Ppt file for hematology concepts.
Because such a large amount of calcium is stored in bone, it is the most abundant mineral in the body. Our bodies contain 1200 g of calcium.
About 98% of the calcium in adults is located in the skeleton and teeth, where it is combined with phosphates to form a crystal lattice of mineral salts, hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2.
In addition, calcium helps to stabilize cell membranes and is essential for the release of neurotransmitters from neurons and of hormones from endocrine glands.
Calcium is absorbed through the intestines under the influence of activated vitamin D. A deficiency of vitamin D leads to a decrease in absorbed calcium and, eventually, a depletion of calcium stores from the skeletal system, potentially leading to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, contributing to osteoporosis.
Hypocalcemia, bicarbonate, calcium magnesium zinc oxide
The kidneys are the main regulators of blood HCO3− concentration.
The intercalated cells of the renal tubule can either form HCO3− and release it into the blood when the blood level is low or excrete excess HCO3− in the urine when the level in blood is too high.
PTH stimulates resorption of bone extracellular matrix by osteoclasts, which releases both phosphate and calcium ions into the bloodstream.
In the kidneys, however, PTH inhibits reabsorption of phosphate ions while stimulating reabsorption of calcium ions by renal tubular cells.
Thus, PTH increases urinary excretion of phosphate and lowers blood phosphate level.
This document discusses the physiologic and biochemical functions of various minerals in the human body. It covers major minerals like calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride. It describes their roles, absorption, transport in the blood, homeostasis, and impact on various diseases when levels are too high or too low. The minerals are essential for many metabolic processes and helping maintain acid-base balance, fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction and more.
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and is primarily stored in bones and teeth. It performs many important biochemical functions including bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, and nerve transmission. Calcium levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. These hormones work to maintain calcium homeostasis by impacting absorption in the intestine and kidneys and mobilization from bones.
SOURCES ,BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCES OF CALCIUM AND PH...Aqsa Mushtaq
This document discusses calcium and phosphorus, two important minerals in the human body. It provides information on their sources, functions, and relationship to other minerals and hormones like vitamin D and parathyroid hormone. Specifically, it explains that calcium and phosphorus are required for bone strength, cell functions, muscle contractions, and other metabolic processes. It also outlines how calcium levels in the blood are regulated through homeostasis and what can cause hypocalcemia or low calcium levels in the blood.
6. hormonal control of calcium & phosphate metabolism &NkosinathiManana2
- The document summarizes calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone physiology. It discusses how parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin work to regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the body. PTH increases calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption and kidney reabsorption of calcium. Vitamin D increases calcium absorption from the intestine. Calcitonin decreases calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption. Together these hormones precisely control calcium and phosphate levels in the blood and bones. The document also provides details on bone formation, resorption, and growth through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Calcium homeostasis involves complex interactions between the bones, kidneys, intestines, and three key hormones:
1) Parathyroid hormone increases calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption and renal reabsorption of calcium while increasing phosphate excretion.
2) Vitamin D facilitates intestinal calcium absorption and renal reabsorption of calcium and phosphate.
3) Calcitonin opposes parathyroid hormone by inhibiting bone resorption, lowering calcium levels.
Together these mechanisms precisely regulate calcium concentrations in the blood and exchange between bones and extracellular fluid.
Calcium homeostasis involves tightly regulating plasma calcium levels through a complex interplay of hormones like parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitriol, and calcitonin. PTH acts to raise calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption and renal reabsorption of calcium. Calcitriol promotes intestinal calcium absorption. Calcitonin lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption. The body maintains 99% of its calcium stores in bones. Imbalances can result in hypercalcemia from overactive PTH or hypocalcemia from vitamin D deficiency.
