1096.226 .917 .992
Source: Generated from Statistical Analysis of Authors Fieldwork Data.
Table 5 shows the value of Cronbach’s Alpha if one of the items is deleted. In the table, none of the items has
value greater than the computed Alpha value if deleted which implies all questions are significant in the research
and the research tool is reliable for the research purpose.
Presentation of Questionnaire Data.
Table 6: Occupation of The Respondents
Occupation Total Number
Civil Servants 56
Commercial Driver 52
Academicians 23
Students 101
Businessmen 26
Others 12
Source: Generated from Authors Fieldwork Data.
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Figure 2: Pie Chart Showing Occupation of the Respondents in Percentages
In as much as we work very hard to design a questionnaire with questions that will help tackle the issue of the
research, there is need to also have a sound quality and good quantity of respondents who will enhance the drive
for authentic data towards accuracy. Figure 2 is a Pie Chart showing the occupation of the respondents as
percentages of the total population of the respondents as recorded in Table 6. 37% of the respondents were
students, 21% civil servants, 19% commercial drivers,110% businessmen, 9% academicians and 4% has their
occupation not included in the list of occupations presented. The implication of this is that majority of the
respondents will read the questions easily and understand it better considering that about 60% of the respondents
are students, civil servants and academicians many of which have their own vehicles. Having a reasonable
percentage of commercial drivers also adds to the reliability and authenticity of the data generated from the
questionnaire this agrees with the reliability test done earlier.
Table 7: Educational Attainment of Respondents
Level of Education Number Respondents
Primary 18
Secondary 72
Tertiary 175
None 5
123
SOURCE : Author’s Fieldwork (2012)
Figure 3: Pie Chart Showing The Educational Attainment of The Respondents in Percentages.
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The level of education of the respondents is one of the key factors in determining the rationality of answers they
will be able to give. Figure 3, is a percentage presentation of the information contained in Table 7. 65% of the
respondents passed through the university, while 27% of the respondents passed through secondary school. Only
about 6% were just primary school leavers while 2% of the respondents could not indicate there educational
status. The implication of this is that the data generated from the questionnaire survey will be highly reliable
considering the educational status of the respondents involved. That is the respondents will be able to read and
understand the questions contained in the questionnaire and provide very rational answers which will be
dependable for drawing conclusions and taking decisions on the subject matter this also agrees with the
reliability test result earlier presented.
Table 8: Age of Respondents
Age Percentage Response
18-24years 96
25-45years 84
46-64years 62
65years Above 23
124
SOURCE : Author’s Fieldwork (2012)
Figure 4: Pie Chart Showing the Age of Respondents in Percentages
Table 8 contain the age distribution of the respondents within certain specified age brackets. These age brackets
of the respondents were arranged according to their percentages of the total population in Figure 4. 36% of the
respondents fell within the age bracket of 18-24years, 32% fell into the age bracket of 25-45years, 23% are
between 46-64years and only 9% were above 65years. Considering the earlier discussions about the educational
status of the respondents, it is clear that many of the respondents are young graduates with about 68% been in the
most active stage of their lives and over 80% falling into the age bracket of the Nigerian labour force (18-
64years). The respondents by their ages are ripe / matured enough to reason the causes and effects (economic,
health and environmental) of the road failure as contained in the questionnaire.
Table 9: Frequency of Road Usage by the Respondents
How Often Number Of Respondents
Daily 86
2-4 Times A Day 121
Once A Week 23
Inconsistently 10
Periodically 18
None 12
Source : Author’s Fieldwork (2012)
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Figure 5: Pie Chart Showing Frequencies of the Road Usage by the Respondents in Percentages
The frequencies of road usage as recorded in Table 9 and presented in percentages in Figure 5, showed that 32%
of the respondents use the road daily, 45% use the road 2-4 times a week, 8% use the road once a week, 7% use
the road periodically, 4% use the road inconsistently while 4% did not indicate their degree of usage of the road.
Seeing that over 80% use the road at least once a week, with about 50% of this fraction using it daily, it implies
that the respondents must have enough knowledge of the road, its problems and the effects of the road failure,
thus can make reasonable contributions. This is in accordance with the result of the reliability test and the
description of figures 4.2 and 4.3.
