Architectural design projects are characterised by a high level of complexity. This level of complexity may be attributed to the high number of constraints that apply to architectural design projects. Along with planning, energy performance and fire safety regulations, current designers have to face constraining factors related to budget, acoustics, orientation, wind turbulence, accessibility for the disabled, and so forth. It thus appears that all sorts of restrictions and regulations steer the design process implicitly and explicitly in certain directions as soon as architectural designers aim at satisfying design briefs.
In this research, we aim at analysing the impact of parameters and constraints on the design process. We wish to investigate how designers in practice deal with parameters and constraints. How do they interpret incoming parameters or constraints? Are constraints considered to be limitative (constraining), or are they key reference points in a variety of parametric possibilities? Are constraints omnipresent during the design process or are they considered only until they have been 'resolved'? To make an analysis of the role of constraints and parameters in the design process, we have studied four design sessions in a particular design use case, which will be presented briefly in this paper. In each of these design sessions, the design was not only re-evaluated, but it was also redirected in response to certain constraints that were not met (yet). In analysing these four sessions, we used linkography as a method, because this appeared to be one of the better options to obtain a more quantitative assessment of the design process. The linkography method was combined with an interview of the student design team, in order to check the correctness of our conclusions.
Interface Management: A Systemic Approach for Projects and OrganizationsDavid Tain, PMP
This material was delivered in interface management workshops and explains the fundamentals of Interface Management using a systemic approach. The topics include: Definition of Interfaces, Interfaces and systems, Understanding Interfaces, Elements to Consider when Managing Project Interfaces, Interface Management Processes and a Case Study in an Oil Sands Megaproject in Alberta
Target audience: Project Managers, project Engineers, Engineering Managers and project personnel
Presentation "Interface Management in Concurrent Engineering Facilities for Systems and Service Systems Engineering: A Model-‐based Approach" at CIISE 2014 -‐ Conferenza INCOSE Italia su Systems Engineering
Roma, 24 -‐ 25 Novembre 2014
Interface Management: A Systemic Approach for Projects and OrganizationsDavid Tain, PMP
This material was delivered in interface management workshops and explains the fundamentals of Interface Management using a systemic approach. The topics include: Definition of Interfaces, Interfaces and systems, Understanding Interfaces, Elements to Consider when Managing Project Interfaces, Interface Management Processes and a Case Study in an Oil Sands Megaproject in Alberta
Target audience: Project Managers, project Engineers, Engineering Managers and project personnel
Presentation "Interface Management in Concurrent Engineering Facilities for Systems and Service Systems Engineering: A Model-‐based Approach" at CIISE 2014 -‐ Conferenza INCOSE Italia su Systems Engineering
Roma, 24 -‐ 25 Novembre 2014
Stanford/Arrillaga El Camino Menlo Park PlanPerla Ni
This is the controversial plans submitted by Stanford/Arrillaga for the development of El Camino in Menlo Park. It's the largest development proposed ever for Menlo and will bottleneck El Camino.
The International Trade Class (Year 1) of the Escuela Profesional Javeriana, took pictures of the English language used by high-street shops in Madrid. They tweeted them using the hashtag #shoppingepj. Some students tested the new Google translate App. Then, they analysed the information.
Stanford/Arrillaga El Camino Menlo Park PlanPerla Ni
This is the controversial plans submitted by Stanford/Arrillaga for the development of El Camino in Menlo Park. It's the largest development proposed ever for Menlo and will bottleneck El Camino.
The International Trade Class (Year 1) of the Escuela Profesional Javeriana, took pictures of the English language used by high-street shops in Madrid. They tweeted them using the hashtag #shoppingepj. Some students tested the new Google translate App. Then, they analysed the information.
Explore the essential roles of schematic design (SD), design development (DD), and construction documentation (CD) in construction projects with our comprehensive guide. Dive into our detailed guide to learn the fundamentals of schematic design (SD), which lays the groundwork for all construction projects; design development (DD), where those initial ideas are refined and detailed; and construction documents (CD), the final step that prepares detailed drawings and specifications for construction.
This comprehensive guide is your essential resource for understanding each critical phase of construction projects.
