This document discusses a thermal fault detection system for PV solar modules. The system uses a wireless robotic vehicle with a thermal camera to detect faults in solar panels. Images of a test PV panel were taken under normal and faulty conditions. When a solder connection was broken, the panel's output decreased by 17.5% and the thermal camera detected a difference in shape compared to properly working cells. The study shows thermal monitoring can effectively detect faults and is more economical than traditional visual inspection methods for large solar plants.
Several algorithms have been offered to track the Maximum Power Point when we have one maximum power point. Moreover, fuzzy control and neural was utilized to track the Maximum Power Point when we have multi-peaks power points. In this paper, we will propose an improved Maximum Power Point tracking method for the photovoltaic system utilizing a modified PSO algorithm. The main advantage of the method is the decreasing of the steady state oscillation (to practically zero) once the Maximum Power Point is located. moreover, the proposed method has the ability to track the Maximum Power Point for the extreme environmental condition that cause the presence of maximum multi-power points, for example, partial shading condition and large fluctuations of insolation. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, MATLAB simulations are carried out under very challenging circumstance, namely step changes in irradiance, step changes in load, and partial shading of the Photovoltaic array. Finally, its performance is compared with the perturbation and observation” and fuzzy logic results for the single peak, and the neural-fuzzy control results for the multi-peaks.
Design and Implementation of Maximum Power Point Tracking in Photovoltaic Sys...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: This paper presents an algorithm for maximum power point tracking to optimize photovoltaic systems. Beta algorithm is a type of MPPT algorithm. It is having fast tracking ability. The algorithm has been verified on a photovoltaic system modeled in Lab VIEW environment. This algorithm significantly improves the efficiency during the tracking.
This paper presents a maximum power point (MPP) tracking method based on a hybrid combination between the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and the conventional Perturb-and-Observe (P&O) method. The proposed algorithm utilizes the FLC to initialize P&O algorithm with an initial duty cycle. MATLAB/Simulink models consisting of, the photovoltaic system, boost converter and controllers, are built to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. To accurately illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithm, comparisons with standalone FLC and P&O are carried out. The performance of the proposed algorithm is investigated difficult weather conditions including sudden changes and partial shading. The results showed that the proposed algorithm successfully reaches MPP in all scenarios.
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) techniques are becoming useful in the current era due to the vast development of the current computer technologies. ANN has been used in various fields especially in the field of science and technology. One of the advantage that makes ANN so interesting is the ANN’s ability to learn the input and output relationship even though the relationship is non-linear. In addition, ANN is also useful for modelling, optimization, prediction, forecasting, and controlling systems. The main objective of this paper is to present a review of the ANN techniques for sizing a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system. The review in this paper shows the potential of ANN as a design tool for a stand-alone PV. In addition, ANN is very useful to improve the sizing process of the stand-alone PV system. The sizing process is of paramount importance to a stand-alone PV system in order to make sure the system can generate ample electrical energy to supply the load demand.
Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic module using Matlab/SimulinkIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents the circuit model of photovoltaic (PV) module. Simulation and modeling is done
using MATLAB/ Simulink software package. The proposed model is user friendly and can be used as a common
platform for both applied physics scientist and power electronics engineers. A detailed modeling procedure is
presented. The designed model is verified by using STP255-20/Wd PV module. The IV and PV characteristics
are simulated at different temperature and irradiance conditions and the results are verified. The proposed
model is very simple fast and accurate. The designed model can be used for analysis of PV characteristics and
for simulation of maximum power point tracking algorithms
Several algorithms have been offered to track the Maximum Power Point when we have one maximum power point. Moreover, fuzzy control and neural was utilized to track the Maximum Power Point when we have multi-peaks power points. In this paper, we will propose an improved Maximum Power Point tracking method for the photovoltaic system utilizing a modified PSO algorithm. The main advantage of the method is the decreasing of the steady state oscillation (to practically zero) once the Maximum Power Point is located. moreover, the proposed method has the ability to track the Maximum Power Point for the extreme environmental condition that cause the presence of maximum multi-power points, for example, partial shading condition and large fluctuations of insolation. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, MATLAB simulations are carried out under very challenging circumstance, namely step changes in irradiance, step changes in load, and partial shading of the Photovoltaic array. Finally, its performance is compared with the perturbation and observation” and fuzzy logic results for the single peak, and the neural-fuzzy control results for the multi-peaks.
Design and Implementation of Maximum Power Point Tracking in Photovoltaic Sys...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: This paper presents an algorithm for maximum power point tracking to optimize photovoltaic systems. Beta algorithm is a type of MPPT algorithm. It is having fast tracking ability. The algorithm has been verified on a photovoltaic system modeled in Lab VIEW environment. This algorithm significantly improves the efficiency during the tracking.
