The document discusses ethical decision-making in business contexts. It presents four case studies to help reflect on ethical dilemmas when managers must choose between "right" and "right." It then analyzes the commonalities and divergences between the cases. The document also discusses various frameworks and approaches that can help support ethical decision-making, including organizational values, moral principles, and tests to validate decisions.
The text summarizes key information about the global textile industry:
1) The textile industry involves designing, manufacturing, and distributing textiles such as clothing and involves natural or artificial fibers formed into textiles through processes like weaving, knitting, and pressing.
2) Historically, the textile industry developed in the 19th century through the industrial revolution and mass clothing production but later faced issues with unsafe working conditions and low wages.
3) The textile industry remains an important global industry worth over $400 billion annually and is concentrated in certain areas but has increasingly moved production overseas through globalization and trade agreements.
The document provides information about Niagara Textiles Ltd, including its objectives, history, facilities, production capacity, and machinery. It summarizes that Niagara Textiles Ltd is a leading textile manufacturer in Bangladesh established in 2001 with over 5,000 employees. It has separate knitting, dyeing, and garment divisions with a daily production capacity of 50,000 pieces of garments. The factory is well equipped with modern machinery and ensures compliance with environmental and social standards.
Students are required to complete a summer training report and analysis of a business organization, analyzing its overall performance including financials, marketing strategy, change management, and international practices. A mid-term evaluation is conducted before the final submission.
Guidelines are provided for the project report, including using A4 paper size, numbered pages, margins, line spacing, fonts, in-text citations, bibliography style, inclusion of a soft copy on CD-ROM, and hard binding.
The project report format includes a title page, declaration, acknowledgements, contents, tables and figures, abbreviations, introduction, literature review, methodology, data analysis and results, findings and conclusions, and appendices with bibliography.
Tvs motors summer internship report a study on customer satisfaction towards ...Priyansh Kesarwani
A study on Customer satisfaction towards TVS Motors in Kanpur City
Objective of the study:
• To know the customer satisfaction level towards services of TVS Motors.
• To know the problems presently faced by the customers at TVS Motors.
• To study the post-sales service performance.
• To know the new area of improvement.
The document provides a SWOT analysis of the Indian textile industry. It identifies several strengths, including that India is the largest and second largest manufacturer and exporter of textiles globally. However, it also outlines many weaknesses, such as higher costs compared to competitors, low cotton yields, and a fragmented garment sector. Opportunities include capitalizing on the US-China trade war, while threats include potential increased imports from countries with which India does not have trade agreements and rising trade deficits with China.
This document presents a marketing research opportunity to brand XYZ's TMT bars. It outlines the opportunity definition, research design, tools and sample size to be used, questionnaire design, data analysis, conclusions, and recommendations. The research aims to examine the relative advantages and disadvantages of branded vs. unbranded TMT bars in terms of factors influencing purchase decisions. It identifies selection criteria, consumer evaluations, and buying behaviors to influence branding strategy. A mixed methods research approach is proposed involving exploratory research with experts, descriptive research through surveys of 50 TMT bar users.
A study on consumer buying behaviour at the time to purchase hero honda bikeProjects Kart
The document discusses the history and background of Hero Honda Motors Limited, a leading Indian manufacturer of motorcycles and scooters. It began as a joint venture in 1984 between Hero Group of India and Honda of Japan. Since 2001, Hero Honda has been the world's largest manufacturer of two-wheeled vehicles, producing over 1.3 million motorcycles in a single year. The company specialized in affordable, fuel-efficient dual-purpose motorcycles and is headquartered in Haryana, India with two main production plants. India has one of the largest two-wheeler markets in the world dominated by motorcycles and scooters.
The text summarizes key information about the global textile industry:
1) The textile industry involves designing, manufacturing, and distributing textiles such as clothing and involves natural or artificial fibers formed into textiles through processes like weaving, knitting, and pressing.
2) Historically, the textile industry developed in the 19th century through the industrial revolution and mass clothing production but later faced issues with unsafe working conditions and low wages.
3) The textile industry remains an important global industry worth over $400 billion annually and is concentrated in certain areas but has increasingly moved production overseas through globalization and trade agreements.
The document provides information about Niagara Textiles Ltd, including its objectives, history, facilities, production capacity, and machinery. It summarizes that Niagara Textiles Ltd is a leading textile manufacturer in Bangladesh established in 2001 with over 5,000 employees. It has separate knitting, dyeing, and garment divisions with a daily production capacity of 50,000 pieces of garments. The factory is well equipped with modern machinery and ensures compliance with environmental and social standards.
Students are required to complete a summer training report and analysis of a business organization, analyzing its overall performance including financials, marketing strategy, change management, and international practices. A mid-term evaluation is conducted before the final submission.
Guidelines are provided for the project report, including using A4 paper size, numbered pages, margins, line spacing, fonts, in-text citations, bibliography style, inclusion of a soft copy on CD-ROM, and hard binding.
The project report format includes a title page, declaration, acknowledgements, contents, tables and figures, abbreviations, introduction, literature review, methodology, data analysis and results, findings and conclusions, and appendices with bibliography.
Tvs motors summer internship report a study on customer satisfaction towards ...Priyansh Kesarwani
A study on Customer satisfaction towards TVS Motors in Kanpur City
Objective of the study:
• To know the customer satisfaction level towards services of TVS Motors.
• To know the problems presently faced by the customers at TVS Motors.
• To study the post-sales service performance.
• To know the new area of improvement.
The document provides a SWOT analysis of the Indian textile industry. It identifies several strengths, including that India is the largest and second largest manufacturer and exporter of textiles globally. However, it also outlines many weaknesses, such as higher costs compared to competitors, low cotton yields, and a fragmented garment sector. Opportunities include capitalizing on the US-China trade war, while threats include potential increased imports from countries with which India does not have trade agreements and rising trade deficits with China.
This document presents a marketing research opportunity to brand XYZ's TMT bars. It outlines the opportunity definition, research design, tools and sample size to be used, questionnaire design, data analysis, conclusions, and recommendations. The research aims to examine the relative advantages and disadvantages of branded vs. unbranded TMT bars in terms of factors influencing purchase decisions. It identifies selection criteria, consumer evaluations, and buying behaviors to influence branding strategy. A mixed methods research approach is proposed involving exploratory research with experts, descriptive research through surveys of 50 TMT bar users.
A study on consumer buying behaviour at the time to purchase hero honda bikeProjects Kart
The document discusses the history and background of Hero Honda Motors Limited, a leading Indian manufacturer of motorcycles and scooters. It began as a joint venture in 1984 between Hero Group of India and Honda of Japan. Since 2001, Hero Honda has been the world's largest manufacturer of two-wheeled vehicles, producing over 1.3 million motorcycles in a single year. The company specialized in affordable, fuel-efficient dual-purpose motorcycles and is headquartered in Haryana, India with two main production plants. India has one of the largest two-wheeler markets in the world dominated by motorcycles and scooters.