Table 10: Rate of Repairs of Vehicles Plying the Route
How Often Number of Respondents
Very Often 54
Not Regularly 20
Rarely 18
Source : Author’s Fieldwork (2012)
Figure 6: Pie Chart Showing the Rate of Repairs of Vehicles Plying the Route in Percentages
Table 10 shows the rate of vehicle repairs by vehicle owners. It should be noted that this question is optional thus
out of a total number of 270 questionnaires received only 92 respondents reacted to this question and they to be
the only vehicle owners or drivers using the road among the respondents. Figure 6 expressed the content of Table
10 In percentages from which it can be clearly seen that 59% of the drivers and vehicle owners who are
respondents said that they repair their vehicles very often, 22% repairs their vehicles not regularly while only
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19% said they rarely repair their vehicles what this implies is that most vehicles plying the route undergo regular
repairs which goes to say that the bad nature of the road is negatively affecting the efficiency and serviceability
of the vehicles using the road. Even the few persons that said they rarely repair their vehicles may likely be using
the road rarely. This supports the responses given to questions 12a and 12b in the questionnaire as can be seen in
Table 11 were most of the respondents agreed that the bad state of the road negatively affects the life span and
efficiency of vehicles.
Table 11: Percentage Distribution of Number of Respondents with respect to their opinions for questions
11a to 17d
Issues Raised SD D N SA A
11a Bad nature of the soil is a factor of the road failure 18 7% 45 17% 58 21% 70 26% 79 29%
11b Poor construction materials is a factor of the road failure 14 5% 86 32% 62 23% 10 4% 98 36%
11c Stress from heavy vehicles is a factor of the road failure 21 8% 58 21% 64 24% 46 17% 81 30%
11d Old age of the road pavement is a factor of the road failure. 36 13% 28 10% 15 6% 86 32% 105 39%
11e Incompetence of the contractors is a factor of the road failure. 22 8% 53 20% 20 7% 80 30% 95 35%
11f Failure on the side of the government is a factor of the road failure. 29 11% 58 21% 18 7% 90 33% 75 28%
11g Inadequate maintenance is a factor of the road failure. 18 7% 53 20% 6 2% 108 40% 85 31%
12a The road failure affects the life span of the vehicles 22 8% 40 15% 18 7% 112 41% 78 29%
12b The road failure affects the efficiency of the vehicles 28 10% 56 21% 31 11% 56 21% 99 35%
13a The road failure affects cost of commodities negatively 40 15% 32 12% 26 10% 88 33% 84 31
13b The road failure affects the quality of perishable goods 18 7% 41 15% 30 11% 89 33% 92 34%
13c The road failure causes massive destruction of goods. 22 8% 50 19% 41 15% 76 28% 81 30%
14a The bad nature of the road aggravates certain body illness 19 7% 19 7% 54 20% 92 34% 86 32%
14b The bad nature of the road causes miscarriages 51 19% 40 15% 92 34% 56 21% 31 11%
14c The bad nature of the road retards the movement of safety vehicles 41 15% 29 11% 39 14% 72 27% 89 33%
15a The bad nature of the road increases dust particles in the air
126
especially during
dry seasons.
25 9% 39 15% 2 1% 106 39% 98 36%
15b The bad nature of the road contaminates the air and increase the
carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere due to burning of more
fuel.
19 7% 24 9% 62 23% 86 32% 79 29%
16a The bad nature of the road increases the rate of accidents. 25 9% 18 7% 0 0 101 37% 126 47%
16b The bad nature of the road increases the loss of lives and properties 6 2% 14 5% 2 1% 91 34% 157 58%
16c The bad nature of the road encourages robbery at bad spots 23 9% 13 5% 18 7% 56 21% 160 59%
16d The bad nature of the road reduces travel comfort for road users. 17 6% 13 5% 46 17% 62 23% 132 49%
17a The government is to be blamed for the road failure. 40 15% 49 18% 36 13% 52 19% 93 35%
17b The contractors are to be blamed for the road failure. 18 7% 129 48% 46 17% 26 9% 51 19%
17c The road users are to be blamed for the road failure. 69 26 150 55% 8 3% 11 4% 32 12%
17d Everybody is to be blamed for the road failure. 81 30% 72 27% 14 5% 41 15% 62 23%
Source: Generated from Authors Fieldwork Data.
Table 11 represents the percentage response from the respondents on the questions contained in the section C of
the questionnaire. SD stands for Strongly Disagreed, D for Disagreed, N for No Idea, SA for Strongly Agreed
and A for Agreed. It should be noted that the percentage recorded for N (No Idea) is the sum of the respondents
that did not indicate any answer for the question and those that selected N and the fractional percentages were
rounded up to the nearest whole number. The different issues raised in the questionnaire were tested individually
with befitting statistical tools using the questions that pertains them to generate data. The issues of interest
includes; Economic Effects, Environmental Effects, Health Effects and Causes of the road failure.
