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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 7 The Nervous System
Functions of the Nervous System Functions of the Nervous System Slide 7.1a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1. Sensory input – gathering information  To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body (changes = stimuli) 2. Integration –  to process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed. 3. Motor output  A response to integrated stimuli  The response activates muscles or glands
Structural Classification of the Structural Classification of the Nervous System Nervous System Slide 7.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Central nervous system (CNS)  Brain  Spinal cord  Peripheral nervous system (PNS)  Nerve outside the brain and spinal cord
Functional Classification of the Functional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Slide 7.3a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Sensory (afferent) division  Nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system Figure 7.1
Functional Classification of the Functional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Slide 7.3b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Motor (efferent) division  Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system Figure 7.1
Functional Classification of the Functional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Slide 7.3c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Motor (efferent) division  Two subdivisions  Somatic nervous system = voluntary  Autonomic nervous system = involuntary Figure 7.1
Organization of the Nervous Organization of the Nervous System System Slide 7.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.2
Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Nervous Tissue: Support Cells (Neuroglia or Glia) (Neuroglia or Glia) Slide 7.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Astrocytes  Abundant, star-shaped cells  Brace neurons  Form barrier between capillaries and neurons  Control the chemical environment of the brain (CNS) Figure 7.3a
Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Slide 7.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Microglia (CNS)  Spider-like phagocytes  Dispose of debris  Ependymal cells (CNS)  Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord  Circulate cerebrospinal fluid Figure 7.3b, c
Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Slide 7.7a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Oligodendrocytes (CNS)  Produce myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the central nervous system Figure 7.3d
Neuroglia vs. Neurons • Neuroglia divide. • Neurons do not. • Most brain tumors are “gliomas.” • Most brain tumors involve the neuroglia cells, not the neurons. • Consider the role of cell division in cancer!
Support Cells of the PNS Support Cells of the PNS Slide 7.7b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Satellite cells  Protect neuron cell bodies  Schwann cells  Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system Figure 7.3e
Nervous Tissue: Neurons Nervous Tissue: Neurons Slide 7.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Neurons = nerve cells  Cells specialized to transmit messages  Major regions of neurons  Cell body – nucleus and metabolic center of the cell  Processes – fibers that extend from the cell body (dendrites and axons)
Neuron Anatomy Neuron Anatomy Slide 7.9b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cell body  Nucleus  Large nucleolus Figure 7.4a
Neuron Anatomy Neuron Anatomy Slide 7.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Extensions outside the cell body  Dendrites – conduct impulses toward the cell body  Axons – conduct impulses away from the cell body (only 1!) Figure 7.4a
Axons and Nerve Impulses Axons and Nerve Impulses Slide 7.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Axons end in axonal terminals  Axonal terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters  Axonal terminals are separated from the next neuron by a gap  Synaptic cleft – gap between adjacent neurons  Synapse – junction between nerves
Nerve Fiber Coverings Nerve Fiber Coverings Slide 7.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Schwann cells – produce myelin sheaths in jelly-roll like fashion  Nodes of Ranvier – gaps in myelin sheath along the axon Figure 7.5
Application • In Multiple Scleroses the myelin sheath is destroyed. • The myelin sheath hardens to a tissue called the scleroses. • This is considered an autoimmune disease. • Why does MS appear to affect the muscles?
