Angina pectoris above referred to as coronary course malady, is caused by the buildup of whittle core the arteries saunter source oxygen-rich blood for the heart. Break in, a mid of broad, cholesterol, and calcium deposits, rear entertain in the arteries over a long time. They are the standard causes of dying in both ripe and evolvement countries, relation for far one third of circa deaths worldwide. All grow pre-eminent groups may die stranger a heart attack. But older kith and kin are in all directions liable to die than younger people.
Elucidative investigate is bump off outside in Al-Sadr Medical City, from January, 7th to May, 6th 2018, in act to review patients' appeal everywhere curative backup adjacent to angina pectoris in Al- Najaf Borough, and to get it out the association between the demographic evidence , clinical information, dance and mercantile statuses, and the patients' pertinence thither Remedial follow-up. A Non-Probability (Purposive Sample) of (50) respecting regard to patients’ angina pectoris, those who visited Al-Sadr therapeutic Megalopolis, the data were composed skim flip the perseverance of the developed questionnaire after the soldiers are estimated, and by means of interview technique. The validity of the questionnaire is propensity look over (9) experts. The data analyzed through the relation of the expository and inferred statistical analysis procedures.
The alertness of the real anatomize specific depart the diversified imputation for the patient’s attention concerning medicinal follow-up with angina pectoris is moderate.
The assay accomplish focus everywhere is a conspicuous reach of the patient's centered of the woe and medicine, and the social and economic low-down, on the patients' commitment to iatrical follow-up with angina pectoris.
The Critique pertinent that benefit Sine qua non be working (e.g., domicile visits, visits outpatient’s of the medical center) may suspended patients to cope with their medical follow-up program. Forced to be the recommendations have in the offing help in the pedagogical resolve wont for patients hence as to improve their commitment. In helper healthiness, oriented pile media betterment should be employed to mass folk familiarity and knowledge of angina pectoris and the importance of the patient’s commitment to medical follow-up. Beyond hegemony of jugs policies which deliver with the monitoring and information the turn the heat on united with the patients' commitment to medical follow-up.
I. INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
HISTORY
NEED TO STUDY BIOSTATISTICS
SAMPLING
METHODS OF PRESENTATION OF DATA
METHODS OF SUMMARIZING THE DATA
: Measures of Central Tendency
: Mean
: Median
: Mode
: Measures of Dispersion
: range
: Mean deviation
: Standard deviation
: Coefficient of variation
CORRELATION & REGRESSION
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION AND NORMAL CURVE.
METHODS OF ANALYZING THE DATA
SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
A Study On Clinical Profile Of Sepsis Patients In Intensive Care Unit Of A Te...dbpublications
Background : Sepsis is life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection which is one of the most important cause of mortality & morbidity in critically ill patients. In this study clinical profiles of the sepsis patients admitted in ICU in this part of India have been evaluated. Methods & Materials: This prospective hospital based observational study was undertaken in the department of Emergency Medicine ICU of Gauhati Medical College & Hospital, over a period of one year from August 2014 to July 2015 after obtaining institutional ethical committee clearance.
RESULTS: Clinical profiles of 50sepsis patients, with male preponderance (56%) & mortality rate 36% were studied. Mean age was 48.36 years (SD ±17.16). fever & tachycardia were present in all patients. 30 patients (60%) required ventilatory support, 28 patients (56%) required inotropic support, 10 patients (20%) required dialysis. Gram negative bacteria were found to be the predominant pathogens associated with sepsis(73.4%) where most common organism responsible was Klebsiella (36.8%). Conclusion : assessment of clinical signs & initial serological & radiological investigations are of utmost importance to detect more critically ill patients as early as possible to intervene earlier for saving the life of the sepsis patients.
An Observational Study on Epidemiology of Tamaka Shwasa W.S.R to Bronchial As...ijtsrd
Tamaka Shwasa is a major disease of Pranavaha srotas which may disturb the daily activities of an affected individual. The chief doshas involved in pathogenesis of this disease are Vata and Kapha. Ayurvedic explanations under Tamaka Shwasa closely resembles with Bronchial asthma. Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory disease of airways which is characterized by hyper responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to various stimuli. It is manifested physiologically by wide spread narrowing of the air passages, which can be eased spontaneously or as a result of therapy, and clinically by paroxysms of dyspnoea, wheezing and cough. The etiological factors of this disease hints on few epidemiological indicators that has to be revisited in the present scenario. This observational study was conducted in 27 patients to evaluate the epidemiology of Tamaka Shwasa. Datas regarding age, sex, religion, habitat, marital status, socioeconomic status, education, occupation, family history, dietary habit, bowel habit, sleep, addiction, treatment history, chronicity, Deha Prakriti, Manasa Prakriti, Sara, Samhanana, Pramana, Satmya, Satva, Status of Agni, Abhyavaharana Shakti, Jarana Shakti and Vyayama Shakti are thoroughly analysed in this study. Dr. Harsha Radhakrishnan | Dr. Jaya Saklani Kala | Dr. Pranavukumar. C. K "An Observational Study on Epidemiology of Tamaka Shwasa W.S.R to Bronchial Asthma" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47539.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/47539/an-observational-study-on-epidemiology-of-tamaka-shwasa-wsr-to-bronchial-asthma/dr-harsha-radhakrishnan
Study of Congenital Heart Diseases in Pediatric Patientinventionjournals
Introduction: Congenital heart disease is important cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric practice. Objectives: - 1) To establish the diagnosis and find out incidence of CHD in various age group. 2) To study various mode of presentation of various CHDs. 3) To study morbidity and mortality in various CHDs in children. Methodology:- Total 60 cases of congenital heart diseases coming to K.T. Children hospital, Rajkot from July 2016 to November 2016 were studied. Informed consent and detailed history was taken followed by thorough clinical examination as per Performa attached. Echocardiography of all patients was done. School health cards were prepared for the patients having abnormal echocardiography and referred to higher centre for cardiologist opinion. Conclusion:- Correct diagnosis can be made with help of thorough history and clinical examination especially in acyanotic congenital heart diseases. Early diagnosis and timely referral of patient can greatly improve outcome of patients with CHDs.
I. INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
HISTORY
NEED TO STUDY BIOSTATISTICS
SAMPLING
METHODS OF PRESENTATION OF DATA
METHODS OF SUMMARIZING THE DATA
: Measures of Central Tendency
: Mean
: Median
: Mode
: Measures of Dispersion
: range
: Mean deviation
: Standard deviation
: Coefficient of variation
CORRELATION & REGRESSION
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION AND NORMAL CURVE.
METHODS OF ANALYZING THE DATA
SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
A Study On Clinical Profile Of Sepsis Patients In Intensive Care Unit Of A Te...dbpublications
Background : Sepsis is life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection which is one of the most important cause of mortality & morbidity in critically ill patients. In this study clinical profiles of the sepsis patients admitted in ICU in this part of India have been evaluated. Methods & Materials: This prospective hospital based observational study was undertaken in the department of Emergency Medicine ICU of Gauhati Medical College & Hospital, over a period of one year from August 2014 to July 2015 after obtaining institutional ethical committee clearance.
RESULTS: Clinical profiles of 50sepsis patients, with male preponderance (56%) & mortality rate 36% were studied. Mean age was 48.36 years (SD ±17.16). fever & tachycardia were present in all patients. 30 patients (60%) required ventilatory support, 28 patients (56%) required inotropic support, 10 patients (20%) required dialysis. Gram negative bacteria were found to be the predominant pathogens associated with sepsis(73.4%) where most common organism responsible was Klebsiella (36.8%). Conclusion : assessment of clinical signs & initial serological & radiological investigations are of utmost importance to detect more critically ill patients as early as possible to intervene earlier for saving the life of the sepsis patients.
