Essential questions are open-ended questions that require students to think critically and develop original answers through research and evaluation. They are found at the highest levels of Bloom's Taxonomy and require students to evaluate, synthesize, and analyze information. Well-written essential questions begin with interrogatives like "which," "how," "what if," "should," and "why" and are thought-provoking without single correct answers. Examples of different types of essential questions are provided.

1. Essential Questions
What are they and how do you
write one?

2. What Is an Essential Question?
• Students have to think critically to answer an essential
question. Instead of simply looking up answers, they
conduct research and create an original answer. An
essential question:
– provokes deep thought.
– solicits information-gathering and evaluation of data.
– results in an original answer.
– helps students conduct problem-related research.
– makes students produce original ideas rather than
predetermined answers.
– may not have an answer.
– encourages critical thinking not just memorization of facts.

3. Bloom’s Taxonomy
• Essential Questions are found at the top of
Bloom's Taxonomy (Bloom, 1954).
• They require readers to:
– EVALUATE (make a thoughtful choice
between options, with the choice based upon
clearly stated criteria)
– SYNTHESIZE (invent a new or different
version)
– ANALYZE (develop a thorough and complex
understanding through skillful questioning).

6. Types of Essential Questions
• Which one?
• How?
• What if?
• Should?
• Why?

7. “Essential vs. Traditional
Questions"
• Not Essential:
– “What is it like to live in Hong Kong?"
• Essential
– Which city in Southeast Asia is the best place to live?
• Not Essential:
– “What is AIDS?"
• Essential:
– Which serious disease most deserves research
funding?

8. “How Questions"
• Examples:
– What are some sustainable solutions to
environmental problems in your
neighborhood, and how could they be
implemented?

9. "What if Questions"
• What if questions are hypothetical,
questions which ask you to use the
knowledge you have to pose a hypothesis
and consider options.
• Examples:
– "What if the Cultural Revolution had never
happened?"
– "What if students didn’t have to go to school?”

10. "Should Questions"
• Should questions make a moral or
practical decision based on evidence.
• Examples:
– "Should we clone humans?“
– "Should we discontinue trade with countries
that abuse human rights?"

11. "Why Questions"
• Why questions ask you to understand
cause and effect. "Why" helps us
understand relationships; it helps us get to
the essence of an issue.
• Examples:
– "Why do people abuse drugs?"
– "Why is the death rate higher in one Third
World country than another?"

12. Skinny vs. “Fat” Questions
• What are Fat Question?
– Open-ended questions, which can be argued
and supported by evidence.
• Examples:
– Skinny Question: "When was the Declaration
of Independence signed?"
– Fat Question: "What would have happened
had we not signed it?”

13. How do you write an essential
question?
1. Consider the focus of the unit or lesson activity:
• Substance abuse, drug addiction, legal & illegal drugs
(use your inspiration mind map)
2. Ideas for a good essential question:
1. may stem from your particular interests in a topic
(e.g. What makes a drug “good”?, community
resources (How is China dealing with substance
abuse?)
2. Begin with the 6 typical queries that newspaper
articles address: Who? What? Where? When? Why?
and How?
3. From these questions formulate your essential
question.
4. Use: Which one? How? What if? Should? Why?

15. Examples of Essential
Questions

16. Examples of Open-ended
Questions
• How would you…?
• What would result if…?
• How would you describe…?
• How does…compare with…?
• What is the relationship between…?
• What would happen if…?
• How could you change…?
• How would you improve…?
• How do you feel about…?
• Why do you believe…?
• What is your opinion of…?
• What choice would you have made…?
• What would you do differently?
• Why do you feel…?
• How would you go about solving the problem…?
• If you were in this position what would you do?
• Why do you/don’t you support…?
• What could improve…?

17. Culture: Values, Beliefs & Rituals
• How do individuals develop values and beliefs?
• What factors shape our values and beliefs?
• How do values and beliefs change over time?
• How does family play a role in shaping our values and beliefs?
• Why do we need beliefs and values?
• What happens when belief systems of societies and individuals
come into conflict?
• When should an individual take a stand in opposition to an individual
or larger group?
• When is it appropriate to challenge the beliefs or values of society?
• Are there universal characteristics of belief systems that are
common across people and time?

18. Social Justice Questions
• What is social justice?
• To what extent does power or the lack of power affect individuals?
• What is oppression and what are the root causes?
• How are prejudice and bias created? How do we overcome them?
• What are the responsibilities of the individual in regard to issues of
social justice?
• Can literature serve as a vehicle for social change?
• When should an individual take a stand against what he/she
believes to be an injustice? What are the most effective ways to do
this?
• What are the factors that create an imbalance of power within a
culture?

19. Questioning Resources
• Asking Essential Questions http://
www.biopoint.com/ibr/askquestion.html
• The Key to Understanding Essential Questions
http://www.hannibal.cnyric.org/Acrobat%20docs/ESS
• Themes and Essential Questions: Framing
Inquiry and Critical Thinking
http://www.greece.k12.ny.us/instruction/ELA/6-12/Es
• Asking Essential Questions
http://www.il-tce.org/present04/flesser.pdf