The paper includes an analysis of the most common grain-size raw material preparation schemes applicable in the mineral processing. Factors influencing the optimal management of the crushing process are clarified and authors’ and other installations to regulate this process are presented. Based on this, a variant for equipment for the crushing and sieving sections, tested in practice, is presented.
A hydration study by xrdrietveld analysis of cement regenerated from complete...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that used X-ray diffraction and Rietveld analysis to examine the hydration of cement regenerated from concrete designed to be completely recyclable. Specifically, it analyzed samples of cement paste in which hydration was arrested at various time points up to 28 days. The results showed that the alite and belite phases decreased over time as portlandite and amorphous calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) increased. Aluminate phases dissolved completely while ferrite decreased. Some differences were seen in the mineralogy of cement produced from recycled concrete versus ordinary portland cement, but the hydration processes were similar. The study highlighted the importance of sample preparation methods on the
IRJET - Evaluation of Wheat Husk as Environment Friendly Fluid Loss Addit...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates wheat husk powder (WHP) as an environmentally friendly fluid loss additive to replace carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in water-based drilling fluids. Drilling fluids were prepared with varying concentrations of WHP and CMC, and their rheological and filtration properties were tested. The results showed that drilling mud prepared with 3-4% WHP had better filtration properties, with thinner mud cakes and lower fluid loss volumes, compared to mud prepared with CMC. WHP also improved the rheological properties of the mud and provided thermal stability up to 100°C. Therefore, WHP is an effective and environmentally-friendly replacement for CMC as a fluid loss additive in water-
Evaluation of volumetric shrinkage ofmarble dust soil compositeeSAT Journals
Abstract Locally available reddish soil was analysed for volumetric shrinkage strain by treating it with marble dust till 40%. Volumetric shrinkage strain in soils indicates the variation in volume of compacted soil, which will result in inducing cracking of soil sample. This property majorly affects soil used as liner material since shrinkage and subsequent cracking results in voids, which interrupt the proper functioning of liner. The soil sample were compacted using standard and modified Proctor compactive effort using moulding water contents -2, 0 and +2 percentage relative to optimum. The soil samples compacted at required water content and corresponding density were extruded from the compaction mould and kept fordrying, till it was completely dry. The variation in volume and weight of sample is recorded each consecutive 5 days. The results obtained indicated that the volumetric shrinkage strain were large within the first five days of drying. The weight also found to decrease largely within first five days of drying. The VSS value was found to decrease till 25 percentage marble dust addition and there after increase slightly. It was also found to increase with higher moulding water content. Using the results, compaction plane of acceptable zones were also plotted, from which marble dust addition percentages satisfying the regulatory value of VSS ≤ 4% is proposed as 25%. Keywords:Marble dust, Landfill liner, Compactive effort, Hydraulic conductivity, Volumetric shrinkage strain, Relative to optimum
Effect of vinsuperplast on the hydration study of rice husk ash blended cementeSAT Journals
1) The document discusses a study on the effect of Vinsuperplast superplasticizer on the hydration of rice husk ash blended cement.
2) Experiments were conducted to measure consistency, setting time, non-evaporable water content, free lime, and strength of cement with various rice husk ash and superplasticizer contents.
3) The results showed that addition of 2% superplasticizer increased hydration and strength by reducing water demand and increasing fluidity through electrostatic repulsion between cement particles.
IRJET- Meliorate Strength of Concrete by using Fly AshIRJET Journal
This document discusses research into improving the strength of concrete by using fly ash. Three key points:
1. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion that can be used to partially replace cement in concrete, improving strength, load capacity, and durability. The research involved testing concrete samples with different fly ash and additive proportions.
2. Testing of the concrete samples found that compressive strength and resistance to permeability and abrasion increased with the addition of fly ash, with optimum results at a 70% replacement of cement with fly ash.
3. The study concludes that fly ash concrete composites can meet construction requirements if given sufficient curing time and by optimizing the additives and their proportions. Further research
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
IRJET- Artificial Lightweight Aggregate through Cold Bonding Pelletization of...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of producing artificial lightweight aggregate through cold bonding pelletization of fly ash. It discusses how fly ash and binders like cement can be mixed and pelletized to form artificial aggregates. Three main production methods are described: cold bonding, where pellets are cured for strength; sintering, where pellets are heated to high temperatures; and autoclaving, where steam curing is used. The document also reviews several studies that have evaluated the properties of concretes made with these artificial fly ash aggregates as a partial or full replacement for natural aggregates. In general, the studies found that fly ash aggregates can produce structural grade concrete with adequate strength while providing benefits like reduced cost, improved work
Performance evaluation of nano graphite inclusions in cutting fluids with mql...eSAT Journals
Abstract Liberation of heat and generation of friction associated with any machining operation ever pose a problem which not only reduce the tool life but also impair quality of the product. Cutting fluids have been the conventional choice to curtail friction and temperatures in machining because of its lubrication and cooling actions. However, considering health hazards posed by the conventional cutting fluids to health of the workers and ecology, the quest is towards identifying alternative strategies to the usual flood application. Selection and use of proper lubricant that can improve the overall cutting phenomena which is an important aspect in reducing the cutting forces and temperatures The present work studies the use of nano cutting fluids in MQL which is a minimal cutting fluid technique, for turning operation using HSS and cemented carbide tools. Development of nano materials by nanotechnology technique, dispersing them in the cutting fluid improve the effectiveness of the cutting fluid and hence nano graphite powder is selected of particle size 80 nm in varying proportions i.e. 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% by weight are mixed in water soluble oil and applied drop by drop. Experimentation is carried out at different flow rates like 5 ml/min 10 ml/min and 15 ml/min with nanoparticle suspended fluids along with dry machining, flood coolant machining under constant cutting conditions. Experimental results are very encouraging with much reduction in surface roughness, tool flank wear, temperatures and cutting forces is observed in fluids with nanoparticle inclusions. Different properties of the nanofluids are estimated through a series of standard tests. Keywords: Machining, nano Graphite, minimum quantity lubrication, cutting fluids.
A hydration study by xrdrietveld analysis of cement regenerated from complete...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that used X-ray diffraction and Rietveld analysis to examine the hydration of cement regenerated from concrete designed to be completely recyclable. Specifically, it analyzed samples of cement paste in which hydration was arrested at various time points up to 28 days. The results showed that the alite and belite phases decreased over time as portlandite and amorphous calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) increased. Aluminate phases dissolved completely while ferrite decreased. Some differences were seen in the mineralogy of cement produced from recycled concrete versus ordinary portland cement, but the hydration processes were similar. The study highlighted the importance of sample preparation methods on the
IRJET - Evaluation of Wheat Husk as Environment Friendly Fluid Loss Addit...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates wheat husk powder (WHP) as an environmentally friendly fluid loss additive to replace carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in water-based drilling fluids. Drilling fluids were prepared with varying concentrations of WHP and CMC, and their rheological and filtration properties were tested. The results showed that drilling mud prepared with 3-4% WHP had better filtration properties, with thinner mud cakes and lower fluid loss volumes, compared to mud prepared with CMC. WHP also improved the rheological properties of the mud and provided thermal stability up to 100°C. Therefore, WHP is an effective and environmentally-friendly replacement for CMC as a fluid loss additive in water-
Evaluation of volumetric shrinkage ofmarble dust soil compositeeSAT Journals
Abstract Locally available reddish soil was analysed for volumetric shrinkage strain by treating it with marble dust till 40%. Volumetric shrinkage strain in soils indicates the variation in volume of compacted soil, which will result in inducing cracking of soil sample. This property majorly affects soil used as liner material since shrinkage and subsequent cracking results in voids, which interrupt the proper functioning of liner. The soil sample were compacted using standard and modified Proctor compactive effort using moulding water contents -2, 0 and +2 percentage relative to optimum. The soil samples compacted at required water content and corresponding density were extruded from the compaction mould and kept fordrying, till it was completely dry. The variation in volume and weight of sample is recorded each consecutive 5 days. The results obtained indicated that the volumetric shrinkage strain were large within the first five days of drying. The weight also found to decrease largely within first five days of drying. The VSS value was found to decrease till 25 percentage marble dust addition and there after increase slightly. It was also found to increase with higher moulding water content. Using the results, compaction plane of acceptable zones were also plotted, from which marble dust addition percentages satisfying the regulatory value of VSS ≤ 4% is proposed as 25%. Keywords:Marble dust, Landfill liner, Compactive effort, Hydraulic conductivity, Volumetric shrinkage strain, Relative to optimum
Effect of vinsuperplast on the hydration study of rice husk ash blended cementeSAT Journals
1) The document discusses a study on the effect of Vinsuperplast superplasticizer on the hydration of rice husk ash blended cement.
2) Experiments were conducted to measure consistency, setting time, non-evaporable water content, free lime, and strength of cement with various rice husk ash and superplasticizer contents.
3) The results showed that addition of 2% superplasticizer increased hydration and strength by reducing water demand and increasing fluidity through electrostatic repulsion between cement particles.
IRJET- Meliorate Strength of Concrete by using Fly AshIRJET Journal
This document discusses research into improving the strength of concrete by using fly ash. Three key points:
1. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion that can be used to partially replace cement in concrete, improving strength, load capacity, and durability. The research involved testing concrete samples with different fly ash and additive proportions.