Ormee Kumar Dey's presentation discusses supply chain management. It defines a supply chain as a system involving the transformation of raw materials into finished products that are delivered to customers. It also defines supply chain management as overseeing materials, information and finances as they move from suppliers to manufacturers to wholesalers to retailers to consumers. The presentation discusses the types of supply chains, including internal and external supply chains. It notes some key advantages of effective supply chain management systems, such as quality assurance, inventory buffers, increased profits and reduced costs.
Role of Merchandiser in Supply Chain Managementtarikul_38
This slide shows the information about the supply chain management in RMG sector. Viewers will get the relationship between supply chain and the responsible merchandiser for smooth running the whole factory activities.
This document discusses a project to develop new denim fits for the Lee brand. It aims to analyze current denim fit trends in the market and identify gaps in Lee's offerings compared to competitors. The objectives are to understand fit and price options from Lee and other brands, develop new fits/products as per market requirements, and find price brackets of competitors. Secondary data on the Indian denim market size and trends will be analyzed. New denim fits like regular straight, slim straight, skinny straight, joggers and dungarees will be developed and costed. Consumer research will also be conducted to help guide the product development.
Swot analysis of automobile industry in IndiaShri Theja
SWOT is an important tool to understand the internal and external that affect on company's operations. This is a presentation on Swot analysis of automobile industry in India; that will help students of MBA, BBM and other discipline during exams and presentations.
Overview on Knit composite garments Factory in BangladeshSalman Pranta
This presentation provides an overview of the knit composite garment industry in Bangladesh. It introduces the industry as significant to Bangladesh's economy and export of foreign currency, producing knitted items like t-shirts, polo shirts, and leggings through several stages from yarn to shipping. Comparative advantages are highlighted such as high quality diversified products, duty-free export access, strong backward linkage industries, and socially/environmentally compliant factories certified by various standards. The overall process of the knit composite sector in Bangladesh is then outlined.
Listen to the untold story of Marjina - A Rag Picker. Her story will make you think twice before facing with any rag picker on a road-side. Rag pickers provides a great service to our city, but still our perspective on them is still the same. Listen and judge yourself..
Company Name
Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
Founded
July 1, 1955
Capital
85,688 million yen (as of September 30, 2013)
President
Hiroyuki Yanagi
Employees
(Consolidated)
53,958 (as of December 31, 2012)
Parent :10,180 (as of December 31, 2012)
Sales
(Consolidated)
1,207,675 million yen
(from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012)
Parent: 474,589 million yen
(from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012)
This is a pitch deck of a unique business idea, but with a hidden logo and name of the firm for confidential purposes.
*For any help in the creation of pitch decks and presentations, You can contact me by mailing on jindalmuskan341@gmail.com.*
This document discusses the fashion brand AaRoNg. It provides an overview of AaRoNg as the most popular lifestyle retail chain in Bangladesh, established in 1978. It operates production units in rural and semi-urban areas as part of its social enterprise model. The document then analyzes AaRoNg's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats through a SWOT analysis. It identifies AaRoNg's leading brand reputation and production quality as strengths, and limited R&D budget and higher closing inventory as weaknesses. International markets and cultural events are opportunities, while small competitors and price wars are threats.
This document analyzes the SWOT of Mahindra, an Indian automobile company. It discusses Mahindra's product portfolio including SUVs, sedans, and two-wheelers. It identifies strengths such as being a strong Indian brand and opportunities such as developing hybrid vehicles. Weaknesses include issues with quality from partnerships. Threats include increasing fuel prices and competition from global brands. The document provides an overview of Mahindra's business through a SWOT analysis.
Internship Report on Masood Textile Mills (PVT) LTD by MJBJunaid Bhatti
Masood Textile is one of the largest knitted garment manufacturers of
Pakistan. The company is 100% export oriented. U.S.A. and Europe are
major markets of Masood Textile. It
is a quality conscious company. The
company is ISO 9002 certified.
Company’s mission statement is
“To be the
world’s Best Apparel Company.” Company’s values are trust,
integrity, respect.
This document is a project report submitted by Bhargava SaiKumar Sudikonda to TVS Motor Company as part of an internship. The report analyzes competitors of TVS Jupiter scooter and customer reservations about purchasing the Jupiter in Vijayawada and Guntur regions. The objective is to make recommendations to increase Jupiter sales. Mystery shopping and customer surveys were conducted to understand factors influencing scooter purchase decisions. Key findings include low brand image for TVS, less awareness of Jupiter compared to Activa, limited sales executive knowledge, and the importance of showroom ambience. Recommendations focus on improving sales executive product knowledge and changing marketing strategy from push to pull.
Ola is launching two new electric scooters, the Ola S1 and S1 Pro, to revolutionize the Indian automobile market. The scooters were developed using technology from Dutch company Etergo, which Ola acquired after raising $250 million from SoftBank. Key specifications of the Ola electric scooters include a range of 80km per charge, a 1155 watt battery capacity, digital displays, remote start, and connectivity features. Ola has already received over 100,000 bookings within 24 hours and aims to compete with other Indian EV brands like Ather and TVS. The company plans to launch the scooters in the coming months and setup a network of 5000 charging stations across
This document discusses emerging opportunities in India's fashion industry. It notes that the future of the textile and fashion industry depends on technological upgrades, the role of government, and exploring new markets and product innovations. While India has strengths like labor costs and human resources, it also faces weaknesses such as undeveloped infrastructure, low productivity, and environmental issues. The document analyzes India's position compared to China and outlines steps the government and exporters can take to strengthen the industry such as improving quality, delivery times, and developing own designs and brands. Overall, it presents an analysis of the current state and future potential of India's fashion industry.
RMG industry in Bangladesh has always been the country's backbone. Being the 3rd largest apparel exporter in the world after China and Vietnam, the South Asian apparel manufacturing powerhouse is showing good signs in its global apparel exports. Team Apparel Resources has prepared a presentation to let the readers everything know about Bangladesh's RMG industry.
Merchandising activities in apparel industry of bangladeshSH Nayeem
The document is a dissertation submitted by Md Sazzad Hossain for a Bachelor of Arts degree in Apparel Manufacturing Management and Technology. It discusses merchandising activities in the apparel industry of Bangladesh and includes chapters on literature review, research methodology, and an academic overview of key merchandising concepts and skills required. The dissertation provides a comprehensive overview of apparel merchandising in Bangladesh.
This document provides an introduction to a dissertation that will analyze customer satisfaction between legacy carrier Emirates Airlines and low-cost carriers in the UAE. The study aims to compare the operational efficiency and customer satisfaction levels between Emirates and low-cost carriers. It will examine the demographic and behavioral differences between customers that choose each type of airline. The document outlines the problem identification, objectives, hypotheses, data collection sources and analysis plan for the study.
The document discusses various frameworks for conceptualizing and addressing ethical issues and dilemmas that may arise in management contexts. It presents eight categories of ethical responses managers may have when facing such issues, ranging from ethical neutrality to maintaining personal relationships. Additionally, it outlines several theories and principles from ethics that can help inform decision-making, such as deontological, virtue-based, and consequentialist approaches. The document aims to provide managers with conceptual tools and perspectives for navigating complex ethical situations.