This paper presents a maximum power point (MPP) tracking method based on a hybrid combination between the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and the conventional Perturb-and-Observe (P&O) method. The proposed algorithm utilizes the FLC to initialize P&O algorithm with an initial duty cycle. MATLAB/Simulink models consisting of, the photovoltaic system, boost converter and controllers, are built to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. To accurately illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithm, comparisons with standalone FLC and P&O are carried out. The performance of the proposed algorithm is investigated difficult weather conditions including sudden changes and partial shading. The results showed that the proposed algorithm successfully reaches MPP in all scenarios.
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) techniques are becoming useful in the current era due to the vast development of the current computer technologies. ANN has been used in various fields especially in the field of science and technology. One of the advantage that makes ANN so interesting is the ANN’s ability to learn the input and output relationship even though the relationship is non-linear. In addition, ANN is also useful for modelling, optimization, prediction, forecasting, and controlling systems. The main objective of this paper is to present a review of the ANN techniques for sizing a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system. The review in this paper shows the potential of ANN as a design tool for a stand-alone PV. In addition, ANN is very useful to improve the sizing process of the stand-alone PV system. The sizing process is of paramount importance to a stand-alone PV system in order to make sure the system can generate ample electrical energy to supply the load demand.
Modeling and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic module using Matlab/SimulinkIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents the circuit model of photovoltaic (PV) module. Simulation and modeling is done
using MATLAB/ Simulink software package. The proposed model is user friendly and can be used as a common
platform for both applied physics scientist and power electronics engineers. A detailed modeling procedure is
presented. The designed model is verified by using STP255-20/Wd PV module. The IV and PV characteristics
are simulated at different temperature and irradiance conditions and the results are verified. The proposed
model is very simple fast and accurate. The designed model can be used for analysis of PV characteristics and
for simulation of maximum power point tracking algorithms
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A study on modelling and simulation of photovoltaic cellseSAT Journals
Abstract This Paper presents a detailed study on the types of modelling of the PV Panel for simulation studies. The main concern of this study is to analyze the results and compare them under standard test conditions. PV systems are generally integrated with specific control algorithms in order to extract the maximum possible power. Hence it is highly imperative that the Maximum Power Point (MPP) is achieved effectively and thus we need to design a model from which the MPPT algorithm can be realized in an efficient way. Also other parameters should be taken into account for finding the best model for the use in simulation. It is very important to choose the appropriate model based on the application. The models used for study in this paper include the single diode model, two diode model and Simscape modelling. MATLAB/Simulink presents a powerful tool to study such systems. The work tests the accuracy of the models under different temperature and irradiance conditions. The two diode model is known to have better accuracy at low irradiance levels which allows for a more accurate prediction of PV system performance. Simscape, part of Simulink environment, has a solar cell block that makes building a PV model straightforward and much easier programming with full demonstration to all system details. On the basis of the study, the best model that can be used for simulation purposes can be selected. It is envisaged that the work can be very useful for professionals who require simple and accurate PV simulators for their design. All the systems here are modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Keywords: PV cell, STC, MATLAB Simulink, Ideality Factor
A Novel Approach on Photovoltaic Technologies for Power Injection in Grid Usi...IJERA Editor
The paper presents the simulation of the Solar Photovoltaic module using Matlab Simulink. This model is based on mathematical equations and is described through an equivalent circuit including a photocurrent source, a diode, a series resistor and a shunt resistor. This paper presents integration of the grid distribution network in Indian scenario with solar power technology to meet the additional electrical energy demand of urban as well as rural sectors which are both rapidly expanding. First of all the data of a real life power plant having 24V, 230W Power PV module has been compared and analyzed with that of matlab program output for identical module and it has been find out that a variation in temperature affects the parameters values as well as the performance of the solar module. After the above analysis the design and Simulink implementation for single phase power grid connected PV system has been done. The system includes the PV array model, the integration of the MPPT with boost dc converter , dc to ac inverter, single phase series load connected to ac grid. It is demonstrated that the model works well at different temperature conditions and predicting the General behavior of single-phase grid- connected PV systems .
This project is based on Construction and connection of photovoltaic module and related theories about it. To utilize maximum energy from the photovoltaic cell first of all understanding of it characteristics is very important because of this in starting of project we done proper study on characteristics of photo voltaic module and maximum power point. After got proper understanding of characteristics we try to use output of photo voltaic cell efficiently with help of Maximum power point tracker and cuk converter.