2. Testing of the concrete samples found that compressive strength and resistance to permeability and abrasion increased with the addition of fly ash, with optimum results at a 70% replacement of cement with fly ash.
3. The study concludes that fly ash concrete composites can meet construction requirements if given sufficient curing time and by optimizing the additives and their proportions. Further research
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
IRJET- Artificial Lightweight Aggregate through Cold Bonding Pelletization of...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of producing artificial lightweight aggregate through cold bonding pelletization of fly ash. It discusses how fly ash and binders like cement can be mixed and pelletized to form artificial aggregates. Three main production methods are described: cold bonding, where pellets are cured for strength; sintering, where pellets are heated to high temperatures; and autoclaving, where steam curing is used. The document also reviews several studies that have evaluated the properties of concretes made with these artificial fly ash aggregates as a partial or full replacement for natural aggregates. In general, the studies found that fly ash aggregates can produce structural grade concrete with adequate strength while providing benefits like reduced cost, improved work
Performance evaluation of nano graphite inclusions in cutting fluids with mql...eSAT Journals
Abstract Liberation of heat and generation of friction associated with any machining operation ever pose a problem which not only reduce the tool life but also impair quality of the product. Cutting fluids have been the conventional choice to curtail friction and temperatures in machining because of its lubrication and cooling actions. However, considering health hazards posed by the conventional cutting fluids to health of the workers and ecology, the quest is towards identifying alternative strategies to the usual flood application. Selection and use of proper lubricant that can improve the overall cutting phenomena which is an important aspect in reducing the cutting forces and temperatures The present work studies the use of nano cutting fluids in MQL which is a minimal cutting fluid technique, for turning operation using HSS and cemented carbide tools. Development of nano materials by nanotechnology technique, dispersing them in the cutting fluid improve the effectiveness of the cutting fluid and hence nano graphite powder is selected of particle size 80 nm in varying proportions i.e. 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% by weight are mixed in water soluble oil and applied drop by drop. Experimentation is carried out at different flow rates like 5 ml/min 10 ml/min and 15 ml/min with nanoparticle suspended fluids along with dry machining, flood coolant machining under constant cutting conditions. Experimental results are very encouraging with much reduction in surface roughness, tool flank wear, temperatures and cutting forces is observed in fluids with nanoparticle inclusions. Different properties of the nanofluids are estimated through a series of standard tests. Keywords: Machining, nano Graphite, minimum quantity lubrication, cutting fluids.
This document summarizes a study on the performance of nano graphite inclusions in cutting fluids used with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technique in turning AISI 1040 steel. Nano graphite powder of 80nm particle size was mixed in varying proportions from 0.0% to 0.5% by weight in water soluble oil. Experiments were conducted using HSS and cemented carbide tools under dry, flood coolant and MQL conditions at different flow rates. Results showed that MQL with nano graphite fluids significantly reduced surface roughness, tool wear, cutting forces and temperatures compared to dry and flood coolant conditions. The highest reductions were observed with 0.3-0.5% nano graphite concentration
Bioprocessing and Characterization of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Blends from Cassia...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on blending polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) with another biodegradable polymer called galactomannon to develop new biodegradable polymer blends. PHB was blended with galactomannon in different proportions and the blends were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The molecular weights of PHB and PHB-galactomannon copolymers were also determined and compared to literature values. The results indicate that blending PHB with galactomannon maintains the biodegradability and properties of PHB while modifying its properties, providing a potential method for developing new biodegradable polymers.
Experimental Investigation Of Self Curing ConcreteIRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the use of self-curing concrete with Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 400 added at different percentages by weight of cement. Compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths were tested at 28 days for M20 and M30 concrete mixes with 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% PEG additions. The results showed that a 1% PEG addition produced the highest strengths for M20 concrete, while 0.5% PEG produced the highest strengths for M30 concrete. The study concluded that PEG allows concrete to self-cure by retaining internal moisture, improving hydration and resulting in optimal strengths at 1% for M20 and 0.
The document discusses extrusion technology for food processing. Extrusion involves using heat, pressure, and shear forces from a screw inside a heated barrel to cook and form food. It allows for minimum heat processing while retaining nutrients. Extruders can continuously produce a variety of snacks and cereals. A single screw extruder uses one screw, while a twin screw extruder uses counter-rotating screws for better mixing. Extrusion cooking gelatinizes starches and expands products like snacks. Extruders provide benefits like low costs, energy efficiency, and adaptability for new products. Textural and biochemical properties of extruded products are tested.
Abstract: Bagasse is a cellulose fiber remaining after the extraction of the sugar-bearing juice from sugarcane. It is a valuable byproduct in sugar milling and is often used as a primary fuel source due to its high calorific value required to supply most energy requirement for most sugar factory operations. The burning of baggase leaves solid black particles known as sugar cane baggase ash (SCBA). Utilization of this waste material as partial replacement of cement in concrete provides a satisfactory solution to some of the economical, environmental and concerns associated with waste management. SCBA is normally disposed as landfills, exposure to these dusts causes chronic lung condition and its application on agricultural lands results to heavy metals concentrations in soils. It has been reported by several researchers that SCBA has intrinsic characteristic such as high content of silica in the form of quartz. This research mainly focused on SCBA disposed as solid wastes from Nzoia Sugar Company, Bungoma County in western Kenya. The research design adopted was Experimental. Granulometric indices of SCBA were determined through sieving the samples and weight retained. Strength Activity Index test, was used to assess the Pozzolanic activity of SCBA. Results showed that SCBA exhibits high Pozzolanic activity, hence can be used as a substitute cementitious material.
This document summarizes research into the compressive strength of geopolymer mortar made with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and fly ash activated by a 14 molar sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solution. Cubes of geopolymer mortar were produced with different percentages of GGBFS and tested for compressive strength at ages of 1, 3, and 7 days. The results showed that compressive strength increased with GGBFS percentage and age. The maximum 7-day strength of 32.67 MPa was achieved with 80% GGBFS and a fluid-to-binder ratio of 0.45. Below this ratio strength decreased, indicating 0.45 is the optimum
This document describes research into developing a shape-memory polymer system for use as an anti-fouling surface treatment for membrane filtration. Five linear polymers and four crosslinking polymers were tested to determine their transition temperature, onset temperature, and water absorption. Testing showed a ternary polymer system of 94.5wt% tBA and 2HEMA, 5wt% PEGDMA550, and 0.5wt% photoinitiator exhibited an onset temperature of 32°C, a glass transition temperature of 51°C, water absorption of 1.44±1.8wt%, and a contact angle of 97.6±1.8°, making it suitable for the application.
Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in CementIJAEMSJORNAL
This project mainly deals with the replacement of cement with Bagasse ash in fixed proportions. Bagasse ash partially replaced in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%by weight of cement in four different experiment to find out maximum compressive strength and tensile strength compare it with the strength of normal concrete by using grade M-20 at 7days and 28 days. The test result indicate that the strength of concrete increase up to 20% Sugar cane bagasse ash replacement with cement.
IRJET- Experimental Studies on the Properties of Modified Bituminous Mixes us...IRJET Journal
The document discusses experimental studies on the properties of bituminous mixes modified with crumb rubber. Crumb rubber obtained from shredded scrap tires is used as an additive to bitumen to improve its properties. Laboratory tests such as Marshall stability tests, softening point tests, and ductility tests are performed on plain bitumen and bitumen mixes with varying proportions of crumb rubber additive. The results of these tests are then compared to analyze the effect of crumb rubber modification on the properties of bituminous mixes. The aim is to investigate using crumb rubber as a cheap and environmentally friendly way to enhance the performance and lifespan of pavement.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the surface roughness and color stability of two resin composites (Z250 and 4 Seasons) after polishing with two systems (Sof-Lex and Jiffy). Specimens were polished and their surface roughness and color changes after staining in coffee solution were measured. The results showed that 4 Seasons composite polished with Jiffy had the lowest surface roughness and color variation. Z250 presented higher roughness values compared to 4 Seasons. The study concluded that polishing affected surface roughness and staining susceptibility of the composites.
IRJET- Use of Waste Rubber Chips for the Production of Concrete Paver BlockIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using waste rubber chips to produce concrete paver blocks. Various concrete mixtures were produced with rubber chip replacements of 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40% of the coarse aggregates. The mixtures were cured for 7 days and then tested for unit weight and compressive strength. Test results showed that unit weight and compressive strength decreased as the percentage of rubber chips increased. Specifically, unit weight decreased by up to 9.89% and compressive strength decreased by up to 44.47% for the highest rubber content. The study concluded that waste rubber chips can partially replace coarse aggregates in concrete, but the percentage should be limited to amounts that do not significantly reduce strength for the intended application.