Electrolyte replenishers are used to restore electrolyte balance and fluid volume in the body. There are three main compartments of body fluid - intracellular, interstitial, and plasma. Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphates help control water balance between compartments and generate nerve and muscle signals. Imbalances can cause issues like hyponatremia or hyperkalemia. Buffers like bicarbonate help regulate pH. Combination electrolyte solutions are used to treat severe deficits from diarrhea, vomiting, or blood loss. Oral rehydration salts also aid rehydration from diarrhea through balanced sugar and salt concentrations.
Procalcitonin Assays and Their Roles in Sepsis and Other Diseases-1 (1).pptDr. majid farooq
Calcium homeostasis is regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D3. PTH increases calcium absorption in the intestine and calcium release from bone by stimulating vitamin D conversion to its active form. Vitamin D increases intestinal calcium absorption and bone calcium resorption. Calcium levels directly regulate PTH secretion from the parathyroid glands. Together this hormonal system tightly controls extracellular calcium levels.
This document discusses the physiologic and biochemical functions of various minerals in the human body. It covers major minerals like calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride. It describes their roles, absorption, transport in the blood, homeostasis, and impact on various diseases when levels are too high or too low. The minerals are essential for many metabolic processes and helping maintain acid-base balance, fluid balance, nerve transmission, muscle contraction and more.
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and is primarily stored in bones and teeth. It performs many important biochemical functions including bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, and nerve transmission. Calcium levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. These hormones work to maintain calcium homeostasis by impacting absorption in the intestine and kidneys and mobilization from bones.
SOURCES ,BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCES OF CALCIUM AND PH...Aqsa Mushtaq
This document discusses calcium and phosphorus, two important minerals in the human body. It provides information on their sources, functions, and relationship to other minerals and hormones like vitamin D and parathyroid hormone. Specifically, it explains that calcium and phosphorus are required for bone strength, cell functions, muscle contractions, and other metabolic processes. It also outlines how calcium levels in the blood are regulated through homeostasis and what can cause hypocalcemia or low calcium levels in the blood.
6. hormonal control of calcium & phosphate metabolism &NkosinathiManana2
- The document summarizes calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone physiology. It discusses how parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin work to regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the body. PTH increases calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption and kidney reabsorption of calcium. Vitamin D increases calcium absorption from the intestine. Calcitonin decreases calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption. Together these hormones precisely control calcium and phosphate levels in the blood and bones. The document also provides details on bone formation, resorption, and growth through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Calcium homeostasis involves complex interactions between the bones, kidneys, intestines, and three key hormones:
1) Parathyroid hormone increases calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption and renal reabsorption of calcium while increasing phosphate excretion.
2) Vitamin D facilitates intestinal calcium absorption and renal reabsorption of calcium and phosphate.
3) Calcitonin opposes parathyroid hormone by inhibiting bone resorption, lowering calcium levels.
Together these mechanisms precisely regulate calcium concentrations in the blood and exchange between bones and extracellular fluid.
Calcium homeostasis involves tightly regulating plasma calcium levels through a complex interplay of hormones like parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitriol, and calcitonin. PTH acts to raise calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption and renal reabsorption of calcium. Calcitriol promotes intestinal calcium absorption. Calcitonin lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption. The body maintains 99% of its calcium stores in bones. Imbalances can result in hypercalcemia from overactive PTH or hypocalcemia from vitamin D deficiency.
Electrolyte replenishers are used to restore electrolyte balance and fluid volume in the body. There are three main compartments of body fluid - intracellular, interstitial, and plasma. Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphates help control water balance between compartments and generate nerve and muscle signals. Imbalances can cause issues like hyponatremia or hyperkalemia. Buffers like bicarbonate help regulate pH. Combination electrolyte solutions are used to treat severe deficits from diarrhea, vomiting, or blood loss. Oral rehydration salts also aid rehydration from diarrhea through balanced sugar and salt concentrations.
Procalcitonin Assays and Their Roles in Sepsis and Other Diseases-1 (1).pptDr. majid farooq
Calcium homeostasis is regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D3. PTH increases calcium absorption in the intestine and calcium release from bone by stimulating vitamin D conversion to its active form. Vitamin D increases intestinal calcium absorption and bone calcium resorption. Calcium levels directly regulate PTH secretion from the parathyroid glands. Together this hormonal system tightly controls extracellular calcium levels.