NordDesign2014 - Reasoning processes involved in ICT-mediated design communic...Pieter Pauwels
Conversational interaction is central to architectural design practice. New information and communication technologies (ICT) change the designer’s traditional way of communicating and interacting. In this paper we investigate how communication in the design process might be supported using ICT. With this aim, we study a text-based Skype conversation between a design teacher and a design student. We consider this conversation as part of an architectural design process and analyse it using linkography. From the linkograph analysis, specific features are identified that apply specifically to text-based Skype interactions. We conclude that online text-based Skype interaction can be one of the many possible interactions by means of communication media (sketching, conversation, modelling, and so forth) during the design process, and provides a distinct set of characteristics that might be considered by the designer.
Practical Application of Value Engineering in Capital ProjectsPMA Consultants
One of the significant challenges owners, designers, and contractors face is the proper application of value engineering on their projects. This presentation provides an overview of the value engineering job plan, function analysis system technique and discusses a case study so participants can apply value engineering to their projects.
Kelis king - software engineering and best practicesKelisKing
Kelis King offer involve conducting system testing to ensure correct operation, and integration testing to ensure the system integrates correctly with other required systems, such as databases.
design and construction of parametric structurespandeyadarsh105
Parametric modelling is a method based on relational thinking and these relationships are designed
with parametric modeling tools In parametric modelling, the definition and presentation of the
relationships that formed the geometry are give up to the user. This allows users to create thealgorithm
of the model. The algorithm includes the rules that occur when the parameters are associatedwith each
other. The parameter can be called a restrictor or limit that determines the boundaries of any event .
Although parametric modeling is new as a concept, the history of parametric thinking and design dates
back to the oldest.
With the developing technology and the widening horizon of thought, modern designs with extreme
geometries emerge outside of the traditional construction in architecture and construction industry.
However, the formation of more complex structures with traditional modeling methods has become
difficult and time consuming. So, computer-assisted parametric modeling have been developed in which
complex relations can be designed.
Parametric design process consists of determining the parameters, designing the relations between the
parameters, determining the estimated geometry, creating variations and testing the resulting product .
These stages are in close contact with each other and affect each other. In architectural and engineering
applications, the needs of the researchers increase the interest in parametric modeling and many studies
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ECPPM2016 - SimpleBIM: from full ifcOWL graphs to simplified building graphsPieter Pauwels
Presentation at the 11th European Conference on Product and Process Modelling (2016), in Limassol, Cyprus. Presentation and article are authored by Pieter Pauwels and Ana Roxin.
ECPPM2016 - SemCat: Publishing and Accessing Building Product Information as ...Pieter Pauwels
Presentation at the 11th European Conference on Product and Process Modelling (2016), in Limassol, Cyprus. Presentation and article are authored by Gudni Gundason and Pieter Pauwels.
ACM SIGMOD SBD2016 - Querying and reasoning over large scale building dataset...Pieter Pauwels
Presentation at the International Workshop on Semantic Big Data (SBD 2016), held in conjunction with the 2016 ACM SIGMOD Conference in San Francisco, USA. Authored by Pieter Pauwels, Tarcisio Mendes de Farias, Chi Zhang, Ana Roxin, Jakob Beetz, Jos De Roo, Christophe Nicolle.
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Presentation at the 2016 SWIMing VoCamp on 22-23 March 2016 in Dublin (http://phaedrus.scss.tcd.ie/buildviz/workshop/vocamp/march2016/): "ifcOWL overview and current state".
BabelNet Workshop 2016 - Making sense of building data and building product dataPieter Pauwels
Presentation at the 2016 BabelNet Workshop on 2 March 2016 IN Luxembourg (http://babelnet.org/lux): "Making sense of building data and building product data". Together with Thomas Krijnen (TUEindhoven) and Jakob Beetz (TUEindhoven). The paper is available at http://babelnet.org/lux/index.html#program_section.
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Presentation held by Jakob Beetz at the BuildingSMART Standards Summit 2015 in Singapore. The presentation was made in the Product Room and aimed at investigating and discussing the relation between the Linked Data Working Group (LDWG) and the buildingSMART Data Dictionary (bSDD) Working Group.
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Keynote presentation for the 32nd CIB W78 conference in Eindhoven (2015): "The Web of Construction Data:Pathways and Opportunities". With many thanks to the researchers who are referenced throughout the presentation.
http://cib-w78-2015.bwk.tue.nl/
Presentation about the current status of IFC2RDF tools for the Accelerating BIM workshop, held on October 2015 in Eindhoven (NL), collocated with the CIB W78 2015 conference.