An Observational Study on Epidemiology of Tamaka Shwasa W.S.R to Bronchial As...ijtsrd
Tamaka Shwasa is a major disease of Pranavaha srotas which may disturb the daily activities of an affected individual. The chief doshas involved in pathogenesis of this disease are Vata and Kapha. Ayurvedic explanations under Tamaka Shwasa closely resembles with Bronchial asthma. Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory disease of airways which is characterized by hyper responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to various stimuli. It is manifested physiologically by wide spread narrowing of the air passages, which can be eased spontaneously or as a result of therapy, and clinically by paroxysms of dyspnoea, wheezing and cough. The etiological factors of this disease hints on few epidemiological indicators that has to be revisited in the present scenario. This observational study was conducted in 27 patients to evaluate the epidemiology of Tamaka Shwasa. Datas regarding age, sex, religion, habitat, marital status, socioeconomic status, education, occupation, family history, dietary habit, bowel habit, sleep, addiction, treatment history, chronicity, Deha Prakriti, Manasa Prakriti, Sara, Samhanana, Pramana, Satmya, Satva, Status of Agni, Abhyavaharana Shakti, Jarana Shakti and Vyayama Shakti are thoroughly analysed in this study. Dr. Harsha Radhakrishnan | Dr. Jaya Saklani Kala | Dr. Pranavukumar. C. K "An Observational Study on Epidemiology of Tamaka Shwasa W.S.R to Bronchial Asthma" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47539.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/other/47539/an-observational-study-on-epidemiology-of-tamaka-shwasa-wsr-to-bronchial-asthma/dr-harsha-radhakrishnan
Study of Congenital Heart Diseases in Pediatric Patientinventionjournals
Introduction: Congenital heart disease is important cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric practice. Objectives: - 1) To establish the diagnosis and find out incidence of CHD in various age group. 2) To study various mode of presentation of various CHDs. 3) To study morbidity and mortality in various CHDs in children. Methodology:- Total 60 cases of congenital heart diseases coming to K.T. Children hospital, Rajkot from July 2016 to November 2016 were studied. Informed consent and detailed history was taken followed by thorough clinical examination as per Performa attached. Echocardiography of all patients was done. School health cards were prepared for the patients having abnormal echocardiography and referred to higher centre for cardiologist opinion. Conclusion:- Correct diagnosis can be made with help of thorough history and clinical examination especially in acyanotic congenital heart diseases. Early diagnosis and timely referral of patient can greatly improve outcome of patients with CHDs.
Coronary heart disease is best addressed by a comprehensive approach aimed at halting atherosclerotic disease and reducing the risk of thrombosis. Unfortunately, our success in optimal risk factor modification in patients with stable CHD remains poor: only 41% of patients achieved all basic goals in the recent ISCHEMIA trial, with success rates likely even lower outside the rigorous clinical trial context. A greater focus on achieving prevention goals in patients with CHD will have a substantial impact on patient outcome and rates of hospitalization and more resources and incentives should be allocated for improved secondary prevention.
The ISCHEMIA trial suggests that even selected, high-risk patients with extensive ischemic burden do not benefit from revascularization barring unacceptable angina despite OMT. As ISCHEMIA excluded patients with unacceptable angina, advanced heart failure, and those with unprotected left main disease, our evaluation may be geared to identify such patients for consideration of revascularization alongside an initial strategy of OMT.
Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease of the arterial circulation, with focal areas of more severe manifestation. From an imaging standpoint, the paradigm of ischemia testing may have come to an end. Recent evidence from COURAGE, PROMISE, SCOT-HEART, and ISCHEMIA has demonstrated that functional testing for inducible myocardial ischemia is inferior to anatomic assessment for risk stratifying and managing patients with suspected or known CHD. Consistent with a large body of evidence, risk from CHD is mediated by the extent of atherosclerotic disease burden and not by the extent of inducible ischemia. Given that 55% of patients had nonobstructive CHD by CT in PROMISE, which was associated with 77% of cardiovascular deaths and myocardial infarctions at follow-up, there is immense opportunity to impact the disease at an earlier stage in a very large population of patients with occult CHD.
La primera publicación sobre la Vacuna recombinante, virus vivo, tetravalente para Dengue (CYD-TDV), que muestra la eficacia en dos trials: uno en Asia Pacífico (CYD14 trial) y en Latinoamérica (CYD15 trial), con mas de 31,000 participantes, entre 2 y 16 años de edad.
In this presentation i tried to explain in detail about cohort studies, their types, how to conduct them, their outcomes, and how to calculate sample size of these studies.
Study of fingerprint pattern in patients with diabetes mellitus in a tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Coronary heart disease is best addressed by a comprehensive approach aimed at halting atherosclerotic disease and reducing the risk of thrombosis. Unfortunately, our success in optimal risk factor modification in patients with stable CHD remains poor: only 41% of patients achieved all basic goals in the recent ISCHEMIA trial, with success rates likely even lower outside the rigorous clinical trial context. A greater focus on achieving prevention goals in patients with CHD will have a substantial impact on patient outcome and rates of hospitalization and more resources and incentives should be allocated for improved secondary prevention.
The ISCHEMIA trial suggests that even selected, high-risk patients with extensive ischemic burden do not benefit from revascularization barring unacceptable angina despite OMT. As ISCHEMIA excluded patients with unacceptable angina, advanced heart failure, and those with unprotected left main disease, our evaluation may be geared to identify such patients for consideration of revascularization alongside an initial strategy of OMT.
Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease of the arterial circulation, with focal areas of more severe manifestation. From an imaging standpoint, the paradigm of ischemia testing may have come to an end. Recent evidence from COURAGE, PROMISE, SCOT-HEART, and ISCHEMIA has demonstrated that functional testing for inducible myocardial ischemia is inferior to anatomic assessment for risk stratifying and managing patients with suspected or known CHD. Consistent with a large body of evidence, risk from CHD is mediated by the extent of atherosclerotic disease burden and not by the extent of inducible ischemia. Given that 55% of patients had nonobstructive CHD by CT in PROMISE, which was associated with 77% of cardiovascular deaths and myocardial infarctions at follow-up, there is immense opportunity to impact the disease at an earlier stage in a very large population of patients with occult CHD.
La primera publicación sobre la Vacuna recombinante, virus vivo, tetravalente para Dengue (CYD-TDV), que muestra la eficacia en dos trials: uno en Asia Pacífico (CYD14 trial) y en Latinoamérica (CYD15 trial), con mas de 31,000 participantes, entre 2 y 16 años de edad.
In this presentation i tried to explain in detail about cohort studies, their types, how to conduct them, their outcomes, and how to calculate sample size of these studies.