Neuron Cell Body Location Neuron Cell Body Location Slide 7.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Most are found in the central nervous system  Gray matter – cell bodies and unmylenated fibers  Nuclei – clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of the central nervous system  Ganglia – collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system
Functional Classification of Functional Classification of Neurons Neurons Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Sensory (afferent) neurons  Carry impulses from the sensory receptors  Cutaneous sense organs  Proprioceptors – detect stretch or tension  Motor (efferent) neurons  Carry impulses from the central nervous system
Functional Classification of Functional Classification of Neurons Neurons Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Interneurons (association neurons)  Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system  Connect sensory and motor neurons
Neuron Classification Neuron Classification Slide 7.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.6
Structural Classification of Neurons Structural Classification of Neurons Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Multipolar neurons – many extensions from the cell body Figure 7.8a
Structural Classification of Neurons Structural Classification of Neurons Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bipolar neurons – one axon and one dendrite Figure 7.8b
Structural Classification of Neurons Structural Classification of Neurons Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Unipolar neurons – have a short single process leaving the cell body Figure 7.8c
How Neurons Function How Neurons Function (Physiology) (Physiology) Slide 7.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Irritability – ability to respond to stimuli  Conductivity – ability to transmit an impulse  The plasma membrane at rest is polarized  Fewer positive ions are inside the cell than outside the cell
Starting a Nerve Impulse Starting a Nerve Impulse Slide 7.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Depolarization – a stimulus depolarizes the neuron’s membrane  A deploarized membrane allows sodium (Na+ ) to flow inside the membrane  The exchange of ions initiates an action potential in the neuron Figure 7.9a–c
The Action Potential The Action Potential Slide 7.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  If the action potential (nerve impulse) starts, it is propagated over the entire axon  Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane  The sodium-potassium pump restores the original configuration  This action requires ATP
Nerve Impulse Propagation Nerve Impulse Propagation Slide 7.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The impulse continues to move toward the cell body  Impulses travel faster when fibers have a myelin sheath Figure 7.9c–e
Continuation of the Nerve Impulse Continuation of the Nerve Impulse between Neurons between Neurons Slide 7.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Impulses are able to cross the synapse to another nerve  Neurotransmitter is released from a nerve’s axon terminal  The dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter  An action potential is started in the dendrite
How Neurons Communicate at How Neurons Communicate at Synapses Synapses Slide 7.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.10
The Reflex Arc The Reflex Arc Slide 7.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Reflex – rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli  Reflex arc – direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector Figure 7.11a
Simple Reflex Arc Simple Reflex Arc Slide 7.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.11b, c
Types of Reflexes and Regulation Types of Reflexes and Regulation Slide 7.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Autonomic reflexes Smooth muscle regulation Heart and blood pressure regulation Regulation of glands Digestive system regulation  Somatic reflexes Activation of skeletal muscles
Central Nervous System (CNS) Central Nervous System (CNS) Slide 7.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube  The neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord  The opening of the neural tube becomes the ventricles  Four chambers within the brain  Filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Regions of the Brain Regions of the Brain Slide 7.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cerebral hemispheres  Diencephalon  Brain stem  Cerebellum Figure 7.12
Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain  Include more than half of the brain mass Figure 7.13a
Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The surface is made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci) Figure 7.13a
Lobes of the Cerebrum Lobes of the Cerebrum Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Fissures (deep grooves) divide the cerebrum into lobes  Surface lobes of the cerebrum  Frontal lobe  Parietal lobe  Occipital lobe  Temporal lobe
Lobes of the Cerebrum Lobes of the Cerebrum Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.15a
Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum Slide 7.30 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Somatic sensory area – receives impulses from the body’s sensory receptors  Primary motor area – sends impulses to skeletal muscles  Broca’s area – involved in our ability to speak
Sensory and Motor Areas of the Sensory and Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex Slide 7.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.14
Specialized Area of the Cerebrum Specialized Area of the Cerebrum Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cerebral areas involved in special senses  Gustatory area (taste)  Visual area  Auditory area  Olfactory area
Specialized Area of the Cerebrum Specialized Area of the Cerebrum Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Interpretation areas of the cerebrum  Speech/language region  Language comprehension region  General interpretation area
Specialized Area of the Cerebrum Specialized Area of the Cerebrum Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.13c
Layers of the Cerebrum Layers of the Cerebrum Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gray matter  Outer layer  Composed mostly of neuron cell bodies Figure 7.13a
Layers of the Cerebrum Layers of the Cerebrum Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  White matter  Fiber tracts inside the gray matter  Example: corpus callosum connects hemispheres Figure 7.13a
Layers of the Cerebrum Layers of the Cerebrum Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Basal nuclei – internal islands of gray matter  Regulates voluntary motor activities by modifying info sent to the motor cortex  Problems = ie unable to control muscles, spastic, jerky  Involved in Huntington’s and Parkinson’s Disease Figure 7.13a
Diencephalon Diencephalon Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Sits on top of the brain stem  Enclosed by the cerebral heispheres  Made of three parts  Thalamus  Hypothalamus  Epithalamus
Diencephalon Diencephalon Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.15
Thalamus Thalamus Slide 7.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Surrounds the third ventricle  The relay station for sensory impulses  Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation
Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Under the thalamus  Important autonomic nervous system center  Helps regulate body temperature  Controls water balance  Regulates metabolism
Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  An important part of the limbic system (emotions)  The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus
Epithalamus Epithalamus Slide 7.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Forms the roof of the third ventricle  Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland)  Includes the choroid plexus – forms cerebrospinal fluid
Brain Stem Brain Stem Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Attaches to the spinal cord  Parts of the brain stem  Midbrain  Pons  Medulla oblongata
Brain Stem Brain Stem Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.15a
Midbrain Midbrain Slide 7.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers  Reflex centers for vision and hearing  Cerebral aquaduct – 3rd -4th ventricles
Pons Pons Slide 7.40 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The bulging center part of the brain stem  Mostly composed of fiber tracts  Includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing
Medulla Oblongata Medulla Oblongata Slide 7.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The lowest part of the brain stem  Merges into the spinal cord  Includes important fiber tracts  Contains important control centers  Heart rate control  Blood pressure regulation  Breathing  Swallowing  Vomiting
Cerebellum Cerebellum Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces  Provides involuntary coordination of body movements
Cerebellum Cerebellum Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.15a
Protection of the Central Nervous Protection of the Central Nervous System System Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Scalp and skin  Skull and vertebral column  Meninges Figure 7.16a
Protection of the Central Nervous Protection of the Central Nervous System System Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cerebrospinal fluid  Blood brain barrier Figure 7.16a
Meninges Meninges Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Dura mater  Double-layered external covering  Periosteum – attached to surface of the skull  Meningeal layer – outer covering of the brain Folds inward in several areas
Meninges Meninges Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Arachnoid layer  Middle layer  Web-like  Pia mater  Internal layer  Clings to the surface of the brain
Cerebrospinal Fluid Cerebrospinal Fluid Slide 7.46 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Similar to blood plasma composition  Formed by the choroid plexus  Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain  Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord
Ventricles and Location of the Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Cerebrospinal Fluid Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.17a
Ventricles and Location of the Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Cerebrospinal Fluid Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.17b
Blood Brain Barrier Blood Brain Barrier Slide 7.48 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body  Excludes many potentially harmful substances  Useless against some substances  Fats and fat soluble molecules  Respiratory gases  Alcohol  Nicotine  Anesthesia
Traumatic Brain Injuries Traumatic Brain Injuries Slide 7.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Concussion  Slight brain injury  No permanent brain damage  Contusion  Nervous tissue destruction occurs  Nervous tissue does not regenerate  Cerebral edema  Swelling from the inflammatory response  May compress and kill brain tissue
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) Slide 7.50 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Commonly called a stroke  The result of a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain  Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies  Loss of some functions or death may result
Spinal Cord Spinal Cord Slide 7.52 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Extends from the medulla oblongata to the region of T12  Below T12 is the cauda equina (a collection of spinal nerves)  Enlargements occur in the cervical and lumbar regions Figure 7.18
Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease Slide 7.51 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Progressive degenerative brain disease  Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age  Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons  Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion and ultimately, hallucinations and death
Spinal Cord Anatomy Spinal Cord Anatomy Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Exterior white mater – conduction tracts Figure 7.19
Spinal Cord Anatomy Spinal Cord Anatomy Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Internal gray matter - mostly cell bodies  Dorsal (posterior) horns  Anterior (ventral) horns Figure 7.19
Spinal Cord Anatomy Spinal Cord Anatomy Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Central canal filled with cerebrospinal fluid Figure 7.19
Spinal Cord Anatomy Spinal Cord Anatomy Slide 7.54 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Meninges cover the spinal cord  Nerves leave at the level of each vertebrae  Dorsal root  Associated with the dorsal root ganglia – collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system Ventral root
Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Slide 7.55 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Nerves and ganglia outside the central nervous system  Nerve = bundle of neuron fibers  Neuron fibers are bundled by connective tissue
Structure of a Nerve Structure of a Nerve Slide 7.56 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Endoneurium surrounds each fiber  Groups of fibers are bound into fascicles by perineurium  Fascicles are bound together by epineurium Figure 7.20
Classification of Nerves Classification of Nerves Slide 7.57 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Mixed nerves – both sensory and motor fibers  Afferent (sensory) nerves – carry impulses toward the CNS  Efferent (motor) nerves – carry impulses away from the CNS
Spinal Nerves Spinal Nerves Slide 7.63 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  There is a pair of spinal nerves at the level of each vertebrae for a total of 31 pairs
Spinal Nerves Spinal Nerves Slide 7.64 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.22a
Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Slide 7.67 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The involuntary branch of the nervous system  Consists of only motor nerves  Divided into two divisions  Sympathetic division  Parasympathetic division
Comparison of Somatic and Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Autonomic Nervous Systems Slide 7.69 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.24
Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System System Slide 7.73 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.25
Autonomic Functioning Autonomic Functioning Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Sympathetic – “fight-or-flight”  Response to unusual stimulus  Takes over to increase activities  Remember as the “E” division = exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment
Autonomic Functioning Autonomic Functioning Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Parasympathetic – housekeeping activites  Conserves energy  Maintains daily necessary body functions  Remember as the “D” division - digestion, defecation, and diuresis
Development Aspects of the Development Aspects of the Nervous System Nervous System Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The nervous system is formed during the first month of embryonic development  Any maternal infection can have extremely harmful effects  The hypothalamus is one of the last areas of the brain to develop
Development Aspects of the Development Aspects of the Nervous System Nervous System Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  No more neurons are formed after birth, but growth and maturation continues for several years (new evidence!)  The brain reaches maximum weight as a young adult  However, we can always grow dendrites!

