This document discusses physician aid in dying and definitions of related terms like death with dignity, physician assisted suicide, and euthanasia. It outlines where physician aid in dying is currently legal and the eligibility requirements. The document also presents some of the most common arguments against physician aid in dying, including concerns about the sanctity of life, distinguishing between passive and active actions, and potential for abuse. It then provides counter arguments for each of these common positions against physician aid in dying.

1. Dying with Dignity
Caroline L. Eckard
DrOID
COM225

2. Definitions
• Death with dignity: “(1) an end-of-life option that allows certain eligible individuals to legally request and
obtain medications from their physician to end their life in a peaceful, humane, and dignified manner; (2)
state legislation codifying such an end-of-life option; (3) a family of organizations promoting the end-of-life
option around the United States” (FAQs…).
• Physician Assisted Death: a term often used interchangeably with physician-assisted suicide (PAS), which
involves a doctor "knowingly and intentionally providing a person with the knowledge or means or both
required to commit suicide, including counseling about lethal doses of drugs, prescribing such lethal doses
or supplying the drugs” (CMA Policy…).
• Euthanasia: “ knowingly and intentionally performing an act that is explicitly intended to end another
person's life and that includes the following elements: the subject has an incurable illness; the agent knows
about the person's condition; commits the act with the primary intention of ending the life of that person;
and the act is undertaken with empathy and compassion and without personal gain” (CMA Policy…).
• Three types of Euthanasia are identified; the divisions are premised on whether the subject has and
expresses a desire to end their life:
• Voluntary euthanasia is limited to situations where the subject is a competent, informed person who has
voluntarily asked for his or her life to be ended.
• Non-voluntary euthanasia means the person has not developed or expressed his or her preference
regarding aid in dying or is incapacitated and is unable to make or exercise an informed choice.
• In-voluntary euthanasia means the person made an informed choice and expressed his or her refusal
for aid in dying.

3. PAS/PAD vs Euthanasia
• involve the
use of lethal
medications
to
deliberately
end a
patient's life
•the patient must self-
administer the
medications; the "aid-in-
dying" refers to a
physician providing the
medications, but the
patient decides whether
and when to ingest the
lethal medication
•when a third
party
administers
medication or
acts directly to
end the patient’s
life
Physician Aid in Dying/
Physician Assisted Suicide Euthanasia
(Braddock III
& Tonelli

4. Other Practices that are not PAS
or PAD
• Some other practices that should be distinguished from physician aid-in-dying include:
▪ Withholding/withdrawing life-sustaining treatments: When a competent adult patient makes
an informed decision to refuse life-sustaining treatment, their wishes are generally respected. The
right of a competent adult patient to refuse life-sustaining treatments is supported by law.
▪ Pain medication that may hasten death: Often a terminally ill, suffering patient may require
dosages of pain medication that have side effects that may hasten death, such as impairing respiration.
Using the ethical principle of double effect as the foundational argument, it is generally held by most
professional societies, and supported in court decisions, that this action is justifiable. Since the
primary goal and intention of administering these medications is to relieve suffering, the secondary
outcome of potentially hastening death is recognized as an expected and acceptable side-effect in a
terminally ill patient.
▪ Palliative sedation: This term refers to the practice of sedating a terminally ill patient to the point
of unconsciousness, due to intractable pain and suffering that has been refractory to traditional
medical management. Such patients are imminently dying, usually hours or days from death. Often
other life-sustaining interventions continue to be withheld (CPR, respirator, antibiotics, artificial
nutrition and hydration, etc.) while the patient is sedated. Palliative sedation may occur for a short
period (respite from intractable pain) or the patient may be sedated until s/he dies. In the rare
instances when pain and suffering is refractory to treatment even with expert clinical management by
pain and palliative care professionals, palliative sedation may legally be employed.

