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The Role of Ethics on Conflict Handling Styles

A Scenario Based Study
By
Ozan Nadir Alakavuklar & Ulaş Çakar

(November 2012)
Roadmap


Research Objectives



Literature Review



Theoretical Framework



Barki and Hartwick’s Conflict Typology



Interpersonal Conflict Handling Styles



Ethical Approaches



Methodology



The Relationship between Ethical Approaches & Conflict Handling Styles



Deontology and Interpersonal Conflict Handling Styles



Egoism /Relativism and Interpersonal Conflict Handling Styles



Conclusion



Limitations and Recommendations for Future Research.
Research Objectives





Ethical approaches are taken into consideration in the
context of inter- personal conflict handling
Employed a scenario based approach which is not
widespread in the conflict management literature.
Literature Review









Interpersonal conflict is a natural consequence
of human interaction…
One of the basic processes that must be
managed within organizations (Thomas, 1992).
Conflict Handling Styles
Emotions (Bell & Song, 2005; Desivilya & Yagil, 2005; Shih & Susanto, 2010)
Cultural Traits (Kozan & Ergin, 1999;Ting-Toomey et al., 1991)
Personality (Antonioni, 1998; Barbuto, Phipps,& Xu, 2010)
Religions (Croucher, 2011)
Theoretical Framework



Conflict occurs when two social entities…







Incongruent activity with their needs
Behavioral preferences
Mutually desirable resource
Exclusive attitudes, values…
Joint actions etc…





Emergence of Conflict

Ethical Approach(Carlson & Kacmar, 1997).
Differences in Ethical values

Ethical Approach

Conflict

Diff Ethical values
Barki and Hartwick’s Conflict Typology
A Typology for Conceptualizing and Assessing Interpersonal Conflict in Organizations

Interpersonal Conflict’s Properties

Interpersonal Conflict’s Focus
Task Content or Task Process

Interpersonal Relationship

Cognition /
Disagreement

Disagreement with the other
about what should be done in a
task or how a task should be
done .

Disagreement with the other’s
personal values, views,
preferences, etc.

Behavior /
Interference

Preventing the other from doing
what they think should be done
in a task or how a task should be
done.

Preventing the other from doing
things unrelated to task .

Affect / Negative
Emotion

Anger and frustration directed
to the other about what should
be done in a task or how a task
should be done .

Anger and frustration directed
to the other as a person.
Interpersonal Conflict Handling Styles
The Dual Concern Model of the Styles of Handling Interpersonal Conflict

HIGH

Self
LOW

Integrating

Obliging
Compromising

LOW

Concern

For

HIGH

For

Others

Concern

Dominating

Avoiding
Ethical Approaches





Deontological Approach
Ethical Egoism Approach
Relativism Approach
Methodology


Sample



Data gathered through a web survey
Study population included every academic personnel working in
public universities in Turkey .



Data Collection Methods












Scenario: For concrete decision-making situation resembling
real-life situations.
Scenario is about two assistant professors (Ayla and Murat)
A question is asked to determine whether the given situation is
perceived as a conflict involving situation.

Scales
Ethical orientation scale
Rahim’s Organizational Conflict Inventory-II
Methodology










Analysis
Partial Correlation analysis
Stepwise Regression analysis

Findings
Sample have higher orientation to deontological approach
Integrating handling style preferred
Obliging style least preferred
Social desirability (Control variable)
The Relationship between Ethical Approaches &
Conflict Handling Styles
Approaches

Relationship

Conflict Handling Style

Negative

Avoiding, obliging &
compromising

Egoism

Positive

Avoiding, obliging &
compromising

Relativism

Positive

Avoiding, obliging &
compromising

Deontological
Supported and Not Supported Hypotheses of the
Hypotheses

Study

Statements

H1

There is a negative relationship between deontology oriented

H2

There is a negative relationship between deontology oriented

H3

There is negative relationship between deontology oriented
individual and tendency to choose avoiding style in a conflict
situation
There is a positive relationship between deontology oriented

H4

individual and tendency to choose obliging style
individual and tendency to choose compromising style

individual and tendency to choose dominating style

Result

Supported
Supported
Not Supported
Not Supported

H5

There is a positive relationship between egoism oriented
individual and tendency to choose obliging handling style.

