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DOC-20230617-WA0003..pptx1. The Nervous system is:
• A physically connected network of cells,
tissues and organs that allow us to
communicate with and react to the
environment and perform life activities.
2. Functions of the Nervous System
Slide 7.1a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1. Sensory input – gathering information
To monitor changes occurring inside and
outside the body (changes = stimuli)
2. Integration –
to process and interpret sensory input
and decide if action is needed.
3. Motor output
A response to integrated stimuli
The response activates muscles or glands
3. Structural Classification of the
Nervous System
Slide 7.2
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Central nervous system (CNS)
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Nerve outside the brain and spinal cord
4. Functional Classification of the
Peripheral Nervous System
Slide 7.3a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sensory (afferent) division
Nerve fibers that carry information to the
central nervous system
Figure 7.1
5. Functional Classification of the
Peripheral Nervous System
Slide 7.3b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Motor (efferent) division
Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from
the central nervous system
Figure 7.1
6. Functional Classification of the
Peripheral Nervous System
Slide 7.3c
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Motor (efferent) division
Two subdivisions
Somatic nervous system = voluntary
Autonomic nervous system = involuntary
Figure 7.1
7. Organization of the Nervous
System
Slide 7.4
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Figure 7.2
8. Nervous Tissue: Support Cells
(Neuroglia or Glia)
Slide 7.5
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Astrocytes
Abundant, star-shaped cells
Brace neurons
Form barrier
between capillaries
and neurons
Control the chemical
environment of
the brain (CNS)
Figure 7.3a
9. Nervous Tissue: Support Cells
Slide 7.6
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Microglia (CNS)
Spider-like phagocytes
Dispose of debris
Ependymal cells
(CNS)
Line cavities of the
brain and spinal cord
Circulate
cerebrospinal
fluid
Figure 7.3b, c
10. Nervous Tissue: Support Cells
Slide 7.7a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Oligodendrocytes
(CNS)
Produce myelin
sheath around
nerve fibers in the
central nervous
system Figure 7.3d
11. Neuroglia vs. Neurons
• Neuroglia divide.
• Neurons do not.
• Most brain tumors are “gliomas.”
• Most brain tumors involve the neuroglia
cells, not the neurons.
• Consider the role of cell division in cancer!
12. Support Cells of the PNS
Slide 7.7b
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Satellite cells
Protect neuron cell bodies
Schwann cells
Form myelin sheath in the peripheral
nervous system
Figure 7.3e
13. Nervous Tissue: Neurons
Slide 7.8
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Neurons = nerve cells
Cells specialized to transmit messages
Major regions of neurons
Cell body – nucleus and metabolic center
of the cell
Processes – fibers that extend from the
cell body (dendrites and axons)
15. Neuron Anatomy
Slide 7.10
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Extensions
outside the cell
body
Dendrites –
conduct
impulses toward
the cell body
Axons – conduct
impulses away
from the cell
body (only 1!)
Figure 7.4a
16. Axons and Nerve Impulses
Slide 7.11
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Axons end in axonal terminals
Axonal terminals contain vesicles with
neurotransmitters
Axonal terminals are separated from the
next neuron by a gap
Synaptic cleft – gap between adjacent
neurons
Synapse – junction between nerves
18. Nerve Fiber Coverings
Slide 7.12
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Schwann cells –
produce myelin
sheaths in jelly-roll
like fashion
Nodes of Ranvier –
gaps in myelin
sheath along the
axon
Figure 7.5
19. Application
• In Multiple Scleroses the myelin sheath is
destroyed.
• The myelin sheath hardens to a tissue called
the scleroses.
• This is considered an autoimmune disease.
• Why does MS appear to affect the muscles?