IRJET- Utilization of Construction and Demolition Glass Waste for M25 GradeIRJET Journal
This study investigated the utilization of construction and demolition glass waste as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Glass powder replaced cement at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% levels in M25 grade concrete mixes. The fresh and hardened concrete properties were evaluated. The results showed that workability, as measured by slump test, increased slightly with higher glass powder replacement levels. Compressive strength also increased with glass powder content, with 30% replacement concrete achieving strengths 10.2% and 10.5% higher than normal concrete at 7 and 28 days, respectively. In conclusion, glass waste powder can be effectively used to partially replace cement in concrete up to 30% without compromising strength or workability. This provides an environmentally
Fabrication of ceramic matrix composite by using microwave energyIJARIDEA Journal
Abstract— Nowadays, ceramic matrix composites are being extensively used for industries and household
purposes. However, these ceramic composites materials are substantially resistant to biodegradation. In this
experimental study the specimen of silicon carbide with varying percentage of titanium carbide (TiC) has
been fabricated by using microwave sintering. Different samples having TiC 5%, 10%, 15% (wt%) were
prepared by die pressing. Then sample were heated in microwave furnace at different range of temperatures
i.e. 1150°C, 1250°C and 1350°. It was found that with increase in the weight percentage (wt %) of TiC, the
porosity was maximum in 1150°C and minimum porosity achieved maximum temperature 1350°C. The
maximum hardness was achieved in 1350°C when 15 wt % of TiC. Density was also increased with respect to
the increase in temperature and TiC wt %.
Keywords— Ceramic Matrix Composite; Hardness; Microwave Heating; SiC; TiC.
Report on machinary of seprator use in flour and feearslankhan163
The document presents a project report on the development of a separator/classifier machine. Key points:
- The machine was designed to effectively separate grain mixtures using locally available materials.
- Testing showed the machine could achieve a recovery rate of 96% for grains retained on a 2.5mm sieve when operated at 715rpm.
- At 715rpm, the machine's recovery rates for different sieves were 100%, 81.71%, 78.45% and its capacity was 70kg/h.
- The results indicate the separation technique is viable for separating dry palm grains from other materials.
This document discusses different methods for particle size analysis including sieve analysis. It describes various types of sieve shakers and their advantages such as digital control and adjustable parameters. It also discusses different sieving methods like dry, wet, and air jet sieving. Sieve analysis is used to characterize particles of various materials including pharmaceuticals, chemicals, minerals and more.
Review of analysis of textile squeezing rollerEvans Marshall
This document provides a literature review on techniques for analyzing and reducing deflection in long rollers used in textile machines. It discusses various methods that have been studied to minimize roller deflection, including using profiled roller shapes, crowning rollers according to deflection levels, and roller shifting systems. It also reviews different wet pick-up processes used to remove excess water from fabrics, such as squeezing between rollers, vacuum extraction, and air jet ejectors. The goal of the literature review is to better understand how to obtain even squeezing of wet fabrics through rollers and reduce production losses.
This document discusses processing techniques for municipal solid waste management. It describes various physical processing techniques including mechanical volume and size reduction through compaction and shredding. It also discusses component separation techniques like air separation, magnetic separation, and screening. Drying and dewatering operations are described which are used to reduce moisture content before thermal processing or landfilling. Specific equipment for tasks like baling, cubing, hammer mills, hydro-pulpers, suspended magnets, and magnetic pulleys are outlined. The objectives of processing include improving waste management system efficiency, recovering materials and energy from waste streams.
Analysis for predicting the Input Interactions of HBF Performance at -10 μm P...journal ijrtem
This document summarizes an analysis of factors influencing the performance of a Hyper Baric Filter (HBF) used to treat iron ore fines. Experiments were conducted using a 3^3 full factorial design to examine the effects of vessel pressure, snap blow, and filter disk rotation on moisture reduction and material throughput. Linear regression models were developed for each response and validated. Vessel pressure had the greatest effect on moisture reduction, explaining over 80% of the variation, while vessel pressure, disk rotation, and their interaction most influenced throughput. The models can predict HBF performance within the required level of confidence.
Simulation of Mineral Processing Plants with „NIAflow®“Haver Niagara
NIAflow is a simulation software for all kinds of mineral processing applications. With its intuitive graphical interface it can model and calculate entire plants. NIAflow supports dry and wet crushing, screening and sorting processes .
NIAflow makes it easy to design processes and optimize your profit. The graphical interface allows the creation of your process in a simple and intuitive way. Whether you are dealing with existing plants or new projects, you can test different settings and scenarios right away. Thus saving you time and money to setup your machinery. NIAflow's user selectable detailing level stores all plant related data in one spot. With its comprehensive print and documenting features you will have all information at your fingertips.
This article describes plant modelling with NIAflow® and the use of its models in various scenarios.
This presentation discusses dry granulation as an alternative to wet granulation for tablet manufacturing. Dry granulation involves compressing powders into dense sheets using mechanical pressure between counter-rotating rolls, then milling the sheets into uniform granules. Key advantages of dry granulation include avoiding heat, moisture, and additional ingredients used in wet granulation. The presentation traces the history and development of dry granulation techniques from early slugging methods to modern roller compaction. Factors in selecting between wet and dry granulation include material properties, stability requirements, process efficiency, and product specifications.
This presentation discusses dry granulation as an alternative to wet granulation for tablet manufacturing. Dry granulation involves compressing powders into dense sheets using mechanical pressure between counter-rotating rolls, then milling the sheets into uniform granules. Key advantages of dry granulation include avoiding heat, moisture, and additional ingredients used in wet granulation. The presentation traces the history and development of dry granulation techniques from early slugging methods to modern roller compaction. Factors in selecting between wet and dry granulation include material properties, stability requirements, process efficiency, and product specifications.
This document provides an overview of spheronization as a process for producing spherical pharmaceutical granules. It defines spheronization and discusses the key advantages such as improved flow properties and uniform packing. The document describes the basic spheronization process which involves extrusion to form rods followed by spheronization to round the rods into spheres. It also outlines important machine parameters that influence the process like disc speed and pattern, as well as product parameters related to granule rheology.
This document summarizes a study on the performance of nano graphite inclusions in cutting fluids used with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technique in turning AISI 1040 steel. Nano graphite powder of 80nm particle size was mixed in varying proportions from 0.0% to 0.5% by weight in water soluble oil. Experiments were conducted using HSS and cemented carbide tools under dry, flood coolant and MQL conditions at different flow rates. Results showed that MQL with nano graphite fluids significantly reduced surface roughness, tool wear, cutting forces and temperatures compared to dry and flood coolant conditions. The highest reductions were observed with 0.3-0.5% nano graphite concentration
Bioprocessing and Characterization of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Blends from Cassia...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on blending polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) with another biodegradable polymer called galactomannon to develop new biodegradable polymer blends. PHB was blended with galactomannon in different proportions and the blends were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The molecular weights of PHB and PHB-galactomannon copolymers were also determined and compared to literature values. The results indicate that blending PHB with galactomannon maintains the biodegradability and properties of PHB while modifying its properties, providing a potential method for developing new biodegradable polymers.
Experimental Investigation Of Self Curing ConcreteIRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the use of self-curing concrete with Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 400 added at different percentages by weight of cement. Compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths were tested at 28 days for M20 and M30 concrete mixes with 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% PEG additions. The results showed that a 1% PEG addition produced the highest strengths for M20 concrete, while 0.5% PEG produced the highest strengths for M30 concrete. The study concluded that PEG allows concrete to self-cure by retaining internal moisture, improving hydration and resulting in optimal strengths at 1% for M20 and 0.
The document discusses extrusion technology for food processing. Extrusion involves using heat, pressure, and shear forces from a screw inside a heated barrel to cook and form food. It allows for minimum heat processing while retaining nutrients. Extruders can continuously produce a variety of snacks and cereals. A single screw extruder uses one screw, while a twin screw extruder uses counter-rotating screws for better mixing. Extrusion cooking gelatinizes starches and expands products like snacks. Extruders provide benefits like low costs, energy efficiency, and adaptability for new products. Textural and biochemical properties of extruded products are tested.
Abstract: Bagasse is a cellulose fiber remaining after the extraction of the sugar-bearing juice from sugarcane. It is a valuable byproduct in sugar milling and is often used as a primary fuel source due to its high calorific value required to supply most energy requirement for most sugar factory operations. The burning of baggase leaves solid black particles known as sugar cane baggase ash (SCBA). Utilization of this waste material as partial replacement of cement in concrete provides a satisfactory solution to some of the economical, environmental and concerns associated with waste management. SCBA is normally disposed as landfills, exposure to these dusts causes chronic lung condition and its application on agricultural lands results to heavy metals concentrations in soils. It has been reported by several researchers that SCBA has intrinsic characteristic such as high content of silica in the form of quartz. This research mainly focused on SCBA disposed as solid wastes from Nzoia Sugar Company, Bungoma County in western Kenya. The research design adopted was Experimental. Granulometric indices of SCBA were determined through sieving the samples and weight retained. Strength Activity Index test, was used to assess the Pozzolanic activity of SCBA. Results showed that SCBA exhibits high Pozzolanic activity, hence can be used as a substitute cementitious material.
This document summarizes research into the compressive strength of geopolymer mortar made with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and fly ash activated by a 14 molar sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solution. Cubes of geopolymer mortar were produced with different percentages of GGBFS and tested for compressive strength at ages of 1, 3, and 7 days. The results showed that compressive strength increased with GGBFS percentage and age. The maximum 7-day strength of 32.67 MPa was achieved with 80% GGBFS and a fluid-to-binder ratio of 0.45. Below this ratio strength decreased, indicating 0.45 is the optimum
This document describes research into developing a shape-memory polymer system for use as an anti-fouling surface treatment for membrane filtration. Five linear polymers and four crosslinking polymers were tested to determine their transition temperature, onset temperature, and water absorption. Testing showed a ternary polymer system of 94.5wt% tBA and 2HEMA, 5wt% PEGDMA550, and 0.5wt% photoinitiator exhibited an onset temperature of 32°C, a glass transition temperature of 51°C, water absorption of 1.44±1.8wt%, and a contact angle of 97.6±1.8°, making it suitable for the application.
Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in CementIJAEMSJORNAL
This project mainly deals with the replacement of cement with Bagasse ash in fixed proportions. Bagasse ash partially replaced in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%by weight of cement in four different experiment to find out maximum compressive strength and tensile strength compare it with the strength of normal concrete by using grade M-20 at 7days and 28 days. The test result indicate that the strength of concrete increase up to 20% Sugar cane bagasse ash replacement with cement.
IRJET- Experimental Studies on the Properties of Modified Bituminous Mixes us...IRJET Journal
The document discusses experimental studies on the properties of bituminous mixes modified with crumb rubber. Crumb rubber obtained from shredded scrap tires is used as an additive to bitumen to improve its properties. Laboratory tests such as Marshall stability tests, softening point tests, and ductility tests are performed on plain bitumen and bitumen mixes with varying proportions of crumb rubber additive. The results of these tests are then compared to analyze the effect of crumb rubber modification on the properties of bituminous mixes. The aim is to investigate using crumb rubber as a cheap and environmentally friendly way to enhance the performance and lifespan of pavement.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the surface roughness and color stability of two resin composites (Z250 and 4 Seasons) after polishing with two systems (Sof-Lex and Jiffy). Specimens were polished and their surface roughness and color changes after staining in coffee solution were measured. The results showed that 4 Seasons composite polished with Jiffy had the lowest surface roughness and color variation. Z250 presented higher roughness values compared to 4 Seasons. The study concluded that polishing affected surface roughness and staining susceptibility of the composites.
IRJET- Use of Waste Rubber Chips for the Production of Concrete Paver BlockIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using waste rubber chips to produce concrete paver blocks. Various concrete mixtures were produced with rubber chip replacements of 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40% of the coarse aggregates. The mixtures were cured for 7 days and then tested for unit weight and compressive strength. Test results showed that unit weight and compressive strength decreased as the percentage of rubber chips increased. Specifically, unit weight decreased by up to 9.89% and compressive strength decreased by up to 44.47% for the highest rubber content. The study concluded that waste rubber chips can partially replace coarse aggregates in concrete, but the percentage should be limited to amounts that do not significantly reduce strength for the intended application.
IRJET- Utilization of Construction and Demolition Glass Waste for M25 GradeIRJET Journal
This study investigated the utilization of construction and demolition glass waste as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Glass powder replaced cement at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% levels in M25 grade concrete mixes. The fresh and hardened concrete properties were evaluated. The results showed that workability, as measured by slump test, increased slightly with higher glass powder replacement levels. Compressive strength also increased with glass powder content, with 30% replacement concrete achieving strengths 10.2% and 10.5% higher than normal concrete at 7 and 28 days, respectively. In conclusion, glass waste powder can be effectively used to partially replace cement in concrete up to 30% without compromising strength or workability. This provides an environmentally
Fabrication of ceramic matrix composite by using microwave energyIJARIDEA Journal
Abstract— Nowadays, ceramic matrix composites are being extensively used for industries and household
purposes. However, these ceramic composites materials are substantially resistant to biodegradation. In this
experimental study the specimen of silicon carbide with varying percentage of titanium carbide (TiC) has
been fabricated by using microwave sintering. Different samples having TiC 5%, 10%, 15% (wt%) were
prepared by die pressing. Then sample were heated in microwave furnace at different range of temperatures
i.e. 1150°C, 1250°C and 1350°. It was found that with increase in the weight percentage (wt %) of TiC, the
porosity was maximum in 1150°C and minimum porosity achieved maximum temperature 1350°C. The
maximum hardness was achieved in 1350°C when 15 wt % of TiC. Density was also increased with respect to
the increase in temperature and TiC wt %.
Keywords— Ceramic Matrix Composite; Hardness; Microwave Heating; SiC; TiC.
Report on machinary of seprator use in flour and feearslankhan163
The document presents a project report on the development of a separator/classifier machine. Key points:
- The machine was designed to effectively separate grain mixtures using locally available materials.
- Testing showed the machine could achieve a recovery rate of 96% for grains retained on a 2.5mm sieve when operated at 715rpm.
- At 715rpm, the machine's recovery rates for different sieves were 100%, 81.71%, 78.45% and its capacity was 70kg/h.
- The results indicate the separation technique is viable for separating dry palm grains from other materials.
This document discusses different methods for particle size analysis including sieve analysis. It describes various types of sieve shakers and their advantages such as digital control and adjustable parameters. It also discusses different sieving methods like dry, wet, and air jet sieving. Sieve analysis is used to characterize particles of various materials including pharmaceuticals, chemicals, minerals and more.
Review of analysis of textile squeezing rollerEvans Marshall
This document provides a literature review on techniques for analyzing and reducing deflection in long rollers used in textile machines. It discusses various methods that have been studied to minimize roller deflection, including using profiled roller shapes, crowning rollers according to deflection levels, and roller shifting systems. It also reviews different wet pick-up processes used to remove excess water from fabrics, such as squeezing between rollers, vacuum extraction, and air jet ejectors. The goal of the literature review is to better understand how to obtain even squeezing of wet fabrics through rollers and reduce production losses.
This document discusses processing techniques for municipal solid waste management. It describes various physical processing techniques including mechanical volume and size reduction through compaction and shredding. It also discusses component separation techniques like air separation, magnetic separation, and screening. Drying and dewatering operations are described which are used to reduce moisture content before thermal processing or landfilling. Specific equipment for tasks like baling, cubing, hammer mills, hydro-pulpers, suspended magnets, and magnetic pulleys are outlined. The objectives of processing include improving waste management system efficiency, recovering materials and energy from waste streams.
Analysis for predicting the Input Interactions of HBF Performance at -10 μm P...journal ijrtem
This document summarizes an analysis of factors influencing the performance of a Hyper Baric Filter (HBF) used to treat iron ore fines. Experiments were conducted using a 3^3 full factorial design to examine the effects of vessel pressure, snap blow, and filter disk rotation on moisture reduction and material throughput. Linear regression models were developed for each response and validated. Vessel pressure had the greatest effect on moisture reduction, explaining over 80% of the variation, while vessel pressure, disk rotation, and their interaction most influenced throughput. The models can predict HBF performance within the required level of confidence.
Simulation of Mineral Processing Plants with „NIAflow®“Haver Niagara
NIAflow is a simulation software for all kinds of mineral processing applications. With its intuitive graphical interface it can model and calculate entire plants. NIAflow supports dry and wet crushing, screening and sorting processes .
NIAflow makes it easy to design processes and optimize your profit. The graphical interface allows the creation of your process in a simple and intuitive way. Whether you are dealing with existing plants or new projects, you can test different settings and scenarios right away. Thus saving you time and money to setup your machinery. NIAflow's user selectable detailing level stores all plant related data in one spot. With its comprehensive print and documenting features you will have all information at your fingertips.
This article describes plant modelling with NIAflow® and the use of its models in various scenarios.
This presentation discusses dry granulation as an alternative to wet granulation for tablet manufacturing. Dry granulation involves compressing powders into dense sheets using mechanical pressure between counter-rotating rolls, then milling the sheets into uniform granules. Key advantages of dry granulation include avoiding heat, moisture, and additional ingredients used in wet granulation. The presentation traces the history and development of dry granulation techniques from early slugging methods to modern roller compaction. Factors in selecting between wet and dry granulation include material properties, stability requirements, process efficiency, and product specifications.
This presentation discusses dry granulation as an alternative to wet granulation for tablet manufacturing. Dry granulation involves compressing powders into dense sheets using mechanical pressure between counter-rotating rolls, then milling the sheets into uniform granules. Key advantages of dry granulation include avoiding heat, moisture, and additional ingredients used in wet granulation. The presentation traces the history and development of dry granulation techniques from early slugging methods to modern roller compaction. Factors in selecting between wet and dry granulation include material properties, stability requirements, process efficiency, and product specifications.
This document provides an overview of spheronization as a process for producing spherical pharmaceutical granules. It defines spheronization and discusses the key advantages such as improved flow properties and uniform packing. The document describes the basic spheronization process which involves extrusion to form rods followed by spheronization to round the rods into spheres. It also outlines important machine parameters that influence the process like disc speed and pattern, as well as product parameters related to granule rheology.
Statistical analysis of various sub systems of panel production system in und...eSAT Journals
Abstract System Analysis Approach has been applied in the present field based research paper for a deep and gassy coal mine of Jharia coal fields. The working panel was considered as a System, splitted into various sub-Systems. The Sub-Systems were statistically analyzed in terms of frequency distribution (after prolonged field observations). The Mean, Median, Mode, Standard deviation, Variance and co-efficient of variation were calculated. Among the Mean, Median and Mode, Mean was considered for Capacity (in terms of production) calculation of various Sub-systems
1) The document discusses technologies for decreasing losses when mining stratified deposits like oil shale deposits in Estonia. Selective mining, crushing, and separation techniques have been tested that show potential for reducing mining losses.