Statistical Analyses
Test of Causes of Road Failure
Table 12: Grouping of Responses of Respondents on Causes of the Road Failure
Cause
Number of respondents agree and
the %
Number of respondents disagree and
the %
Decision
Bad nature of the soil 149 (70%) 63 (30%) Agree
Poor material used 108 (52%) 100 (48) Agree
Stress of heavy vehicles 127 (62%) 79 (38%) Agree
Old age of the road pavement 191 (75%) 64 (25%) Agree
Incompetence of the contractor 175 (70%) 75 (30%) Agree
Mismanagement by the
165 (65%) 87 (35%) Agree
government
Inadequate maintenance 193 (73%) 71 (27%) Agree
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The decisions in Table 12 were based on the number of respondents that agreed to the problem as one of the
causes of road failure. The values in brackets are percentages computed for each question without the number of
respondents who were neutral to the questions. Higher percentage implies higher number of respondents in
support of the question. To determine the significant causes of road failure among causes listed, One-way
Analysis of Variance was used. The result is as shown below;
Hypothesis:
H0: there is no significant difference in the classification/grading of causes of road failure by respondents.
H1: there is significant difference in the classification/grading of causes of road failure by respondents.
Table 13: Descriptive Observation of Responses of Respondents on Causes of the Road Failure
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
127
95% Confidence Interval for
Mean
Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum
1.00 2 106.0000 60.81118 43.00000 -440.3668 652.3668 63.00 149.00
2.00 2 104.0000 5.65685 4.00000 53.1752 154.8248 100.00 108.00
3.00 2 103.0000 33.94113 24.00000 -201.9489 407.9489 79.00 127.00
4.00 2 127.5000 89.80256 63.50000 -679.3440 934.3440 64.00 191.00
5.00 2 125.0000 70.71068 50.00000 -510.3102 760.3102 75.00 175.00
6.00 2 126.0000 55.15433 39.00000 -369.5420 621.5420 87.00 165.00
7.00 2 132.0000 86.26703 61.00000 -643.0785 907.0785 71.00 193.00
Total 14 117.6429 48.32360 12.91503 89.7416 145.5441 63.00 193.00
Table 14: Observation From Analysis Of Variance
Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 1926.714 6 321.119 .079 .997
Within Groups 28430.500 7 4061.500
Total 30357.214 13
The ANOVA shows the variation among the causes is not significantly different but the classification is as
follows;
11. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
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Vol.6, No.8, 2014
Multiple Comparisons
Table 15: Observation LSD for Causes of the Road Failure
Source: Generated from Statistical Analysis of Authors Fieldwork Data.
Using the Post HOC test which is used in statistical hypothesis for classification, two treatments/items are said to
have almost the same characteristic if the significance value is greater than 0.05 and the higher the value the
128
(I) factor (J) factor
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error Sig.
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
1.00 2.00 2.00000 63.72990 .976 -148.6973 152.6973
3.00 3.00000 63.72990 .964 -147.6973 153.6973
4.00 -21.50000 63.72990 .746 -172.1973 129.1973
5.00 -19.00000 63.72990 .774 -169.6973 131.6973
6.00 -20.00000 63.72990 .763 -170.6973 130.6973
7.00 -26.00000 63.72990 .695 -176.6973 124.6973
2.00 1.00 -2.00000 63.72990 .976 -152.6973 148.6973
3.00 1.00000 63.72990 .988 -149.6973 151.6973
4.00 -23.50000 63.72990 .723 -174.1973 127.1973
5.00 -21.00000 63.72990 .751 -171.6973 129.6973
6.00 -22.00000 63.72990 .740 -172.6973 128.6973
7.00 -28.00000 63.72990 .674 -178.6973 122.6973
3.00 1.00 -3.00000 63.72990 .964 -153.6973 147.6973
2.00 -1.00000 63.72990 .988 -151.6973 149.6973
4.00 -24.50000 63.72990 .712 -175.1973 126.1973
5.00 -22.00000 63.72990 .740 -172.6973 128.6973
6.00 -23.00000 63.72990 .729 -173.6973 127.6973
7.00 -29.00000 63.72990 .663 -179.6973 121.6973
4.00 1.00 21.50000 63.72990 .746 -129.1973 172.1973
2.00 23.50000 63.72990 .723 -127.1973 174.1973
3.00 24.50000 63.72990 .712 -126.1973 175.1973
5.00 2.50000 63.72990 .970 -148.1973 153.1973