Modeling and Simulation of Fuzzy Logic based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MP...IJECEIAES
This paper presents modeling and simulation of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) used in solar PV power systems. The Fuzzy logic algorithm is used to minimize the error between the actual power and the estimated maximum power. The simulation model was developed and tested to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed MPPT controller. MATLAB Simulink was employed for simulation studies. The proposed system was simulated and tested successfully on a photovoltaic solar panel model. The Fuzzy logic algorithm succesfully tracking the MPPs and performs precise control under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. Simulation results indicate the feasibility and improved functionality of the system.
Enhanced MPPT Technique For DC-DC Luo Converter Using Model Predictive Contro...IJERD Editor
The present study explored an enhanced maximum power point tracking technique which ensures fast tracking in PV systems. This system represents a Model Predictive Control (MPC) MPPT technique. Extracting the maximum power from PV systems has been widely investigated. The main benefaction of this article is an improvement of the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method through a fixed step predictive control under measured fast solar radiation. The preferred predictive control to achieve Maximum Power Point (MPP) speeds up the control loop since it predicts error before the switching signal is applied to the DC-DC Luo converter. Comparing the improved technique to the conventional P&O method indicates significant improvement in PV system performance. The proposed MPC-MPPT technique for a Luo converter is implemented using the MAT LAB SIMULINK
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
Harmonic assessment on two photovoltaic inverter modes and mathematical model...IJECEIAES
Power quality is a crucial aspect of designing a large-scale photovoltaic power plant, particularly regarding harmonics caused by inverter switching. This research aimed to analyze harmonics in a system using electrical transient analyzer program (ETAP) Power Station 20.5.0 to uncover the effect of irradiance on the inverters’ power quality running at 85% and 100% power factors. We analyzed both voltage and current total harmonic distortion (THDi and THDv) from the simulation and compared them with the mathematical model. Moreover, we analyzed the effect of changes in irradiance level on harmonics and reactive power penetration, which influenced power losses in transformers and cables. Inverters at 85% power factor experienced an increase in THDi, whereas those at 100% power factor decreased. Inverters with 85% power factor experienced more frequent switching, causing more prominent distortion. The magnitude of THDv increased proportionally with the rise of irradiance level. Inverters at 85% had a higher THDv value because of the excessive reactive power compensation when irradiance rose. Irradiance level had an inverse relationship with system losses since high irradiance levels led to lower losses as less power was required through transmission lines and transformers. Moreover, losses at 85% power factor were higher since the high harmonics caused additional losses.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A study on modelling and simulation of photovoltaic cellseSAT Journals
Abstract This Paper presents a detailed study on the types of modelling of the PV Panel for simulation studies. The main concern of this study is to analyze the results and compare them under standard test conditions. PV systems are generally integrated with specific control algorithms in order to extract the maximum possible power. Hence it is highly imperative that the Maximum Power Point (MPP) is achieved effectively and thus we need to design a model from which the MPPT algorithm can be realized in an efficient way. Also other parameters should be taken into account for finding the best model for the use in simulation. It is very important to choose the appropriate model based on the application. The models used for study in this paper include the single diode model, two diode model and Simscape modelling. MATLAB/Simulink presents a powerful tool to study such systems. The work tests the accuracy of the models under different temperature and irradiance conditions. The two diode model is known to have better accuracy at low irradiance levels which allows for a more accurate prediction of PV system performance. Simscape, part of Simulink environment, has a solar cell block that makes building a PV model straightforward and much easier programming with full demonstration to all system details. On the basis of the study, the best model that can be used for simulation purposes can be selected. It is envisaged that the work can be very useful for professionals who require simple and accurate PV simulators for their design. All the systems here are modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Keywords: PV cell, STC, MATLAB Simulink, Ideality Factor
A Novel Approach on Photovoltaic Technologies for Power Injection in Grid Usi...IJERA Editor
The paper presents the simulation of the Solar Photovoltaic module using Matlab Simulink. This model is based on mathematical equations and is described through an equivalent circuit including a photocurrent source, a diode, a series resistor and a shunt resistor. This paper presents integration of the grid distribution network in Indian scenario with solar power technology to meet the additional electrical energy demand of urban as well as rural sectors which are both rapidly expanding. First of all the data of a real life power plant having 24V, 230W Power PV module has been compared and analyzed with that of matlab program output for identical module and it has been find out that a variation in temperature affects the parameters values as well as the performance of the solar module. After the above analysis the design and Simulink implementation for single phase power grid connected PV system has been done. The system includes the PV array model, the integration of the MPPT with boost dc converter , dc to ac inverter, single phase series load connected to ac grid. It is demonstrated that the model works well at different temperature conditions and predicting the General behavior of single-phase grid- connected PV systems .