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Esuyjfnhdtbgsfvxdfvbghjsential Marieb (1).ppt

  • 1.
    Essentials of HumanAnatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 7 The Nervous System
  • 2.
    Functions of theNervous System Functions of the Nervous System Slide 7.1a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1. Sensory input – gathering information  To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body (changes = stimuli) 2. Integration –  to process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed. 3. Motor output  A response to integrated stimuli  The response activates muscles or glands
  • 3.
    Structural Classification ofthe Structural Classification of the Nervous System Nervous System Slide 7.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Central nervous system (CNS)  Brain  Spinal cord  Peripheral nervous system (PNS)  Nerve outside the brain and spinal cord
  • 4.
    Functional Classification ofthe Functional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Slide 7.3a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Sensory (afferent) division  Nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system Figure 7.1
  • 5.
    Functional Classification ofthe Functional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Slide 7.3b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Motor (efferent) division  Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system Figure 7.1
  • 6.
    Functional Classification ofthe Functional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Slide 7.3c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Motor (efferent) division  Two subdivisions  Somatic nervous system = voluntary  Autonomic nervous system = involuntary Figure 7.1
  • 7.
    Organization of theNervous Organization of the Nervous System System Slide 7.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.2
  • 8.
    Nervous Tissue: SupportCells Nervous Tissue: Support Cells (Neuroglia or Glia) (Neuroglia or Glia) Slide 7.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Astrocytes  Abundant, star-shaped cells  Brace neurons  Form barrier between capillaries and neurons  Control the chemical environment of the brain (CNS) Figure 7.3a
  • 9.
    Nervous Tissue: SupportCells Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Slide 7.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Microglia (CNS)  Spider-like phagocytes  Dispose of debris  Ependymal cells (CNS)  Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord  Circulate cerebrospinal fluid Figure 7.3b, c
  • 10.
    Nervous Tissue: SupportCells Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Slide 7.7a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Oligodendrocytes (CNS)  Produce myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the central nervous system Figure 7.3d
  • 11.
    Neuroglia vs. Neurons •Neuroglia divide. • Neurons do not. • Most brain tumors are “gliomas.” • Most brain tumors involve the neuroglia cells, not the neurons. • Consider the role of cell division in cancer!
  • 12.
    Support Cells ofthe PNS Support Cells of the PNS Slide 7.7b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Satellite cells  Protect neuron cell bodies  Schwann cells  Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system Figure 7.3e
  • 13.
    Nervous Tissue: Neurons NervousTissue: Neurons Slide 7.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Neurons = nerve cells  Cells specialized to transmit messages  Major regions of neurons  Cell body – nucleus and metabolic center of the cell  Processes – fibers that extend from the cell body (dendrites and axons)
  • 14.
    Neuron Anatomy Neuron Anatomy Slide7.9b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cell body  Nucleus  Large nucleolus Figure 7.4a
  • 15.
    Neuron Anatomy Neuron Anatomy Slide7.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Extensions outside the cell body  Dendrites – conduct impulses toward the cell body  Axons – conduct impulses away from the cell body (only 1!) Figure 7.4a
  • 16.
    Axons and NerveImpulses Axons and Nerve Impulses Slide 7.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Axons end in axonal terminals  Axonal terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters  Axonal terminals are separated from the next neuron by a gap  Synaptic cleft – gap between adjacent neurons  Synapse – junction between nerves
  • 18.