The document discusses the importance of ethics and making ethical decisions. It provides an overview of key concepts like ethics, values, morals, foundational ethics and situational ethics. It also outlines various frameworks that can be used in ethical decision making, such as utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. The presentation emphasizes developing strong personal convictions, integrity, and using frameworks to thoughtfully evaluate ethical issues and choices.
Ormee Kumar Dey's presentation discusses supply chain management. It defines a supply chain as a system involving the transformation of raw materials into finished products that are delivered to customers. It also defines supply chain management as overseeing materials, information and finances as they move from suppliers to manufacturers to wholesalers to retailers to consumers. The presentation discusses the types of supply chains, including internal and external supply chains. It notes some key advantages of effective supply chain management systems, such as quality assurance, inventory buffers, increased profits and reduced costs.
Role of Merchandiser in Supply Chain Managementtarikul_38
This slide shows the information about the supply chain management in RMG sector. Viewers will get the relationship between supply chain and the responsible merchandiser for smooth running the whole factory activities.
This document discusses a project to develop new denim fits for the Lee brand. It aims to analyze current denim fit trends in the market and identify gaps in Lee's offerings compared to competitors. The objectives are to understand fit and price options from Lee and other brands, develop new fits/products as per market requirements, and find price brackets of competitors. Secondary data on the Indian denim market size and trends will be analyzed. New denim fits like regular straight, slim straight, skinny straight, joggers and dungarees will be developed and costed. Consumer research will also be conducted to help guide the product development.
Swot analysis of automobile industry in IndiaShri Theja
SWOT is an important tool to understand the internal and external that affect on company's operations. This is a presentation on Swot analysis of automobile industry in India; that will help students of MBA, BBM and other discipline during exams and presentations.
Overview on Knit composite garments Factory in BangladeshSalman Pranta
This presentation provides an overview of the knit composite garment industry in Bangladesh. It introduces the industry as significant to Bangladesh's economy and export of foreign currency, producing knitted items like t-shirts, polo shirts, and leggings through several stages from yarn to shipping. Comparative advantages are highlighted such as high quality diversified products, duty-free export access, strong backward linkage industries, and socially/environmentally compliant factories certified by various standards. The overall process of the knit composite sector in Bangladesh is then outlined.
Listen to the untold story of Marjina - A Rag Picker. Her story will make you think twice before facing with any rag picker on a road-side. Rag pickers provides a great service to our city, but still our perspective on them is still the same. Listen and judge yourself..
Company Name
Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
Founded
July 1, 1955
Capital
85,688 million yen (as of September 30, 2013)
President
Hiroyuki Yanagi
Employees
(Consolidated)
53,958 (as of December 31, 2012)
Parent :10,180 (as of December 31, 2012)
Sales
(Consolidated)
1,207,675 million yen
(from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012)
Parent: 474,589 million yen
(from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012)
This is a pitch deck of a unique business idea, but with a hidden logo and name of the firm for confidential purposes.
*For any help in the creation of pitch decks and presentations, You can contact me by mailing on jindalmuskan341@gmail.com.*
This document discusses the fashion brand AaRoNg. It provides an overview of AaRoNg as the most popular lifestyle retail chain in Bangladesh, established in 1978. It operates production units in rural and semi-urban areas as part of its social enterprise model. The document then analyzes AaRoNg's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats through a SWOT analysis. It identifies AaRoNg's leading brand reputation and production quality as strengths, and limited R&D budget and higher closing inventory as weaknesses. International markets and cultural events are opportunities, while small competitors and price wars are threats.
This document analyzes the SWOT of Mahindra, an Indian automobile company. It discusses Mahindra's product portfolio including SUVs, sedans, and two-wheelers. It identifies strengths such as being a strong Indian brand and opportunities such as developing hybrid vehicles. Weaknesses include issues with quality from partnerships. Threats include increasing fuel prices and competition from global brands. The document provides an overview of Mahindra's business through a SWOT analysis.
Internship Report on Masood Textile Mills (PVT) LTD by MJBJunaid Bhatti
Masood Textile is one of the largest knitted garment manufacturers of
Pakistan. The company is 100% export oriented. U.S.A. and Europe are
major markets of Masood Textile. It
is a quality conscious company. The
company is ISO 9002 certified.
Company’s mission statement is
“To be the
world’s Best Apparel Company.” Company’s values are trust,
integrity, respect.
This document is a project report submitted by Bhargava SaiKumar Sudikonda to TVS Motor Company as part of an internship. The report analyzes competitors of TVS Jupiter scooter and customer reservations about purchasing the Jupiter in Vijayawada and Guntur regions. The objective is to make recommendations to increase Jupiter sales. Mystery shopping and customer surveys were conducted to understand factors influencing scooter purchase decisions. Key findings include low brand image for TVS, less awareness of Jupiter compared to Activa, limited sales executive knowledge, and the importance of showroom ambience. Recommendations focus on improving sales executive product knowledge and changing marketing strategy from push to pull.
Ola is launching two new electric scooters, the Ola S1 and S1 Pro, to revolutionize the Indian automobile market. The scooters were developed using technology from Dutch company Etergo, which Ola acquired after raising $250 million from SoftBank. Key specifications of the Ola electric scooters include a range of 80km per charge, a 1155 watt battery capacity, digital displays, remote start, and connectivity features. Ola has already received over 100,000 bookings within 24 hours and aims to compete with other Indian EV brands like Ather and TVS. The company plans to launch the scooters in the coming months and setup a network of 5000 charging stations across
This document discusses emerging opportunities in India's fashion industry. It notes that the future of the textile and fashion industry depends on technological upgrades, the role of government, and exploring new markets and product innovations. While India has strengths like labor costs and human resources, it also faces weaknesses such as undeveloped infrastructure, low productivity, and environmental issues. The document analyzes India's position compared to China and outlines steps the government and exporters can take to strengthen the industry such as improving quality, delivery times, and developing own designs and brands. Overall, it presents an analysis of the current state and future potential of India's fashion industry.
RMG industry in Bangladesh has always been the country's backbone. Being the 3rd largest apparel exporter in the world after China and Vietnam, the South Asian apparel manufacturing powerhouse is showing good signs in its global apparel exports. Team Apparel Resources has prepared a presentation to let the readers everything know about Bangladesh's RMG industry.
Merchandising activities in apparel industry of bangladeshSH Nayeem
The document is a dissertation submitted by Md Sazzad Hossain for a Bachelor of Arts degree in Apparel Manufacturing Management and Technology. It discusses merchandising activities in the apparel industry of Bangladesh and includes chapters on literature review, research methodology, and an academic overview of key merchandising concepts and skills required. The dissertation provides a comprehensive overview of apparel merchandising in Bangladesh.
This document provides an introduction to a dissertation that will analyze customer satisfaction between legacy carrier Emirates Airlines and low-cost carriers in the UAE. The study aims to compare the operational efficiency and customer satisfaction levels between Emirates and low-cost carriers. It will examine the demographic and behavioral differences between customers that choose each type of airline. The document outlines the problem identification, objectives, hypotheses, data collection sources and analysis plan for the study.