20. Neuron Cell Body Location
Slide 7.13
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Most are found in the central nervous
system
Gray matter – cell bodies and unmylenated
fibers
Nuclei – clusters of cell bodies within the
white matter of the central nervous system
Ganglia – collections of cell bodies
outside the central nervous system
21. Functional Classification of
Neurons
Slide
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Sensory (afferent) neurons
Carry impulses from the sensory receptors
Cutaneous sense organs
Proprioceptors – detect stretch or tension
Motor (efferent) neurons
Carry impulses from the central nervous
system
24. Structural Classification of Neurons
Slide
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Multipolar neurons – many extensions
from the cell body
Figure 7.8a
25. Structural Classification of Neurons
Slide
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Bipolar neurons – one axon and one
dendrite
Figure 7.8b
26. Structural Classification of Neurons
Slide
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Unipolar neurons – have a short single
process leaving the cell body
Figure 7.8c
27. How Neurons Function
(Physiology)
Slide 7.17
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Irritability – ability to respond to stimuli
Conductivity – ability to transmit an
impulse
The plasma membrane at rest is
polarized
Fewer positive ions are inside the cell than
outside the cell
28. Starting a Nerve Impulse
Slide 7.18
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Depolarization – a
stimulus depolarizes the
neuron’s membrane
A deploarized
membrane allows
sodium (Na+) to flow
inside the membrane
The exchange of ions
initiates an action
potential in the neuron
Figure 7.9a–c
29. The Action Potential
Slide 7.19
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If the action potential (nerve impulse)
starts, it is propagated over the entire
axon
Potassium ions rush out of the neuron
after sodium ions rush in, which
repolarizes the membrane
The sodium-potassium pump restores
the original configuration
This action requires ATP
30. Nerve Impulse Propagation
Slide 7.20
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The impulse
continues to move
toward the cell body
Impulses travel
faster when fibers
have a myelin
sheath
Figure 7.9c–e
31. Continuation of the Nerve Impulse
between Neurons
Slide 7.21
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Impulses are able to cross the synapse
to another nerve
Neurotransmitter is released from a nerve’s
axon terminal
The dendrite of the next neuron has
receptors that are stimulated by the
neurotransmitter
An action potential is started in the dendrite
32. How Neurons Communicate at
Synapses
Slide 7.22
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Figure 7.10
33. The Reflex Arc
Slide 7.23
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Reflex – rapid, predictable, and
involuntary responses to stimuli
Reflex arc – direct route from a sensory
neuron, to an interneuron, to an effector
Figure 7.11a
34. Simple Reflex Arc
Slide 7.24
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Figure 7.11b, c
35. Types of Reflexes and Regulation
Slide 7.25
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Autonomic reflexes
Smooth muscle regulation
Heart and blood pressure regulation
Regulation of glands
Digestive system regulation
Somatic reflexes
Activation of skeletal muscles
36. Central Nervous System (CNS)
Slide 7.26
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CNS develops from the embryonic
neural tube
The neural tube becomes the brain and
spinal cord
The opening of the neural tube becomes
the ventricles
Four chambers within the brain
Filled with cerebrospinal fluid
37. Regions of the Brain
Slide 7.27
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Cerebral
hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum Figure 7.12
38. CEREBRAL CORTEX
• Pallidum
• Two Hemispheres – Vertical Fissure
• Corpus Callosum – Connects Hemispheres
• Outer Gray Matter & Inner White Matter
• Neocortex & Allocortex
– NeoCortex – 4 lobes
– Allocortex – Limbic System
• Gyrus – Ridges & Sulcus - Depression
40. Sulcus & Fissures
• Right Hemisphere
»Vertical Fissure
• Left Hemisphere
• Frontal Lobe
»Central Sulcus
• Parietal Lobe
»Parieto-Occipital Sulcus
• Occipital Lobe
• Parietal Lobe
»Lateral Sulcuss
• Temporal Lobe
»Callosomarginal Fissure
– Limbic Area ( Corpus Callosum)
42. Lobes of the Cerebrum
Slide
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Fissures (deep grooves) divide the
cerebrum into lobes
Surface lobes of the cerebrum
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
43. Lobes of the Cerebrum
Slide
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Figure 7.15a
44. Frontal Lobe
• Pre Central Cortex
– Primary Motor Area (4- Movement + &-)
– Premotor Area
• 6 – Movement coordination (Patterned Movements)
• 8 – Eye ball Movement & Frontal Eye Field
• Brocas Area (44&45) - Speech
– Supplementary Motor Area – Skilled Movements
• Pre Frontal Cortex
– 9 -14,23,24,29 &32 – Emotion, Learning, Memory,
Behaviour & Intelligence
45. Applied Physiology
– Hemeplegia - A4
– Grasping Reflexes - A6
– Aphasia – Brocas Area A44&A46
– Emotional Instability & Loss of Memory ( PFA)
– ( Parkinsonisons & Huntingtons Chorea)
– Hyperphagia,
– Urinary & Rectal Incontinence,
– Tremor,
– Disorientation – Speech, Movement Etc.
