Evaluating Information Sources for Academic Essays
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This document discusses evaluating information sources for academic essays. It defines primary sources as original research, secondary sources as reporting on primary sources, and tertiary sources as summarizing primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are the best to use in academic essays when facts or research are needed. Secondary sources can be useful when another's interpretation is required. Tertiary sources provide background but should not be the main sources. The document also discusses determining the credibility of sources based on the author, publisher, purpose, accuracy, and context.
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Primary vs secondary sources
Primary sources are original materials that document events or experiences firsthand without interpretation. They include diaries, interviews, experiments, surveys, and historical documents. Secondary sources analyze and interpret primary sources, such as textbooks, articles, and books that review or critique original research. Examples of primary sources include artwork, slave diaries, poems, and treaties, while secondary sources include articles on art, books about the Underground Railroad, analyses of poetry genres, and essays on land rights.
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This document discusses different types of information sources, including books, journals, newspapers, reference material, dictionaries, and encyclopedias. Books provide in-depth coverage of subjects but can become outdated, while journals contain peer-reviewed articles on specific topics or research areas. Newspapers are published regularly and cover international, national, and local news and events. Reference materials, dictionaries, and encyclopedias provide definitions, facts, and overviews on various topics.
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This document contrasts popular and scholarly sources, noting that popular sources are intended for general audiences and do not contain original research, while scholarly sources are written by experts using technical language, contain original peer-reviewed research with references, and can span 10-30 pages documenting full research.
Primary vs. Secondary
Primary sources are original records and documents created during or shortly after historical events, such as scientific journal articles, government documents, letters, diaries, and interviews. Secondary sources provide analysis and interpretation of primary sources and include textbooks, review articles, dictionaries, encyclopedias, and documentaries. Whether a source is primary or secondary depends on how it is being used in the research.
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1. Academic Writing Skills 1 (Cambridge), Unit 3: Paraphrasing, Summarizing, and Citing Information
2. Academic Writing Skills 3 (Cambridge), Unit 3: Using and Citing Sources
Understanding Essay Prompts, Taking a Position, and Asking Research Questions
Here are the questions for the interview:
1. What is the interviewee's name?
2. What is her area of research?
3. According to her research, what percentage of women experience postpartum depression?
4. Name one risk factor she mentioned for developing postpartum depression.
5. What treatment did she say can be very effective for postpartum depression?
Now listen to the interview and write down the answers. Let me know when you're finished listening so I can review the answers with you.
Punctuation
This document provides guidelines for using various punctuation marks correctly in writing. It discusses the proper use of periods, question marks, exclamation points, semicolons, colons, commas, apostrophes, quotation marks, hyphens, and dashes. For each punctuation mark, it lists rules for when to use the mark and provides examples to illustrate those rules. The document aims to help enrich language use through understanding and applying punctuation conventions.
Language Mechanics
Language Mechanics
1. Capitalization
2.Abbreviations
3. Numbers
*Based on Barron's ESL Guide to American Business English
The Language of Business
This document provides guidelines for effective business writing. It discusses maintaining a positive tone and outlook, using a reader-focused "you approach", organizing information logically and concisely, employing gender-neutral language, and avoiding slang. Additional tips are provided for email etiquette, such as keeping messages short and informing the reader of the topic upfront. The overall message is that business writing should be clear, polite, and tailored to the needs and perspective of the reader.
Using The
This document provides guidance on using the definite article "the" in English. It explains that "the" is used with specific people or things, names of oceans and rivers, nationality adjectives ending in certain letters, places containing words like republic or kingdom, and more. It compares uses of "the" versus no article, such as with general concepts versus specific instances. Overall, the document offers a comprehensive look at rules and examples for determining when to use "the" in different contexts in English.
Pre-Writing Strategies
Pre-Writing Strategies
1. Free writing
2. Brainstorming/ Listing
3. Clustering/ Mapping
4. Journalistic questions
Simplifying Language When Taking Notes
How to Simplify Language When Taking Notes
1. Key words and phrases
2. Common symbols and codes
3. Numbers
4. Common and personal bbreviations
Will and Shall
I. Using Will/Won't For
*Predicting the future
*Deciding to do something at the time of speaking
*Offering
*Agreeing to do something
*Promising
*Asking somebody to do something (Will you?)
*Describing somebody refuses to do something
II. Using Shall I? / Shall we? for
*Offering
*Suggesting
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Evaluating Information Sources for Academic Essays
- 1. Evaluating Information Sources for Academic Essays
- 2. Information Sources Primary Secondary Tertiary •Scholarly journals •Government organizations (e.g., Philippine Department of Tourism, United States Department of Education) •Reputable organizations (e.g, The WHO, The World Bank) •University-published information •Experts’ speeches, interviews, editorials, or books •Newspapers •Magazines •Website postings •Encyclopedias •Guidebooks •Textbooks
- 3. Information Sources Primary Secondary Tertiary Examples •Scholarly journals •Government organizations •Reputable organizations •Universities •Experts •Newspapers* •Magazines* •Website postings •Encyclopedias •Guidebooks •Textbooks Defining Characteristic/s Where information (e.g., statistics, research results) originally come from Reports or interprets information from primary sources •Collects information from both primary and secondary sources •Offers a condensed description of a topic Usefulness for Academic Essays Best source , especially when facts, statistics, and research results are required Can be useful, especially when another person’s interpretation is required •Only for providing background information on topics •Provides a reference list of primary and secondary sources
- 4. *Newspaper and Magazine Articles • Usually secondary sources of information • Can also be primary sources in some cases Examples: →Interview with a witness to an event → Commentary from an expert on a particular topic
- 5. Determining the Credibility of Information Sources 1. Author (person or organization) 2. Publisher 3. Purpose 4. Accuracy 5. Context
- 6. Determining the Credibility of Information Sources 1. Author (person or organization)
- 7. Determining the Credibility of Information Sources 2. Publisher
- 8. Determining the Credibility of Information Sources 3. Purpose
- 9. Determining the Credibility of Information Sources 4. Accuracy
- 10. Determining the Credibility of Information Sources 5. Context