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistr...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-II)
Electrolyte: Intracellular fluid
Interstitial fluid
Plasma (Vascular fluid)
Anionic electrolytes- HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, HPO₄²⁻
Cationic electrolytes- Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺
Concentration of important Electrolytes:
Electrolytes used in the replacement therapy: Sodium
chloride*, Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate* and Oral Rehydration Salt
(ORS), Physiological acid base balance.
Fluid balance is an aspect of the homeostasis of body in which the amount of water in the body needs to be controlled, via osmoregulation and behavior, such that the concentrations of electrolytes (salts in solution) in the various body fluids are kept within healthy ranges.
The core principle of fluid balance is that the amount of water lost from the body must equal the amount of water taken in; for example, in humans, the output (via respiration, perspiration, urination, defecation, and expectoration) must equal the input (via eating and drinking, or by parenteral intake).
This document discusses minerals and trace elements that are important for human health. It provides information on:
1. Major minerals that are components of body molecules or important for nutrition, including calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride.
2. Trace elements that are essential in small amounts, such as chromium, cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc.
3. Additional elements that are not essential for humans, including nickel, silicon, tin, vanadium, boron, and lithium.
It describes the roles, transport, absorption, metabolism and deficiencies/toxicities of many of these minerals and trace
This document discusses electrolyte concentrations in the three body fluid compartments - intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, and plasma. It focuses on the major cations sodium, potassium, and calcium, their roles, regulation and what causes hyponatremia/hypernatremia, hypopotassemia/hyperpotassemia, and hypocalcemia/hypercalcemia. Treatment methods for electrolyte imbalances are also covered such as sodium replacement and ways to reduce intestinal calcium absorption.
overview of calcium physiology
vitamin d deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, secondary hyperparathyroidism, hypoalbuminemia and calcium
This document discusses calcium metabolism and homeostasis. It notes that calcium levels are tightly regulated by the intestine, kidneys, bones, and hormones. The parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases calcium absorption from the intestine and bones while decreasing urinary calcium excretion. Vitamin D increases intestinal calcium absorption. Calcitonin decreases bone resorption. Together, these organs and hormones work to maintain calcium levels within a narrow range. Imbalances can lead to hypo- or hypercalcemia with various neurological, cardiac, and musculoskeletal symptoms.
This document provides an overview of calcium metabolism. It discusses the regulatory mechanisms that control calcium levels in the blood and bones. The key hormones involved - parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D - and how they work to increase or decrease blood calcium levels by affecting absorption in the gut and resorption/deposition in bones. It also covers calcium storage in bones, excretion by the kidneys, interactions with other minerals, and disorders that can arise from issues with calcium regulation.
This document discusses minerals required by the human body, focusing on calcium and iron. It begins by classifying minerals as either major or trace elements based on daily requirements. Calcium and iron are then examined in more depth. For calcium, sources, daily requirements, absorption, functions, and factors regulating blood levels such as vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin are summarized. For iron, distribution in the body, absorption factors, mucosal block theory of regulation, transport in blood, storage, and excretion are outlined. Homeostatic control of serum calcium through the interplay of various hormones is depicted in a diagram.
This document discusses calcium homeostasis and the roles of parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D3 in regulating calcium levels. It describes how calcium is important for bone structure, muscle function, blood clotting, and enzyme regulation. Calcium levels are tightly controlled by these hormones and regulated in the bones, kidneys, and intestines. PTH increases calcium resorption from bones and reabsorption in the kidneys. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption in the intestines and resorption from bones. Calcitonin reduces calcium levels by inhibiting resorption from bones.
