Cyberspace is defined as the virtual environment formed through the interaction of hardware, software, electronic communication systems, control systems, production systems, security systems, and individual IoT devices and products connected through electromagnetic spectrum and computer networks. It allows users to share information, interact, exchange ideas, and conduct various online activities. Cyberspace includes not just computers and networks, but also the electronic components of systems and devices that can be connected to or affected through the internet.

1. Cy-Fi Arts Festival 2019
Essay Writing
Life in Cyberspace
By: Neha Nikhade
Virtual space formed by interaction of: hardware and software, electronic part of communication
systems, control systems, production systems, security systems and individual IoT products and
devices, electromagnetic spectrum, connected communication and computer networks. It acts
as
an interactive and virtual environment for a broad range of participants. it allows users to share
information, interact, swap ideas, play games, engage in discussions or social forums, conduct
business and create intuitive media, among many other activities.
Hearing about these concepts; cyber security, cybercrime, cyber war, cyber terrorism, etc.). But,
we don’t know that they are based on or derived from, cyberspace. For example, cyber security
is the security of cyberspace. Cybercrime is a crime committed within cyberspace.
Why we propose this definition:
We need this rather exact definition, because if we omit some part, we have future legal
problem. Public authority can act only in legislation defined framework. So if we omit
control systems, or individual products in age of IoT, our protection of cyberspace has
gaps or loopholes.
Parts of cyberspace (which can threatened by cyber-attacks) are not only HW and SW,
information and communications systems, but also electronic part of control systems,
production systems, security systems and individual products and devices - if they are
potentially affected via Internet.
Interaction is done by digital signals: not only using electric particles, but also
electromagnetic field.
Most recently not only consumer electronics with connection to internet
has been inserted to cyberspace, but in the age Internet of Things (IoT) also electronic
part of all things linkable to internet (car, fridge, drone and also advanced Hello Barbie
doll connected to wi-fi and cloud).

2. Cy-Fi Arts Festival 2019
Essay Writing
Persons are not part of cyberspace, they act in cyberspace.
Interaction in cyberspace is baseline for data manipulation
(production, processing, exchange, sharing, store, use) and also for
related services.
Definitions from other sources:
NATO Tallin manual: The environment formed by physical and non-physical
components, characterized by the use of computers and
electro-magnetic spectrum, to store, modify and exchange data using computer networks.
ITU: Cyberspace includes users, networks, devices, all software, processes,
information in storage or transit, applications, services, and systems that can
be connected directly or indirectly to networks.
Academia: Cyberspace is a global and dynamic domain (subject to constant change)
characterized by the combined use of electrons and electromagnetic spectrum, whose
purpose is to create, store, modify, exchange, share and extract, use, eliminate
information and disrupt physical resources.
USA: National Security Presidential Directive 54/Homeland Security Presidential
Directive 23 (NSPD-54/HSPD23): Cyberspace means the interdependent network
of information technology infrastructures and includes the Internet, telecommunications
networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers in critical
industries.
Simple and useful is International Organization for Standardization definition:
“The complex environment resulting from the interaction of people, software and services
on the Internet by means of technology devices and networks connected to it, which does
not exist in any physical form.”
There are 2 levels of cyberspace, from the hacker’s view:
Core of cyberspace

3. Cy-Fi Arts Festival 2019
Essay Writing
Every electronics, which functionality is driven using some code (program) and which is
or potentially manageable or hack able via Internet.
Transmission media: cables (optic, metallic), electromagnetic spectrum, sound or other.
Code (programs, microcode).
Data.
Examples: Information systems, communication systems, electronics in modern cars, drones,
rockets, generally in all UAV, UGV, UVW, products of IoT including advanced Barbie doll ,
telemedicine devices.
Environment for elder generation of hackers.
Extended cyberspace
Everything (every system, product, artifact), which is manageable or hackable via
Internet.
In this case not only electronics of robot, but whole robot is part of cyberspace. If
somebody hacks electronics of the robot, he can change activity of the robot such as it
can push the person on the stairs with next fall.
Not only electronics of car, but the whole car. If somebody hacks electronics of car, he
can change emissions :-), speed, direction of car.
Not only electronics in rockets, tanks, ships but all of them. Because hacking electronics
of rocket such as Patriot means that hacker can change trajectory of the rocket and its
target.
Not only control system of the power plant, but whole power plant. Because hacking
control system means that hacker can stop producing energy or maybe destroy part of it.
Extended cyberspace is really attractive to new generation of hackers, including government
hackers in real cyber warfare. You have much more possibilities for really fluent hacks.