6.00 1.50000 63.72990 .982 -149.1973 152.1973
7.00 -4.50000 63.72990 .946 -155.1973 146.1973
5.00 1.00 19.00000 63.72990 .774 -131.6973 169.6973
2.00 21.00000 63.72990 .751 -129.6973 171.6973
3.00 22.00000 63.72990 .740 -128.6973 172.6973
4.00 -2.50000 63.72990 .970 -153.1973 148.1973
6.00 -1.00000 63.72990 .988 -151.6973 149.6973
7.00 -7.00000 63.72990 .916 -157.6973 143.6973
6.00 1.00 20.00000 63.72990 .763 -130.6973 170.6973
2.00 22.00000 63.72990 .740 -128.6973 172.6973
3.00 23.00000 63.72990 .729 -127.6973 173.6973
4.00 -1.50000 63.72990 .982 -152.1973 149.1973
5.00 1.00000 63.72990 .988 -149.6973 151.6973
7.00 -6.00000 63.72990 .928 -156.6973 144.6973
7.00 1.00 26.00000 63.72990 .695 -124.6973 176.6973
2.00 28.00000 63.72990 .674 -122.6973 178.6973
3.00 29.00000 63.72990 .663 -121.6973 179.6973
4.00 4.50000 63.72990 .946 -146.1973 155.1973
5.00 7.00000 63.72990 .916 -143.6973 157.6973
6.00 6.00000 63.72990 .928 -144.6973 156.6973
12. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
Vol.6, No.8, 2014
closer the items in classification. Based on this fact, problems listed in the research tool can be grouped as 1, 2,
and 3 having almost the same number of respondents and 4, 5, 6, and 7 having almost the same number of
respondents. The mean values can be used in ranking the problems as;
129
· Inadequate maintenance
· Mismanagement by the government
· Old age of the road pavement
· Incompetence of the contractor
· Bad nature of the soil
· Poor material used
· Stress of heavy vehicles
The problems were arranged in ascending order which implies the least of the problems is stress of heavy
vehicles.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The work thus concluded that all the factors listed contribute to the failure of the road with Inadequate
maintenance, Mismanagement by the government and Old age of the road pavement being the major factors. The
work therefore recommends that there should be Quality Determination for materials during construction,
Effective Maintenance Programme (routine or preventive maintenance, periodic maintenance, and disaster
maintenance or major repairs of our roads) and Establishment of an Active Maintenance Crew.
REFERENCES
Abynayaka, S. W. (1977): Prediction of Road Construction Failure in Developingt Countries. Proc. Institute of Civil
Engineering Part I, Pp. 419-446
Adiat, K.A.N. Adelusi, A.O. and Ayuk, M.A. (2009): “Relevance of Geophysics in Road Failures Investigation in a
Typical Basement Complex of South Western Nigeria”. Pacific Journal of Science and Technology. 5(1):
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Aigbedion, I. (2007): “Geophysical Investigation of Road Failure Using Electromagnetic Profiles along Opoji,
Uwenlenbo and Illeh in Ekpoma –Nigeria”. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 2 (3-4): pp.111-115
Ajani, A. R. (2006): “Causes Of Premature Failures On Nigeria Highways A Training Course In Tunisia”,
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Ajayi, L.A. (1987): “Thought on Road Failures in Nigeria”. The Nigerian Engineer. 22 (1): pp.10 – 17.
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Alexander, W. S. and Maxwell, J. (1996): “Controlling Shrinkage Cracking from Expansive Clay Sub-grade” in
Francken, L. B. and Molenaar, A. A. (eds): Reflective Cracking in Pavements. London: EFN Spon (2nd edn):
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Ibrahim, K. (2011): “Nigerian Roads Need N70 Billion for Repairs Annually”. Daily Times. Article,| May 30, 2011 -
10:23am . http://dailytimes.com.ng/article/nigerian-roads-need-n70-billion-repairs-annually.
Jain, S. S. and Kumar, P. (1998): “Report on Causes of Cracks Occurrence in Ramghat - Aligarh Road in U.P”. Report
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Jegede, G. (1997): “Highway pavement failure induced by soil properties along the F209 highway at Omuoke,
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Oglesby, C. H. and Garry, H. R. (1978):. Highway Engineering, fourth edition, John Willey and sons, New York, p.
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