    Nerve Fiber Coverings NerveFiber Coverings Slide 7.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Schwann cells – produce myelin sheaths in jelly-roll like fashion  Nodes of Ranvier – gaps in myelin sheath along the axon Figure 7.5
  • 19.
    Application • In MultipleScleroses the myelin sheath is destroyed. • The myelin sheath hardens to a tissue called the scleroses. • This is considered an autoimmune disease. • Why does MS appear to affect the muscles?
  • 20.
    Neuron Cell BodyLocation Neuron Cell Body Location Slide 7.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Most are found in the central nervous system  Gray matter – cell bodies and unmylenated fibers  Nuclei – clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of the central nervous system  Ganglia – collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system
  • 21.
    Functional Classification of FunctionalClassification of Neurons Neurons Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Sensory (afferent) neurons  Carry impulses from the sensory receptors  Cutaneous sense organs  Proprioceptors – detect stretch or tension  Motor (efferent) neurons  Carry impulses from the central nervous system
  • 22.
    Functional Classification of FunctionalClassification of Neurons Neurons Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Interneurons (association neurons)  Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system  Connect sensory and motor neurons
  • 23.
    Neuron Classification Neuron Classification Slide7.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.6
  • 24.
    Structural Classification ofNeurons Structural Classification of Neurons Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Multipolar neurons – many extensions from the cell body Figure 7.8a
  • 25.
    Structural Classification ofNeurons Structural Classification of Neurons Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bipolar neurons – one axon and one dendrite Figure 7.8b
  • 26.
    Structural Classification ofNeurons Structural Classification of Neurons Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Unipolar neurons – have a short single process leaving the cell body Figure 7.8c
  • 27.
    How Neurons Function HowNeurons Function (Physiology) (Physiology) Slide 7.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Irritability – ability to respond to stimuli  Conductivity – ability to transmit an impulse  The plasma membrane at rest is polarized  Fewer positive ions are inside the cell than outside the cell
  • 28.
    Starting a NerveImpulse Starting a Nerve Impulse Slide 7.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Depolarization – a stimulus depolarizes the neuron’s membrane  A deploarized membrane allows sodium (Na+ ) to flow inside the membrane  The exchange of ions initiates an action potential in the neuron Figure 7.9a–c
  • 29.
    The Action Potential TheAction Potential Slide 7.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  If the action potential (nerve impulse) starts, it is propagated over the entire axon  Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane  The sodium-potassium pump restores the original configuration  This action requires ATP
  • 30.
    Nerve Impulse Propagation NerveImpulse Propagation Slide 7.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The impulse continues to move toward the cell body  Impulses travel faster when fibers have a myelin sheath Figure 7.9c–e
  • 31.
    Continuation of theNerve Impulse Continuation of the Nerve Impulse between Neurons between Neurons Slide 7.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Impulses are able to cross the synapse to another nerve  Neurotransmitter is released from a nerve’s axon terminal  The dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter  An action potential is started in the dendrite
  • 32.
    How Neurons Communicateat How Neurons Communicate at Synapses Synapses Slide 7.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.10
  • 33.
    The Reflex Arc TheReflex Arc Slide 7.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Reflex – rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli  Reflex arc – direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector Figure 7.11a
  • 34.
    Simple Reflex Arc SimpleReflex Arc Slide 7.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.11b, c
  • 35.
    Types of Reflexesand Regulation Types of Reflexes and Regulation Slide 7.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Autonomic reflexes Smooth muscle regulation Heart and blood pressure regulation Regulation of glands Digestive system regulation  Somatic reflexes Activation of skeletal muscles
  • 36.
    Central Nervous System(CNS) Central Nervous System (CNS) Slide 7.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube  The neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord  The opening of the neural tube becomes the ventricles  Four chambers within the brain  Filled with cerebrospinal fluid
  • 37.
    Regions of theBrain Regions of the Brain Slide 7.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cerebral hemispheres  Diencephalon  Brain stem  Cerebellum Figure 7.12
  • 38.
    Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) CerebralHemispheres (Cerebrum) Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain  Include more than half of the brain mass Figure 7.13a
  • 39.
    Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) CerebralHemispheres (Cerebrum) Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The surface is made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci) Figure 7.13a
  • 40.
    Lobes of theCerebrum Lobes of the Cerebrum Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Fissures (deep grooves) divide the cerebrum into lobes  Surface lobes of the cerebrum  Frontal lobe  Parietal lobe  Occipital lobe  Temporal lobe
  • 41.