The document discusses various frameworks for conceptualizing and addressing ethical issues and dilemmas that may arise in management contexts. It presents eight categories of ethical responses managers may have when facing such issues, ranging from ethical neutrality to maintaining personal relationships. Additionally, it outlines several theories and principles from ethics that can help inform decision-making, such as deontological, virtue-based, and consequentialist approaches. The document aims to provide managers with conceptual tools and perspectives for navigating complex ethical situations.
The document discusses the importance of ethics and making ethical decisions. It provides an overview of key concepts like ethics, values, morals, foundational ethics and situational ethics. It also outlines various frameworks that can be used in ethical decision making, such as utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. The presentation emphasizes developing strong personal convictions, integrity, and using frameworks to thoughtfully evaluate ethical issues and choices.
This document provides a framework for ethical decision making. It begins by defining ethics as standards of behavior for how humans ought to act in different situations, rather than being based on feelings, religion, laws, social norms, or science alone. It then discusses two challenges in identifying ethical standards: determining the basis and applying standards to specific situations. Five approaches are described for deriving ethical standards: utilitarianism, rights, fairness, common good, and virtues. While these approaches may provide different answers, they often lead to similar conclusions. The document concludes by outlining a 10-step process for recognizing ethical issues, gathering facts, evaluating options, making a decision, implementing it, and reflecting on the outcome.
This document provides an overview of ethical thinking and decision making. It discusses that ethics relates to how individuals and groups should behave and interact. The document then examines what ethics is and is not, including that ethics is not based solely on feelings, religion, laws, social norms, or science. It explores five sources of ethical standards: utilitarianism, rights, fairness, common good, and virtues. The document notes challenges in applying these standards but also how they often lead to similar ethical outcomes. It concludes by outlining a framework for ethical decision making.
This document discusses various concepts related to professional ethics including what constitutes a profession, the difference between descriptive and prescriptive ethics, common professional values like integrity and competency, and how to reason through moral dilemmas and apply ethical theories. It uses examples of potential ethical issues an occupational health and safety professional may face to illustrate these concepts and help think through problems in professional ethics.
Weeks 5 & 6 – YOU as a stakeholderI Morals & Ethical Pri.docxphilipnelson29183
Weeks 5 & 6 – YOU as a stakeholder
I Morals & Ethical Principles
II Ethical Decision Making in Business
(Why good people do bad things)
Greg Smith
Choice of
Ethical
Perspective
Morality:
The social rules that govern & limit our conduct, especially the ultimate rules concerning right and wrong.
The basic guidelines for cooperative social existence.
Serves to restrain the purely self-interested desires in each of us in order to make it possible for all of us to live together.
When we make a decision or take an action we can be:
Moral - in compliance with moral standards
key operating questions of management is "is this action or decision fair to us and all stakeholders involved?"
Immoral - in opposition to moral standards
key operating question of management is "can we make money with this action or decision regardless of what it takes?"
Amoral - without consideration of moral standards
key operating question of management is "can we make money with this action or decision?"
Nonmoral - outside the sphere of moral concern
Moral standards get confused with:
Law Etiquette
Conscience
Corporate/Professional Codes
Religion
Moral Relativism:
The belief that morality is just a function of what a particular society happens to believe, that what is right is determined by what a society says is right.
abortion is condemned as immoral in Catholic Spain, but is practiced as a morally neutral form of birth control in Japan
Moral relativists believe that there is no absolute moral standard independent of culture, no universal definition of right or wrong.
polygamy, stealing, slavery have all been tolerated by the moral system of one society or another
Moral Universalism is the belief that variations in moral standards reflect different factual circumstances rather than fundamental differences in values.
Which is right?
It is good to emphasize that in viewing other cultures we should keep
an open mind and not simply dismiss their social practices.
Compromise position is Moral Perspectivalism,
the consideration of multiple perspectives while at the same time asserting universal truths.
Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Development
*
1. Preconventional Level:
- how we behave as infants & children
- emphasis in decisions is on ourselves
Stage 1 - Reaction to punishment - pain avoidance
Stage 2 - Seeking of rewards - praise, candy, trip to a movie
2. Conventional Level:
- child learns the importance of conforming to norms of society
Stage 3 - Good boy/nice girl morality - rewards such as feelings of warmth, loyalty acceptance from family & peers
Stage 4 - Law and order morality - certain norms are expected in society - individual sees himself as part of a larger social system
3. Postconventional Level:
- a more advanced notion of right or wrong than that which is conventionally articulated
- moral principles are internalized, seen as "right"
- focus is on humanity as a whole
- f.
While personal ethics are important, they are not enough to define acceptable behavior when one is part of an organization. An organization's code of ethics, collective standards, and formal policies provide consistency by establishing agreed-upon rules and principles to govern group behavior. Evaluating decisions based on their consequences, legal issues, impact on image and culture, and alignment with core values can help ensure actions are ethical from both an individual and organizational perspective. Walking the talk of an organization's ethics over time requires competence, confidence, and tough-mindedness in decision-making.
The four C.O.R.E. perspectives, as well as Blended Categories, f.docxrtodd194
The four C.O.R.E. perspectives, as well as Blended Categories, featured in the Ethics Awareness Inventory are presented below.
(R) RESULTS (MOST)
YOUR ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE:
You tend to base your ethical perspective on the results or consequences of your actions. You believe that conduct should be directed toward promoting the greatest good for the greatest number of persons. In judging whether an individual’s actions are ethical, you look for concrete evidence. It is not enough for an individual to “talk the talk.” Results are needed to indicate that she/he is “walking the walk.” In your opinion, what really counts in reaching an ethical decision is the “bottom line.” Discussions about process and principles are not as important as what is ultimately achieved for the overall good of society. The goal of ethics is to achieve the greatest possible good for society as a whole. This category is most closely aligned in philosophy with a utilitarian theory of ethics (See Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill).
YOUR ETHICAL STYLE:
You believe that we each have a moral right to experience the “good life.” One way to measure how good life really is would be to determine how satisfied the majority of the people in our society seem to be. If most people are unhappy, something is morally wrong and needs to be fixed. Therefore, your approach to ethics is likely to focus on what could be done to improve the well being of the greatest number of persons. One approach might be to develop rules of ethical conduct for people to follow, along with corresponding sanctions, in order to achieve what is best for society as a whole. Another quite different approach might be to improve overall satisfaction by creating a more pleasant environment in which people enjoy learning and working together for the betterment of society. With either approach, your ethical style demands that you achieve measurable results.
FRUSTRATIONS YOU FACE IN ADDRESSING ETHICAL DILEMMAS:
· The inability to adequately measure the far-reaching impacts of an ethical decision may compel you to focus your decision making on the immediate scope of the problem, thereby creating conflicts with those who are not results-oriented.
· You are frustrated by the wide variety of competing views regarding what is good for society as a whole and by the process used to determine whose view ultimately prevails.