2) Rock crushing and screening simulations were used to optimize rock fractions. Additional technologies analyzed for reducing losses include mine backfilling, fine separation of oil shale, and optimized drilling and blasting.
3) The tested methods all show potential for reducing losses depending on how the mined material is used. Questions around maintaining stable material flows and how quality fluctuations impact final yields still need to be addressed.
This document discusses technologies for decreasing losses from mining oil shale in Estonia. It analyzes selective mining methods like surface miners, longwall miners, and shortwall miners that can extract the oil shale more precisely and reduce losses compared to traditional ripping. Selective crushing methods like impact crushers and axial crusher buckets are also explored to optimize rock fractions. Additional technologies investigated include mine backfilling to reduce surface waste, fine material separation through jigging or cycloning, and optimized rock crushing and screening simulations. The analyses found that selective extraction with surface miners and longwall or shortwall miners has the potential to significantly reduce mining losses from 12% to below 5%. Overall, the tested technologies could help increase the amount of extracted
— The Coffee Leaf Miner-CLM and coffee rust are the main pests and coffee diseases, respectively. One of the rust and CLM handling ways is the preventive use of active ingredients of joint action (fungicide + insecticide) via soil. These products are generally evaluated for their efficiency in the chemical control of pests and diseases; however some of these products may promote a tonic effect by improving plant vigor. Thus, the objective in this work was to verify the influence of the phytosanitary products application on the rust and leaf miner control, on the coffee trees development and production. The assay was installed in Random Block-144 crop. Number of nodes per branch, productivity, incidence of rust and CLM were evaluated. There was no difference in the coffee trees growth submitted to the application of different phytosanitary products for the control of rust and leaf miner. The application of Thiamethoxan + Cyproconazole in november with a complementary application of Thiamethoxan in february were more efficient for the coffee leaf miner control and provided greater vigor and productivity to the coffee tree.
Investigation of Tribological Properties of Cotton Seed Oil By Adding MoS2 an...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study investigating the tribological properties of cotton seed oil with the addition of MoS2 and SiO2 nanoparticles. The study used a four-ball tester to measure the coefficient of friction and wear scar diameter of cotton seed oil samples with varying concentrations of MoS2 and SiO2 additives. The results showed that adding 1% SiO2 nanoparticles reduced the coefficient of friction and wear scar diameter the most compared to other additive concentrations. Therefore, SiO2 nanoparticles show potential for improving the lubricating and anti-wear properties of cotton seed oil.
Comparison of physical and rheological properties of plain and crumb rubber m...eSAT Journals
This document compares the physical and rheological properties of plain and crumb rubber modified bitumen. It finds that crumb rubber modified bitumen has higher Marshall stability and lower flow values compared to plain bitumen. It also has higher complex modulus, indicating it is more stable and resistant to changes in temperature. Testing also showed crumb rubber modified bitumen has higher resistance to aging and higher indirect tensile strength ratios, meaning it is more resistant to moisture damage. Multiple shear creep recovery tests demonstrated crumb rubber modified bitumen has lower non-recoverable compliance, suggesting it may be more resistant to rutting in actual use. In summary, the addition of crumb rubber improves the properties and performance of bitumen.
Comparison of physical and rheological properties of plain and crumb rubber m...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Bitumen is predominantly used to construct pavements for roads, highways, and airports. Due to the viscoelasticity nature of bitumen,
it plays a predominant role in the performance of the pavements where temperature and rate of load application have a great
influence. In India, the specifications for bituminous binders rely on different empirical tests which have almost no significance on
their performance characteristics are reported. In this paper, the physical and rheological properties of bituminous binders commonly
used in India, at high and intermediate field temperatures are reported in terms of their performance characteristics. Considering
several factors that affect the behavior of bituminous binders, the effects of variations in temperature, rate of loading and amount of
loading are considered. The changes in the properties of commonly used grades of (60-70) bitumen both unmodified and modified
with crumb rubber have been reported. The Marshall properties and indirect tensile strength ratio are compared for the specimens
prepared at optimum binder content (OBC) for bituminous concrete (BC) grading-2. Crumb rubber modified bitumen shows higher
Marshall Stability, reduced flow, higher ITS ratio and improved rheological properties in terms of rutting.
Keywords: CRMB – crumb rubber modified bitumen, ITS- Indirect tensile strength, TFOT – Thin Film Oven test, DSRDynamic
shear rheometer MSCR- multiple shear creep recovery.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Prachi Shah proposes a research project to synthesize polysulfone (PSF) membranes for separating oil droplets from wastewater using membrane technology. The objectives are to synthesize a copolymer additive to modify the membrane properties and produce PSF membranes through phase inversion and characterize them. The membranes will be tested for oil/water emulsion filtration. Conventional wastewater treatment has limitations while membrane processes offer benefits like compact units, low energy use, and a wide application range. The work plan and budget are presented to synthesize PSF membranes through immersion precipitation and characterize them for performance.
IRJET - Removal of Oil Spillage in Marine Environment using Grooved Type Cyli...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and testing of an oil skimmer with a grooved cylindrical drum to improve oil recovery efficiency. It discusses how existing skimmer designs have low recovery rates and outlines the key parameters for an efficient skimmer. The proposed design uses a polypropylene drum with U-shaped grooves to maximize surface area and enable nearly 100% of adhered oil to be removed. Testing of a fabricated prototype in an oil/water tank demonstrated it could effectively recover oil and control slick thickness. Analysis showed recovery efficiency increased with drum rotation speed up to a point and higher groove depth allowed more oil collection.
This document discusses various micronization techniques used to reduce drug particle sizes to the micron range and enhance bioavailability. It describes 9 common techniques: fluid energy mill, ball mill, edge runner mill, rotary cutter mill, end runner mill, roller mill, hammer mill, mortar and pestle, and colloid mill. Each technique is explained in terms of its working principles and mechanisms of size reduction such as attrition, impact, shearing, compression, and cutting. The overall aim of micronization is to increase drug dissolution and absorption by increasing surface area through reducing particle size.
Similar to EQUIPMENT FOR THE CLASSIFICATION AND CRUSHING SECTION IN FERTILIZER PRODUCTION (20)
Niagara Pelletizing Disc Scarabaeus 7500 for Iron Ore Pellets ProductionHaver Niagara
Experience with SCARABAEUS® 7500 in Pelletizing of Iron Ores - Industry 4.0 in harsh industrial environments - innovative solution for sustainable and efficient production of iron ore pellets with sizes 9-14 mm
CROSSBEAM WEAR PROTECTION FOR YOUR SCREENING MACHINEHaver Niagara
HAVER-Snap-Guard® is a patented crossbeam
wear protection system. In combination
with the crossbeam system the Snap-Guard®
elements are easy to install. Snap-Guard®
wear protection components are standardized
and compatible with the HAVER crossbeam
system.
HB17 LUBRICANT SOLUTION by Haver & Boecker NiagaraHaver Niagara
More than 75% of all damage is related to using
the wrong lubricant. Lubricants are the life blood of your vibrating screens. Understanding the special requirements of vibrating screen technology, we developed the new age lubricant solution HB17. Made with the latest generation calcium complex soap, HB17 has improved properties regarding thermal stability, water resistance, load carrying capacity and corrosion protection.
Hochspannende Aufbereitung von Erzen:
Erfolgreicher Abschluss des ELIZE Forschungsprojekts:
Elektroimpulszerkleinerung für den Aufschluss komplexer Erze
Shakerballs: small and well hidden, but decisive for your screening performanceHaver Niagara
The shaker balls prevent the clogging of particles
in the screen cloth. Additional requencies are
transmitted in the screen mesh. Due to the
cleaning effect the optimum or requested
screening result can be achieved.
Environmental protection with profit: Granulation of powdered coalHaver Niagara
This paper addresses the subject of coal dust. This is often captured in dedusting systems to avoid emissions with the associated impairment and hazards. Studies at HAVER ENGINEERING GmbH have shown that processing of the powdered coal fraction to non-dusting particle sizes can be realized simply in technical terms.
Green Mining – does it work? - Editorial Haver Niagara
The managing director of Haver & Boecker Niagara Peter Grotjohann keeps the editorial of World of Mining (teh new edition) with the title Green Mining-does it works?
Техника и технологии классификации минеральных удобренийHaver Niagara
HAVER NIAGARA входит в состав головной компании HAVER & BOECKER.
Основная компетенция HAVER NIAGARA заключается в поиске решений для заказчика в вопросах классификации, промывки/дезинтеграции и окомкования. Здесь мы предлагаем комплексные решения, отвечающие индивидуальным пожеланиям заказчика.
Линейка продукции HAVER NIAGARA предлагает необходимые технологические цепочки для отраслей горнодобывающей промышленности, химической промышленности, строительной отрасли, переработки отходов и вторичного сырья.
Компания HAVER NIAGARA производит оборудование для горнодобывающей промышленности, которое может включать в себя индивидуальные решения, состоящие как из отдельных машин, так и из производственных комплексов "под ключ".
В кооперации с заказчиком, с ведущими инжиниринговыми компаниями и проектными институтами мы получаем оптимальные решения, чтобы полностью удовлетворить пожелания заказчика.
Мы завоёвываем доверие наших клиентов с помощью технически обоснованных решений.