Study of fingerprint pattern in patients with diabetes mellitus in a tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Life Style for Adult Patients with Hyperthyroidism at Baghdad Teaching Hospitaliosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
A Study to Assess Knowledge Regarding Bronchial Asthma among Adults at Select...ijtsrd
Background The present study was aim to assess the knowledge regarding bronchial asthma among adults at kondancheri village at Thiruvallur district. Materials and Methods the quantitative research approach and Non experimental research design was adopted for present study. 60 adults were selected by convenient sampling technique. Structured questionnaire was used to collect the demographic variable and observation schedule to assess the level of knowledge among adults. Results the study outcome results identified that among 60 study participants The scores were categorized into three categories, namely poor 0–6 , moderate 7–12 , and good 13–19 knowledge score. Poor knowledge has been seen in 10.37 . The mean knowledge score of the participants was 10.24 ± 3.11 and ranged from 4 to 17. There was a negative linear correlation between duration of diagnosis and knowledge score r = 0.16, P 0.05 . A slight positive linear correlation was seen in age and knowledge score r = 0.2, P 0.05 , and a negative linear correlation was spotted in educational status and knowledge score r = 0.24, P 0.05 . Conclusion This study clearly infers that there was, the results of the study indicate a mixed effect of the preventive measures adopted to control bronchial asthma. Regular assessment of these behaviour by some validated tool will be useful to develop management advices. Karpagam. K | Ramya Bharathy. K | - "A Study to Assess Knowledge Regarding Bronchial Asthma among Adults at Selected Village" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59953.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/59953/a-study-to-assess-knowledge-regarding-bronchial-asthma-among-adults-at-selected-village/karpagam-k
Searching for phenotypes of sepsis an application of machine learning to elec...TÀI LIỆU NGÀNH MAY
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What does “patient centricity” really mean and how is it actually done? This was the driving question of the DayOne Experts Meeting in Basel, co-hosted by Arcondis.
Effectiveness of Olive Oil Massage on Fatigue among the Patients Undergoing H...ijtsrd
AIM The present study aim is to assess the Effectiveness of olive oil massage on fatigue among the patients undergoing Haemodialysis at SMCH. METHODS AND MATERIALS A Quantitative with experimental one group pre test post test was used in present study. A Total 30 samples were collected using convenience sampling technique. The demographic variable Assessment of level of fatigue among patients undergoing haemodialysis, Effectiveness of olive oil massage on level of fatigue among patients undergoing haemodialysis was assessed using structured questioner, followed by that data was gathered and analysed. RESULTS The results the study revealed that there is a significant of Effectiveness of olive oil massage on level of fatigue among patients undergoing haemodialysis at the level of p 0.001. CONCLUSION Thus, the present despites that there is a difference in effectiveness of olive oil massage between the pre test and post test which clearly interferes that effectiveness of olive oil massage on fatigue among the patients undergoing haemodialysis was found effective in reducing the fatigue in haemodialysis patients in the post test. Dr. S. Tamilselvi | Ms. S. Pooja "Effectiveness of Olive Oil Massage on Fatigue among the Patients Undergoing Haemodialysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60055.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/60055/effectiveness-of-olive-oil-massage-on-fatigue-among-the-patients-undergoing-haemodialysis/dr-s-tamilselvi
A Comparative Study to Assess the Post Covid Respiratory Status among Tobacco...ijtsrd
Background The present study aims to assess the post COVID respiratory status among the tobacco and non tobacco users. Materials and Methods The quantitative approach with descriptive research design coherent study was conducted in the host institution of Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals. A total of 30 study participants were recruited using purposive sampling technique based on the inclusion criteria, the demographic and clinical data was collected by using a self structured questionnaire and the level of respiratory status was estimated during 1 week. Results The outcome results identified that, among our study shows that among post COVID tobacco users, 15 100 had abnormal forced vital capacity, 12 80 had severe forced expiratory volume, 10 66.7 had severe Fev1 FVC and 14 93.3 had abnormal forced expiratory flow. Whereas among the post COVID non tobacco users, 14 93.3 had normal forced vital capacity, 12 80 had normal forced expiratory volume, 11 73.3 had normal Fev1 FVC and 12 80 had normal forced expiratory flow. Conclusion This study assessed there was significant difference in the level of post COVID respiratory status among the tobacco and non tobacco users. Parimala. L | Rathina Priya. V "A Comparative Study to Assess the Post Covid Respiratory Status among Tobacco and Non-Tobacco Users at SMCH in Thandalam" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60041.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/60041/a-comparative-study-to-assess-the-post-covid-respiratory-status-among-tobacco-and-nontobacco-users-at-smch-in-thandalam/parimala-l
Determine the Patients' Satisfaction Concerning In-hospital Information Progr...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
Nursing Evidence Based Practice PPT for BSN Nurses.
This ppt assess effectiveness of using NPWT for DFUs with providing highest level of evidence. DFUs are a prevalent issue in many countries and is treated via dressings which take a long time to heal but utilizing this method will certainly make the recovery faster.
Similar to Estimate of the Patients Commitment Concerning Medical Follow-Up with Angina Pectoris in Al - Najaf Al - Ashraf City (20)
In Vitro Shoot Regeneration and Rooting of Piper Longum L.: A valuable Medici...AnuragSingh1049
Piper longum L (Long pepper), of family Piperaceae, is an important medicinal plant in Sri Lanka. Cultivation of Piper longum L. till recently was not very common and still it is extensively collected from the wild owing to the increasing demand from the pharmaceutical industry, threatening the very existence of the plant. Poor seed viability and low germination, scanty and delayed rooting of vegetative cuttings restrict its propagation through sexual and vegetative propagation methods indicating a need of alternative approaches such as in vitro techniques for large scale propagation of this medicinally important plant. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop an effective in vitro propagation protocol for Long pepper using nodal segments as ex plants, obtained from a shade house grown mature plant. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium was used throughout the experiment. For shoot proliferation, MS medium supplemented with combination of 1-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), Kinetin (KIN) and different levels of N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) were used. In vitro rooting was achieved to 50% strength MS basal medium containing 1mg/L. The highest frequency of multiple shoot regeneration, that is 87.5% and the maximum number of, 36-40 shoots/ex plants in one sub culture (within 8 weeks after inoculation) were observed in MS media containing BAP (3 mg/L), KIN (0.5mg/L) and NAA (0.2mg/L). The maximum number of roots (6-8 per plantlet) were obtained in 50% MS basal medium + glucose (15 g/L) + Ascorbic acid (100 mg/ L) and gelled with 0.8% (w/v) agar supplemented with NAA (1 mg/L). In vitro rooted shoots were successfully acclimatized in the shade house conditions. Therefore, it is possible to deduce that the current protocol is promising for in vitro mass propagation of Piper longum L. to solve the reproduction and cultivation problem of the plant.
Synthesis and Microstructure CaTiO3 coating by Sol-Gel Spin-Coating ProcessAnuragSingh1049
Recently, Calcium Titanate has been introduced as a bioactive bioceramic with acceptable mechanical and better biological properties compared to hydroxyapatite for orthopaedic implant applications. In this study, CaTiO3 nano-structure coating was produced by sol-gel spin-coating route for biomedical applications. Calcium oxide and titanium isopropoxide were used as a precursor for the sol-gel spin-coating. After coating process, the specimen was subjected to heating in oven at 100oC for 24 hours and the sample was heated at 800°C for 2 hours. The phase structure and surface morphology of coating were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, it concluded that the uniform crack-free nano-structured CaTiO3 coatings could be used for the biomedical application.
Assessment of Flow Control using Passive Devices around Bluff BodiesAnuragSingh1049
This article presents a review study on the experimental investigation of aerodynamic force on a car like bluff bodies along with the simulations using different turbulence models used in CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). The aim of the study is to find a useful method for the better design of a car body. It was observed that combination of wind tunnel experiments and CFD computation can lead to better aerodynamic design. Significant reduction in coefficient of the lift and drag for a car model were found when a more streamlined body design was adopted. Appropriate change in the slant angle for the car body can significantly reduce the fuel consumption. Also, the use of simulations in combination with the experimental observations helps in predicting the flow behavior more accurately.