This project is based on Construction and connection of photovoltaic module and related theories about it. To utilize maximum energy from the photovoltaic cell first of all understanding of it characteristics is very important because of this in starting of project we done proper study on characteristics of photo voltaic module and maximum power point. After got proper understanding of characteristics we try to use output of photo voltaic cell efficiently with help of Maximum power point tracker and cuk converter.
Modeling and Simulation of Fuzzy Logic based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MP...IJECEIAES
This paper presents modeling and simulation of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) used in solar PV power systems. The Fuzzy logic algorithm is used to minimize the error between the actual power and the estimated maximum power. The simulation model was developed and tested to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed MPPT controller. MATLAB Simulink was employed for simulation studies. The proposed system was simulated and tested successfully on a photovoltaic solar panel model. The Fuzzy logic algorithm succesfully tracking the MPPs and performs precise control under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. Simulation results indicate the feasibility and improved functionality of the system.
Enhanced MPPT Technique For DC-DC Luo Converter Using Model Predictive Contro...IJERD Editor
The present study explored an enhanced maximum power point tracking technique which ensures fast tracking in PV systems. This system represents a Model Predictive Control (MPC) MPPT technique. Extracting the maximum power from PV systems has been widely investigated. The main benefaction of this article is an improvement of the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method through a fixed step predictive control under measured fast solar radiation. The preferred predictive control to achieve Maximum Power Point (MPP) speeds up the control loop since it predicts error before the switching signal is applied to the DC-DC Luo converter. Comparing the improved technique to the conventional P&O method indicates significant improvement in PV system performance. The proposed MPC-MPPT technique for a Luo converter is implemented using the MAT LAB SIMULINK
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
Harmonic assessment on two photovoltaic inverter modes and mathematical model...IJECEIAES
Power quality is a crucial aspect of designing a large-scale photovoltaic power plant, particularly regarding harmonics caused by inverter switching. This research aimed to analyze harmonics in a system using electrical transient analyzer program (ETAP) Power Station 20.5.0 to uncover the effect of irradiance on the inverters’ power quality running at 85% and 100% power factors. We analyzed both voltage and current total harmonic distortion (THDi and THDv) from the simulation and compared them with the mathematical model. Moreover, we analyzed the effect of changes in irradiance level on harmonics and reactive power penetration, which influenced power losses in transformers and cables. Inverters at 85% power factor experienced an increase in THDi, whereas those at 100% power factor decreased. Inverters with 85% power factor experienced more frequent switching, causing more prominent distortion. The magnitude of THDv increased proportionally with the rise of irradiance level. Inverters at 85% had a higher THDv value because of the excessive reactive power compensation when irradiance rose. Irradiance level had an inverse relationship with system losses since high irradiance levels led to lower losses as less power was required through transmission lines and transformers. Moreover, losses at 85% power factor were higher since the high harmonics caused additional losses.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Development of a photovoltaic characteristics generator based on mathematical...IJECEIAES
A good study of photovoltaic system requests to have very precise current-voltage characteristic curves of photovoltaic modules for different technologies. The photovoltaic emulator provides an efficient solution to maintain the same current-voltage output of photovoltaic module. It includes three parts: the PV model, the control strategy, and the power converter. This paper provides three classes of modeling and simulation of photovoltaic arrays and presents the synthesis results of the current-voltage characteristic performances obtained by the modeling approaches. The models of the first class are based on electrical circuit model, those of the second class are based on multiple straight lines model, and for the third class, it is based on the look up table. The mathematical model is built using MATLAB/ Simulink, and an experimental bench was carried out to acquire an up-to-date and representative experimental database of four PV panels. This database is used for the validation of these models for the different PV panel technologies under Moroccan meteorological conditions. Following this comparative study, we came to a high agreement between the experimental and simulated current-voltage characteristics for the emulator under study.
IMPLEMENTATION OF A REAL TIME MONITORING SYSTEM FOR A PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATION...adeij1
Generally PV generators are considered reliable compared to other systems, but like all processes, a PV system can be exposed to several failures causing the PV system to malfunction. Several studies have found that the reliability of PV systems is highly dependent on the equipment used for the construction of PV panels, temperature, humidity and solar radiation. A PV system can have several defects, be it defects of construction types, or material and electrical defects caused by climatic conditions. As such, we can cite the fault most commonly encountered in a PV generator which is the partial shading defect.