    Lobes of theCerebrum Lobes of the Cerebrum Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.15a
  • 42.
    Specialized Areas ofthe Cerebrum Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum Slide 7.30 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Somatic sensory area – receives impulses from the body’s sensory receptors  Primary motor area – sends impulses to skeletal muscles  Broca’s area – involved in our ability to speak
  • 44.
    Sensory and MotorAreas of the Sensory and Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex Slide 7.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.14
  • 45.
    Specialized Area ofthe Cerebrum Specialized Area of the Cerebrum Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cerebral areas involved in special senses  Gustatory area (taste)  Visual area  Auditory area  Olfactory area
  • 46.
    Specialized Area ofthe Cerebrum Specialized Area of the Cerebrum Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Interpretation areas of the cerebrum  Speech/language region  Language comprehension region  General interpretation area
  • 47.
    Specialized Area ofthe Cerebrum Specialized Area of the Cerebrum Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.13c
  • 48.
    Layers of theCerebrum Layers of the Cerebrum Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gray matter  Outer layer  Composed mostly of neuron cell bodies Figure 7.13a
  • 49.
    Layers of theCerebrum Layers of the Cerebrum Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  White matter  Fiber tracts inside the gray matter  Example: corpus callosum connects hemispheres Figure 7.13a
  • 50.
    Layers of theCerebrum Layers of the Cerebrum Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Basal nuclei – internal islands of gray matter  Regulates voluntary motor activities by modifying info sent to the motor cortex  Problems = ie unable to control muscles, spastic, jerky  Involved in Huntington’s and Parkinson’s Disease Figure 7.13a
  • 51.
    Diencephalon Diencephalon Slide Copyright © 2003Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Sits on top of the brain stem  Enclosed by the cerebral heispheres  Made of three parts  Thalamus  Hypothalamus  Epithalamus
  • 52.
    Diencephalon Diencephalon Slide Copyright © 2003Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.15
  • 53.
    Thalamus Thalamus Slide 7.35 Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Surrounds the third ventricle  The relay station for sensory impulses  Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation
  • 54.
    Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Slide Copyright © 2003Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Under the thalamus  Important autonomic nervous system center  Helps regulate body temperature  Controls water balance  Regulates metabolism
  • 55.
    Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Slide Copyright © 2003Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  An important part of the limbic system (emotions)  The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus
  • 56.
    Epithalamus Epithalamus Slide 7.37 Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Forms the roof of the third ventricle  Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland)  Includes the choroid plexus – forms cerebrospinal fluid
  • 57.
    Brain Stem Brain Stem Slide Copyright© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Attaches to the spinal cord  Parts of the brain stem  Midbrain  Pons  Medulla oblongata
  • 58.
    Brain Stem Brain Stem Slide Copyright© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.15a
  • 59.
    Midbrain Midbrain Slide 7.39 Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers  Reflex centers for vision and hearing  Cerebral aquaduct – 3rd -4th ventricles
  • 60.
    Pons Pons Slide 7.40 Copyright ©2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The bulging center part of the brain stem  Mostly composed of fiber tracts  Includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing
  • 61.
    Medulla Oblongata Medulla Oblongata Slide7.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The lowest part of the brain stem  Merges into the spinal cord  Includes important fiber tracts  Contains important control centers  Heart rate control  Blood pressure regulation  Breathing  Swallowing  Vomiting
  • 62.
    Cerebellum Cerebellum Slide Copyright © 2003Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces  Provides involuntary coordination of body movements
  • 63.
    Cerebellum Cerebellum Slide Copyright © 2003Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.15a
  • 64.
    Protection of theCentral Nervous Protection of the Central Nervous System System Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Scalp and skin  Skull and vertebral column  Meninges Figure 7.16a
  • 65.
    Protection of theCentral Nervous Protection of the Central Nervous System System Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cerebrospinal fluid  Blood brain barrier Figure 7.16a
  • 66.
    Meninges Meninges Slide Copyright © 2003Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Dura mater  Double-layered external covering  Periosteum – attached to surface of the skull  Meningeal layer – outer covering of the brain Folds inward in several areas
  • 67.
    Meninges Meninges Slide Copyright © 2003Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Arachnoid layer  Middle layer  Web-like  Pia mater  Internal layer  Clings to the surface of the brain
  • 68.
    Cerebrospinal Fluid Cerebrospinal Fluid Slide7.46 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Similar to blood plasma composition  Formed by the choroid plexus  Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain  Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord
  • 69.