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Association Augments Antioxidant Activity of ...AnuragSingh1049
The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza treatment on antioxidant activity of leaves of Vitex negundo. Mycorrhiza spores were added to the plants at different time intervals the plants were catergoried as T1, T2, T3 and T4 according to treatments. T1 plants are control while T2, T3 and T4 plants received treatment of spores for one time, twice at intervals of 30 days and every day for 15 days till harvesting. After harvesting and processing of the leaves, methanolic extracts were prepared by maceration and designated as MEVNT1, MEVNT2, MEVNT3 and MEVNT4. The extracts were studied for quantitative analysis of antioxidant phytoconstituents (total phenolic, flavonoid and ascorbic acid contents) and in vitro antioxidant property in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, reducing power assay, anti-lipid peroxidation assay. Methanol extract of V. negundo leaves and ascorbic acid showed significant scavenging of (p < 0.05) DPPH free radicals, reducing potential, hydroxyl radical scavenging and anti-lipid peroxidation effect. Among these parameters, IC50 value of MEVNT4 was lowest among all extracts in almost all parameters studied besides its high content of antioxidant phytochemicals. The results indicated that Mycorrhiza treatment caused marked elevation on antioxidant status of the plant. It further states that single treatment or treatment of long intermittent duration may have lesser potential to affect the antioxidant profile that the continuous treatment period. This suggested that the treatment have tendency to augment the concentration or effect of antioxidant present in the leaves.
Membrane Electrode Assembly based on Sulfonated Polystyrene as Proton Exchang...AnuragSingh1049
A novel membrane electrode assembly(MEA) basedonsulfonated polystyrene was synthesized and applied to a microbial fuel cell (MFCs). In this study, membrane electrode assembly made of sulfonated polystyrene (SPS) and nafion membrane were fabricated by combining 20% AgNO3/C catalystink. The performance of membrane electrode assemblybased sulfonated polystyrene (SPS) and nafion were evaluated by measuring proton conductivity and power density.This sulfonated polystyrene of membrane electrode assembly(SPS-MEA) revealed power density was higher than that nafion non activated membrane, this is considered for membrane application of proton exchange membrane (PEM). The presence of sulfonation groups of polystyrene was characterized by Fouriertransform infrared (FTIR) and nuclearmagnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The membranetopographybefore and after the fuel cell process treatment was investigatedby atomicforce microscopy (AFM).
Phytochemical Analysis of Catharanthus Roseus L. (G.) DON. AnuragSingh1049
Catharanthus roseus is a medicinal herb found to have two pharmaceutically important compounds viz., vinblastine and vincristine. The plant is found in many tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Therefore, theyield of these vinca alkaloids are varied at different geographical regions depending on the climatic conditions.Being a source of these important secondary metabolites, an extensive study has been carried out on this plant. The plant is in high demand worldwide due to its medicinal applications specifically the anti-cancerous.The present research work gives an account of the various phytochemicals derived from the plant at our selected location. The results highlight the biotechnological prospects of an efficient and alternative means of production of valuable metabolites from Catharanthus roseus.The present phytochemical investigations explore active constituents which are very significant in drug development. The study revealed a notable anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activity of methanolic extract of the dry leaves of this plant.
Multidrug resistant microorganisms are globally becoming a major confrontment because of illogical use of antibiotics and this played a good role in investigation about the antibacterial compounds in plants. Thus, the present study investigate for the antibacterial effect of alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes , CommiphoramyrrhaL. gums and Ginkgo biloba L. leaves products against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plants samples extracted by soxhlet with methanol and fractionation with and four solution ( chloroform, hexane, water and ethyl acetate) were used for investigation about antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method. The results showed that methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of C. longa L. rhizomes , C. myrrha L. gums showed biological activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria, but methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of G. biloba L. leaves product didn’t show any activity as antibacterial substance. It can be concluded that the presence of secondary metabolites as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and saponins in the plants under study would be marked a good anti-bacterial effect.
Antioxidant biosensor based on D. radiodurans biofilm has been investigated in this research. The biofilm producing SOD enzymes were immobilized on SPCE surface. Optimization of experimental measurements were carried out by the response surface method. The optimum value obtained was at the buffer pH 7, suspension pH 6, and optical density (OD) 0.5. The morphology of SPCE surfaces was characterized by SEM. The optimum result was used to determinate analytical performance, including linearity, sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantity (LOQ), precision, selectivity, stability, and repeatability. Linearity was achieved in the xanthine concentration range of 0.1-0.6 mM with the equation y = 40.79x + 57.173 and R² = 0.99. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant KMwas evaluated. It was found that the biosensor had alow KMof 40 μM. LOD and LOQ respectively 40.8 μM and 123.7 μM with sensitivity 40.79 μA mM-1. Precision showed that RSD was less than 5%. Stability was measured for 35 days andretained 90% of current for the period. Repeatability showedRSD ≤ 5%. The selectivity of this method still needs to increase. In conclusion, antioxidant biosensor based on D. radioduransbiofilm may be used to measure the capacity of antioxidant products practically.
A person who has completed a basic nursing education programmed and is licensed in his\her country to practice professional nursing is a professional nurse. This paper aims to identify public perception of nursing as a profession. Method: A comprehensive systematic search of published literature and journal articles from PubMed and EBSCOHOST databases was done. Search strategy specific to each database was used. During initial search 1642 titles were retrieved and after screening 11 articles were selected for full text screening. Finally 5 research articles were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Result: Out of 5 articles, 3 research studies finding showed positiveperception of nursing as a profession. Almost all of participant in these study perceived nursing as anopportunity to serve humanity; Participants agreed that our prejudice society has great influence on nursing students in choosing nursing profession as their career. Conclusion: The social media having an impact over imageof nursing as a profession. As several study findings showedthatnursing career is not respected career, society have negative view to the nursing profession. Because of this image students don’t want to choose nursing as their profession. On other hand some study results says that nursing students are motivated by extrinsic factor such as good salary, stability and low stress.
A quest towardsfashiondesignprotectionmodelfortheintellectualpropertyrightsgl...AnuragSingh1049
The aim is to develop a comprehensive fashion design protection (FDP) model based on the intellectual property rights (IPRs) global regime, recent advances in cutting-edge digital technologies, and anti-counterfeiting treaty agreement (ACTA) policies to combat piracy and counterfeiting. The research methodology utilizes literature review, and relevant databases analytics that facilitates broad keywords search, and identifies high-quality peer-reviewed papers to obtain a perspective on the current situation of IPRs globally for smart fashion wearables (SFW). This conceptual research enriches four main contributions creating invaluable knowledge in the literature : (i) describes the correlation between innovation, intellectual capital (IC), intellectual property (IP), piracy, and counterfeiting, (ii) introduction of three recent advances in cutting-edge digital technologies (smart monitoring system, smart traceability system and 4D printing) that offer on/offline adequate protection to combat piracy and counterfeiting, (iii) a multi-pronged strategy is developedto introduce a comprehensive model that integrates the IPRs classifications (Trademark, Trade dress, Copyright, Patent, Industrial Design, Sui Generis, and Trade Secrets), ACTA enforcement principles, three advanced technology systems to attain vigorous IPRs protection for the fashion industry globally, and (iv) demonstrates the FDP model to serve as an quintessential educational framework for academia, practice guide for fashion industry practitioners, policy makers, IP law practitioners, technology developers and non-profit organizations (NPOs).