CAA NLFL 2015 - Semantics in the documentation of architectural heritage: BIM...Pieter Pauwels
Presentation held at the CAA Netherlands-Flanders chapter meeting 2015 in Amsterdam - Computer Applications & Quantitative Methods in Archaeology.
More information: http://www.caanlfl.nl/
BuildingSMART Standards Summit 2015 - Technical Room - Linked Data for Constr...Pieter Pauwels
Presentation at the Technical Room of the BuildingSMART Standards Summit October 2015 in Singapore. The presentation was done together with Jakob Beetz, TUEindhoven, with strong support by Walter Terkaj, ITIA-CNR, and Kris McGlinn, TCDublin. It is part of the SWIMing H2020 project, run by Kris McGlinn (http://swiming-project.eu/).
Fonts play a crucial role in both User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX) design. They affect readability, accessibility, aesthetics, and overall user perception.
Connect Conference 2022: Passive House - Economic and Environmental Solution...TE Studio
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Explore the essential graphic design tools and software that can elevate your creative projects. Discover industry favorites and innovative solutions for stunning design results.
EuropIA 2014 - Analysing the impact of constraints on decision-making by architectural designers
1. Analysing the impact of constraints on
decision-making by architectural designers
Pieter Pauwels, Tiemen Strobbe, Jeroen Derboven, Ronald De Meyer
Department of Architecture and Urban Planning
Ghent University, Belgium
2. UGent SmartLab
Ghent, Belgium
Ghent University
Faculty of Engineering and
Architecture
Department of Architecture
and Urban Planning
UGent SmartLab
Ronald De Meyer Pieter Pauwels Ruben Verstraeten Tiemen Strobbe
4. Constraints in design
high number of constraints apply to architectural design
projects:
– urban planning regulations
– energy performance regulations
– fire safety regulations
– budget
– acoustics
– orientation
– wind turbulence
– accessibility for the disabled
– …
5. What is the impact of parameters and
constraints on the design process
• how do designers in practice deal with parameters and constraints?
• how do designers in practice interpret incoming parameters or
constraints?
• are constraints considered to be limitative (constraining), or are
they key reference points in a variety of parametric possibilities?
• are constraints omnipresent during the design process or are they
considered only until they have been 'resolved'?
• which parameters are chosen by designer to reply to a specific
design situation with a number of given constraints?
• where does parametric freedom and parametric creativity come
from?
6. the architectural design process
The designer as a reflective practitioner – D. Schön, 1983
information /
experience
7. the design process as a sequence of
design situations or ‘snapshots’
A design situation is not considered as a design ‘problem’
that is defined by a well-structured set of constraints, and in
which a number of adjustable parameters is available.
Instead, a design situation is now understood as a snapshot,
in terms of time, in the overall design process, in which a
limited number of constraints and parameters are taken
into account by a designer, in order to ‘satisfice’ the design
situation, as interpreted at that moment, into an alternative
design situation.
10. design moves and design episodes
Definition of a design move by Goldschmidt:
“a step, an act, an operation which transforms the design situation relative to the
state in which it was prior to that move.”
Definition of a design episode by Seitamaa-Hakkarainen:
“segments of activity aimed at reaching a certain goal; [they] are usually decisions
concerning design elements. Each episode contains a unique goal (design element)
that will be structured and solved during an episode. When the goal is accomplished or
changed, that design episode ends.”
11. Use case presented at NordDesign2014 conference
Pauwels P, Morkel J, Bod R (2014)
Reasoning processes involved in ICT-mediated design communication
NordDesign2014
12. the linkograph
Pauwels P, Morkel J, Bod R (2014)
Additional Data NordDesign2014 Article.
http://users.ugent.be/~pipauwel/experimentaldataskypemorkelpauwels2013.html
13. annotation of design moves
using the FBS ontology
original image in
J.S. Gero. Design prototypes: a knowledge representation schema for design.
AI Magazine 11 (1990 ) pp. 26-36.
