This document discusses micro-reflections in transmission lines caused by impedance mismatches. Impedance mismatches act as reflectometers, reflecting some portion of an incident signal's energy back. The degree of mismatch is measured by voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) or return loss. In transmission systems with multiple mismatches, multiple reflections occur, resulting in echoes perceived at the receiver. Adaptive equalization employed in DOCSIS mitigates the effects of linear impairments like micro-reflections. Time domain reflectometry and analysis of micro-reflection signatures can help locate faults by identifying the source of impedance mismatches along transmission lines.