This study was conducted to detect the presence of some active compounds in the extract of Alhagi maurorum plant, which was extracted by soxhlet using methanol as a solvent. The chemical survey showed the presence of glycosides, tannins, alkaloids and phenolic in the studied plant.The anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extract had been studied in vitro by two methods , albumin denaturation inhibition test and hemolysis stimulated by heating test and results showed the effectiveness of the Alhagi maurorum plant extract with compared to standard medicine (Aspirin) and negative control groups.
A study onwomenentrepreneurshipinharyanatheirdevelopmentandmainconstraintsAnuragSingh1049
Increased female entrepreneurial activity heralds a progress for women’s rights and optimization of their economic and social living index. Women entrepreneurship is synonymous with women empowerment. Parallel to the male counterparts, female entrepreneurs are catalytic in job creation, innovation and more than tangible contribution to the GNP of the country. An economy thrives when women get a level playing field as men. Innovation works as a catalyst or an instrument for Entrepreneurship. Indian Women, despite all the social hurdles stand tall from the rest of the crowd and are applauded for their achievements in their respective field. The transformation of social fabric of the Indian society, in terms of increased educational status of women and varied aspirations for better living, necessitated a change in the life style of Indian women. This paper endeavors to explore studies related to Women Entrepreneurship and Innovation in India. Few examples from Haryana, India have been taken to understand the study in a better way.
This comprehensive review is on the dominance of digital technology in fashion design, aesthetics, and profound jounce on the values of individuals in contemporary society. A commensurate understanding of the relationship between digital technology, aesthetics and fashion design is essential to examine the developments, transformation, and socio-cultural surprises in the years to come. Hence, the aim of this research is to bequeath insight and impart new knowledge to the literature encapsulating the following complex interplay between digital technology, fashion design and aesthetics impacting the psychological influences and emotional contagion in the society : (i) introduction of the world of wearables (WOW) that crosses boundaries between many disciplines using wearable operating system (WOS), (ii) describes the indispensable pillars of design imagination that express the product’s defining points of importance, (iii) demonstrates digital transformation is a mindset than about technology for the fashion design and development process, (iv) reveals aesthetics as 5C (comfort, communication, care, convenience, and context of usability) experience that actualize user bond and loyalty, (v) justifies fusion of digital technology, aesthetics, and fashion design that offers an array of amazing advantages that creates value for the consumer, (vi) characterizes the power of digital technology on fashion industry creating pervasive phenomenon in the contemporary society, (vii) deliberation and critical rumination on the fashion designer- a bridge between the technology and the consumer that prominence the socio-cultural changes globally, (viii) concludes “less is more” is a key guideline for smart fashion wearable (SFW) design and substantiates that designers will not succeed until it is designed from the fashion perspective – not as technology that can be worn, but as fashion design that contains technology.
The problem of environmental pollution is more expressed and more present by the development of the industry and the growth of the human population. Pollution of natural and wastewater is most often due to the release of heavy metals into watercourses. The greatest challenge for researchers is choosing the right biomass from a large number of low-cost biomaterials, and availability and price are very important selection factors. Microbial biomass, forestry waste and agroindustrial complexes are most frequently examined, as well as various macromolecules of natural origin. In this paper, barley straw that arises as agricultural waste product in barley production in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was used as a biosorbent. In the experimental part, physical and chemical characterization of barley straw was performed, after which the efficiency of removing Cd(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solutions, using barley straw, and the influence of process parameters (pH value of aqueous solution, biosorbent size, interaction of metal ions) on the biosorption capacity were tested. It can be concluded that barley straw has good adsoption characteristics for the use as a low-cost natural sorbent for the removal of heavy metals from water.
Working Women and Their Professional Life in Modern SocietyAnuragSingh1049
India is a traditional country and there is diversity in religions, culture and customs. Role of the women in India mostly is household and limited to domestic issues. In some cases women can find employment as nurses, doctors, teachers the caring and nurturing sectors. But even if well qualified women engineers or managers or geologists are available, preference will be given to a male of equal qualification. The present study investigated to identify the factors preventing women employees from aspiring for higher post and challenges & problems faced by women workers. Further the study try to explain the real condition of Indian working women and also make an effort to clear main problems of working women.
Girish Karnad Yayati and how it’s portray the cultural values of people, condition of caste system and woman in our society. Karnad was keen observer of Indian Society and he is successful to provide a realistic picture of corrupted souls of Indian Society.
Beauty of Love in Rabindranath Tagore's PoemsAnuragSingh1049
Rabindranath Tagore was a great poet of love and affection. In most of his creations he has presented the beauty of love in it's different forms. Tagore’s poetry primarily deals with love –love for humanity, love for divinity and love for nature. His early poetry is concerned with man’s love for lady, but his later poetry is mainly concerned with man’s love and longing for God’s beauty and love. The treatment of physical love in his poetry is without exaggeration and is well within the bounds of Indian culture. In his later and mature forms of literature it is his love for God that described vigorously.
A Study on Domestic Politics and International RelationsAnuragSingh1049
A significant andgrowing literature on international relations (IR) argues that domestic politics is typically an important part of the explanation for states’ foreign policies, and seeks to understand its influence more precisely. I argue that what constitutes a “domestic-political” explanation of a state’s foreign policy choices has not been clearly elaborated. What counts as a domestic-political explanation is defined by opposition to systemic or structural explanations. But these may be specified in several different ways—I spell out two—each of which implies a different concept of domesticpolitical explanations. If a systemic IR theory pictures states as unitary, rational actors, then a domestic-political explanation is one in which domesticpolitical interactions in atleast one state yield a suboptimal foreign policy relative to some normative standard. Or, if a systemic IR theory pictures states as unitary, rational actors and also requires that attributes of particular states not enter the explanation, then a domestic-political explanation is any one that involves state characteristics other than relative power. Implications of each approach are developed, and examples from the literature are provided. I also address the question of whether there is a sharp distinction between a “systemic theory of international politics” and a “theory of foreign policy,” arguing that there is an important and natural sense in which they are the same.
A Review on Women’s Role in Economic Development in IndiaAnuragSingh1049
In preparation of the Survey on theRole of Indian Women in Development, collaboration was maintained with members of the United Nations Inter-Agency Network on Women and Gender Equality (IANWGE), including, inter alia, the International Labour Organization; the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS; the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights; Population Division of the United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs; the Statistics Division of the United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs; the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; and the United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime. IANWGE members provided substantive inputs, commented on several drafts, and guided the formulation of recommendations. The International Organization on Migration also contributed substantively.Looking at the above opportunities, India has also supported many women entrepreneurs by providing loans and advances, helping them to establish their business, making them self-sufficient by providing vocational skills, and creating many jobs for other women in the respective areas. These opportunities are need-based in India, and many factors are driving these forces.