Performance of low-cost solar radiation loggerIJECEIAES
In solar power systems, irradiance value data are among the most important parameters. Such data can be used in installing photovoltaic (PV) modules, such as determining the exact location, tilt angle, and required area, for optimal power efficiency. In this study, the comprehensive simulation and implementation of a solar radiation meter with a PV cell and temperature sensor are presented. The irradiance measurement value is based on the power reading generated by the small capacity of the PV cell at a specific load converted into a digital value in the microcontroller using the implicit Newton polynomial interpolation (NPI) equation as a low-cost alternative method. The effect of temperature is included in the conversion to obtain precise measurement results. Firstly, the structure and characteristics of the PV cell are discussed. Secondly, the parameters, measuring method, and conversion of the measurement reading data using the NPI equation are presented to assess the results. Finally, the simulation of the solar radiation meter using the PSIM and implementation of the hardware are conducted to validate the concepts and compare their results. The proposed hardware has an average error of 2.72% in the implementation of the measurement test.
LabVIEW Interface for Controlling a Test Bench for Photovoltaic Modules and E...IAES-IJPEDS
Numerical simulation using mathematical models that take into account
physical phenomena governing the operation of solar cells is a powerful tool
to predict the energy production of photovoltaic modules prior to installation
in a given site. These models require some parameters that manufacturers do
not generally give. In addition, the availability of a tool for the control and
the monitoring of performances of PV modules is of great importance for
researchers, manufacturers and distributors of PV solutions. In this paper, a
test and characterization protocol of PV modules is presented. It consists of
an outdoor computer controlled test bench using a LabVIEW graphical
interface. In addition to the measuring of the IV characteristics, it provides
all the parameters of PV modules with the possibility to display and print a
detailed report for each test. After the presentation of the test bench and the
developed graphical interface, the obtained results based on an experimental
example are presented.
Benchmarking study between capacitive and electronic load technic to track I-...IJECEIAES
To detect defects of solar panel and understand the effect of external parameters such as fluctuations in illumination, temperature, and the effect of a type of dust on a photovoltaic (PV) panel, it is essential to plot the Ipv=f(Vpv) characteristic of the PV panel, and the simplest way to plot this I-V characteristic is to use a variable resistor. This paper presents a study of comparison and combination between two methods: capacitive and electronic loading to track I-V characteristic. The comparison was performed in terms of accuracy, response time and instrumentation cost used in each circuit, under standard temperature and illumination conditions by using polycrystalline solar panel type SX330J and monocrystalline solar panels type ET-M53630. The whole system is based on simple components, less expensive and especially widely used in laboratories. The results will be between the datasheet of the manufacturer with the experimental data, refinements and improvements concerning the number of points and the trace time have been made by combining these two methods.
The performance of PV panel is very much dependent on the amount of sun light as well as the temperature of the surrounding environment which normally hard to be predicted. The use of PV emulator in the investigation of solar inverter especially at a lab scale platform helps to mitigate the inconsistency factors due to this uncontrollable variation. This work discussed on the design and development of a PV emulator for the grid-connected quasi-Z-source inverter which has different topology and control method compared to the conventional voltage source inverter. The I-V characteristics of the PV panel is modelled from the commercially available product and through circuit analysis the relation between capacitor voltage control and the PV terminal voltage is established, thus realizing the MPPT operation. Results from both simulation and experimental verification demonstrated that the PV emulator successfully able to produce power for the inverter according to the requirement.
An efficient optical inspection of photovoltaic modules deploying edge detec...IJECEIAES
With the enhanced industrial and domestic energy needs, there is a great urge for renewable energy sources because of their eco-friendly nature. Solar energy is crucial among renewable energy sources and there is a great need to optimize and enhance the performance of solar energy usage that is mainly dependent on the system components. The current work has been aimed to discuss the fault detection of photovoltaic (PV) modules by evaluating an efficient, facile inspection algorithm electrical analysis for real-time applications. The paper presents a real-time experimental model for infrared thermography using a thermal imager mounted on a tripod at a suitable distance from the PV modules to capture the images in the best possible way. A novel hybrid algorithm has been proposed and the fault detection along with the electrical parameter analysis has been accurately performed on the PV modules to analyze and process various externally induced faults in the PV systems.
Power output from a small solar panel can be affected by its power consumption when it consumes power from the solar panel. There has been a lack of proper research and experiment in the use of small solar panel with tracking systems. Its significance was detailed in this paper where the voltage output are compared with those which were externally powered. The solar trackers and a microcontroller have been designed and fabricated for this research. Due to the use of the tracking system (single axis and dual axis), the power consumption varies from one to another and its effect on the voltage output. Several experiments have been conducted and it was concluded that small solar panels are not efficient enough to utilize with tracking capabilities due to an increase in power consumption. The externally powered system was found to generate 18% more output compared to a selfsustaining system and that the increase in average power consumptions compared to a fixed panel were 31.7% and 82.5% for single-axis and dualaxis tracker respectively. A concrete evidence was made that utilizing solar tracking capabilities for low power rated solar panel is unfeasible.