· In attempting to maximize the general good, you will, at some point, need to decide whether your goal is to improve the total benefit to society as a whole (the aggregate) or the total benefit per person within society (the average). This definition will have a direct impact on your approach to ethical decision making.
· People who cling to the idealistic notion of protecting the interests of some minority of the population may stand in the way of achieving the good life for the majority.
· People you work with may no.
Introduction Ethics & Morals.pptx presentation on ethics of researchEUROUNDISA
This document defines ethics and discusses several key concepts in ethical theory. It explains that ethics considers what makes acts and people good or bad, and how we should act. There are theoretical questions about concepts and practical questions about moral reasoning. Ethical issues often involve disagreement, and people may disagree fundamentally. Moral theories provide principles to guide ethics, while approaches consider cases individually or emphasize cultural context over universal rules. The document also outlines major moral theories and challenges to morality like egoism, relativism, and skepticism.
In today’s workplaces, human resources professionals often take on the role of ethics advisors to managers and employees in the company. When workplace misconduct surfaces, the HR team may be called upon to assist in internal investigations and spread awareness of ethics issues to help prevent future code of ethics violations. HR professionals need to be able to recognize when ethical issues need to be addressed and understand how to develop techniques for resolving them.
Join Angela Reddock-Wright, employment attorney, author and speaker, as she discusses practical strategies for identifying and resolving ethics issues in the workplace.
Webinar attendees will learn:
When to escalate ethics issues and to whom
How to identify early warning signals of conflict between personal and work values
How to address specific employment-related ethical issues and conflicts
Leading strategies for handling ethical issues in the workplace
Key elements of an organizational code of ethics
How ethics affect a company’s bottom line
The document provides an overview of key concepts in ethics and morality, including:
- Ethics deals with principles of behavior and evaluates morality, while morality refers to standards of behavior in societies.
- Rules are important for guiding human interactions and maintaining order; they help protect individuals and enable cooperation.
- Moral standards concern right and wrong behavior, while non-moral standards involve rules unrelated to ethics like etiquette.
- Dilemmas, including moral dilemmas, involve difficult choices between undesirable options that require evaluating principles and potential harms. Organizational dilemmas concern ethical cases that could harm groups.
1) The document discusses several philosophical approaches to ethics including identifying moral principles, evaluating alternative values, and understanding the relationship between ethics and religious beliefs.
2) It explores whether ethical judgments are relative, subjective, and incomparable or if common values allow for ethical discussion and argument.
3) The document provides examples of ethical arguments and examines the idea of basic versus derivative obligations and different philosophers' attempts to identify a set of fundamental basic obligations.
A Framework for Thinking EthicallyThis document is designed as a.docxransayo
A Framework for Thinking Ethically
This document is designed as an introduction to thinking ethically. We all have an image of our better selves-of how we are when we act ethically or are "at our best." We probably also have an image of what an ethical community, an ethical business, an ethical government, or an ethical society should be. Ethics really has to do with all these levels-acting ethically as individuals, creating ethical organizations and governments, and making our society as a whole ethical in the way it treats everyone.What is Ethics?
Simply stated, ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which they find themselves-as friends, parents, children, citizens, businesspeople, teachers, professionals, and so on.
It is helpful to identify what ethics is NOT:
· Ethics is not the same as feelings. Feelings provide important information for our ethical choices. Some people have highly developed habits that make them feel bad when they do something wrong, but many people feel good even though they are doing something wrong. And often our feelings will tell us it is uncomfortable to do the right thing if it is hard.
· Ethics is not religion. Many people are not religious, but ethics applies to everyone. Most religions do advocate high ethical standards but sometimes do not address all the types of problems we face.
· Ethics is not following the law. A good system of law does incorporate many ethical standards, but law can deviate from what is ethical. Law can become ethically corrupt, as some totalitarian regimes have made it. Law can be a function of power alone and designed to serve the interests of narrow groups. Law may have a difficult time designing or enforcing standards in some important areas, and may be slow to address new problems.
· Ethics is not following culturally accepted norms. Some cultures are quite ethical, but others become corrupt -or blind to certain ethical concerns (as the United States was to slavery before the Civil War). "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" is not a satisfactory ethical standard.
· Ethics is not science. Social and natural science can provide important data to help us make better ethical choices. But science alone does not tell us what we ought to do. Science may provide an explanation for what humans are like. But ethics provides reasons for how humans ought to act. And just because something is scientifically or technologically possible, it may not be ethical to do it.
Why Identifying Ethical Standards is Hard
There are two fundamental problems in identifying the ethical standards we are to follow:
1. On what do we base our ethical standards?
2. How do those standards get applied to specific situations we face?
If our ethics are not based on feelings, religion, law, accepted social practice, or science, what are they based on? Many philosophers and ethicists have helped us answer this critical question. They have suggested .
This document provides an introduction to ethics and morality. It begins by defining morality and ethics, noting that morality deals with determining right and wrong while ethics is the process of reasoning about right and wrong. It then outlines four major categories in ethics: descriptive ethics, normative ethics, metaethics, and aretaic ethics. The document also discusses ethical systems like deontology, teleology, and relativism. It considers the relationship between morality and law. Throughout, it uses examples and key terms to introduce readers to the study of ethics.
The document provides an introduction to ethics, including definitions of key terms like ethics, morality, metaethics, normative ethics, and descriptive ethics. It discusses three broad categories of moral philosophy: metaethics, normative ethics, and descriptive ethics. It also summarizes different ethical theories like deontology, consequentialism, relativism, and ethical egoism. Finally, it outlines some principles of ethical decision making like considering stakeholders, consequences, guidelines, and reviewing decisions.
STEPS OF THE ETHICAL STEPS OF THE ETHICAL DECISIONDECISION--.docxwhitneyleman54422
STEPS OF THE ETHICAL STEPS OF THE ETHICAL
DECISIONDECISION--MAKING PROCESSMAKING PROCESS
EESE Faculty Development Workshop
Douglas R. May, Professor and Co-Director
International Center for Ethics in Business
SUMMARY OF THE STEPS OF THE
ETHICAL DECISION MAKING PROCESS
1.
Gather the facts
2.
Define the ethical issues
3.
Identify the affected parties (stakeholders)
4.
Identify the consequences
5.
Identify the obligations (principles, rights, justice)
6.
Consider your character and integrity
7.
Think creatively about potential actions
8.
Check your gut
9.
Decide on the proper ethical action and be prepared to
deal with opposing arguments.
1 -
GATHER THE FACTS
Don’t jump to conclusions without the facts
Questions to ask: Who, what, where, when, how, and
why.
However, facts may be difficult to find because of the
uncertainty often found around ethical issues
Some facts are not available
Assemble as many facts as possible before proceeding
Clarify what assumptions
you are making!
2 –
DEFINE THE ETHICAL ISSUE(S)
Don’t jump to solutions without first identifying the ethical
issue(s)
in the situation.
Define the ethical basis for the issue you want to focus on.
There may be multiple
ethical issues –
focus on one
major
one at a time.
3 –
IDENTIFY THE AFFECTED PARTIES
Identify all of the stakeholders
Who are the primary
or direct stakeholders?