5. Where is PAS/PAD legal?
By NickCT - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39316187
Briefly legal
in 2014 but
overturned
in 2015
Legal as of: 1997
Legal as of:
November
2016
Legal as of: May
2013
Legal as of:
November
2008 Legal as of: 2009
Baxter v.
Montana
Legal as
of June
9, 2016
(As of March 2015)
Bill
passed
in
October
2015
Law passed in
November 1994

6. States where there is no specific
statute making assisted suicide
illegal
• Washington D.C.
• Nevada (The act may or may not be covered
by common law.)
• North Carolina (The act may or may not be
covered by common law.)
• Utah (Utah does not recognize common law
and has no specific statute for assisted
suicide.)
• West Virginia
• Wyoming (Wyoming does not recognize
common law and has no specific statute for
assisted suicide.) (ProCon.org
2015)

7. Who Qualifies for PAS/PAD?
•Must be a resident within one of the six states
•Must be 18 years or older
•Must have six months or less till expected
death due to a terminal illness
•Must have two oral (or least 15 days apart)
and one written request to a physician
•Must be capable of making and
communicating health care decisions for
him/herself and has made the request
voluntarily
(ProCon.org
2015)

8. Most Common Arguments
Against Physician Aid-in-
Dying:
1.Sanctity of life
2.Passive vs. Active distinction
3.Potential for abuse
4.Professional integrity
5.Fallibility of the profession

9. Argument #1: Sanctity of
Human Life
•Religious and secular traditions upholding the sanctity of
human life have historically prohibited suicide or
assistance in dying. PAD is morally wrong because it is
viewed as diminishing the sanctity of life. (Braddock III &
Tonelli 2013)
• We are made in God’s image (Genesis 1:26–27) and
therefore human life has an inherently sacred attribute that
should be protected and respected at all times. While God
gave humanity the authority to kill and eat other forms of
life (Genesis 9:3), the murdering of other human beings is
expressly forbidden, with the penalty being death
(Genesis 9:6). (Old Testament vs New Testament)

10. Counter Argument to the “Sanctity
of Human Life”
• Not everyone has the same God or even believes in God(s), it is unfair to take away a choice
because some people disagree
• If the penalty for bloodshed is death - isn’t that just more bloodshed?
• With the definition of “bloodshed” meaning: “(1) destruction of life, as in war or murder;
slaughter; or (2) the shedding of blood by injury, wound, etc” (“bloodshed”).
• If you take the second definition: There is no blood involved in PAD, the patient merely takes
a few pills and falls asleep to die.
• If you take the first definition: According to the United States Law, murder is “the killing of
another human being under conditions specifically covered in law. In the U.S., special
statutory definitions include: murder committed with malice aforethought, characterized by
deliberation or premeditation or occurring during the commission of another serious crime,
as robbery or arson (first-degree murder) and murder by intent but without deliberation or
premeditation (second-degree murder)” (“murder”). Due to the fact that PAD is done without
malicious intent and is done not by the physician but at the will of the patient to end their life
merely with the aid of a physician, it should not be attributed to murder.
• Furthermore, some physicians aid their patients in dying without even knowing it, usually
prescriptions are given in monthly increments meaning you most likely will have 30 pills in
one fill of the medication, if one were to take all 30 pills, they would most likely die or
become extremely ill.

11. Argument #2: Passive vs.
Active Distinction
“There is an important difference between
passively "letting die" and actively "killing."
Treatment refusal or withholding treatment
equates to letting die (passive) and is
justifiable, whereas PAD equates to killing
(active) and is not justifiable” (Braddock III &
Tonelli 2013).

12. Counter Argument #2: Passive vs.
Active Distinction
• Both killing (active) and withholding treatment (passive) have the
same result: the patient dies, the difference being that the person
either dies quickly or slowly.
• Furthermore, since the physician only supplies the patient with the
script to ascertain the drugs, and does not administer them directly
or lay a hand on the patient, it could be considered passive (accepting
or allowing what happens or what others do, without active response
or resistance).
• Usually when one has a terminal illness, they are in extreme pain,
sometimes the drugs do not work any more or they’re incapacitated
or otherwise “not all there.”
• In the event of being in extreme pain and knowing you won’t
recover, would you rather have a quick and painless death or
prolong your suffering to get to the same end result?