Haver Niagara: Digitalbasierte Optimierungen und die Sache mit dem nützlichen...Haver Niagara
Erfahren Sie, wie Sie Ihre Anlagen mit modernen digitalen Lösungen optimieren können und finden Sie eine neue Alternative von den teueren Deckkonventierungen - mit Haaken versehene Siebmedien.
Intelligent combination - Ultrafine sizing of silica sand with the HAVER FINE...Haver Niagara
The following paper addresses the problems of dry mechanical screen sizing of ultrafine silica sand. These problems are examined in detail following some basic remarks on the process sequence, evaluation of a screening process and the sizing equipment available for this purpose.
Equipment concept - Optimizing the production of crushed sand for dry-mix mor...Haver Niagara
The production of dry-mix mortar aggregate requires effective interaction of
suitable comminution and sizing machines. For this purpose, experimental tests on pilot or
large-scale are essential. Of considerable importance for the design of the plant configuration
is also consideration of the influence of mineralogical-petrographic rock properties of
the raw material deposit, in order to develop for the plant operator a flexible equipment
concept for long operating lifetime with high equipment availability.
Хавер Ниагара ГмбХ: Опыт обогащения минерального сырьяHaver Niagara
Структура компании
Линейка продукции HAVER NIAGARA GmbH
Примеры с постановкой задач и опыт обогащения минерального сырья (применяемое оборудование, комплексные решения) - Презентацию на конгрессе обогатителей стран СНГ в Москве
Washing systems by HAVER & BOECKER NIAGARAHaver Niagara
A central task in mineral processing technology involves cleaning the feed material to remove adhering fine mineral particles and to dissolve any agglomerates that it may contain.
The HYDRO-CLEAN® by HAVER NIAGARA GmbH is an innovative high pressure washing system where the dirty raw material is subjected to a rotating water jet generated by a wash rotor. In a processing step the coarse dirt is removed and components that can be slurried are separated from the desired product. The system’s cleaning performance has proven itself in a number of applications worldwide.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Lieberwirth of the TU Bergakademie Freiberg is leading research into using high-voltage pulses for comminution processes as a more sustainable alternative to conventional methods. About 7% of global energy production is used for comminution, which rarely exceeds 1% energy efficiency. Recent research has focused on using high-voltage pulses to weaken materials along grain boundaries before mechanical comminution, which shows promise. Some advantages include continuous operation, making smaller or more complex deposits economically viable, higher recovery and concentrate quality from preferential weakening, significant energy savings compared to conventional methods, reduced wear without moving parts, and recovery of valuable elements from slags.
Optimization of Mineral Processing Plants with Simulation Software „NIAflow“Haver Niagara
The document discusses using a digital twin simulation software called NIAflow to optimize mineral processing plants. A digital twin is a digital replica of a physical asset that can be used for various purposes like testing modifications. The simulation model represents the real plant's machinery and processes. It is connected to real plant data and behaves the same way. This allows modifications to be tested without incurring capital or production costs. The document provides an example of optimizing a mineral processing plant in 3 steps - modeling, verification, and optimization - to increase throughput while meeting production specifications. Modifications like screen changes allowed the plant's capacity to be increased by 20%.
Making more products, reducing waste and cutting costs-converted
What does the customer really want when he buys cement? What impact do his needs have on the cement producers? What technologies will the cement producer require to fulfill his customer’s needs? These are questions Haver & Boecker, the Cement Specialists headquartered in Oelde, Germany are answering by designing the Cement Plant of the Future in pursuit of perfect flow of products, processes and services. The future of Cement will look different and Haver & Boecker aims to play a big role in forming it.
Making more products, reducing waste and cutting costs in the quarry
Haver Niagara: The new gold, fertilizer as an alternative to the weak mining ...Haver Niagara
Let us discuss about the new approaches to the granulation of mineral fertilizer and to look to the future in the fertilizer insdustry with confidence thanks to the expert silutions of haver niagara screening technology.
Innovative und effiziente Aufbereitungstechniken - Von der Entwicklung zur A...Haver Niagara
Produzenten von Ausgangsstoffen für die Bau- und Grundstoffindustrie müssen zunehmend Rohstoffe verarbeiten, deren Verschmutzungsgrad den Einsatz von Nassverfahren erfordert. Ebenso wird die Aufbereitung von Haldenmaterialien zur Sicherung der Rohstoffverfügbarkeit zukünftig weiter an Bedeutung gewinnen. Diese Aspekte werden in der Regel von einem dramatischen Anstieg der Kosten für die gesamte Wasserhaltung sowie der Energiekosten begleitet. . Der Umweltaspekt kommt verstärkend hinzu, da unter den heutigen Bedingungen eine großzügige Entnahme von Frischwasser in den seltensten Fällen möglich ist.
HAVER & BOECKER Niagara ist seit Jahrzehnten mit ihrer Sieb- und Reinigungstechnik auf dem Gebiet der Aufbereitungstechnik sowohl im Trocken- als auch im Nassbereich bekannt. Auf Ihre Teilnahme an der 11. Deutsch-Russischen Rohstoff Konferenz stellte sie innovative und effiziente Lösungen dieser Heransforderungen durch die Anwendung energie- und ressourcenschonender Prozess- und Maschinentechniken.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...PIMR BHOPAL
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
EQUIPMENT FOR THE CLASSIFICATION AND CRUSHING SECTION IN FERTILIZER PRODUCTION
1. JOURNAL OF MINING AND GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES, Vol. 60, Part II, Mining, Technology and Mineral Processing, 2017
93
EQUIPMENT FOR THE CLASSIFICATION AND CRUSHING SECTION IN FERTILIZER
PRODUCTION
A. Norov1, D. Pagaleshkin2, A. Gribkov3, Y. Dimitrienko4, M. Zlatev5
1 PHOSAGRO GROUP, Research Institute for Mineral Fertilizers (NIUIF), 162622 Russia, Cherepovets, ANorov@phosagro.ru
2 PHOSAGRO GROUP, Research Institute for Mineral Fertilizers (NIUIF), 162622 Russia, Cherepovets, DPagaleshkin@phosagro.ru
3 Apatit; Russia, Saratov district, Balakovski region, AGribkov@phosagro.ru
4 MAVEG Industrieausruestungen GmbH Moscow 123610, Russia, dimitrienko@matrading.ru
5 Head of the Sales & Project department, m.zlatev@haverniagara.com
ABSTRACT. The paper includes an analysis of the most common grain-size raw material preparation schemes applicable in the mineral processing. Factors
influencing the optimal management of the crushing process are clarified and authors’ and other installations to regulate this process are presented. Based on this, a
variant for equipment for the crushing and sieving sections, tested in practice, is presented.
Keywords: sieving, crushing, fertilizer production
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
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2 « », « », 162622 , . , DPagaleshkin@phosagro.ru
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4 123610, , dimitrienko@matrading.ru
5 Head of the Sales & Project department, m.zlatev@haverniagara.com
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Nowadays, the granulation methods, used at modern large-
scale fertilizer production plants, cannot guarantee the
obtaining of a product with narrow particle size distribution
range, conforming to strict requirements of standards. Thus,
any fertilizer production incorporates the classification and
crushing section. In spite of that this section is often
considered as a mechanical unit, the operation of granulation
unit and product qualitative parameters depend significantly on
it [1, 2]. Not only particle size distribution depends on it, but,
also physical and chemical properties of fertilizers, primarily,
caking and dust formation. The more fines in commercial
product, the higher value of these parameters. In paper [3], it is
specified that caking of DAP granules with size less than 2 mm
is higher by 1.8-4.4 times than caking of granules with size of
2-5 mm.
In the fertilizer industry, the following granulation processes
are the most prevailing:
1. Process with ammonizer-granulator (AG) and drying drum
(DD). In this process, after the granulation and drying, the
material is classified into three fractions in four or six double-
sieve screens (1st stage of classification). Further, fines and
oversized fraction (after crushing) are returned to recycle, and
product fraction is additionally classified in single or two
double-sieve screens (control classification). The part of
product fraction, conforming to load, is discharged as a final
product, another part is fed to recycle. Usually, these
processes have larger recycle ratio – from 2.5-3.0 and more.
Accordingly, the classification unit shall be suitable for such
amount of material:
, where
– amount of material, which should be classified, t/h;
– recycle ratio (ratio of recycled material flow and final
product);
– final product yield (determined by load), t/h.
2. Process with drum granulator-dryer (DGD) or spherodizer.
In these units, slurry is sprayed onto granules curtain, formed
by special lifting flight. The DGD unit and spherodizer are
different, DGD has a screw for moving of internal recycle.
Usually, the processes with DGD have lower external recycle
ratio (not more than 3). Thus, in these processes, the material
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is classified in less number of screens – usually, in two screens
at one stage (without control classification), but there are some
exclusions.
3. Process with granulation tower. This is the process with
the lowest recycle ratio. Here, the recycled material is
determined by removal of off-spec fractions (fines and oversize
fraction) only, i.e. granulation uniformity. Therefore, lower
classification capacity is required.
The most typical classification processes were shown,
actually, the processes are more various. For example, for the
production of flexible products like urea-based NPK, some
companies like Jacobs propose the removal of fine fraction
from the material after drying in single-sieve screens (hot
screens), further oversieved product is cooled and classified
again in double-sieve screens (cold screens) [4]. At WMC
Fertilizers factory (Australia), at DAP production plant (capacity
123-145 t/h), the three stage material classification after DD is
used: at first, in three double-sieve screens, then in four single-
sieve screens, further, after cooling, in two control double-sieve
screens.