Who are the secondary
or indirect stakeholders?
Why are they stakeholders for the issue?
Perspective-taking
--
Try to see things through the eyes
of those individuals affected
4 –
IDENTIFY THE CONSEQUENCES
Think about potential positive
and negative
consequences for affected
parties by the decision (Focus on primary stakeholders to simplify
analysis until you become comfortable with the process).
What are the magnitude
of the consequences and the probability
that
the consequences will happen.
Short term vs. Long term consequences –
will decision be valid over
time.
Broader systemic
consequences –
tied to symbolic
and secrecy
Symbolic
consequences –
Each decision sends a message.
Secrecy
consequences –
What are the consequences if the decision
or action becomes public?
Did you consider relevant cognitive barriers/biases?
Consider what your decision
would be based only on consequences
–
then move on and see if it is similar given other considerations.
5 –
IDENTIFY THE RELEVANT PRINCIPLES,
RIGHTS, AND JUSTICE ISSUES
Obligations should be thought of in terms of principles and rights involved
A) What obligations are created because of particular ethical principles
you might use in the situation?
Examples: Do no harm; Do unto others as you would have them do
unto you; Do what you would have anyone in your shoes do in the
given context.
B) What obligations are created becaus.
This document discusses rational decision making and ethical behavior. It presents a parable about a man named Buzz McCoy who faces an ethical dilemma when trying to achieve his goal. It then provides a framework for analyzing decisions that considers both self-interest and ethics. The framework involves 4 steps: 1) an economic analysis of consequences, 2) an ethical analysis, 3) identifying any ethical dilemmas, and 4) a dynamic analysis of how priorities could shift over time. It argues that rational choices can prioritize either self-interest or ethics, and that a proactive strategy prioritizing ethics may be most credible and sustainable in the long run.
Introduction to the concept of ethics.pptxRavenMiradora
This document provides an introduction to ethics by exploring several key concepts and topics. It begins by defining ethics as the study of moral principles that guide human behavior. The origin of the word and some definitions are then given. The document outlines several contexts and branches of ethics including global ethics, environmental ethics, and business ethics. It also briefly defines ethical dilemmas. Several major areas of ethics are then explored such as meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Major ethical theories like utilitarianism and deontology are also summarized. The document differentiates between concepts like value and good. It also discusses morals, moral issues in the Philippines, and moral dilemmas and agents. Key terms are concisely defined throughout
This document discusses ethics in science. It begins by defining science as the pursuit of knowledge through empirical evidence and logical reasoning. The document then discusses some ethical issues that can arise in scientific research, such as the use of human and animal subjects. It notes there are guidelines to ensure ethical treatment of research participants. The document also discusses the ethics of stem cell research, which some view as destroying potential human life, while others see its benefits for medical advances. It concludes by noting science can benefit society but also requires ethical oversight to avoid unintended harms.
2009 Plant Ferti Grow Fresnochilddev PresIda Jones
This document provides an overview and objectives for a workshop on managing ethics during troubled times. It outlines an agenda that includes individual reflection on ethics, examining definitions of ethics and distinguishing it from law, evaluating ethical scenarios, and developing strategies to apply ethics in the workplace. The document discusses scoring an ethical orientation questionnaire, a video on why people cheat, definitions of ethics, morals, and values, how organizations can incorporate ethics, and provides guidance on resolving ethical dilemmas.
This document provides a summary of Laurent Ledoux's work experience and qualifications. It shows that he has over 25 years of experience working in finance, HR, privatization projects, management consulting, and as a managing director for a large bank. He has significant experience working in both the public and private sectors in Europe and other parts of the world.
The document discusses leadership and motivation in the public sector. It provides an overview of theoretical frameworks for organizational models and motivation, from bureaucratic to commitment-based models. Public sector modernization has not always led to higher motivation due to incoherent human resource management programs that fail to adequately address factors like autonomy, competence and purpose. Truly transforming motivation requires coherent reforms that develop political and managerial leadership focused on investing in people.
The document discusses leadership and motivation in the public sector. It provides an overview of theoretical frameworks around organizational models and motivation. Public sector modernization has not always led to higher motivation due to incoherent human resource management programs that fail to adequately address factors like autonomy, competence, progress, meaningfulness and relatedness. True motivation requires coherent reforms and leadership that focus on satisfying basic psychological needs.
This document provides a summary of Laurent Ledoux's work experience and qualifications. It shows that he has held various roles in finance, administration, privatization projects, banking, and as a chief of staff. He has extensive experience working in Europe and other regions, along with qualifications in economics, business administration, and fluency in several languages.
Nuclear energy support has significantly increased in the European Parliament since 2004, going from a taboo topic to one of acknowledgment and recognition. While the debate around nuclear energy has become more open and objective, allowing support to grow, perceptions remain different, with opposers viewing increased support as threatening and supporters viewing it as a sign of growing acceptance. The European Parliament has also given more attention to nuclear energy issues over this time period, discussing it in 11 purely nuclear topics and 18 resolutions between 2004 and 2007.
The document discusses the context around nuclear energy in the EU. It notes increasing energy dependency and the need to maintain economic competitiveness as the usual context. New challenges include meeting increasing electricity demand, investment needs in electricity generation up to 2030, and climate change concerns. The expansion of nuclear energy in other parts of the world like China and India is also discussed. The EU will continue efforts to maintain the nuclear option, ensure safety standards, and provide adequate funding for waste management and decommissioning of plants.
The document discusses several topics related to nuclear energy including:
1) Nuclear energy is a prominent energy source in Europe, accounting for 31% of produced electricity, and has very low greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels.
2) Safety procedures and international cooperation have improved nuclear safety significantly, with the probability of core damage decreased by a factor of 10 to 100.
3) Funds set aside during plant operation can cover decommissioning costs, which amount to only 5% of the total generation costs due to technological and financial factors.
This document provides information about Blogactiv, a blogging platform dedicated to European affairs. It defines what a blog is and explains that Blogactiv allows users to set up an online public discussion space about Europe's future. The document notes that Blogactiv offers visibility through its link to EurActiv.com, networking opportunities through interaction with other stakeholders, and technical support from its team. It encourages readers to sign up to become a blogger on Blogactiv.
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Ethical Imagination
1.
2. Ethical Imagination: when managers must choose between « right » & « right » 1 Regulatory Innovation: when a multitude of actors interact to enforce CSR 2 Contents
3. 4 case studies to help us reflect on ethical dilemmas Source: Badaracco (1997); adapted by Ledoux Edouard Sakiz To distribute the abortion pill? Peter Adario To dismiss Kathryn McNeil? Steve Lewis To attend St Louis meeting? Carlos Pinto To retrieve & fix the cars? How do you lead the launch of a product you know will be extremely controversial? What should you do if a single parent on your staff is falling behind in his or her work? How should you respond if you are offered an opportunity at work solely because of your race or gender? What should you do if the expected cost of legal claims from a potentially lethal product is less than the cost of retrieving that product from the market and fix it?
