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1. CHAPTER 3:
INFORMATION LITERACY
Prepared by: Joanne P. Pating

2. INFORMATION
 Derived from the Latin word
“Informare” which means to give
form, shape or character to
something
 Accdg. to
Borgmann(1999),Information
provides richness to reality

3. 2 FOLD PURPOSE OF INFORMATION
 To name someone or something
 To represent reality
Semiotic theory
• Theory by Roland Bathles which
centers on signs and how people
decode and interpret Information

4. INFORMATION FLUENCY
 The ability to analyze information
needs and to move confidently
among media, information, and
computer literacy skills resulting in the
effective application of a strategy or
strategies that will best meet those
needs

5. TYPOLOGY OF INFORMATION
1. Factual vs. Analytical
2. Subjective vs. Objective
3. Current vs. Historical
4. Scholarly
(Academic/Professional/Technical) vs.
Popular
5. Primary vs. Secondary vs. Tertiary
6. Stable vs. Unstable

6. 1.FACTUAL VS. ANALYTICAL
Factual Information – based on
evidences and findings provided
by reliable sources (books,
encyclopedias, periodicals, or
technical reports by agencies
and institutions)

7. 1.FACTUAL VS. ANALYTICAL
Analytical Information – analysis
or interpretation of facts by an
individual, usually expert on the
subject (feature articles,
commentaries or reviews)

8. 2. SUBJECTIVE VS. OBJECTIVE
Subjective Information – when
you consult an expert opinion,
such as those found in the
editorial section of a newspaper
or in web log entries of prolific
writers.

9. 2. SUBJECTIVE VS. OBJECTIVE
Objective Information –
unbiased and does not lead
you to judge the information
in a certain way(scientific
papers and news reports)

10. 3. CURRENT VS. HISTORICAL
Current Information – refers
to how up-to-date or how
recent the information is. The
more current the info, the
more reliable and useful it is.

11. 3. CURRENT VS. HISTORICAL
Historical Information – old
but are very helpful in
providing insights and
comparison of events.

12. 3. CURRENT VS. HISTORICAL
Current and Historical
Information provides a more
holistic picture and are used
to establish trends or patterns.

13. 4. SCHOLARLY VS. POPULAR
Scholarly Information –
comes from academic
sources. It is a product of an
author’s expertise and study
on the subject matter, usually
peer-review.

14. 4. SCHOLARLY VS. POPULAR
Popular Information – appeals
to general interest and is
usually found in general
circulation materials such as
magazines, coffee table books
or online feature articles.

15. 4. SCHOLARLY VS. POPULAR
Scholarly Resources Popular Resources
Authors  Written or reviewed by experts in the
discipline
 Written by the publication’s staff
writers
Audience  Written for researches or practitioners
in a particular discipline
 Written for the general public or lay
person
Publisher  Professional society or organization or
university
 Commercial publisher
Content  In-depth analysis of topic or report of
original research
 Review of an event or research
project, highlighting key points
Language  Use technical language which may
not be understood by a lay person
 Understandable by a lay person
Appearance  Illustrations include graph and tables
 Articles are usually long
 Often use slick paper and more color
 Many advertisements and graphics
 Articles are usually very short
References  Almost always include a list of sources
consulted
 Rarely include a list of sources
consulted

16. 5. PRIMARY VS. SECONDARY VS. TERTIARY
Information
Source
Characteristics Examples
Primary • Original, first-hand
information
• Hasn’t been
interpreted, analyzed,
condensed, or
changed
• May need to be
constructed with raw
data
• Creative work
• Diary
• Speech
• Letter
• Interview
• News film footage
• Autobiography
• Photograph
• Official record
• Historical document
• E-mail written by a researcher
to a colleague which includes
data from an experiment

17. 5. PRIMARY VS. SECONDARY VS. TERTIARY
News Characteristics Examples
Secondary • One or more steps
removed from a
primary source and
may interpret or
analyze a primary
source
• Usually written by
someone other than
the original researcher
or author
• News commentaries
• Articles in magazines and
newspapers
• Critical review of a literary
scholar
• Textbooks
• Encyclopedias
• Research papers

18. 5. PRIMARY VS. SECONDARY VS. TERTIARY
Information
Source
Characteristics Examples
Tertiary • Topic review; and
usually include
bibliographies of
primary and
secondary
sources
• Provide access to
materials on
specific topics
• Bibliography
(citation list) of
primary and
secondary sources
about a person or
topic
• Encyclopedias
• Databases and
indexes

19. 6. STABLE VS. UNSTABLE
Evaluating of information published over the
internet can be based on the ff. questions.
•Has it been around for a long time?
•Is it routinely updated?
•Are print versions of an online document
available?
•Is the site associated with a reputable
institution?

20. INFORMATION ETHICS
Branch of ethics that focuses on the
relationship between the creation,
organization, dissemination, and use of
information, and the ethical standards and
moral codes governing human conduct in
society.
Responsible handling of information from
access down to sharing is necessary to
promote a fair and just utilization of
information.

21. INFORMATION LITERACY
Refers to the abilities to
recognize when information is
needed and to locate, evaluate,
effectively use, and
communicate information in its
various formats

22. INDICATORS OF INFORMATION LITERACY
1. Determine the extent of information needed
2. Access the needed information effectively and
efficiently
3. Evaluate information and its sources critically
4. Incorporate selected information into one’s
knowledge base
5. Use information effectively to accomplish a
specific purpose
6. Understand the economic, legal and social issues
surrounding the use of information, and access
and use of information ethically and legally.

23. USES AND GRATIFICATION THEORY
Proposed by Elihu Katz
States that people who consume media have
the right to choose whatever is convenient to
them.
Based on one’s interest and purposes
Whatever is needed for a particular situation is
under the discretion of the user himself or herself.

24. ASSESSING INFORMATION
Is it good or bad information?
Commonly used credible website domains
.org – advocacy website, such as not-for-profit
organization.
.com – business or commercial sites
.net – site from a network organization or an
internet service provider
.edu – site affiliated with a higher education
institution.
.gov – federal government site

25. OTHER BASES OF ASSESSING INFORMATION
1. Finding the page
2. Authority of the page
3. Accuracy and objectivity of the information
4. Updates of the page
5. functionality

26. ORGANIZING INFORMATION
Techniques:
1. Pre-writing
2. Outlining
3. Mapping
4. Tables
What really matters is the accuracy and
truthfulness of information despite its
overwhelming amount

27. ETHICAL USE OF INFORMATION
On intellectual Property
Plagiarism – to steal and pass of (the
ideas and words of another) as one’s
own
To use (another’s product) without
crediting the source
To commit literary theft
To present as new & original an idea or
product derived from an existing source.

28. ETHICAL USE OF INFORMATION
•In U.S., legal guidelines are fairly strict and
unambiguous
•In the far East, Intellectual rights begin
from the social level, implying that
information must be shared with everyone
•In the Philippines, R.A. 8293 or intellectual
property code of the Philippines clearly
states the right of the authors to be
recognized

29. ETHICAL USE OF INFORMATION
•On security and Privacy
•Computer Hackers – perpetrators
who live and breath computers, who
know about computers, who can get
computer to do anything and are
responsible for doing such a crime

30. ETHICAL USE OF INFORMATION
•On Accuracy
•Exaggeration – has been equated
with advertisement and through
time, it has been already tolerated
by the public. However, this has
been regularly questioned due to
its lack of accuracy