Spirituality and Attitude towards Death among Senior Citizens with Special Re...AnuragSingh1049
Death is an unpredictable and undeniable event that occurs in everyone’s life regardless of age, time, place etc. One of the common experiences for those are unprepared for this reality is Anxiety. The attitude of senior citizens towards death vary from person to person and they adopt different strategies to cope with their anxieties. Spiritual practice is one of the coping strategies adopted by senior citizens. The present study tries to examine the association between spirituality and attitudes towards death among 100 senior citizens ( 65 years and above) in residential houses and in old age homes. Participants were asked to respond to two different questionnaires namely, Death Attitude Profile-Revised developed by Wong, Recker, Gosser (1994) and Spirituality Experience Index- Revised developed by Genia, V (1991) including a 32-item and 23-item respectively. Data was collected during March-April, 2018 by using SPSS software and data were analysed using the statistical tools namely, simple percentages, means, standard deviation, Pearson's correlation, t-Test and ANOVA. The scale had a high level of internal consistency, as determined by a Cronbach's alpha of 0.712. The study concludes that higher the level of spirituality (spiritual openness) lower the level of fear of death. Those with higher level of spirituality avoid thinking and talking about death to be away from anxiety. There is a negative correlation between spirituality and positive dimension of attitude towards death (Escape acceptance) higher the level of spirituality, lower the attitude towards escape acceptance (death as an escape from a painful existence) but there was no correlation between spiritual support and any of the death attitude dimensions.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Estimate of the Patients Commitment Concerning Medical Follow-Up with Angina Pectoris in Al - Najaf Al - Ashraf City
1. 26 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
ISSN: 2349-8889
Volume-7, Issue-1 (January 2020)
https://doi.org/10.31033/ijrasb.7.1.5
International Journal for Research in
Applied Sciences and Biotechnology
www.ijrasb.com
Estimate of the Patients Commitment Concerning Medical Follow-Up
with Angina Pectoris in Al - Najaf Al - Ashraf City
Adil Abdul Zahrah Atiyah1
, Ahmed Kadhim Khashalah Al-Zurfy2
, Maha Salah Razzaq3
and Rawnaq Hussain AL-
GHrebawi4
1
Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Nursing, Institute of higher Health, Al Najaf Health Directorate, IRAQ
2
Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Nursing, Institute of higher Health, Al Najaf Health Directorate, IRAQ
3Department of Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Nursing, University of Kufa, IRAQ
4
Department of Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Nursing, University of Kufa, IRAQ
3
Corresponding Author: maha.s.alnafagh@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Angina pectoris above referred to as coronary
course malady, is caused by the buildup of whittle core
the arteries saunter source oxygen-rich blood for the
heart. Break in, a mid of broad, cholesterol, and calcium
deposits, rear entertain in the arteries over a long time.
They are the standard causes of dying in both ripe and
evolvement countries, relation for far one third of circa
deaths worldwide. All grow pre-eminent groups may die
stranger a heart attack. But older kith and kin are in all
directions liable to die than younger people.
Elucidative investigate is bump off outside in
Al-Sadr Medical City, from January, 7th to May, 6th
2018, in act to review patients' appeal everywhere
curative backup adjacent to angina pectoris in Al- Najaf
Borough, and to get it out the association between the
demographic evidence , clinical information, dance and
mercantile statuses, and the patients' pertinence thither
Remedial follow-up. A Non-Probability (Purposive
Sample) of (50) respecting regard to patients’ angina
pectoris, those who visited Al-Sadr therapeutic
Megalopolis, the data were composed skim flip the
perseverance of the developed questionnaire after the
soldiers are estimated, and by means of interview
technique. The validity of the questionnaire is propensity
look over (9) experts. The data analyzed through the
relation of the expository and inferred statistical analysis
procedures.
The alertness of the real anatomize specific
depart the diversified imputation for the patient’s
attention concerning medicinal follow-up with angina
pectoris is moderate.
The assay accomplish focus everywhere is a
conspicuous reach of the patient's centered of the woe and
medicine, and the social and economic low-down, on the
patients' commitment to iatrical follow-up with angina
pectoris.
The Critique pertinent that benefit Sine qua non
be working (e.g., domicile visits, visits outpatient’s of the
medical center) may suspended patients to cope with their
medical follow-up program. Forced to be the
recommendations have in the offing help in the
pedagogical resolve wont for patients hence as to improve
their commitment. In helper healthiness, oriented pile
media betterment should be employed to mass folk
familiarity and knowledge of angina pectoris and the
importance of the patient’s commitment to medical
follow-up. Beyond hegemony of jugs policies which
deliver with the monitoring and information the turn the
heat on united with the patients' commitment to medical
follow-up.
Keywords-- Estimate, Patients Commitment, Medical
Follow-up, Angina Pectoris.
I. INTRODUCTION
Angina pectoris was clique as cherished pound
or terror suitable to coronary heart disease and scored in
accordance adjacent to the Canadian Cardiovascular
Society. Dyspnea was unvarying as laconicism of air and
graded group according to the Precedent-setting York
bottom pact (1). Angina is definitely a acute lingering
misery and patient’s draught of limit is dramatically
backward appropriate to base dysfunction, popular
medication, and heavy economic along with
psychological burden. Coronary stent shoot, a at large old
painkiller for CHD, has been valid by many cardiologists
as ineffectual cognizance to lessen patients’ pain and also
improve their active engagement (2). Angina is
coordinated with many lifestyles in point of fact (e.g.
joining, physical activity, smoking, and stress). Manifest
powers that be support an association between a single
galore of dietary factors and patterns with coronary heart
disease. Lassitude of harvest and create manifesto be
heart sympathetic and 'commitment to a “Mediterranean
diet” decreases the punt of Angina events and mortality
rate (3).
II. METHODOLOGY
Set-up Interpretative restrict was rag broadly in
performance to wind up the early stated objectives. The
life-span of the test was foreign January, 7th to May, 6th
2018. The take apart was conducted in Al-Sadr Medical
City. A Non-Probability (Purposive Sample) of (50) in all
directions patients’ angina pectoris, those who visited Al-
2. 27 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
ISSN: 2349-8889
Volume-7, Issue-1 (January 2020)
https://doi.org/10.31033/ijrasb.7.1.5
International Journal for Research in
Applied Sciences and Biotechnology
www.ijrasb.com
Sadr curative City for treatment was included in the
critique sample. The figures has been unperturbed thumb
the bearing of the appropriate questionnaire dash the
effective and honesty are seem like and allot up the
subjects who are excluding interviewed, by acquisition
the Arabic abbreviation of the questionnaire, by the
corresponding questionnaire for all those subjects who
are included in the study sample. The evidence collecting
functioning has been administered distance from January,
7th to 20th 2018. Unendingly point takes stay away from
around (20-30) minute to complete the interview. The
statistical evidence review approaches was worn in
achievement to analyze the evidence of the study
downstairs entreaty of the statistical package (SPSS) ver.
(20), and the Microsoft sick (2010). Matter were
presented take advantage of explanatory the in from of
frequencies and Percentages. Epitome Evidence tables
over: Mean, Mean of scores (M.S), important deviation
(SD). Pal sufficiency (R.S): worn to dissect of the
patient's devotion in the air medical bolstering wide
angina pectoris by three grades (good, fair, poor).
Person's supporting coefficient: was old to pieces the
apogee reliability through the application. Chi- region
test: second-hand to round up publicly the combination
between of the patient's utilization and their demographic
data and clinical data.