4. Commonalities & divergences between the 4 case studies “ Right” vs. “ Wrong” (moral choice) “ Right” vs. “ Right” (ethical dilemma) Complexity Who is the organisation? Who are we? Who am I? Cas pratiques Decision’s impact Ethical decisions form, reveal & test the self (John Dewey) Lessons Do you think you can govern innocently, without dirtying your hands? (Jean-Paul Sartre) Edouard Sakiz To distribute the abortion pill? Peter Adario To dismiss Kathryn McNeil? Steve Lewis To attend St Louis meeting? Carlos Pinto To retrieve & fix the cars? Source: Badaracco (1997); adapted by Ledoux
5. An ethos is the doctrine of a particular art of living the best possible life and the means to pursue this aim (i.e. to live happily or to search for truth) (Marcel Conche, philosopher) Variations on the word « Ethics » « Ethos » in Greek: custom, habit, way of behaving in an environment The primary meaning of «Ethos» or «Ethics»* has therefore to do with: making your way, positioning yourself in an environment Ethics is a human activity. The purpose of ethics is not to make people ethical; it is to help people make better decisions (Marvin Brown, author & ethics consultant) * Note the varied use of the word in different languages
6. Possible definition of « Morality » A morality is a set of duties and imperatives (positive or negatives) that a society or a community gives to itself and which enjoins its members to conform their behaviour, «freely» & in an «unselfish» way , to certain values enabling to distinguish right & wrong . Current most common morals Universal human rights & duties « Universalisable » Universal morality Relative Collective moralities Politics Law Love Religion ?
7. Potential sources to support ethical decision-making Corporate credos & Mission statements Legal duties Heuristics («sleep-test» rules) Moral or ethical principles
8. Questions to think «individual» dilemmas – Steve Lewis’ case “ Become who you are” (Friedrich Nietzsche) “ How do my feelings and intuition define, for me, the ethical dilemma?” (To respect oneself or to be loyal – loyal to whom?) “ Which of the values that are in conflict are most deeply rooted in my life and in my community?” (To consider the dilemma as his parents’ son) “ Looking to the future, what is my way (not the way of others)?” (To become partner in an investment bank) “ What combination of expediency and shrewdness, coupled with imagination & boldness, will move me closer to my personal goals?” (To go to St Louis but to participate to the presentation) Who am I? Source: Badaracco (1997); adapted by Ledoux
9. Institutional structure Fixity & consistency Individual processes Adaptability & responsiveness Results “ Doing good” Principles “ Doing right” Virtue Ethics Development Ethics Deontological Ethics Teleological Ethics A framework for ethical theories Source: Fisher & Lovell (2003); adapted by Ledoux
10. Ask yourself these questions concerning the decision you wish to take 4. Light-of-day test. Would I feel good or bad if others (friends, family, colleagues) were to know of my decision and action? 5. Virtuous mean test . Does my decision add to, or detract from, the creation of a good life by finding a balance between justice, care and other virtues? Deontological ethics 6. Veil of ignorance/Golden Rule. If I were to take the place of one of those affected by my decision and plan would I regard the act positively or negatively? 7. Universality test. Would it be a good thing or a bad thing if my decision and plan were to become a universal principle applicable to all in similar situations, even to myself? Development ethics 8. The communitarian test. Would my action and plan help or hinder individuals and communities to develop ethically? 9. Self-interest test. Do the decision and plan meet or defeat my own best interests and values? Teleological ethics 11. Utilitarian test . Are the anticipated consequences of my decision and plan positive or negative for the greatest number? 12. The discourse test. Have the debates about my decision and plan been well or badly conducted? Have the appropriate people been involved? 3. Hedonistic or intuitive test. Does my decision correspond with my gut feeling and my values? Does it make me feel good? Corporate credos & mission statements Legal duties 2. Organisational test. Is my decision in accordance with my organisation’s rules of conduct or ethics 1. Legalist test. Is my decision in accordance with the law? Virtue ethics +/- Veto Trigger Respect of ethical principles Heuristics 10. Consequential test. Are the anticipated consequences of my decision and plan positive or negative? 12 tests filter to validate or reject a decision
11.
12. Who are we ? “ What are the other strong, persuasive, competing interpretations of the situation or problem that I hope to use as a defining moment for my org.?” (To understand that, for Walters, the basic ethical issue was irresponsibility: McNeil’s for not pulling her weight & his for not taking action) “ What is the cash value of this situation and of my ideas for the people whose support I need?” (Refine his message and shape it to the psychological & political context in which he was working, in terms of raising productivity or improving recruiting) “ Have I orchestrated a process that can make the values I care about become the truth of my organization?” (After hiring McNeil, to start quickly to let her & her work known to his bosses & to campaign for a more family-friendly workplace) “ Am I playing to win?” (To take swift actions to counter Walters: While Adario was out of the office, she worked with one of the bosses to swiftly resolve McNeil’s issue) “ Truth happens to an idea. Its verity is in fact an event, an idea” (William James) Questions to think «internal» dilemmas – Peter Adario’s case Source: Badaracco (1997); adapted by Ledoux
13. Intensity of problem felt by the employee Organisational values / Strength of practices Support of others Personal values Personal autonomy Societal values Intensity of problem felt by the employee Organisational values / Strength of practices Support of others Personal values Personal autonomy Societal values Layer 2 Layer 1 Source: Lovell (2002) Elements of ethical complexity in organization
14. Ethical puzzle Acting to resolve the issue on the basis that they have the correct or best solution (utility). Ethical problem Clarifying how the conflicts between different values would lead to different actions. Acting upon one’s best judgement (moral judgement). Ethical convention Seeking advice on what is acceptable & applying norms and Conventions (fairness) Ethical relativism Maintaining discussion about the issue rather than seeking closure on it (relationships) Ethical awareness Asserting & acting upon one’s values; Expressing surprise that others may see things diff. (dignity) Ethical cynicism Withdrawing from any action or decision but sniping from the sidelines at others’ action (facadism) Ethical neutrality Ignoring problem & keeping quiet (inaction) Ethical negotiation Seeking out other’ views and supporting the wishes of the most powerful (bending rules) Personal certainty, fixed priorities and values Personal aporia, shifting priorities and values Developing principles Achieving the common good The obligation of duty Self-consciousness Dialectic of ethical purpose Degree of ethical integrity Source: Fisher and Rice (1999) Categorisation of possible kinds of reactions and behaviour to an ethical issue
15. Ethical horizon Loyalty Integrity Society as a whole Anonymous whistleblowing Public whistleblowing Civil associations to which I adhere Maintaining silence/lying Offering to help management find a way to make things right or Public whistleblowing My organisation Maintaining silence/lying Trying to persuade the organisation to reveal its wrongdoing and to put things right Self Protect self by lying/seeking personal advantage or Refusing to be bought off by the organisation Keeping silent (inaction is believed not to damage integrity) or Resigning (when the organisation will not take the right action) Actions open to an employee, when discovering wrongdoing, according to his ethical horizon Degree of sacrifice of self for other’s benefit Degree of sacrifice to show membership and commitment Degree of sacrifice acting as a scapegoat Degree of sacrifice to maintain or increase personal benefit or stratus