The document discusses the regulation of extracellular fluid osmolarity and sodium concentration. It notes that sodium makes up 94% of extracellular osmoles and its concentration is closely regulated between 140-145 mEq/L. Two primary systems regulate this: 1) the osmoreceptor-ADH system and 2) the thirst mechanism. The osmoreceptor-ADH system involves ADH release from the pituitary gland in response to increased osmolarity, decreased blood pressure, or decreased blood volume. Thirst is stimulated by many of the same factors and ensures adequate fluid intake to counteract losses.
The document discusses the regulation of extracellular fluid osmolarity and sodium concentration. It notes that sodium makes up 94% of extracellular osmoles and its concentration is closely regulated between 140-145 mEq/L. Two primary systems regulate this: 1) the osmoreceptor-ADH system and 2) the thirst mechanism. The osmoreceptor-ADH system involves ADH release from the pituitary gland in response to increased osmolarity, decreased blood pressure, or decreased blood volume. Thirst is also stimulated by these factors and ensures adequate fluid intake to counteract losses.
Calcium is an essential mineral required for normal growth and maintenance of the body. 99% of calcium in the human body is found in bones. Calcium levels in blood are regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. Hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia can result from disorders of these hormones or from other causes like cancer, medications, or kidney disease. Symptoms of hypocalcemia include tetany, seizures, and cardiac issues, while hypercalcemia symptoms include renal damage and gastrointestinal problems. Calcium plays important roles in bone formation, blood clotting, muscle contraction, and nerve transmission.
This document summarizes mineral metabolism, focusing on calcium. It describes calcium as the most abundant mineral, mainly stored in bones. It discusses calcium absorption in the small intestine and regulation of blood calcium levels by the bones, kidneys, intestine, parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, and calcitonin working together. Hypercalcemia occurs when blood calcium levels exceed 11 mg/dL and can be caused by hyperparathyroidism.
The document discusses electrolyte imbalances in the human body. It begins by describing the distribution of body fluids between intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF). It then discusses the major electrolytes - sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride and bicarbonate - and how they are regulated. Specific electrolyte imbalances like hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia and their causes and symptoms are then outlined. The document concludes by briefly mentioning fluid disturbances like hypochloremia and hyperchloremia.
The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates blood calcium levels. PTH increases calcium resorption from bones and reabsorption from kidneys to raise calcium levels. It also increases vitamin D activation in kidneys to boost calcium absorption in the gut. PTH secretion is regulated by blood calcium and phosphate levels, increasing when calcium is low or phosphate is high to restore normal calcium concentrations.
Calcium & phosphorus metabolism and its applied aspectsdrshyam222
This document summarizes calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Calcium is essential for bone structure, nerve function, muscle contraction and more. The body tightly regulates calcium levels through hormones like PTH and calcitriol. Disorders occur when levels are too high or low, impacting bones, kidneys and other organs. Phosphorus also has key roles and is regulated similarly, with deficiencies or excesses also causing health issues. A variety of diseases like rickets, osteomalacia and osteoporosis result from imbalances in calcium and phosphorus metabolism.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistr...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-II)
Electrolyte: Intracellular fluid
Interstitial fluid
Plasma (Vascular fluid)
Anionic electrolytes- HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, HPO₄²⁻
Cationic electrolytes- Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺
Concentration of important Electrolytes:
Electrolytes used in the replacement therapy: Sodium
chloride*, Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate* and Oral Rehydration Salt
(ORS), Physiological acid base balance.
Fluid balance is an aspect of the homeostasis of body in which the amount of water in the body needs to be controlled, via osmoregulation and behavior, such that the concentrations of electrolytes (salts in solution) in the various body fluids are kept within healthy ranges.
The core principle of fluid balance is that the amount of water lost from the body must equal the amount of water taken in; for example, in humans, the output (via respiration, perspiration, urination, defecation, and expectoration) must equal the input (via eating and drinking, or by parenteral intake).
This document discusses minerals and trace elements that are important for human health. It provides information on:
1. Major minerals that are components of body molecules or important for nutrition, including calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride.