Supported

H6

There is a positive relationship between egoism oriented

Not Supported

H7

There is a positive relationship between relativism oriented
individual and tendency to choose obliging style.

Supported

individual and tendency to prefer integrating style .
Discussion
The relationship between ethical approaches and handling styles is intensified in the
area of obliging style.



The study led to a distinction between “concern for self” and “concern for others” on
the basis of the ethical approaches (either with a positive or a negative relationship)
CONCERN FOR SELF
HIGH
LOW
CONCERN FOR OTHERS
LOW
HIGH



Integrating

Obliging
Compromising

Dominating

Avoiding

Egoism
Relativism
Deontological(Negative)

Egoism

The Intensity of the Relationship on Dual Concerns Model
Deontology and Interpersonal Conflict Handling
Styles








Deontology oriented individual does not oblige or compromise
in a conflict situation.
The perception of the given conflict situation does not provide
tools for Deontological individuals to integrate .
In the given scenario, the results indicate that domination tool
is not perceived.
There is negative relationship between avoiding and
deontology approach.
Egoism and Interpersonal Conflict Handling
Styles









An individual with Egoism will demonstrate obliging style.
An individual oriented to egoism approach may prefer
avoiding style.
Egoism oriented individual does not prefer compromising
style since the actors do not have any alternative to
negotiate.
In the scenario, it is noticed that integration style is not
preferred by Egoism approach.
The scenario are not perceived enough for preferring
dominating style
Relativism and Interpersonal Conflict Handling
Styles





(a)
(b)
(c)

The scenario given, a relativism oriented individual has
tendency to choose obliging style.
The situation given in the scenario does not provide a possible
way of collaboration with Murat.
In the given scenario depending upon the situation it is not
reasonable for relativism oriented person to employ
Dominating style because of being colleagues and having
insufficient tools,
Avoiding style since there is no need to ignore the situation
Compromising style since there is nothing that Ayla can offer
in the negotiation.
Conclusion





This study indicated that ethical approaches have a role in
determining the preference of interpersonal conflict handling
style with the given scenario.
The findings are also valuable considering the diversified nature
of the workplaces.
Limitations and Recommendations for Future
Research
 Limitations



Just three of the ethical approaches
Limited ethical conflict situation described in the scenario.

 Recommendations



Different positions among the conflict experiencing.
Considering the cultural dimensions.
Questions
Please