Mathematical modeling, simulation and validation of photovoltaic cellseSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, an analysis has been done on the effect of varying physical and environmental factors on the I-V (current voltage characteristics) of a photovoltaic cell using Matlab-Simulink. A standalone model has been created based on the mathematical relations between various parameters in photovoltaic cells made up of a single diode, a series resistance, and a shunt resistance. To validate the developed model, the values from I-V characteristics of this model have been compared with the experimental results. In addition, simulations have been done for I-V characteristics for different temperature and resistance values. The results obtained are analyzed and presented in this paper. Keywords: Solar cell, Modeling, Matlab-simulink
Capacitor bank controller using artificial neural network with closed-loop sy...journalBEEI
The problem of power factor in the industry is critical. This is due to the issue of low power factor that can make the vulnerability of industrial equipment damaged. This problem has been resolved in various ways, one of which is the Automatic Power Factor Correction, with the most popular device called capacitor bank. There are also many methods used, but several methods require certain calculations so the system can adapt to the new plant. In this study, researchers proposed a capacitor bank control system that can adapt to plants with different capacitor values without using any calculations by using an Artificial Neural Network with a closed-loop controller. The system is simulated using Simulink Matlab to know the performance with two testing scenarios. The first is changing the value of the power factor on the system and changing the value of the capacitor power at each bank, the second comparing it with the conventional methods. The results show that the system has been able to adapt to different capacitor power values and has a better performance than the conventional method in power factor oscillation due to the extreme power factor interference.
Similar to THERMAL FAULT DETECTION SYSTEM FOR PV SOLAR MODULES (20)
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
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• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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THERMAL FAULT DETECTION SYSTEM FOR PV SOLAR MODULES
1. Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol.6, No.3, August 2017
DOI: 10.14810/elelij.2017.6302 9
THERMAL FAULT DETECTION SYSTEM FOR PV
SOLAR MODULES
Atıl Emre Coşgun1
and Yunus Uzun2
1
Department of Mechatronics, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Eng., Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Photovoltaic (PV) modules used to convert sunlight into electricity. PV researches and industries are
rapidly becoming popular in the energy field since PV technologies do not harm to environment and use
sun which is unlimited energy source. Nowadays, many applications are realized with photovoltaic (PV)
modules in different areas such as buildings, aviation, solar power plants, land and sea transportations,
etc. Construction, operation and maintenance of solar PV system are not easy and complex. There are
many methods for PV plants inspection such as visual inspection, using current sensors, comparing the
input and output power units of PV modules, and thermal monitoring with infrared cameras. Monitoring
the differences on the PV module output voltage by means of sensors is the most appropriate methods but it
is very expensive solution since there are thousand PV modules in some plants. Thermal monitoring system
is more suitable method for large PV plants’ inspection. Because, it reduces the fault detection costs and
provide shorten maintenance time. The main aim of this paper is to investigate thermal monitoring of the
PV solar modules and realize image processing by thermal radiation on PV modules. For this purpose, it is
created a wireless directable robotic vehicle which has RF and thermal camera, two brushless hub motor
and X-Bee modules to send direction commands. In this way, the robot moves between the panels and sent
data for user whether there is fault on the panels or not. The test results indicate that PV module faults are
detected effectively by using thermal cameras.
KEYWORDS
Infrared, Thermal Monitoring, Photovoltaic (PV) Solar System, Fault Detection
1. INTRODUCTION
Recently, there is an increasing interest for solar energy systems [1,2] because they have some
advantages such as being harmless for the environment, unlimited and renewable [3]. Solar
photovoltaic system is an important energy system which converts sunlight into electricity with
PV modules. The obtained electrical energy is stored or used directly, fed back into grid line or
combined with other renewable energy source. Generally there are two type photovoltaic systems.