2. Trace elements that are essential in small amounts, such as chromium, cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc.
3. Additional elements that are not essential for humans, including nickel, silicon, tin, vanadium, boron, and lithium.
It describes the roles, transport, absorption, metabolism and deficiencies/toxicities of many of these minerals and trace
This document discusses electrolyte concentrations in the three body fluid compartments - intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, and plasma. It focuses on the major cations sodium, potassium, and calcium, their roles, regulation and what causes hyponatremia/hypernatremia, hypopotassemia/hyperpotassemia, and hypocalcemia/hypercalcemia. Treatment methods for electrolyte imbalances are also covered such as sodium replacement and ways to reduce intestinal calcium absorption.
overview of calcium physiology
vitamin d deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, secondary hyperparathyroidism, hypoalbuminemia and calcium
This document discusses calcium metabolism and homeostasis. It notes that calcium levels are tightly regulated by the intestine, kidneys, bones, and hormones. The parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases calcium absorption from the intestine and bones while decreasing urinary calcium excretion. Vitamin D increases intestinal calcium absorption. Calcitonin decreases bone resorption. Together, these organs and hormones work to maintain calcium levels within a narrow range. Imbalances can lead to hypo- or hypercalcemia with various neurological, cardiac, and musculoskeletal symptoms.
This document provides an overview of calcium metabolism. It discusses the regulatory mechanisms that control calcium levels in the blood and bones. The key hormones involved - parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D - and how they work to increase or decrease blood calcium levels by affecting absorption in the gut and resorption/deposition in bones. It also covers calcium storage in bones, excretion by the kidneys, interactions with other minerals, and disorders that can arise from issues with calcium regulation.
This document discusses minerals required by the human body, focusing on calcium and iron. It begins by classifying minerals as either major or trace elements based on daily requirements. Calcium and iron are then examined in more depth. For calcium, sources, daily requirements, absorption, functions, and factors regulating blood levels such as vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin are summarized. For iron, distribution in the body, absorption factors, mucosal block theory of regulation, transport in blood, storage, and excretion are outlined. Homeostatic control of serum calcium through the interplay of various hormones is depicted in a diagram.
This document discusses calcium homeostasis and the roles of parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D3 in regulating calcium levels. It describes how calcium is important for bone structure, muscle function, blood clotting, and enzyme regulation. Calcium levels are tightly controlled by these hormones and regulated in the bones, kidneys, and intestines. PTH increases calcium resorption from bones and reabsorption in the kidneys. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption in the intestines and resorption from bones. Calcitonin reduces calcium levels by inhibiting resorption from bones.
The document discusses the regulation of extracellular fluid osmolarity and sodium concentration. It notes that sodium makes up 94% of extracellular osmoles and its concentration is closely regulated between 140-145 mEq/L. Two primary systems regulate this: 1) the osmoreceptor-ADH system and 2) the thirst mechanism. The osmoreceptor-ADH system involves ADH release from the pituitary gland in response to increased osmolarity, decreased blood pressure, or decreased blood volume. Thirst is stimulated by many of the same factors and ensures adequate fluid intake to counteract losses.
The document discusses the regulation of extracellular fluid osmolarity and sodium concentration. It notes that sodium makes up 94% of extracellular osmoles and its concentration is closely regulated between 140-145 mEq/L. Two primary systems regulate this: 1) the osmoreceptor-ADH system and 2) the thirst mechanism. The osmoreceptor-ADH system involves ADH release from the pituitary gland in response to increased osmolarity, decreased blood pressure, or decreased blood volume. Thirst is also stimulated by these factors and ensures adequate fluid intake to counteract losses.
Calcium is an essential mineral required for normal growth and maintenance of the body. 99% of calcium in the human body is found in bones. Calcium levels in blood are regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. Hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia can result from disorders of these hormones or from other causes like cancer, medications, or kidney disease. Symptoms of hypocalcemia include tetany, seizures, and cardiac issues, while hypercalcemia symptoms include renal damage and gastrointestinal problems. Calcium plays important roles in bone formation, blood clotting, muscle contraction, and nerve transmission.