III. RESULTS
Table 1: Demographic Characteristic of the Study Sample
Demographic Data Groups Freq. Percent
Age
27 - 39 4 8.0
40 - 52 13 26.0
53 – 65 33 66.0
Total 50 100.0
Mean ± SD 55.86 ± 10.17
Gender
Male 18 36.0
Female 32 64.0
Total 50 100.0
Marital Status
Single 0 0
Married 26 52.0
Widow 21 42.0
Divorced 3 6.0
Total 50 100.0
Residency
Urban 44 88.0
Rural 6 12.0
Total 50 100.0
Occupational Status
Governmental employee 5 10.0
Free job 8 16.0
Retired 6 12.0
Unemployed 31 62.0
Total 50 100.0
Education level
Can't to read and write 30 60.0
Able to read and write 7 14.0
Primary school 6 12.0
Intermediate school 1 2.0
Secondary school 5 10.0
Institutes or College 1 2.0
Master or Doctorate 0 0
Total 50 100.0
Family type
Nuclear (smaller family) 11 22.0
Extended (bigger family) 39 78.0
Total 50 100.0
Type of housing Owned 39 78.0
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Rented 11 22.0
Other 0 0
Total 50 100.0
Possession of car
Yes 18 36.0
No 32 64.0
Total 50 100.0
This syllabus evince the majority of the
contemplation sample was lifetime group within the (53 -
65) ages (66%), with mean and average deviation equal to
55.86 ± 10.17. The gender, the ancestry of the study
match was female (64%). Concerning the marital status,
the adulthood of the muse sample was wed
(52%).Moreover (88%) of them were living residential
oppida range. However, unemployed was (62%).
Concerning open of education, the rise showed that most
of the meditation try pieces were cannot to tell and
inscribe (60%), while the class semblance showed that
inference of extended (bigger patronymic) (78%). Type
of housing inference of owned (78%). Regarding the
possession of carriage, the event showed that most of the
ponder relish no (64%).
Table 2: Distribution of the Study Sample by their Clinical Data
Clinical data Groups Freq. Percent
Diagnosis
Stable Angina 24 48.0
Unstable Angina 26 52.0
Total 50 100.0
Duration of the disease years
1 – 6 43 86.0
7 – 13 6 12.0
14 – 20 1 2.0
Total 50 100.0
Mean ± SD 3.42 ± 3.62
Number of previous hospitalizations
1 – 8 43 86.0
9 – 17 5 10.0
18 – 25 2 4.0
Total 50 100.0
Mean ± SD 5.66 ± 4.78
Receiving of health education
Yes 48 96.0
No 2 4.0
Total 50 100.0
Sources of the received health education
Physician 48 96.0
Not receive health education 2 4.0
Total 50 100.0
This table reveal that more than imperfectly of
the meditation trypiece were suffering from unstable
angina (52%), in estimate to the duration of illness, the
higher backwardation (86%) of the enduring had (1-6) for
ever with indicate and standard deviation equitable to
3.42 ± 3.62. Relative to the scalar of fore hospitalization,
most of the ponder obnoxious (86%) were admit to the
hospitals (1-8) set beforehand with mean and standard
wandering equal to 5.66 ± 4.78. Concerning receiving
health breeding near the iatrical maintain-up, the results
guide that the majority of the contemplation suffer health
education (96%). However, most of the ponder match
with observe to their rise of the embrace tone training, the
arise denote that the meridian contango is (96%) from
physician.
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Table 3: Overall Assessment of the Patients' Commitment Concerning Medical Follow-up with Angina Pectoris
Patients' Commitment
Main Domains
Rating Freq. Perc. % M.S S.D
Chi-Square
Asse.
χ
2
d.f P-value Sig.
Follow Up
Good 10 20.0
1.700 0.788 7.000 2 0.303 N.S PoorFair 15 30.0
Poor 25 50.0
This table explains that patients' everywhere
assessment for of patients' consignment concerning
medical chase-up with angina pectoris was lean.
Figure 1: Distribution of the study subjects by their overall assessment for of patients' warranty importance
medical follow-up with angina pectoris
Table 4: Association between the Sample Demographical Data with their Overall Assessment of the Patients'
Commitment Concerning Medical Follow-up with Angina Pectoris
Demographic
characteristics
Rating
Overall patients'
Commitment
Chi-Square
Poor Fair Good χ2
d.f P-value Sig.
Age
27 - 39 4 0 0
25.757 4 0.000 H.S40 - 52 13 0 0
53 - 65 8 15 10
Gender
Male 7 6 5
1.649 2 0.139 N.S
Female 18 9 5
Marital Status
Single 0 0 0
0.981 4 0.449 N.S
Married 13 8 5
Widowed 10 6 5
Divorced 2 1 0
Residency
Urban 24 13 7
4.608 2 0.03 S
Rural 1 2 3
Occupational Status Governmental employee 1 3 1 17.637 6 0.001 H.S
0
10
20
30
40
50
GoodFairPoor
Good
Fair
Poor
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Free job 0 3 5
Retired 4 1 1
Unemployed 20 8 3
Level of education
Can't to read and write 19 7 4
15.347 10 0.007 H.S
Able to read and write 2 1 4
Primary school 3 2 1
Intermediate school 0 1 0
Secondary school 1 3 1
Institutes or College 0 1 0
Master or Doctorate 0 0 0
Family type
Nuclear (smaller family) 7 3 1
1.398 2 0.175 N.S
Extended (bigger family) 18 12 9
Type of housing
Owned 20 13 6
2.602 2 0.221 N.SRented 5 2 4
Other 0 0 0
Possession of car
Yes 10 6 2
1.388 2 0.221 S
No 15 9 8
This schedule tell that there was a high
important union between the everywhere patients'
condemnation interest medical succeed-up with their
(date, occupational status, and open of training) at p-value
less than 0.01. There was a token (residence, possession
of vehicle) at p-appraise less than 0.05, moreover no-
symbol union with their (sort, marital status, patronymic
symbol, sign of housing) at p-regard more than 0.05.
Table 5: Association between the Sample Clinical Data with their Overall Assessment of the Patients' Commitment
Concerning Medical Follow-up with Angina Pectoris
Clinical Data Rating
Overall Patients'
Commitment
Chi-Square
Good Fair Poor χ2
d.f P-value Sig.
Diagnosis
Stable Angina 13 6 5
0.560 2 0.459 N.S
Unstable Angina 12 9 5
Duration of the disease / Years
1 - 6 25 15 3
32.558 4 0.000 H.S7 - 13 0 0 6
14 - 20 0 0 1
Number of hospitalizations
1 - 8 25 15 3
32.558 4 0.000 H.S9 - 17 0 0 5
18 - 25 0 0 2
Receiving a health education
Yes 24 14 10
0.694 2 0.553 N.S
No 1 1 0
Sources of received health education
Physician 1 1 0
0.694 2 0.550 N.S
Not receive health education 24 14 10
This table prove that there a lofty symbol union
between the overall patients' condemnation concerning
physical accompany-up with their clinical data including
(term of the disease, scalar of hospitalizations) at p-utility
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less than 0.01 moreover no-token union with their
(diagnosis, receiving a healthfulness teaching, sources of
accept health instruction) at p-esteem more than 0.05.
IV. DISCUTION
The samples of date body, results indicate that
supercilious percentages of the contemplation sample of
the old were within (52 - 65) years. The angina pectoris
compose a capacious percentage of the secondary
prevention groups and this knot is characterized by older
age (85%) which are more than 52 years (Saghir and
Qamar; 2008); (Longmore, et al, 2011) (4) (5)
.
Regarding to marital status, the majority of study
sample were married, this result is agreed with they
indicate regarding to husbandly state, the superiority of
muse prospect were connubial, this result is consent with
(Buckland, et al, 2009); (Heran, et al, 2011) that indicate
that the zenith percentage was mated patients. In addition,
it's clear that the patients in the same generation were
often married when compared with those with early age
block (6) (7)
.
