Euthanasia refers to the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable disease. It can be active, involving a medical professional ending a patient's life, or passive, involving removing life support to allow natural death. The document outlines the history of euthanasia from ancient times to its current legal status. It describes types of euthanasia including voluntary, involuntary, physician-assisted suicide, and the difference between active and passive euthanasia. Arguments for and against euthanasia are presented. While euthanasia remains illegal in many countries, passive euthanasia is legal in India but active euthanasia is still prohibited.
Euthanasia is the practice of causing the death of a patient for medical reasons, such as an incurable disease associated with suffering or unbearable pain.
Euthanasia is the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma. There are different types of Euthanasia voluntary or involuntary.
Euthanasia, also known as assisted suicide, physician-assisted suicide (dying) , doctor-assisted dying (suicide) , and more loosely termed mercy killing, basically means to take a deliberate action with the express intention of ending a life to relieve intractable (persistent, unstoppable) suffering.
Euthanasia is the practice of causing the death of a patient for medical reasons, such as an incurable disease associated with suffering or unbearable pain.
Euthanasia is the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma. There are different types of Euthanasia voluntary or involuntary.
Euthanasia, also known as assisted suicide, physician-assisted suicide (dying) , doctor-assisted dying (suicide) , and more loosely termed mercy killing, basically means to take a deliberate action with the express intention of ending a life to relieve intractable (persistent, unstoppable) suffering.
For our English presentation this semester, we (2nd year medical students) decided to do a research on euthanasia and its acceptance in different parts of the world.
For our English presentation this semester, we (2nd year medical students) decided to do a research on euthanasia and its acceptance in different parts of the world.
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Euthanasia or mercy-killing is painless killing of those who are incurably ill and in great pain or distress or in an irreversible coma, in order to spare them further suffering or distress. Types of Euthanasia has been discussed here. Voluntary, Involuntary, Non-voluntary, Active and Passive Euthanasia
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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2. Definition:
o Euthanasia is the painless killing of a patient suffering from
an incurable and painful disease or an irreversiblecoma.
o According to the World Medical Association euthanasia
means: “deliberate and intentional action with a clear
intention to end another person’s life”.
3.
4. History Of Euthanasia…
Euthanasia in the Ancient World– death as a culmination of life and
its important part.
Euthanasia in the Middle Ages– a great influence of Christianity: it is
only God, who has the right to decide on our lives.
Euthanasia during the period of national socialism in Germany–
application of Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution.
7. Active Euthanasia…
Active euthanasia means ending life of a suffering
person on his own request by another person, mostly
by a doctor, and most of the time by lethal injection.
It can be Further classified under :-
1. Voluntary
2. Involuntary
8.
9. Passive Euthanasia
Passive euthanasia means acceleration of
death by letting the patient die naturally.
E.g. Turning off respirator, refusing
chemotherapy.
10. Assisted Suicide…
In assisted suicide the suffering person dies with
another person’s help.
PAS (physician-assisted suicide) also known as
voluntary passive euthanasia. In this situation, a
physician supplies information &/or the means of
committing suicide.
11. Euthanasia in India…
Passive euthanasia is legal in India since 7
March,2011
Active euthanasia including the
administration of lethal compounds for the
purpose of ending life is still illegal
12.
13. Arguments Against Euthanasia…
Euthanasia devalues human life.
Euthanasia can become a means of health care cost
containment.
Euthanasia will become non-voluntary.
Euthanasia would not only be for people who are terminally ill.
14. Arguments For Euthanasia…
Euthanasia provides a way to relieve extreme pain.
Euthanasia provides a way of relief when a person’s quality of life
is low.
Euthanasia frees up medical funds to help other people.
It is another case of freedom of choice – the right to commit
suicide.
People should not be forced to stay alive.
15. Euthanasia Allowed or Not…
Euthanasia is still a subject to legality in many
countries.
The idea of euthanasia against the patient’s will
should totally be discarded.
Voluntary euthanasia should be considered for
genuine cases.
16.
17. References…
Euthanasia: A Reference Handbook (Martha
Gorman & Jennifer Fecio)
Euthanasia: The Moral Issues (Robert M. Baird)
Ending Life (Margaret P. Battin)