    Ventricles and Locationof the Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Cerebrospinal Fluid Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.17a
  • 70.
    Ventricles and Locationof the Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Cerebrospinal Fluid Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.17b
  • 71.
    Blood Brain Barrier BloodBrain Barrier Slide 7.48 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body  Excludes many potentially harmful substances  Useless against some substances  Fats and fat soluble molecules  Respiratory gases  Alcohol  Nicotine  Anesthesia
  • 72.
    Traumatic Brain Injuries TraumaticBrain Injuries Slide 7.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Concussion  Slight brain injury  No permanent brain damage  Contusion  Nervous tissue destruction occurs  Nervous tissue does not regenerate  Cerebral edema  Swelling from the inflammatory response  May compress and kill brain tissue
  • 73.
    Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) CerebrovascularAccident (CVA) Slide 7.50 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Commonly called a stroke  The result of a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain  Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies  Loss of some functions or death may result
  • 74.
    Spinal Cord Spinal Cord Slide7.52 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Extends from the medulla oblongata to the region of T12  Below T12 is the cauda equina (a collection of spinal nerves)  Enlargements occur in the cervical and lumbar regions Figure 7.18
  • 75.
    Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease Slide7.51 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Progressive degenerative brain disease  Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age  Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons  Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion and ultimately, hallucinations and death
  • 76.
    Spinal Cord Anatomy SpinalCord Anatomy Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Exterior white mater – conduction tracts Figure 7.19
  • 77.
    Spinal Cord Anatomy SpinalCord Anatomy Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Internal gray matter - mostly cell bodies  Dorsal (posterior) horns  Anterior (ventral) horns Figure 7.19
  • 78.
    Spinal Cord Anatomy SpinalCord Anatomy Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Central canal filled with cerebrospinal fluid Figure 7.19
  • 79.
    Spinal Cord Anatomy SpinalCord Anatomy Slide 7.54 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Meninges cover the spinal cord  Nerves leave at the level of each vertebrae  Dorsal root  Associated with the dorsal root ganglia – collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system Ventral root
  • 80.
    Peripheral Nervous System PeripheralNervous System Slide 7.55 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Nerves and ganglia outside the central nervous system  Nerve = bundle of neuron fibers  Neuron fibers are bundled by connective tissue
  • 81.
    Structure of aNerve Structure of a Nerve Slide 7.56 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Endoneurium surrounds each fiber  Groups of fibers are bound into fascicles by perineurium  Fascicles are bound together by epineurium Figure 7.20
  • 82.
    Classification of Nerves Classificationof Nerves Slide 7.57 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Mixed nerves – both sensory and motor fibers  Afferent (sensory) nerves – carry impulses toward the CNS  Efferent (motor) nerves – carry impulses away from the CNS
  • 83.
    Spinal Nerves Spinal Nerves Slide7.63 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  There is a pair of spinal nerves at the level of each vertebrae for a total of 31 pairs
  • 84.
    Spinal Nerves Spinal Nerves Slide7.64 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.22a
  • 85.
    Autonomic Nervous System AutonomicNervous System Slide 7.67 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The involuntary branch of the nervous system  Consists of only motor nerves  Divided into two divisions  Sympathetic division  Parasympathetic division
  • 86.
    Comparison of Somaticand Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Autonomic Nervous Systems Slide 7.69 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.24
  • 87.
    Anatomy of theAutonomic Nervous Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System System Slide 7.73 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7.25
  • 88.
    Autonomic Functioning Autonomic Functioning Slide Copyright© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Sympathetic – “fight-or-flight”  Response to unusual stimulus  Takes over to increase activities  Remember as the “E” division = exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment
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    Autonomic Functioning Autonomic Functioning Slide Copyright© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Parasympathetic – housekeeping activites  Conserves energy  Maintains daily necessary body functions  Remember as the “D” division - digestion, defecation, and diuresis
  • 90.
    Development Aspects ofthe Development Aspects of the Nervous System Nervous System Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The nervous system is formed during the first month of embryonic development  Any maternal infection can have extremely harmful effects  The hypothalamus is one of the last areas of the brain to develop
  • 91.
    Development Aspects ofthe Development Aspects of the Nervous System Nervous System Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  No more neurons are formed after birth, but growth and maturation continues for several years (new evidence!)  The brain reaches maximum weight as a young adult  However, we can always grow dendrites!