They are classified depend on their operational and functional needs, component requirements,
and how the energy is transferred other electrical loads and electrical sources. These are grid-
connected or utility-interactive systems and stand-alone systems. By means of stand-alone PV
systems are provided to operate as independently. Their electric utility grids are designed and
sized to certain DC and/or AC levels. Grid-connected or utility-interactive PV systems are
realized as parallel to electric utility grids and operated. The main component of it is the inverter
or power conditioning unit (PCU). Its working principle is like that, when electric is produced by
the PV array as DC power, it converts into AC power consistent with the power quality needs of
the utility grid. Also there is another task of it, when the utility grid is not energized,
automatically stops supplying power to the grid. Solar PV systems are not harmful to the nature,
it is quite reliable and clean source of electricity when the compared other electricity produced
2. Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol.6, No.3, August 2017
10
methods. Therefore, there are many application examples such as agriculture, industry, residence,
livestock, etc. The number of PV plants is rapidly increased almost everywhere. In the energy
field European countries has a lot of experience. Although their experiences photovoltaic (PV)
field is particularly, renewable energy sources (RES) field is generally and both of them
experiences, increased a lot [4].
There are six parts in solar photovoltaic system. They are PV module, solar charge controller,
inverter, battery bank, auxiliary energy sources and loads (appliances).
• PV module supply electricity to the system.
• Solar charge controller regulates the voltage and current levels and it supply energy to the
battery. In this way prevents battery overcharging and prolongs the battery life.
• Inverter converts DC power into AC power.
• Battery used to supply power when demand an electric.
• Load is an electrical appliance that is connected to solar PV system such as laptop,
washing machine, TV, etc.
• Auxiliary energy sources are diesel generator or other renewable energy sources.
Despite developments in the photovoltaic technology, efficiency of commercially available PV
cells is generally around 15%-19% [5]. Maintenance of the PV system is a crucial factor for
efficiency. The traditional visual inspection is depending on human capabilities. This
responsibility could be sometimes boring and not reliable. Also it takes long time to detect failure.
In addition to, this system is not able to provide online information about failure therefore an
extra required analysis time for it. On the contrary, the UAVs can carry out the fault detection of
panels in shorter time because of their high speed and flexibility [4]. There is made a study about
PV panel situation observation from air using IR and visual cameras. Mohammadreza et al.
realized this application with success [6]. The main purpose of our study is to investigate PV
module performance and achieve rapid image by means of infrared camera. For this purpose a
low cost PV panel setup in laboratory and created a computer interface (C based) software with
MATLAB in order to processing the received image from the thermal cameras. And for this
purpose, it is created a wireless directable robotic vehicle which has RF and thermal camera, two
brushless hub motor and X-Bee modules to send direction commands.
2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND METHODOLOGY
2.1. Test platform
Test platform consist of a 40 W PV panel and measurement units. It is shown in Figure 1. As the
measurement units a multimeter and an infrared camera are used. The infrared camera is Optris Pi
160 that has measurement speed of 120 Hz and has 160 x 120 pixel optic resolutions.
3. Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol.6, No.3, August 2017
11
Figure 1. PV panel and multimeter
There is two meters between the infrared camera and PV panel. The panel set to about 90 degree
against the camera. It is shown block diagram of test platform in Figure 2. The PV panel electrical
characteristics are given in Table 1.
Table 1. The elecrical charasteristics of PV panel
Open circuit voltage - Voc 24 V
Optimum operating voltage - Vmp 21 V
Short circuit current - Isc 1.7 A
Optimum operating current - Imp 1.3 A
Operating temperature -40 to 85 °C
Figure 2. Block diagram of test platform
2.2. Methodology
In this study, after the setting test platform, there are five different images were taken from the
PV panel by the help of the camera at regular intervals. They are used as reference images. After
the five images, at the PV panel parallel cells solders connection was broken. It is shown in
Figure 3 and then again an image was captured from the panel As a result of the broken parallel
cells solders connections, the panel’s power decrease from 40 W to 33 W. Performance of the
panel decrease 17.5%.
4. Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol.6, No.3, August 2017
12
The images were evaluated by the help of MATLAB software. They were read into the
MATLAB environment using function imread. According to developed C based algorithm, faulty
image is obtained. It is a kind of image contours methods because program is automatically
display a contour plot of the data in an intensity image.
3. TEST RESULT AND DISCUSSION
To detect the broken cells effect on PV panel has taken sample image on panel with periodic time
intervals. Measurements are obtained from PV panel are given in Table 2. From Table 2, a small
voltage changing can be seen in the fifth row respect to sixth row. The reason of this situation is
broken solder connections. There is a linear increase between the PV panel output voltages. In
generally, there are almost 15 minute intervals for the panel output voltage measurements. But
sixth row has taken measurement about 45 minutes later respect to other measurements.
According to linear interpolation calculations the output voltage of sixth row must be 11.4 V but
it is 10.9 V. It is shows that the broken solder connection is the cause of the voltage drops.