46. Parietal Lobe
• Somaesthetic Area 1(Sensory Area)
– 1 – Cutaneous & Kinesthetic Sensations
– 2 &3 – Integrate C&K, Commands Motor
• Somaesthetic Area 2
– Perceives C&K Sensations
• Somaesthetic Association Area
– 5 &7 – Combined Sensations
– Contralateral Disturbance in C&K Sensation,
Tactile Discrimination
47. Temporal Lobe
• Primary Auditory Area
– 41&42 – Percieve Auditory Sensation
– Werniks Area – Interprets Auditory Sensation
• Secondary Auditory Area
– 22 – Interprets Auditory Sensation
• Area for Equilibrium
• Kluver – Bucy Syndrome – Aphasia,
Tinnitus,Halucination, Smell & Taste disturbance
48. Occipital Lobe
• Primary Visual Area
– 17 – Perceives Visual Sensation
• Secondary Visual Area
– 18 – Interprets Visual Sensation
• Occipital Eye Field
– 19 – Eyeball Reflex & Movement
– Hemianopia & Blindness
49. Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum
Slide 7.30
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Somatic sensory area – receives
impulses from the body’s sensory
receptors
Primary motor area – sends impulses to
skeletal muscles
Broca’s area – involved in our ability to
speak
51. Sensory and Motor Areas of the
Cerebral Cortex
Slide 7.31
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Figure 7.14
52. Specialized Area of the Cerebrum
Slide
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Cerebral areas involved in special
senses
Gustatory area (taste)
Visual area
Auditory area
Olfactory area
53. Specialized Area of the Cerebrum
Slide
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Interpretation areas of the cerebrum
Speech/language region
Language comprehension region
General interpretation area
54. Specialized Area of the Cerebrum
Slide
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Figure 7.13c
55. Layers of the Cerebrum
Slide
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Gray matter
Outer layer
Composed
mostly of neuron
cell bodies
Figure 7.13a
56. Layers of the Cerebrum
Slide
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White matter
Fiber tracts
inside the gray
matter
Example:
corpus callosum
connects
hemispheres
Figure 7.13a
57. Layers of the Cerebrum
Slide
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Basal nuclei – internal
islands of gray matter
Regulates voluntary
motor activities by
modifying info sent to
the motor cortex
Problems = ie unable
to control muscles,
spastic, jerky
Involved in
Huntington’s and
Parkinson’s Disease
Figure 7.13a
58. Diencephalon
Slide
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Sits on top of the brain stem
Enclosed by the cerebral heispheres
Made of three parts
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
60. Thalamus
Slide 7.35
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Surrounds the third ventricle
The relay station for sensory impulses
Transfers impulses to the correct part of
the cortex for localization and
interpretation
61. Hypothalamus
Slide
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Under the thalamus
Important autonomic nervous system
center
Helps regulate body temperature
Controls water balance
Regulates metabolism
62. Hypothalamus
Slide
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An important part of the limbic system
(emotions)
The pituitary gland is attached to the
hypothalamus
63. Epithalamus
Slide 7.37
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Forms the roof of the third ventricle
Houses the pineal body (an endocrine
gland)
Includes the choroid plexus – forms
cerebrospinal fluid
64. Brain Stem
Slide
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Attaches to the spinal cord
Parts of the brain stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
66. Midbrain
Slide 7.39
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Mostly composed of tracts of nerve
fibers
Reflex centers for vision and hearing
Cerebral aquaduct – 3rd-4th ventricles
67. Pons
Slide 7.40
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The bulging center part of the brain
stem
Mostly composed of fiber tracts
Includes nuclei involved in the control of
breathing
68. Medulla Oblongata
Slide 7.41
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The lowest part of the brain stem
Merges into the spinal cord
Includes important fiber tracts
Contains important control centers
Heart rate control
Blood pressure regulation
Breathing
Swallowing
Vomiting
69. Cerebellum
Slide
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Two hemispheres with convoluted
surfaces
Provides involuntary coordination of
body movements
71. Major Functions
Brain component
1. Sensory perception
2. Voluntary control of movement
3. Language
4. Personality traits
5. Sophisticated mental events, such as thinking memory,
decision making, creativity, and self-consciousness
1. Inhibition of muscle tone
2. Coordination of slow, sustained movements
3. Suppression of useless patterns of movements
1. Relay station for all synaptic input
2. Crude awareness of sensation
3. Some degree of consciousness
4. Role in motor control
1. Regulation of many homeostatic functions, such as temperature
control, thirst, urine output, and food intake
2. Important link between nervous and endocrine systems
3. Extensive involvement with emotion and basic behavioral patterns
1. Maintenance of balance
2. Enhancement of muscle tone
3. Coordination and planning of skilled voluntary muscle activity
1. Origin of majority of peripheral cranial nerves
2. Cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive control centers
3. Regulation of muscle reflexes involved with equilibrium and posture
4. Reception and integration of all synaptic input from spinal cord;
arousal and activation of cerebral cortex
5. Role in sleep-wake cycle
Cerebral cortex
Basal nuclei
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Brain stem
(midbrain, pons,
and medulla)
72. Protection of the Central Nervous
System
Slide
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Scalp and skin