13. Argument #3: Potential for
Abuse
“Vulnerable populations, lacking access to quality
care and support, may be pushed into assisted
death. Furthermore, assisted death may become a
cost-containment strategy. Burdened family
members and health care providers may encourage
loved ones to opt for assisted death and the
protections in legislation can never catch all
instances of such coercion or exploitation. To
protect against these abuses, PAD should remain
illegal.”
(Braddock III & Tonelli
2013)

14. Counter Argument #3: Potential
for Abuse
• With all the restrictions in place for being
allowed to participate in PAD, it is unlikely
that one would be able to go through all
avenues and requirements without arousing
suspicion, and since the patient must
communicate to the physician that he/she
wishes to end their life, the only way one
could possibly use this as a means to rid
themselves of debt would be to either
blackmail the patient into giving their
consent or use a psychological tactic to
convince the patient to give their consent (i.e.
hypnotherapy, conditioning, door-in-face
tactic, foot-in-door tactic, etc.).

15. Argument #4: Professional
Integrity
“Historical ethical traditions in medicine are strongly
opposed to taking life. For instance, the Hippocratic
oath states, "I will not administer poison to anyone
where asked," and I will "be of benefit, or at least
do no harm." Furthermore, some major professional
groups such as the American Medical Association
and the American Geriatrics Society oppose
assisted death. The overall concern is that linking
PAD to the practice of medicine could harm both
the integrity and the public's image of the
profession.”
(Braddock III & Tonelli 2013)

16. Counter Argument #4: Professional
Integrity
• In the hippocratic oath one of the things physicians promise is to
“remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that
warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife
or the chemist's drug” (“Definition of Hippocratic Oath” 2016); if
someone is in so much pain with no hope of survival or if they are aware
they are going to die soon, don’t we owe it to them to give them their
dying wish? Don’t we owe them sympathy and warmth, as physicians
have promised?
• “I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special
obligations to all my fellow human beings, those sound of mind and
body as well as the infirm” (“Definition of Hippocratic Oath” 2016); we
owe it to the people we treat to remember that we are there to help them
and whether helping is preventing someone from dying or helping them
move on from this life so they can die with dignity surrounded by those
who love them and on their own terms.

17. Counter Argument #4: Professional
Integrity (continued)
• “I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to
me that the world may know. Most especially must I tread with care in matters of
life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks. But it may also be within
my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great
humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play at God”
(“Definition of Hippocratic Oath” 2016). Obviously this statement in itself is
hypocritical, but it draws on the fact that physicians have the power to take a life
as well as save it, or saving someone’s life by taking it; saving them from months
of extreme agony, or not being able to move, eat, or breathe by themselves, being
left in a vegetative state for the last few months of their so-called “life,” making
their family watch them go through this pain and watch them slowly deteriorate
with no hope of a comeback, it’s almost sick.
• Furthermore, physicians are not required to take the hippocratic oath, it is optional
and even if they do indeed decide to take the oath - they are in NO way bound by
it.

18. Argument #5: Fallibility of
the Profession
“The concern here is that physicians will make
mistakes. For instance there may be uncertainty in
diagnosis and prognosis. There may be errors in
diagnosis and treatment of depression, or inadequate
treatment of pain. Thus the State has an obligation to
protect lives from these inevitable mistakes and to
improve the quality of pain and symptom
management at the end of life.”
(Braddock III & Tonelli
2013)

19. Counter Argument #5: Fallibility of
the Profession
• Mistakes are inevitable, however it is not the physician’s
fault if someone wishes to end their life, people will do
what they want to do, having PAD be legal benefits the
patient, the physician and the family. It gives physicians
more time to work on patients who still have the
possibility of getting better; it allows the patient to die
with dignity on their own terms and without being in
excruciating pain; and it allows the family to grieve and
remember their loved one as they were before instead
as they are in that moment of agony.
• I am uncertain as to why depression is mentioned since
it is not a terminal illness, therefore it would not be
allowed for the patient to participate in PAD