This document summarizes mineral metabolism, focusing on calcium. It describes calcium as the most abundant mineral, mainly stored in bones. It discusses calcium absorption in the small intestine and regulation of blood calcium levels by the bones, kidneys, intestine, parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, and calcitonin working together. Hypercalcemia occurs when blood calcium levels exceed 11 mg/dL and can be caused by hyperparathyroidism.
The document discusses electrolyte imbalances in the human body. It begins by describing the distribution of body fluids between intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF). It then discusses the major electrolytes - sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride and bicarbonate - and how they are regulated. Specific electrolyte imbalances like hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia and their causes and symptoms are then outlined. The document concludes by briefly mentioning fluid disturbances like hypochloremia and hyperchloremia.
The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates blood calcium levels. PTH increases calcium resorption from bones and reabsorption from kidneys to raise calcium levels. It also increases vitamin D activation in kidneys to boost calcium absorption in the gut. PTH secretion is regulated by blood calcium and phosphate levels, increasing when calcium is low or phosphate is high to restore normal calcium concentrations.
Calcium & phosphorus metabolism and its applied aspectsdrshyam222
This document summarizes calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Calcium is essential for bone structure, nerve function, muscle contraction and more. The body tightly regulates calcium levels through hormones like PTH and calcitriol. Disorders occur when levels are too high or low, impacting bones, kidneys and other organs. Phosphorus also has key roles and is regulated similarly, with deficiencies or excesses also causing health issues. A variety of diseases like rickets, osteomalacia and osteoporosis result from imbalances in calcium and phosphorus metabolism.
Similar to Electrolytes calcium magnesium hycalcemia bicarbonate 2.pptx (20)
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...AyushGadhvi1
learning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) eliciting a response (unconditioned response) • is paired with another stimulus (conditioned stimulus)
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
2. Calcium
• Because such a large amount of calcium is stored in
bone, it is the most abundant mineral in the body.
Our bodies contain 1200 g of calcium.
• About 98% of the calcium in adults is located in the
skeleton and teeth, where it is combined with
phosphates to form a crystal lattice of mineral salts,
hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2.
3. Calcium
• The calcium in the body fluids can exist in three
forms:
– In body fluids, calcium is mainly an extracellular cation
(Ca2+). The normal concentration of free or unattached
Ca2+ (about 50% of the calcium in the fluids) in blood
plasma is 4.5–5.5 mEq/ liter.
– About the same amount of Ca2+ is attached to various
plasma proteins (about 40% of the calcium in the fluids).
– Complexed with other ions (about 10% of the calcium in
the fluids).
• Of these three, the free cation is the most important for the
physiological functions and its concentration must be carefully
maintained.
4. Calcium
• Besides contributing to the hardness of bones and
teeth.
• The calcium in the blood is important for a number
of functions, including
– blood clotting
– muscle contraction
– cell metabolism
– enzyme activity
• In addition, calcium helps to stabilize cell membranes
and is essential for the release of neurotransmitters
from neurons and of hormones from endocrine
glands.
5. Calcium
• The calcium in the blood is important for a number
of functions, including
– blood clotting
6. Calcium
• The calcium in the blood is important for a number
of functions, including
– muscle contraction
7. Calcium
• The Ca2+ concentration in the extracellular fluid is
kept at approximately 10-3 M, and the
Ca2+ concentration inside the cells is kept at
approximately 10-6 M.
• The body has several mechanisms to maintain these
ion concentrations.
– The cells have channels and pumps that regulate the flow
of calcium ions between the cells and the extracellular
fluids via the cell membrane.
– In addition, the calcium ions can be removed from or
bound to the calcium-binding proteins in order to increase
or decrease, respectively, the free-ion concentration.
8. Calcium
• The most important regulator of Ca2+ concentration in
blood plasma is parathyroid hormone (PTH).