16. Questions to think «societal» ethical dilemmas – Edouard Sakiz’ case Who is the organisation? “ Have I done all I can to secure my position and the strength & stability of my organization?” (To refrain to take decisions that could expose directly The organization or to confront the BoA’s president) “ Have I thought creatively & imagina- tively about my organization’s role in society & its relationship to its stakeholders?” (To orchestrate a public debate among the different stakeholders) “ Should I play the lion or the fox?” (To organize and support a vote that will trigger a massive counter-reaction from other actors) “ Have you done all you can to strike a balance, both morally & practically?” (To market the new drug without endangering the organization) “ Ethics result from the inescapable tension between Virtue & Virtu” (Aristote & Machiavel) Source: Badaracco (1997); adapted by Ledoux
17. * Synthesis based on the texts from André Comte-Sponville, Marcel Conche & François Jourde Economic, technical & scientific order Possible vs. Impossible (Natural and rational Law) Juridical & political order Legal vs. Illegal Moral order Right vs. Wrong (Universal or universalisable duties) limits limits limits completes Ascending hierarchy for individuals Ethical order Good vs. Bad (Self, subjective or relative Will) The 4 orders & the tensions between the individual and the group Descending hierarchy for groups
18. Compensation duty Responsible for the effects Dilemma Limited juridical responsibility Irreversibility, unpredictability & anonymity Responsible for others Unlimited moral responsibility Promise, guarantee & arbitrage Responsible for the «future» «Balanced» ethical responsibility Circumstantial judgement (Phronesis) Rationality Rationality + Respect The 4 orders & types of responsibility Political & juridical order Legal vs. Illegal Eco., technical & scientific order Possible vs. Impossible (Natural and rational Laws) limits Ethical order Good vs. Bad Moral order Right vs. Wrong limits limits completes 1 2 3 4
21. Ethical Imagination: when managers must choose between « right » & « right » 1 Regulatory Innovation: when a multitude of actors interact to enforce CSR 2 Contents
22. CSR Business Ethics Sustainable development Corporate citizenship Code of ethics Authentifications Labels Societal performance Deontologies Company philosophies Company codes Citizenship actions CSR – Abundance of concepts
23. CSR – Static definitions Economic ethics “ Part of ethics which deals with behaviours and institutions of this sphere, i. e., of the entirety of exchange activities of goods and services and of production related to this exchange.” (French Penal Code – 1994) Business ethics Corporate ethics “ Presents itself as responsibility ethics (not only of conviction), organised as a doctrine which guides activities and behaviour at work” (Fabienne Cardot) Pragmatic & little theorised Contextual & in action Responsive & fragmented Strategic manifestation: CSR Dialog & questioning 3 levels of commitment 3. Values ethics 1. Governance ethics 2. Deontological ethics
24.
25.
26. Time Content richness of the CSR concept Source : Jean Pasquero (2005), adapted by Ledoux Philanthropy Grants & corporate patronage Sollicitude Employees’ needs Environmental nuisance limit Priority given to the environment Classical eco. (18th century) Traditional eco. (19th c.) Beg. of 20th c. 1960’s Social responsiveness « Societal management » system Ethical rectitude Codes of conduct Performance reporting Triple balance sheet Citizen participation Proactive «engagement» 1970’s 1990’s Beg. of 21th c. Dynamic – How has the CSR concept evolved so far? Efficient management (Technical skills) 8 components of CSR nowadays Evolution so far?
27. Dynamic – How CSR is evolving in today’s globalized economy? 2001 Global Compact corporates become world citizens Time “ Coherency” of the coregulation system Corporates’ emancipation from states Politization of comsumption Voluntary adoption of codes of conducts Growth of surveillance & social controls’ web Empowerment of 3rd parties by States & Judges Proliferation through reputation & transparency Transfer of States’ duties to corporates Regulatory innovation process Highly stylised process*: in reality these trends overlap each other «Formally» but self-fulfilling prophecy Effectively * Source: “Responsabilité sociale des entreprises et co-régulation”, by Berns & al, 2007 2003 Nike vs. Kasky Consumers’ CSR concerns legally recognized Soft Hard Evolution today?
28.
29.
30. Motivation – In whose interest do managers go CSR? To whom are executive managers accountable? «Contractual» vision «Symbolic» vision Shareholders «Economic» responsibility Stakeholders «Social» responsability Society «Societal» responsability (Towards institutionalisation) Is this the right distinction? Is the distinction between private & public interests so clear?
31.
32. Motivation – In whose interest do managers go CSR? Berns’ analysis Is the stark distinction between politics and economy founded? Politics Economy Should externalities still be viewed as «external» factors? More than ever, value creation of companies is growingly dependent on the captation of positive externalities (university’s proximity, development of new communication channels,…) and avoidance of negative externalities (pollution, violence,…) Is CSR anything else that the growing realization that we need to develop a new relationship with our environment , made of restraint & moderation? Are we rediscovering the old idea that «interest» could act as an effiicient substitute to ext. constraint? See Montesquieu or Smith. Through the ages, we have gone back and forth on this relationship (eg. autonomy of politics in the Aristotelian model) Risk this new relationship takes the form of an absorption of the social in the economic ? Source: “Responsabilité sociale des entreprises et co-régulation”, by Berns & al, 2007
33. Source: Webley and More , 2003 Does Ethics pay? 15 20 25 30 35 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 % ROCE Motivation – Marketing opportunism or moral obligation? ROCE by year for 42 major UK quoted companies Is ROCE a pertinent KPI? In the new system of coregulation, risk mitigation is the biggest driver Average MVA/Year (with Code of conduct) Average MVA/Year (all) Average MVA/Year (no Code of conduct)
34. Through legal obligation? Through marketing opportunism? Through moral obligation? Through own Will? Political & juridical order Legal vs. Illegal Eco., technical & scientific order Possible vs. Impossible (Natural and rational Laws) limits Ethical order Good vs. Bad Moral order Right vs. Wrong limits limits completes 1 2 3 4 Motivation – Marketing opportunism or moral obligation? Ethique ou «Etiquettes»? Through the new system of «coregulation» ? A growing «soft law» enforced in a «control» society by a multitude of actors in a continuous, innovative power struggle… Or rather «One can rarely be moral alone» What is the trigger/driver?
35. Power locus – Internally, who is responsible? Companies or individuals? Companies Individuals The coregulation system redefines, volens nolens, the definition of what companies are, through the rights & responsibilities that are gradually attributed to them & without necessarily recognizing that they have a soul or moral intentions Business ethics CSR
36. Power locus – Externally, where should the common interest be defined? Privatisation of common interest? Lower risk acceptance & corporate legitimacy Companies Govs & Civil Society Globalisation & deregulation Political & juridical order Legal vs. Illegal limits 2 This dichotomy doesn’t help to realize the growing porosity between politics & economy (see Berns) Economic, technical and scientific order Possible vs. Impossible (Natural and rational Laws) 1