20. Brittany Maynard
Born in Anaheim, California, on November 19, 1984.
Graduated from the University of California, Berkeley with a bachelor's degree
in psychology in 2006 from the College of Letters and Science and the
University of California, Irvine School of Education in 2010 with a master's
degree in education.
Interested in international travel since high school (Maynard taught at
orphanages in Kathmandu, Nepal and traveled also to Vietnam, Cambodia, and
other Southeast Asian countries.)
Married Daniel Esteban "Dan" Diaz in September 2012 and they were trying
for a family.
(Girap 2015)

21. Brittany Maynard’s Debilitating
Diagnosis & Death
• On January 1, 2014, she was diagnosed with stage 2 astrocytoma and had a partial
craniotomy and a partial resection of her temporal lobe.
• The cancer returned in April 2014, and her diagnosis was then elevated to stage 4
astrocytoma with a prognosis of six months to live.
• Moved from California to Oregon to take advantage of Oregon's Death with
Dignity Law, saying she had decided that "death with dignity was the best option
for me and my family."
• Partnered with Compassion & Choices to create the Brittany Maynard Fund,
which seeks to legalize aid in dying in states where it is now illegal. She also
wrote an opinion piece for CNN titled "My Right to Death with Dignity at 29”.
• On October 29, 2014, she stated that "it doesn't seem like the right time right now"
but that she would still end her own life at some future point.
• Planned to end her life on November 1, 2014, with drugs prescribed by her doctor.
Maynard wrote in her final Facebook post:
"Goodbye to all my dear friends and family that I love. Today is the day I have
chosen to pass away with dignity in the face of my terminal illness, this terrible
brain cancer that has taken so much from me ... but would have taken so much
more."

22. (Maynard

23. My Mother’s Side of the Family
(Most of us)

24. Maureen(20) & Frank(23) Muller’s
Wedding
November 22, 1952

25. Frank and Maureen
Muller, 2009

26. References
bloodshed. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved November 20, 2016 from Dictionary.com website http://www.dictionary.com/browse/bloodshed
Braddock III, C. H., MD, MA, & Tonelli, M. R., MD, MA. (2013). Physician Aid-in-Dying: Ethical Topic in Medicine (H. Starks PhD, MPH, D. Dudzinski
PhD, MTS, & N. White MD, MA, Eds.). Retrieved November 19, 2016, from http://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/topics/pad.html
CMA POLICY: EUTHANASIA AND ASSISTED SUICIDE (UPDATE 2007). (2007). Canadian Medical Association Publications, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada.
Definition of Hippocratic Oath - MedicineNet. (2016, May 13). Retrieved October 23, 2016, from
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20909
FAQs - Death With Dignity. (n.d.). Retrieved November 19, 2016, from https://www.deathwithdignity.org/faqs/
Johnson, K. (2009, August 31). Montana Court to Rule on Assisted Suicide Case. Retrieved November 19, 2016, from
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/us/01montana.html
Girap, S. (Ed.). (2015). Brittany Maynard. Retrieved November 20, 2016, from http://alchetron.com/Brittany-Maynard-993059-W
Old Testament vs New Testament: Same God? (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2016, from http://www.bibleinfo.com/en/questions/god-old-testament-same-
god-new-testament-0
Maynard, B. (2014, November 2). Brittany Maynard: My right to death with dignity at 29. Retrieved October 19, 2016, from
http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/07/opinion/maynard-assisted-suicide-cancer-dignity/index.html
murder. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved November 20, 2016 from Dictionary.com website http://www.dictionary.com/browse/murder
ProCon.org. (2015, October 5). State-by-State Guide to Physician-Assisted Suicide. Retrieved from
http://euthanasia.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000132