• A low level of Ca2+ in blood plasma promotes release of
more PTH, which stimulates osteoclasts in bone tissue to
release calcium (and phosphate) from bone extracellular
matrix. Thus, PTH increases bone resorption.
• Parathyroid hormone also enhances reabsorption of Ca2+
from glomerular filtrate through renal tubule cells and
back into blood.
• PTH also increases production of calcitriol (the form of
vitamin D that acts as a hormone), which in turn
increases Ca2+ absorption from food in the
gastrointestinal tract.
9. Calcium
• Calcium is absorbed through the intestines under the
influence of activated vitamin D. A deficiency of
vitamin D leads to a decrease in absorbed calcium
and, eventually, a depletion of calcium stores from
the skeletal system, potentially leading to rickets in
children and osteomalacia in adults, contributing to
osteoporosis.
10. Calcium
• In case of rise in Ca2+ level in the blood the hormone
called Calcitonin (CT) is produced by the thyroid gland
that in particular has the ability to decrease blood
calcium levels at least in part by effects on two well-
studied target organs:
– Bone: Calcitonin suppresses resorption of bone by inhibiting the
activity of osteoclasts, a cell type that "digests" bone matrix,
releasing calcium and phosphorus into blood.
– Kidney: Calcium and phosphorus are prevented from being lost
in urine by reabsorption in the kidney tubules. Calcitonin
inhibits tubular reabsorption of these two ions, leading to
increased rates of their loss in urine.
11. Hypocalcemia
• Abnormally low calcium blood levels, is seen in
hypoparathyroidism, which may follow the removal
of the thyroid gland, because the four nodules of the
parathyroid gland are embedded in it.
12. Hypocalcemia
• Numbness and tingling of fingers, hyperactive
reflexes
• muscle cramps, tetany, convulsions
• bone fractures
• Spasms of laryngeal muscles that can cause death by
asphyxiation
13. Hypercalcemia
• Abnormally high calcium blood levels, is seen in
primary hyperparathyroidism.
• Vitamin D toxicity
• TGFα increase
• Osteolytic metastatic bone destruction
• Some malignancies may also result in hypercalcemia
• Renal failure
14. Hypercalcemia
• Lethargy, weakness
• anorexia, nausea, vomiting
• Polyuria
• itching, bone pain
• depression, confusion, paresthesia, stupor, and coma
15. Magnesium
• Magnesium is an intracellular cation, that effect very
little osmotic pressure in ICF or ECF. The effects are
secondary to its role in the metabolism of calcium,
potassium and sodium.
• In adults, about 54% of the total body magnesium is
part of bone matrix as magnesium salts.
• The remaining 46% occurs as magnesium ions
(Mg2+) in intracellular fluid (45%) and extracellular
fluid (1%).
• Mg2+ is the second most common intracellular
cation (35 mEq/liter).
16. Magnesium
• Magnesium can be transported freely across the cell
membrane and remain bounded inside the cells with
the enzymes.
• Where it serves as co factor mainly for the for the
enzymes involved in metabolism of ATP,
carbohydrates and proteins and for the sodium–
potassium pump.
• Like calcium, binds to the phosphorylated groups of
the cell wall lipids, and acts as a membrane stabilizer.
Thus there isn’t very much free magnesium in the
actual cell water; its all complexed
• Magnesium potentiates the effects of neuromuscular
blockade (both depolarizing and non-depolarising).
17. Magnesium
Is also essential for normal
• neuromuscular activity, contraction and relaxation of
muscles
• synaptic transmission, proper neurological
functioning and neurotransmitter release.
• myocardial functioning.
• In addition, secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
depends on Mg2+.
18. Magnesium
• Normal blood plasma Mg2+ concentration is low,
only 1.3–2.1mEq/liter.
• Several factors regulate the blood plasma level of
Mg2+ by varying the rate at which it is excreted in
the urine.