14. general linkograph statistics
104 design moves
306 links
Link Index: 2,94
10 design episodes:
1. the new idea design moves 11-20
2. web browsing design moves 21-28
3. plan and section design moves 29-40
4. Skype invite design moves 41-44
5. dynamic vs. classical design moves 45-64
6. central position of tower design moves 65-79
7. plan-section relationship design moves 80-91
8. floor-roof design moves 92-98
9. context design moves 99-104
10. conclusion plan-section design moves 105-114
20. context of the case study
• team of two students, one design teacher
• design studio Architecture & Construction, Department of Architecture
and Urban Planning, Ghent University
• duration: begin October 2013 – end December 2013
• four design sessions analysed:
– 23 October 2013
– 30 October 2013
– 11 December 2013
– 18 December 2013
• task: design the refurbishment of three outdated high-rise apartment
buildings using a co-housing concept
• challenge: A particularly high number of constraints was included in the
design brief of this studio, including constraints regarding fire safety,
building use (co-housing living units), comfort, sunlight penetration,
accessibility, privacy, wind turbulence, structure, and so forth.
21.
22. method used for each
of the four design sessions
• design session = weekly slideshow presentation,
with drawings showing the recent status and
advancements of their design.
• organised as feedback session between students
and teacher
• Duration per design session: varies between one
and two hours
=> Everything recorded and transcribed for
linkograph study
27. annotation of design moves
using the FBS ontology
original image in
J.S. Gero. Design prototypes: a knowledge representation schema for design.
AI Magazine 11 (1990 ) pp. 26-36.
28. Session 1 – 23 October 2013
FBS statistics
451 design moves
977 links
Link Index (LI): 2,17
Issue distribution:
R 74 16,4 %
F 26 5,8 %
Be 57 12,6 %
Bs 200 44,3 %
S 85 18,8 %
D 9 2 %
34. Session 4 – 18 December 2013
FBS statistics
372 design moves
761 links
Link Index (LI): 2,05
Issue distribution:
R 9 2,6 %
F 4 1,1 %
Be 11 3,2 %
Bs 170 48,7 %
S 95 27,2 %
D 60 17,2 %
35. ‘first sight’ findings
• Link Index (LI): each session has a notably high link index (from 2,01 to 2,45)
– cfr. Goldschmidt (1992) marks a LI value of 0,83 as low and a LI value of 1,73 as high
– High productivity in terms of LI for all four design sessions
– the second session was most productive
• Influence of ‘requirements’:
– 16,4% of the design moves in session 1 was related to requirements, contrasting significantly
with the values for the other sessions (4,9%; 6,2%; 2,6%).
– design requirements are apparently mainly considered at the beginning of the design process,
when still relating closely to the design brief.
– Later design stages are considerably more occupied by design moves that are annotated as
‘Structure (S)’ or ‘Expected Behaviour (Be)’.
– design requirements (constraints) are communicated and considered from the design brief,
after which they are considered as ‘known’ and make place for ‘expected behaviour’.
• design moves that are annotated as ‘Function (F)’ decrease in share (5,8% -> ; 4,9%
-> 3,3% -> 1,1%)
– the functions and overall program of the design tends to gradually stabilise during the design
process
– might explain the decreasing need to return to design requirements.
37. Confirmation after
interviewing the students
• Interviews conducted with the student designers
in order to further confirm ‘first sight’ findings
• Results:
– Confirmation of findings
– Additional statements about the design process:
• At the beginning: large number of constraints and
requirements experienced => a burden / challenge for the
students
• this gradually improved: “more building features got ‘fixed’,
thereby addressing a number of constraints that did not
have to be considered any more as long as these building
features remained fixed”
• (co-evolution of problem and solution in practice)
38. conclusion
- Are constraints in architectural design considered to be limitative
(constraining), or are they key reference points in a variety of parametric
possibilities?
=> Both. Limitative, yet necessary point of reference in order to be able to
narrow problem scope
- Are constraints omnipresent during the design process or are they considered
only until they have been 'resolved'?
=> Requirements mainly handled towards the beginning of the design
process. Later on, they are considered to be ‘handled’ -> remain (implicitly)
present in the form of function (F), structure (S), or behaviour (Be-Bs) moves
- Where does parametric freedom and parametric creativity come from?
=> at every consecutive design situation, a manageable number of
constraints is selected by the designers from the virtually unlimited number
of constraints present from the design brief, thereby deliberately leaving
open a useful number of parameters, allowing for the desired level of
parametric freedom and parametric creativity.
39. Thank you
Pieter Pauwels
Ghent University
pipauwel.pauwels@ugent.be