In paper [5], the screening process is proposed, in which the
material from DD is divided into two flows: one is classified in
standard way, and second flow is classified firstly in single-
sieve screens with particle size limit of 4 mm; oversieved
product is fed for crushing and to recycle, and undersieved
product is fed partially to recycle and partially into single-sieve
screen and final product. Advantages: recycle is not classified
by lower size limit, the upper limit is artificially understated;
simultaneously, the recycled material particle size becomes
lower. Jacobs proposes the different ways of development of
classification systems for optimization of fertilizer quality [6].
The authors of paper [7] propose the perspective process of
classification and crushing, which helps to regulate the
granulation process for changing of granules size. In this
process, material after DGD or drying drum (DD) is fed by
elevator onto two vibrating distributors, which help to distribute
the material uniformly onto vibrating screens meshes, on which
it is classified into fractions. Fine fraction from lower sieves is
fed to recycle directly – product fraction is divided into two
parts by gates with remote control: one part is fed to final
product conveyer and further, it is fed for cooling etc., another
part is fed to recycle.
Fig. 1 – Principal diagram of classification and crushing unit, allowing to regulate the granulation process
1 – DGD; 2 – elevator; 3 – recycled material belt conveyor; 4/1, 4/2 – vibrating distributor; 5/1, 5/2 – vibrating screen; 6/1, 6/2 – chain crusher; 7 – final product belt
conveyor; 8 – particle size automatic analyzer; 9/1, 9/2, 10/1, 10/2 – gate with remote control; 11 – recycled material scales.
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The part of product fraction, fed to recycle, is divided in two
flows by gates with remote control, one flow is fed directly to
recycled material conveyor, and second flow is crushed in
chain crushers before being fed to recycle also. The oversize
fraction from upper sieves of screens is also fed to these chain
crushers, after crushing it is fed to recycle. The rotary speed of
chain crushers rotors (i.e. crushing intensity) and amount of
product fraction, fed for crushing, is automatically controlled by
frequency regulators and regulated gates, depending on
values of automatic particle size analyzer and based on
tendency of oversizing or fining of fraction. (Fig.1).
Such classification and crushing process allow to regulate
and stabilize the particle size of fertilizers without interference
in general process parameters. But, for implementation of such
flexible process, it is needed to have the certain crushing
capacity reserve, i.e. it is necessary to implement the above-
proposed method: 1 screen – 1 crusher.
The general equipment of classification and crushing section
is screens and crushers. More often, the inertial screens are
used in fertilizer industry. They differ by number of sieves,
methods of their tension, fixing, cleaning, sealing design of
device for material distribution, sieve width etc. The significant
improvement of screen operation is achieved at usage of
material vibrating distributors.
Screens are selected on the basis of following requirements:
1 Provision of required capacity;
2 Provision of required quality of classification;
3 Operation reliability;
4 Easy to maintain;
5 Tightness.
In accordance with these parameters, the screens should be
selected. Screen reliability is related to its long-term operation
without repair. Easiness of maintenance – firstly, it is the
accessibility of sieves for cleaning and replacing. Tightness –
the screens should not form dust.
It is impossible to calculate precisely the performance of
inertial screens, this value is a test value. It is proportional to
sieve width, material layer height and its motion rate. It is
considered that the layer height, equal to two or three fraction
sizes, is the most preferable for classification. Vibration
frequency of inclined screen [5]:
, where: (1)
– opening size;
– vibration amplitude.
Roughly, the screen performance may be determined by the
following methodology [10]:
at sieve vibration per minute , the motion rate of particle on
sieve will be:
( / ), where: (2)
– amplitude;
– sieve inclination angle.
At sieve length (m), the retention time on it will be:
( ) (3)
At known classification time, it is possible to calculate the
sieve length at given capacity (kg/s):
, where: (4)
– sieve width, m;
– material layer height, m;
– material bulk density, kg/m3.
Using the value , the following will be obtained:
(5)
Screen specific capacity (kg/(m2×s)):
(6)
This formula shows that, under this methodology, screen
capacity is not connected with classification quality, the general
parameter for calculation – classification time – may be
determined from experiment only.
Specific load also depends on required efficiency of
segregation. As a result of processing of experimental data,
the following relation has been obtained [4]:
, where: (7)
– specific load, at which the efficiency is 0, depending on
design, operation mode of screen and size of material;
– empiric coefficient, depending on flowing and adhesive
properties of product;
– total screening efficiency.
, where: (8)
, and – content of any fraction in initial, undersieved
and oversieved product, respectively. Classification efficiency
decreases with increasing of specific load onto sieve.
For optimal classification process, the correct selection of
amplitude and frequency of screen vibration is needed. In
vibrating screens, the effect of vibrational motions of sieve
surfaces is used for material distribution on sieve, its
transferring and loosening of caked material.
There is a certain relation between amplitude, vibration
frequency and granule size (fraction size). The higher the
fraction size is, the higher amplitude and lower frequency are.
And vice-versa, the lower the fraction size is, the lower
amplitude and higher frequency are. The relation of sieve
vibration amplitude and fraction size is shown on Figure 2.
On the figure it is seen that the relative low vibration
amplitude is applied for screens with direct excitation, the
fraction size of 5 mm is located at the extreme bound of their
operation.
As written above, the most preferable height of a layer on
sieve is the height, equal to two-three fraction sizes [8]. But,
this requires a certain screen vibration amplitude.
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Fig. 2 – Diagram of relation of amplitude and fraction size
At high temperatures, the intensive tossing, loosening of
material layer occur, the large lumps of caked and adhered
material are broken. At the same time, at overrated amplitudes,
fine granules fly over the mesh and don’t pass through the
sieve. At low amplitude, the screen capacity decreases
because of insufficient shaking of material. Also, the possibility
of fouling of sieve meshes increases because the particles,
stuck in mesh, don’t get the sufficient acceleration for fly out
from mesh. It is experimentally determined that screen
operates effectively, and at this the self-cleaning from hard-to-
remove particles at height of material tossing [8, 10, 11]:
, where: (9)
– material tossing height;
– sixe of sieve mesh.
Also, it should be considered that at constant amplitude, the
frequency cannot be increased infinitely, because, in this case,
this will result in screen wearing and decreasing of its life-time.
If the frequency is underrated, the screen capacity will
decrease.
Now, if we, with taking into account the above-mentioned,
again look at Figure 1, we will understand that screens with
direct sieve excitation are not suitable for fertilizer classification
at fraction size of 5 mm, because they have insufficient
amplitude. Also, it is seen that the most optimal parameters for
required product conform to the screens with circumferential
vibration. They are suitable for increasing of capacity of
existing and revamp requiring plants, and have the good
capacity reserve.
It is experimentally determined that for the screens of this
type, the specific capacity of classification at 5-mm fraction
size is 12-15 t/(m2×h); at 2-mm fraction size – 3,0-4,5 t/(m2×h).
The following may be said about certain models of screens,
used in fertilizer industry. Within the course of about ten years,
within a special program, proposed to us by the German
company MavegIndustrieausr stungen GmbH (MAVEG), our
specialists had visited plants and studied the experience of
leading fertilizers producers in Germany, Poland, Spain,
Bulgaria, Morocco, Turkey, Jordan, Australia etc. The meetings
and consultations with leading developers of fertilizers
production technologies, like INCRO and Jacobs, were carried
out.
On the basis of this work results, the following conclusions
can be made.
According to our data, screens with direct sieve excitation
(direct transferring of vibration onto classifying surface) are
reliable enough, they have high overhaul run, they doesn’t
require the monolithic platforms from reinforced concrete for
their installation (because the vibration doesn’t transfer onto
steel construction structures). However, they have certain
disadvantages. The access to lower sieves for repair and
maintenance is difficult. Also, the large screen inclination angle
decreases the classification quality. In our opinion, screens
with direct vibration transfer onto sieve surface are better for
classification of finer products (for example, feed phosphates)
than granulated fertilizers (see Figure 2).
This type of screens has no sufficient reserve of capacity. At
relatively not high loads, screen with direct sieves excitation
may be able to solve its tasks in full manner; but, at load
increasing, the dramatic decreasing of capacity by target
product and decreasing of classification quality may happen.
From our point of view, other types of sieves are less
suitable for fertilizer production.
Amplitude,mm
Particle size, mm
With direct
sieve excitation
Screen with
linear vibration
Screen with
circumferential
vibration
Eccentric screen
with
circumferential
vibration
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In our opinion, units with vibration at horizontal plane are not
effective and inefficient and not suitable for fertilizers
production. They are rather for flour-grinding industry.
Also, there is a doubt about the effectiveness of screens with
top axial arrangement of vibrating motors, because the
vibration from them transferred to sieve center with the help of
special closure dams (Figure 3).
Fig. 3 – Screen with top arrangement of vibrators
As a result, the sieve central part has the high vibration
amplitude, which decreases practically down to «0» at edges
of sieve surface, this leads to non-uniformity of fertilizer
distribution along sieve width and decreases dramatically the
capacity and effectiveness of classification, and therefore, this
leads to faster wearing of sieve itself. Producers of such
screens try to compensate this disadvantage by increasing of
screens size, but, this also creates the problems with their
arrangement, layout and creates the additional loads on
construction structures. Although these screens are quite
cheap, we can’t recommend them as equipment for
classification and crushing sections of fertilizer production
plant.