The superiority of the residence from the ponder
try was urban; the rustic to cultivated migration
throughout low and concentrate income countries action a
push in individual cardio possibility. There were few data
with the predominance of cardiovascular system diseases
in congelation up countries, while the understanding
etiology of angina pectoris is entangle with the difficulty
in calculating it across other style of populations. The
effect of this stream meditation conducts that almost all
the sample lodging at townish housing extent, the swatch
lively at polite region. This event comes along with
whose issue imply that the majority of the studies
obnoxious were reside in big cities rather than the
countryside (Zaman, et al, 2010) 8)
.
In adjunct that the ancestors of the ponder
substance were active in cultivated residentiary extent,
and the remaining to quickening in the campestral once
(Ogunmola, et al, 2013) (9)
, Their study unveil a high
scale of patients in the mediate and his risk for angina
pectoris; they indigence water-closet preventive
interposition tactics to be part of healthfulness care
program me in the campestral setting of developing
countries, and the need for clinicians to consider risk
assessment as part of long-suffering appraisement.
In addition, there are results of the angina that
send to a modern scourge of industrialized fellowship.
Moreover the angina pectoris may increase event among
those persons in urban residential area (Holmberg, et al,
2009) (3)
.
Regarding the ponder subjects sort, the results
denote, that the high percentages of the contemplation
prospect were males. Current study (Dijkstra, et al, 2008);
(Firoozabadi, et al, 2014); (Kramer, et al, 2012) rise is in
rake with that the masculine is the ascendant breed for
patients with angina pectoris (10), (11), (12)
. The differences
entrails the broad scope of sanity and sickness have been
the force matter of extensive perscrutation, and are also
generally underdeveloped more attention with nursing.
Male and female punctuate other aspects of their spirit
when evaluating their rank horizontal of life in addition to
life indemnification.
Concerning the instructive direct, the higher
percentages were for those who are tapered from primary
schools. This spring harmonize with all of the
contemplation finds that the superiority of the study
obnoxious were at elementary multitude graduated
(Geulayov, et al, 2013); (Weston, et al, 2008) (13), (14)
.
Regarding occupational condition, the high percentages
the out of work (cotquean, unskilled workers as laborers,
farmers, unforeseen workers) syn by the service patients.
These finding may interpret that most of the females were
in advanced old age exalt to product in their inn because
of the alteration in the material status, and maintain with
indicate that the highest percentages are for loafing
patients.
In respecting to the diagnosis, the maintenance
of this meditation measured that the higher percentages
were for angina pectoris (Weilu, et al, 2011) (15)
. This
result was maintain with the (Hofer, et al, 2012);
(Bhupathiraju & Tucker, 2011) their meditation
registered that the violent percentages of their study
trypiece were pain from heart diseases (16) (17)
.
Regarding to the longitude of disease, the higher
percentages are for those who sustain from the ailment
for (1-5 years).
Relative to the enumerate of precedent
hospitalization, the higher percentage is for those who are
acknowledged to the lazaret previously (1-5 times). This
verdict can interpret by the patients who were admitted to
the infirmary and who were often suffering, and the more
firm patients are being suit with their sickness, and often
depend on the medical maintain-up without the need to be
acknowledged to the pesthouse except it is denoted.
It is known in Iraqi hospitals and in the
knowledge of jab narration published by the
instrumentality of sanity, that the physician is the person
who bears the first meeting with patients, and provides
the haleness education to the patients.
Concerning the receiving of health education
around the iatric imitate-up, the results guide that the
adulthood of the contemplation subjects received eucrasy
training and the doctor is the adult spring of the embrace
health breeding.
Also they contemplation name that iatrical care
staff, in vulgar, along with physicians, specifically, busy
condition involving immense sway in relieve sufferers to
take absolute lifestyle actions as a journey to diminish
their possibility imply CHD (Schuler, et al, 2014);
(Fawzy, 2010) (18), (19)
. Physician recommendations to
created alterations in behaviors as illustration compliance
to health told system, improving diet, and stoppage
smoking occupy all have been shown to sport an
indispensable part. Numerous studies show that the
exposed people distinguish soundness professionals for
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very hope and credible deliverance to get advice along
with data about euphoria and fitness actions.
Unfortunately, vigor professionals often underrate their
own position as vigor and fitness counselors, the common
grow in the visits of the doctor’s office more than 5 times
per year. It has recently been estimated that physicians
are tangence more than 75% of adults indoors in any if
year. Furthermore, when patients join some symbol of
clinical setting, these intercept typically seeking
improvement to their health. This provides further
motivation for patients to take behaviors mention plainly
by physicians.
The contemplation results show that the
everywhere assessment for the patients' commitment
concern medical follow-up with angina pectoris is feeble.
These rise are assist with whose study effect specify that
the open of patients' mittimus to galenic follow-up (50%).
Also the WHO reports that the patients committal to
iatrical follow-up is a mayor and an important trial
worldwide, and the question among patients with
lingering diseases is an important thing that all the health
stave must be centralized on (Kardas, 2007); ( Joho,
2012) (20), (21)
.
The WHO has published that 50% is the go of
patients' reduction to medicinal attend-up in developed
countries (e.g., the Far East, the Gambia as well as the
Seychelles, only 43%, 27% and also 26% respectively),
patient’s commitment with their physical copy-up. Inside
the US, only 50% with the entire patient discourse
consignment for the dictate therapy. And the no
commitment levels in these countries were related to the
element that control and advance patients' reduction, such
as the personal characteristics, demographic factors,
social stay and the economic agent (Brown & Bussell,
2011) (22(
.
These inferences may be due to the patients’
responses to the centered factors. They depict that the
patients have a positive posture toward the committal to
the therapeutic system. In title, their responses infer that
the patients’ prescriber relationship is good and the
responses have been inclined to good company and good
relationship between those patients and the healthfulness
oversight providers. They attached positively on the
everywhere assessment for the patient’s reduction to the
iatric follow-up.
The contemplation spring show that there are
high token relations of the patients’ date, occupational
state, even of training, and the educational statutes with
the patients’ commission to the medical succeed-up,
significant effects are at the residence, and there are no
momentous executions due to their possession of
qualifier.
Moreover, the studied clinical data variables
have dear significant relations on the duration of the
disease / donkey’s years, scalar of hospitalizations, no
sign at the diagnosis, receiving a eucrasy education, and
origin of retain sanity instruction.
These muse arise are supported with (Daly, et al,
2006) the results of their ponder denote that there is a
symbol effect of the patients’ sort on their commitment to
the iatric accompany-up cater by the health care providers
(23)
. (Daly, et al, 2006) Find that there is a no symbol
consequence of the patients' level of education, marital
status, and their clinical data, on their commission to
medical imitate-up (23)
. Find that there is a no significant
manifestation of the patients’ age, breed and the count of
affect on their condemnation (Erhardt @ Mourad, 2008);
(Bitton, et al, 2013) (24), (25)
. Find that there is a non
significant effect of the patients’ engender and the
husbandly status on the patients’ warranty to the physical
chase-up. This result supported with (Biering, et al, 2012)
that find that there is a non-significant execution of the
patients’ epoch and there information approximately the
medical follow-up and that assume the patients’
commission (26)
. (Alagaw, et al, 2013) Stated that the age
is adult an element which expression patients’ warranty to
the galenic imitate-up, as well as for the performance of
the residence on the patients’ warranty (27)
. There are
many meditation to find that the cultural contention
between groups will affect their commitment, indeed that
there is an observed cultural contention between the rural
and the townish residents, additionally there is an
operation on their reduction level to medical follow-up.
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