Skull and vertebral column
Meninges
Figure 7.16a
73. Protection of the Central Nervous
System
Slide
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Cerebrospinal fluid
Blood brain barrier
Figure 7.16a
74. Meninges
Slide
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Dura mater
Double-layered external covering
Periosteum – attached to surface of the
skull
Meningeal layer – outer covering of the
brain
Folds inward in several areas
75. Meninges
Slide
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Arachnoid layer
Middle layer
Web-like
Pia mater
Internal layer
Clings to the surface of the brain
76. Cerebrospinal Fluid
Slide 7.46
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Similar to blood plasma composition
Formed by the choroid plexus
Forms a watery cushion to protect the
brain
Circulated in arachnoid space,
ventricles, and central canal of the
spinal cord
77. Ventricles and Location of the
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Slide
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Figure 7.17a
78. Ventricles and Location of the
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Slide
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Figure 7.17b
79. Blood Brain Barrier
Slide 7.48
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Includes the least permeable capillaries
of the body
Excludes many potentially harmful
substances
Useless against some substances
Fats and fat soluble molecules
Respiratory gases
Alcohol
Nicotine
Anesthesia
80. Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI)
Slide 7.49
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Concussion
Slight or mild brain injury
Bleeding & tearing of nerve fibers
happened
Recovery likely with some memory loss
Contusion
A more severe TBI
Nervous tissue destruction occurs
Nervous tissue does not regenerate
Cerebral edema
81. • Cerebral edema
– Swelling from the inflammatory response
– May compress and kill brain tissue
• Subdural hematoma
– Collection of blood below the dura
• Standards for these conditions were revised
in 2004. Please check out TBIs at
Mayoclinic.com for more current
information on diagnostic terminology.
82. Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Slide 7.50
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Commonly called a stroke
The result of a ruptured blood vessel
supplying a region of the brain
Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from
that blood source dies
Loss of some functions or death may
result
83. Alzheimer’s Disease
Slide 7.51
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Progressive degenerative brain disease
Mostly seen in the elderly, but may
begin in middle age
Structural changes in the brain include
abnormal protein deposits and twisted
fibers within neurons
Victims experience memory loss,
irritability, confusion and ultimately,
hallucinations and death
84. Spinal Cord
Slide 7.52
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Extends from the
medulla oblongata to
the region of T12
Below T12 is the cauda
equina (a collection of
spinal nerves)
Enlargements occur in
the cervical and lumbar
regions
Figure 7.18
86. Spinal Cord Anatomy
Slide
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Internal gray matter - mostly cell bodies
Dorsal (posterior) horns
Anterior (ventral) horns
Figure 7.19
88. Spinal Cord Anatomy
Slide 7.54
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Meninges cover the spinal cord
Nerves leave at the level of each
vertebrae
Dorsal root
Associated with the dorsal root ganglia –
collections of cell bodies outside the central
nervous system
Ventral root
89. Peripheral Nervous System
Slide 7.55
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Nerves and ganglia outside the central
nervous system
Nerve = bundle of neuron fibers
Neuron fibers are bundled by
connective tissue
90. Structure of a Nerve
Slide 7.56
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Endoneurium
surrounds each fiber
Groups of fibers are
bound into fascicles
by perineurium
Fascicles are bound
together by
epineurium
Figure 7.20
91. Classification of Nerves
Slide 7.57
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Mixed nerves – both sensory and motor
fibers
Afferent (sensory) nerves – carry
impulses toward the CNS
Efferent (motor) nerves – carry impulses
away from the CNS
95. Autonomic Nervous System
Slide 7.67
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The involuntary branch of the nervous
system
Consists of only motor nerves
Divided into two divisions
Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division
96. Comparison of Somatic and
Autonomic Nervous Systems
Slide 7.69
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97. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous
System
Slide 7.73
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Figure 7.25
98. Autonomic Functioning
Slide
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Sympathetic – “fight-or-flight”
Response to unusual stimulus
Takes over to increase activities
Remember as the “E” division = exercise,
excitement, emergency, and
embarrassment
99. Autonomic Functioning
Slide
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Parasympathetic – housekeeping
activites
Conserves energy
Maintains daily necessary body functions
Remember as the “D” division - digestion,
defecation, and diuresis
100. Development Aspects of the
Nervous System
Slide
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The nervous system is formed during
the first month of embryonic
development
Any maternal infection can have
extremely harmful effects
The hypothalamus is one of the last
areas of the brain to develop
101. Development Aspects of the
Nervous System
Slide
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No more neurons are formed after birth,
but growth and maturation continues for
several years (new evidence!)
The brain reaches maximum weight as
a young adult
However, we can always grow
dendrites!