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Ethics and conflict

  • 1. The Role of Ethics on Conflict Handling Styles A Scenario Based Study By Ozan Nadir Alakavuklar & Ulaş Çakar (November 2012)
  • 2. Roadmap  Research Objectives  Literature Review  Theoretical Framework  Barki and Hartwick’s Conflict Typology  Interpersonal Conflict Handling Styles  Ethical Approaches  Methodology  The Relationship between Ethical Approaches & Conflict Handling Styles  Deontology and Interpersonal Conflict Handling Styles  Egoism /Relativism and Interpersonal Conflict Handling Styles  Conclusion  Limitations and Recommendations for Future Research.
  • 3. Research Objectives   Ethical approaches are taken into consideration in the context of inter- personal conflict handling Employed a scenario based approach which is not widespread in the conflict management literature.
  • 4. Literature Review        Interpersonal conflict is a natural consequence of human interaction… One of the basic processes that must be managed within organizations (Thomas, 1992). Conflict Handling Styles Emotions (Bell & Song, 2005; Desivilya & Yagil, 2005; Shih & Susanto, 2010) Cultural Traits (Kozan & Ergin, 1999;Ting-Toomey et al., 1991) Personality (Antonioni, 1998; Barbuto, Phipps,& Xu, 2010) Religions (Croucher, 2011)
  • 5. Theoretical Framework  Conflict occurs when two social entities…      Incongruent activity with their needs Behavioral preferences Mutually desirable resource Exclusive attitudes, values… Joint actions etc…    Emergence of Conflict Ethical Approach(Carlson & Kacmar, 1997). Differences in Ethical values Ethical Approach Conflict Diff Ethical values
  • 6. Barki and Hartwick’s Conflict Typology A Typology for Conceptualizing and Assessing Interpersonal Conflict in Organizations Interpersonal Conflict’s Properties Interpersonal Conflict’s Focus Task Content or Task Process Interpersonal Relationship Cognition / Disagreement Disagreement with the other about what should be done in a task or how a task should be done . Disagreement with the other’s personal values, views, preferences, etc. Behavior / Interference Preventing the other from doing what they think should be done in a task or how a task should be done. Preventing the other from doing things unrelated to task . Affect / Negative Emotion Anger and frustration directed to the other about what should be done in a task or how a task should be done . Anger and frustration directed to the other as a person.
  • 7. Interpersonal Conflict Handling Styles The Dual Concern Model of the Styles of Handling Interpersonal Conflict HIGH Self LOW Integrating Obliging Compromising LOW Concern For HIGH For Others Concern Dominating Avoiding
  • 9. Methodology  Sample  Data gathered through a web survey Study population included every academic personnel working in public universities in Turkey .  Data Collection Methods        Scenario: For concrete decision-making situation resembling real-life situations. Scenario is about two assistant professors (Ayla and Murat) A question is asked to determine whether the given situation is perceived as a conflict involving situation. Scales Ethical orientation scale Rahim’s Organizational Conflict Inventory-II
  • 10. Methodology         Analysis Partial Correlation analysis Stepwise Regression analysis Findings Sample have higher orientation to deontological approach Integrating handling style preferred Obliging style least preferred Social desirability (Control variable)
  • 11. The Relationship between Ethical Approaches & Conflict Handling Styles Approaches Relationship Conflict Handling Style Negative Avoiding, obliging & compromising Egoism Positive Avoiding, obliging & compromising Relativism Positive Avoiding, obliging & compromising Deontological
  • 12. Supported and Not Supported Hypotheses of the Hypotheses Study Statements H1 There is a negative relationship between deontology oriented H2 There is a negative relationship between deontology oriented H3 There is negative relationship between deontology oriented individual and tendency to choose avoiding style in a conflict situation There is a positive relationship between deontology oriented H4 individual and tendency to choose obliging style individual and tendency to choose compromising style individual and tendency to choose dominating style Result Supported Supported Not Supported Not Supported H5 There is a positive relationship between egoism oriented individual and tendency to choose obliging handling style. Supported H6 There is a positive relationship between egoism oriented Not Supported H7 There is a positive relationship between relativism oriented individual and tendency to choose obliging style. Supported individual and tendency to prefer integrating style .
  • 13. Discussion The relationship between ethical approaches and handling styles is intensified in the area of obliging style.  The study led to a distinction between “concern for self” and “concern for others” on the basis of the ethical approaches (either with a positive or a negative relationship) CONCERN FOR SELF HIGH LOW CONCERN FOR OTHERS LOW HIGH  Integrating Obliging Compromising Dominating Avoiding Egoism Relativism Deontological(Negative) Egoism The Intensity of the Relationship on Dual Concerns Model
  • 14. Deontology and Interpersonal Conflict Handling Styles     Deontology oriented individual does not oblige or compromise in a conflict situation. The perception of the given conflict situation does not provide tools for Deontological individuals to integrate . In the given scenario, the results indicate that domination tool is not perceived. There is negative relationship between avoiding and deontology approach.
  • 15. Egoism and Interpersonal Conflict Handling Styles      An individual with Egoism will demonstrate obliging style. An individual oriented to egoism approach may prefer avoiding style. Egoism oriented individual does not prefer compromising style since the actors do not have any alternative to negotiate. In the scenario, it is noticed that integration style is not preferred by Egoism approach. The scenario are not perceived enough for preferring dominating style
  • 16. Relativism and Interpersonal Conflict Handling Styles    (a) (b) (c) The scenario given, a relativism oriented individual has tendency to choose obliging style. The situation given in the scenario does not provide a possible way of collaboration with Murat. In the given scenario depending upon the situation it is not reasonable for relativism oriented person to employ Dominating style because of being colleagues and having insufficient tools, Avoiding style since there is no need to ignore the situation Compromising style since there is nothing that Ayla can offer in the negotiation.
  • 17. Conclusion   This study indicated that ethical approaches have a role in determining the preference of interpersonal conflict handling style with the given scenario. The findings are also valuable considering the diversified nature of the workplaces.
  • 18. Limitations and Recommendations for Future Research  Limitations   Just three of the ethical approaches Limited ethical conflict situation described in the scenario.  Recommendations   Different positions among the conflict experiencing. Considering the cultural dimensions.
  • 19.