The most suitable screens for fertilizers production are
vibrating screens with circumferential vibrations, because they
have the optimal parameters, particularly, sufficient amplitude
(see Figure 2). In spite of this type of vibrating screens
requiring platforms from reinforced concrete for suppression of
vibration or special additional frames for vibration suppression
at installation, these units have high capacity and
effectiveness. As we mentioned above, on the basis of our
operational data, the specific capacity of this type of vibrating
screens (at presence of high effectiveness of classification and
provision of qualitative particle size distribution of commercial
product) is 12-15 t/(m2×h) at 5-mm fraction size, at 2-mm
fraction size – 3,0-4,5 t/(m2×h).
Theoretic calculations and studying of equipment operation
experience at similar plants, impressive reference list – more
than 110 units of installed similar equipment in more than 40
countries around the world, give us the right to recommend the
equipment of Haver Niagara GmbH company for these
specified purposes.
The familiarization with Haver Niagara GmbH screens at
foreign and Russian fertilizer production plants convinced us in
their high reliability and efficiency, even at operation in severe
conditions, during long period of time (more than 20 years).
At revamp of phosphorous-containing fertilizers production
plant at one of the largest factory for production of this product,
JSC NIUIF specialists in the factory and MAVEG engineering
company specialists made a selection of vibrating screens for
replacement of existed old-fashioned screens GIL-52. The
Haver Niagara screens with the size of sieving surface of
2000x6000 mm (Figure 4), selected by us, were supplied to the
factory by MAVEG company, which is an authorized
representative of Haver Niagara GmbH. After replacement of
screens, the classification capacity increased significantly (up
to values 0.949 at 2 mm interface and up to 0.933 at 5 mm
interface, at DAP production), and also, this allowed (with other
measures) to increase significantly the capacity of process
lines [2, 13, 14]. This equipment proved its value, and it has
already been used for 5 years. The single disadvantage of
these screens is their insufficient tightness due to presence of
soft inserts, which requires the periodic replacement due to
their breakages during operation.
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Fig. 4 – Haver Niagara 2000×6000 screen
Fig. 5 – Haver Niagara 1800×5000 screen
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Fig. 6 – Haver Niagara 1800×6000 screen
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Fig. 7 – Fully closed modification of Haver Niagara 1800×6000 screen (top
view)
Fig. 8 – Fully closed modification of Haver Niagara 1800×6000 screen
(side view)
In our point of view, the vibrating screens Haver Niagara
1800×6000 mm, proposed by MAVEG, as screens at first
classification stage, and screens 1800×5000 mm for control
classification, have the following advantages:
They provide the required classification quality,
including at higher capacities;
They are reliable in operation – for several years,
such units have operated successfully at fertilizer production
plants in Balakovo and Kingisepp, and also at many other
plants;
They are easy to maintain;
They are tight.
The important, and most critical criterion, for the selection of
equipment for revamp of existing plant were the capabilities of
MAVEG engineering company and the manufacturer, Haver
Niagara GmbH, for adaptation of the new equipment with
significantly higher capacity to certain conditions at the
Customer’s plant, designed earlier under the parameters of
previously used equipment with less capacity.
The capabilities of the mentioned companies allowed to
convert the serial equipment into equipment of individual
design with taking into account all features of the Customer’s
production areas, this allowed to reduce significantly the
possible costs for capital construction.
It is necessary to point out that it is rationally to install the
modern vibrating screens only with proper vibrating distributors
(vibrating feeders). This gives the following advantages:
The screen sieves surface is used more fully, the
material is distributed more uniformly along mesh width, as a
result of this, the capacity and effectiveness of segregation
onto fractions increase;
As a result of more uniform product distribution along
the whole width of the sieve, the wearing of its surface is more
uniform; therefore, the life time increases;
The impact load onto screen (firstly, onto vibrating
frame) decreases, as a result of this, its life time increases, and
idles decrease.
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Also, the necessity of usage of vibrating feeders before
screens is proved by the specialists from fertilizer production
processes developing companies, such as Jacobs Engineering
and INCRO [12].
We analyzed the operation of vibrating feeders of different
companies. It was determined that many of them are plugged
periodically by lumps of adhered product during operation, this
happened due to their design features. This leads to failures in
feeder and screen operation, non-uniform distribution of
material onto sieves, and further, to decreasing of capacity and
effectiveness of classification. This issue may be solved by
installation of additional device for lumps removal from
vibrating feeders, as was done at one of the foreign plants
(Figure 9).
Fig. 9 – Device for lumps removal from vibrating feeder
But, it is more rational to equip the screens with vibrating
feeders of Haver Niagara company, which do not have these
disadvantages due to their original and reliable design (Figures
10 and 11).
Practical usage of vibrating feeders shows that, for provision
of stable operation of classification unit, it is needed to provide
some reserve of vibrating distributors capacity: for a screen
with classification capacity of 150 t/h at 5-mm fraction size, the
vibrating distributor shall have capacity of 200 t/h, for a
vibrating screen with capacity of 100 t/h – 150 t/h.
Particular attention shall be paid to crushing equipment at
classification unit arrangement. The detailed study of usage of
different equipment for these purposes at many plants around
the world allowed us to give preference to the proposed by
MAVEG chain crushers with capacity of 50 t/h, made by Sulta
company, with taking into account the solved tasks on
increasing of production capacities (Figure 12). Some years
ago, together with the specialists from a large plant and
MAVEG company, which is the authorized representative of
Sulta company, we selected this equipment for phosphorous-
containing fertilizer production plant. Since then, more than 5
years have been passed, and they have been operating at all
process lines. The main advantages of equipment of this type
are:
operational reliability;
efficiency;
easiness in maintenance and repair;
this type of crushers gives the highest yield of grain
fraction from 0.5 up to 2,0 mm (it is the germs for granules
formation) and less dust fraction at crushing;
with the frequency regulators, it is easy and
convenient to change intensity and thinness of crushing;
at shut-down, the crushers are not overfilled by
product, therefore, they doesn’t require the by-pass chutes and
dampers.
During the selection of equipment, we had familiarized
ourselves with the operation of chain and chain-hammer
crushers at foreign facilities (in Lithuania, Turkey, Jordan,
Morocco, Spain etc.), and the best references were obtained
from everywhere. Also, the preference to chain crushers, as
more reliable in operation and having higher capacity, is given
by lead developers of fertilizer production plants, such as
Jacobs Engineering [12] and INCRO.
Below, the Sulta comparative data on particle size
distribution of product, obtained after crushing in chain and
chain-hammer crushers, is specified. The company provides
the possible content of fractions, critical for production, more
than 3 mm and less than 1 and 3 mm (Table 1).
For fertilizer production, Sulta company recommends the
use of chain crushers, for feed phosphates – chain-hammer
crushers.
During crushing of fertilizer large-size fraction, it is rational to
obtain «grains» – particles of size from 0,5 up to 2,0 mm,
which are the “germs” of granules at granulation process in AG
or DGD. Finer, dusty fraction is of significantly less interest for
granules obtaining, the most part of it flows to the gas
scrubbing system, increasing the density of absorbing liquid
and mole ratio NH4/H3PO4 in it, complicating water balance;
this results in decreasing the capacity of the process line and
worsening of the gas scrubbing.
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Fig. 10 – Vibrating distributor «Haver&Boecker»
Fig. 11 – Diagram of flows in feeder «Haver&Boecker»
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Fig. 12 – Sulta chain crusher with capacity of 50 t/h
Table 1.
Characteristics of chain and chain-hammer crushers of Sulta company
Ite
m No.
Parameter Crusher MODEL 604-W36-C
Chain Chain-hammer
1 Particle size distribution of loaded product, %
>20 mm (max.) 10 10
>10 mm (max.) 20 20
>4 mm 100 100
2 Particle size distribution of unloaded product, % MAP/DAP NPK MAP/DAP NPK
>3 mm 20-35 30-45 15-30 25-40
<3 mm 80-65 70-75 85-70 75-60
<1 mm (max.) 10 5 12 8
3 Design capacity, t/h 50 50
Examination, made after phosphorous-containing fertilizer
production plant revamp at one of the largest facilities in
Russia [2, 13, 14], showed that particle size distribution values
at crushers outlets were close to the shown in Table 1. The
content of fractions less than 0.5 mm and less than 1.0 mm
decreased more than 2 times as a result of usage of the
mentioned crushers. Other types of crushers give worse
results.
After crushing, the hammer crushers give the significant
amount of fine fraction (dust) and non-crushed product lumps,
passed through the crusher.
Three-roll crushers also form mush dust at crushing; and in
case of using of more flexible products, they may even form
the plates (“cakes”) of pressed fertilizers.
The examination also proved the possibility of crushing
process regulation with frequency regulators: at changing the
rotating speed, the intensity and thinness of crushing change.
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We can conclude that our proposed option of equipment for
classification and crushing sections at fertilizer production
plants has been proved in practice and is worth serious
attention.
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This article was reviewed by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pavel Pavlov and Prof. Dr.
Nikolay Jechev.