Table 2. PV panel measurement data
Test No Temperature(°°°°C) Output Voltage(V) Time(s)
1 28.1 9.47 12:17
2 28.7 10.04 12:31
3 29.2 10.16 12:46
4 29.8 10.24 13:02
5 30.3 10.58 13:18
6 29.9 10.9 14:03
PV panel output voltage value varies depending on ambient temperature changes and brightness.
In the Figure 3, “II” column is gray state of samples. They are turned into gray by means of Pi
Connect software. In the Figure 3, column “I” a, b, c, d and e are infrared images.
I. II.
a)
b)
5. Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol.6, No.3, August 2017
13
c)
d)
e)
f)
Figure 3. PV panel sample images
All of them are obtained from properly working PV panel but f is obtained from broken solder
connection cell on the panel. It is shown in Figure 4. Properly works cells’ shape like a
rectangular, but the shape of broken cells is different from the other.
Figure 4. Image processing with MATLAB
In this study, it is clearly seen that linearly result is obtained from properly working PV panel
cells. It is shown in Figure 5.
6. Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol.6, No.3, August 2017
14
Figure 5. PV panel output voltage depends on the time
The PV panel output voltage is changing with time depends on the sun brightness. In the Figure 5,
the output voltages of the panel are almost half of total capacity of it. All measurements are taken
the initiation of experiment. Depending on the PV panel characteristic, efficiency is decreasing
with the high temperatures so their optimal working temperature is very important to get proper
data.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Solar energy systems are rapidly becoming popular among the renewable systems. Therefore the
electrical energy can be generated using PV modules in the suitable places. In this point, the
trouble-free work of PV panels is very important. The proposed study shows solder connection
has an important effect on efficiency of PV panel output and the situation of PV panels can be
observed with infrared cameras using appropriate systems. The faults of PV panels detected with
high accuracy. Thermal monitoring system is more suitable method for the fault detection of the
large PV plants in terms of low costs and short maintenance time. As a result of this study, fault
detection of PV panel with infrared cameras is very fast, economics method and this method
provide more accurate data when compared to the traditional methods. In the future works, we
will plan to investigate that observation image of panel by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The
UAV will send optics and thermal images to ground control station for obtain accurate data about
PV panel.
REFERENCES
[1] E. Reiter, K. Ardani, R. Margolis, R. Edge, (2015) “Industry perspectives on advanced inverters for
us solar photovoltaic systems: Grid benefits, deployment challenges, and emerging solutions”, NREL
Tech. Rep., No. NREL/TP-7A40-65063.
[2] Y. Yang, P. Enjeti, F. Blaabjerg, H. Wang, (2015) “Wide-scale adoption of photovoltaic energy: Grid
code modifications are explored in the distribution grid”, IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, Vol.
21, No. 5, pp 21–31.
[3] G. Velasco-Quesada, F. Guinjoan-Gispert, R. Pique-Lopez, M. Roman-Lumbreras, A. Conesa-Roca,
(2009) “Electrical PV Array Reconfiguration Strategy for Energy Extraction Improvement in Grid-
Connected PV Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 56, No. 11, pp4319–4331.
7. Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol.6, No.3, August 2017
15
[4] F. Grimaccia, M. Aghaei, M. Mussetta, S. Leva, P. B. Quater, (2015) “Planning for PV plant
performance monitoring by means of unmanned aerial systems (UAS)”, International Journal of
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Vol. 6, No. pp47–54.
[5] B. Huang, Y. Huang, G. Chen, P. Hsu, K. Li, (2013) “Improving Solar PV System Efficiency Using
One-Axis 3-Position Sun Tracking,” Energy Procedia, Vol. 33, pp280-287.
[6] A. Mohammadreza, G. Francesco, A. Carlo Gonano, L. Sonia, (2015) “Innovative automated control
system for PV fields inspection and remote control”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,
Vol. 62, No. 11, pp7287-7296.
AUTHORS
Atıl Emre Cosgun received the Master degree in Mechatronics field from the University
of Karabuk, Turkey, in 2014. From 2015 to 2017 has been continued Ph.D. in Electrical
and Electronics Engineering Department from University of Aksaray. Since 2016, he is an
instructor in the Aksaray University. His research interests are robot control and UAV
systems.
Yunus Uzun received his B.S., M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the Gazi University in 2000,
2004 and 2012, respectively. He worked as a high school teacher on electrics from his
graduation to 2008. He was a lecturer in the Department of Electrics and Energy of Ahi
Evran University for 6 years. Then he was assigned to the Assist. Prof. Dr. position in
Dept. Electrical and Electronics Engineering of Aksaray University in 2014. His main
research area focuses on the experimental and theoretical explorations of energy harvesting
systems.
8. Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol.6, No.3, August 2017
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