• The kidneys increase urinary excretion of Mg2+ in
response to
– Hypercalcemia
– hypermagnesemia,
– increases in extracellular fluid volume
– decreases in parathyroid hormone
– acidosis.
19. Phosphate
• About 85% of the phosphate in adults is present as
calcium phosphate salts, which are structural
components of bone and teeth.
• The remaining 15% is in ionized form and present mostly
intracellularly, only less than 1% present in the ECF.
• Phosphate is present ICF in three ionic forms: H2PO4
−,
HPO42 −, and PO43− these are the important anions inside
the cells.
• In the ECF the predominant form is HPO42 −.
• Although some are “free,” most phosphate ions are
covalently bound to organic molecules such as lipids
(phospholipids), proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
(DNA and RNA), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
20. Phosphate
• Phosphates contribute about 100 mEq/liter of anions
to intracellular fluid.
• The normal blood plasma concentration of ionized
phosphate is only 1.7–2.6 mEq/liter.
• The phosphate homeostasis is regulated by
parathyroid hormone and calcitriol.
21. Phosphate
• PTH stimulates resorption of bone extracellular
matrix by osteoclasts, which releases both phosphate
and calcium ions into the bloodstream.
• In the kidneys, however, PTH inhibits reabsorption of
phosphate ions while stimulating reabsorption of
calcium ions by renal tubular cells.
• Thus, PTH increases urinary excretion of phosphate
and lowers blood phosphate level.
22. Phosphate
• PTH stimulates resorption of bone extracellular
matrix by osteoclasts, which releases both phosphate
and calcium ions into the bloodstream.
• In the kidneys, however, PTH inhibits reabsorption of
phosphate ions while stimulating reabsorption of
calcium ions by renal tubular cells.
• Thus, PTH increases urinary excretion of phosphate
and lowers blood phosphate level.
• Calcitriol promotes absorption of both phosphates
and calcium from the gastrointestinal tract.
23. Phosphate
• Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF 23) is a polypeptide
paracrine (local hormone) that also helps regulate
blood plasma levels of HPO42−.
• This hormone decreases HPO42− blood levels by
increasing HPO42− excretion by the kidneys and
decreasing absorption of HPO42− by the
gastrointestinal tract.
24. Hyperphosphatemia
• Hyperphosphatemia, or abnormally increased levels
of phosphates in the blood, occurs if there is
decreased renal function or in cases of acute
lymphocytic leukemia.
• Additionally, because phosphate is a major
constituent of the ICF, any significant destruction of
cells can result in dumping of phosphate into the ECF.
25. Hypophosphatemia
• Hypophosphatemia, or abnormally low phosphate
blood levels, occurs with heavy use of antacids,
during alcohol withdrawal, and during
malnourishment.
• In the face of phosphate depletion, the kidneys
usually conserve phosphate, but during starvation,
this conservation is impaired greatly.
26. Bicarbonate
• Bicarbonate ions (HCO3
−) are the second most
prevalent extracellular anions. Normal blood plasma
HCO3
− concentration is 22–26 mEq/liter in systemic
arterial blood and 23–27 mEq/liter in systemic
venous blood.
27. Bicarbonate
• HCO3
− concentration increases as blood flows
through systemic capillaries because the carbon
dioxide released by metabolically active cells
combines with water to form carbonic acid; the
carbonic acid then dissociates into H+ and HCO3
−.
• As blood flows through pulmonary capillaries,
however, the concentration of HCO3
− decreases again
as carbon dioxide is exhaled.
28. Bicarbonate
• Intracellular fluid also contains a small amount of
HCO3
−. The exchange of Cl− for HCO3
− helps maintain
the correct balance of anions in extracellular fluid
and intracellular fluid.
3
−
29. Bicarbonate
• The kidneys are the main regulators of blood HCO3
−
concentration.
• The intercalated cells of the renal tubule can either
form HCO3
− and release it into the blood when the
blood level is low or excrete excess HCO3
− in the
urine when the level in blood is too high.